2023/06/07

Philokalia - Wikipedia 필로칼리아 - "명상적인 삶의 실천"

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

동방 기독교

필로칼리아(그리스어: φιλοκαλία "아름다운", "좋은", "사랑")는 
성령에 의해 4세기부터 15세기 사이에 쓰여진 문서 모음을 의미한다. 동방 정교회의 헤시카주의 전통에 따라 "명상적인 삶의 실천"이라는 의미에서 사제들의 지도와 가르침을 위해 쓰여졌다. 문서들은 주로 18세기에 거룩한 산의 성 니코데모스와 코린토스의 성 마카리오스에 의해 수집되었다.

이 작품들은 필로칼리아에 포함되기 전에 그리스 정교회의 기독교 수도원 문화에서 개별적으로 알려졌지만 이들 문서 모음에 포함된 사람들은 여러 언어로의 번역으로 인해 훨씬 더 많은 독자층을 갖게 되었다. 초기에 제작된 번역본은 1793년 파이시 벨리치콥스키(러시아어: Паисий Величковский)의 교회 슬라브어 번역본, 1857년 이그나티 브랸차니노프(러시아어: Игнатий Брянчанинов)의 러시아어 번역본, 1877년 페오판 자트보르니크(러시아어: Феофан Затворник)의 5권짜리 러시아어 번역본이 있다. 이들 문서는 루마니아어, 이탈리아어, 프랑스어, 독일어, 스페인어, 핀란드어, 아랍어로 번역되었다.



Philokalia - Wikipedia

Philokalia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Philocalia.
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The Philokalia (Ancient Greek: φιλοκαλία, lit. 'love of the beautiful', from φιλία philia "love" and κάλλος kallos "beauty") is "a collection of texts written between the 4th and 15th centuries by spiritual masters"[1] of the mystical hesychast tradition of the Eastern Orthodox Church.

They were originally written for the guidance and instruction of monks in "the practice of the contemplative life".[2] The collection was compiled in the 18th century by Nicodemus the Hagiorite and Macarius of Corinth based on the codices 472 (12th century), 605 (13th century), 476 (14th century), 628 (14th century) and 629 (15th century) from the library of the monastery of Vatopedi, Mount Athos.[3]

Although these works were individually known in the monastic culture of Greek Orthodox Christianity before their inclusion in the Philokalia, their presence in this collection resulted in a much wider readership due to its translation into several languages. The earliest translations included a Church Slavonic language translation of selected texts by Paisius Velichkovsky (Dobrotolublye, Добротолю́бїе) in 1793, a Russian translation[4] by Ignatius Bryanchaninov in 1857, and a five-volume translation into Russian (Dobrotolyubie) by Theophan the Recluse in 1877. There were subsequent Romanian, Italian, French, German, Spanish, Finnish and Arabic translations.[5][6][7]

The book is the "principal spiritual text" for all the Eastern Orthodox churches.[8] The publishers of the current English translation state that "the Philokalia has exercised an influence far greater than that of any book other than the Bible in the recent history of the Orthodox Church."[9]

Philokalia (sometimes Philocalia) is also the name given to an anthology of the writings of Origen compiled by Basil of Caesarea and Gregory of Nazianzus. Other works on monastic spirituality have also used the same title over the years.[8][10]

History[edit]

Nikodemos and Makarios were monks at Mount Athos, a mountainous peninsula in northern Greece, historically considered the geographical center of Orthodox spirituality and home to 20 monasteries. The first edition, in Greek, was published in Venice in 1782, with a second Greek edition published in Athens in 1893. All the original texts were in Greek—two of them were first written in Latin and translated into Greek in the Byzantine era.[5]

Paisius Velichkovsky's translation into Church Slavonic, Dobrotolublye (published in Moscow in 1793), included selected portions of the Philokalia and was the version that the pilgrim in The Way of a Pilgrim carried on his journey. That book about a Russian pilgrim who is seeking advice on interior prayer helped popularize the Philokalia and its teachings in Russia. Velichkovsky's translation was the first to become widely read by the public, away from the monasteries—helped by the popularity of The Way of a Pilgrim, and the public influence of the startsy at Optina Monastery known as the Optina Elders. Two Russian language translations appeared in the 19th century, one by Ignatius Brianchaninov (1857) and another by Theophan the Recluse's Dobrotolubiye (1877). The latter was published in five volumes and included texts that were not in the original Greek edition.[5][6][11]

Velichkovsky was initially hesitant to share his translation outside of the Optina Monastery walls. He was concerned that people living in the world would not have the adequate supervision and guidance of the startsy in the monastery, nor would they have the support of the liturgical life of the monks. He was finally persuaded by the Metropolitan of St. Petersburg to publish the book in 1793. Brianchanivov expressed the same concerns in his work, warning his readers that regular practice of the Jesus Prayer, without adequate guidance, could potentially cause spiritual delusion and pride, even among monks. Their concerns were contrary to the original compiler of the Philokalia, Nicodemos, who wrote that the Jesus Prayer could be used to good effect by anyone, whether monastic or layperson. All agreed that the teachings on constant inner prayer should be practiced under the guidance of a spiritual teacher, or starets.[12]

The first partial English and French translations in the 1950s were an indirect result of the Bolshevik revolution, which brought many Russian intellectuals into Western Europe. T. S. Eliot persuaded his fellow directors of the publishing house Faber and Faber to publish a partial translation into English from the Theophan Russian version, which met with surprising success in 1951. A more complete English translation, from the original Greek, began in 1979 with a collaboration between G. E. H. Palmer, Kallistos Ware, and Philip Sherrard. They released four of the five volumes of the Philokalia between 1979 and 1995.[13] In 1946, the first installment of a ten volume Romanian translation by Father Dumitru Stăniloae appeared. In addition to the original Greek text, Stăniloae added "lengthy original footnotes of his own" as well as substantially expanding the coverage of texts by Saint John of the Ladder, Saint Dorotheos of Gaza, Maximus the Confessor, Symeon the New Theologian, and Gregory Palamas. This work is 4,650 pages in length.[14] Writings by the Trappist monk Thomas Merton on hesychasm also helped spread the popularity of the Philokalia, along with the indirect influence of J. D. Salinger's Franny and Zooey, which featured The Way of a Pilgrim as a main plot element.[15]

Teachings[edit]

The collection's title is The Philokalia of the Niptic Fathers,[16] or more fully The Philokalia of the Neptic Saints gathered from our Holy Theophoric Father, through which, by means of the philosophy of ascetic practice and contemplation, the intellect is purified, illumined, and made perfect.[8] Niptic is an adjective derived from the Greek Nipsis (or Nepsis) referring to contemplative prayer and meaning "watchfulness". Watchfulness in this context includes close attention to one's thoughts, intentions, and emotions, with the aim of resisting temptations and vain and egoistic thoughts, and trying to maintain a constant state of remembrance of God. There are similarities between this ancient practice and the concept of mindfulness as practiced in Buddhism and other spiritual traditions.[17][18] The Philokalia teachings have also influenced the revival of interior prayer in modern times through the centering prayer practices taught by Thomas Keating and Thomas Merton.[19]

Philokalia is defined as the "love of the beautiful, the exalted, the excellent, understood as the transcendent source of life and the revelation of Truth."[20] In contemplative prayer the mind becomes absorbed in the awareness of God as a living presence as the source of being of all creatures and sensible forms. According to the authors of the English translation, Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard, the writings of the Philokalia have been chosen above others because they:

...show the way to awaken and develop attention and consciousness, to attain that state of watchfulness which is the hallmark of sanctity. They describe the conditions most effective for learning what their authors call the art of arts and the science of sciences, a learning which is not a matter of information or agility of mind but of a radical change of will and heart leading man towards the highest possibilities open to him, shaping and nourishing the unseen part of his being, and helping him to spiritual fulfilment and union with God."[20]

The Philokalia is the foundational text on hesychasm ("quietness" or "stillness"), an inner spiritual tradition with a long history dating back to the Desert Fathers.[8] The practices include contemplative prayer, quiet sitting, and recitation of the Jesus Prayer. While traditionally taught and practiced in monasteries, hesychasm teachings have spread over the years to include laymen.[11] Nikodemos, in his introduction, described the collected texts as "a mystical school of inward prayer" which could be used to cultivate the inner life and to "attain the measure of the stature of the fullness of Christ." While the monastic life makes this easier, Nikodemos himself stressed that "unceasing prayer" should be practiced by all.[2]

The hesychast teachings in the Philokalia are viewed by Orthodox Christians as inseparable from the sacraments and liturgy of the Orthodox Church, and are given by and for those who are already living within the framework of the Church. A common theme is the need for a spiritual father or guide.[21]

Timeline of editions and translations[edit]

  • 4th-15th centuries The original texts are written by various spiritual masters. Most are written in Greek, two are written in Latin and translated into Greek during Byzantine times.[5]
  • 1782 First edition, Greek, published in Venice, compiled by Nikodemos and Makarios.[5]
  • 1793 Church Slavonic translation of selected texts, Dobrotolublye, by Paisius Velichkovsky, published in Moscow. This translation was carried by the pilgrim in The Way of a Pilgrim. First to be read outside of monasteries, with a strong influence on the two following Russian translations.[5][6]
  • 1857 Russian language translation, by Ignatius Brianchaninov.[5]
  • 1877 Russian language translation, by Theophan the Recluse, included several texts not in the Greek original, and omitted or paraphrased some passages.[5]
  • 1893 Second Greek edition, published in Athens, included additional texts by Patriarch Kallistos.[5]
  • 1946-1976 In 1946, the first installment of a twelve volume Romanian translation by Father Dumitru Stăniloae appeared.[5][22]
  • 1951, 1954 First partial English translations by E. Kadloubovsky and G. E. H. Palmer in two volumes: Writings from the Philokalia on Prayer of the Heart and Early Fathers from the Philokalia. These were translated from Theophane's Russian version, and published by Faber and Faber.[5]
  • 1953 "Small Philokalia" is published in French: Petite Philocalie de la prière du cœur (ed. Jean Gouillard, Points / Sagesses)
  • 1957-1963 Third Greek edition, published in Athens by Astir Publishing Company in five volumes. Modern English translation based on this edition.[5]
  • 1963 Parts of the Philokalia is published in Italian for the first time (La filocalia. Testi di ascetica e mistica della Chiesa orientale, Giovanni Vannucci, Libreria Editrice Fiorentina, Firenze)
  • 1965 First translation of selected texts from Philokalia is published in Finnish by name Sisäinen kauneus. Rukousta koskevia poimintoja Filokaliasta. (Inner Beauty. Selected texts from the Philokalia on Prayer.) from German translation of Kleine Philokalie. The translation was made by Irinja Nikkanen and it was published by Pyhäin Sergein ja Hermanin veljeskunta (Brotherhood of sts. Sergius and Herman).[23]
  • 1979-1995 English translation by Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard, of the first four of the five Greek volumes, from the Third Greek edition. This was published by Faber and Faber.[5]
  • 1981-1993 A Finnish translation was made from the original Byzantine Greek text by Valamon ystävät ry (Friends of Valamo monastery registered association) in four volumes. Translation was made by nun Kristoduli, Irinja Nikkanen and Matti Jeskanen. An appendix (fifth volume) by nun Kristoduli was published at 1998.[23]
  • 1982-1987 An Italian translation by M. Benedetta Artioli and M. Francesca Lovato of the Community of Monteveglio and P. Gribaudi is published in Turin in four volumes.
  • 1988 Little Philokalia on prayer of heart (Piccola filocalia della preghiera del cuore) in Italian is translated by Jean Gouillard and published in Milan.
  • 1998 A Polish translation of Philokalia by Józef Naumowicz is published in Kraków.
  • 2020 An English translation by Anna Skoubourdis of the fifth volume of the Philokalia is published by Virgin Mary of Australia and Oceania.

Contents[edit]

This listing of texts is based on the English translation of four volumes by Bishop Kallistos Ware, G. E. H. Palmer, and Philip Sherrard. Some works in the Philokalia are also found in the Patrologia Graecae and Patrologia Latina of J. P. Migne.[citation needed]

Volume 1[edit]

  1. On Guarding the Intellect: 27 Texts
  1. Outline Teaching on Asceticism and Stillness in the Solitary
  2. Texts on Discrimination in respect of Passions and Thoughts
  3. Extracts from the Texts on Watchfulness
  4. On Prayer: 153 Texts
  1. On the Eight Vices: Written for Bishop Kastor
    1. On Control of the Stomach
    2. On the Demon of Unchastity and the Desire of the Flesh
    3. On Avarice
    4. On Anger
    5. On Dejection
    6. On Listlessness
    7. On Self-Esteem
    8. On Pride
  2. On the Holy Fathers of Sketis and on Discrimination: Written for Abba Leontios
  1. On the Spiritual Law: 200 Texts
  2. On Those who Think that They are Made Righteous by Works: 226 Texts
  3. Letter to Nicolas the Solitary
  1. On Watchfulness and Holiness: Written for Theodoulos
  1. Ascetic Discourse
  1. On Spiritual Knowledge and Discrimination: 100 Texts
  1. For the Encouragement of the Monks in India who had Written to Him: 100 Texts
  2. Ascetic Discourse Sent at the Request of the Same Monks in India: A Supplement to the 100 Texts
  1. On the Character of Men and on the Virtuous Life: 170 Texts

This piece by Anthony was changed to an appendix in the English translation by Palmer, Sherrard, and Ware (1979, p. 327), because of their view that the language and the general idea is not explicitly Christian and may not have been written by Antony.

Volume 2[edit]

  1. A Century of Spiritual Texts
  2. Theoretikon
  1. Four Hundred Texts on Love, with a foreword to Elpidios the Presbyter
  2. Two Hundred Texts on Theology and the Incarnate Dispensation of the Son of God (written for Thalassios)
  3. Various Texts on Theology, the Divine Economy, and Virtue and Vice
  4. On the Lord's Prayer
  1. On Love, Self Control, and Life in accordance with the Intellect (written for Paul the Presbyter)
  1. On the Virtues and the Vices
  1. On the Practice of the Virtues, Contemplation and the Priesthood

Volume 3[edit]

  • Forty Texts on Watchfulness
  1. A Gnomic Anthology: Part I
  2. A Gnomic Anthology: Part II
  3. A Gnomic Anthology: Part III
  4. A Gnomic Anthology: Part IV
  1. The Ladder of Divine Graces
  1. Book I: A Treasury of Divine Knowledge
    1. Introduction
    2. The Seven Forms of Bodily Discipline
    3. The Seven Commandments
    4. The Four Virtues of the Soul
    5. Active Spiritual Knowledge
    6. The Bodily Virtues as Tools for the Acquisition of the Virtues of the Soul
    7. The Guarding of the Intellect
    8. Obedience and Stillness
    9. The Eight Stages of Contemplation
      1. The First Stage of Contemplation
      2. The Second Stage of Contemplation
      3. The Third Stage of Contemplation
      4. The Fourth Stage of Contemplation
      5. The Fifth Stage of Contemplation
      6. The Sixth Stage of Contemplation
      7. The Seventh Stage of Contemplation
      8. The Eighth Stage of Contemplation
    10. That there are No Contradictions in Holy Scripture
    11. The Classification of Prayer according to the Eight Stages of Contemplation
    12. Humility
    13. Dispassion
    14. A Further Analysis of the Seven Forms of Bodily Discipline
    15. Discrimination
    16. Spiritual Reading
    17. True Discrimination
    18. That we should not Despair even if we Sin Many Times
    19. Short Discourse on the Acquisition of the Virtues and on Abstinence from the Passions
    20. How to Acquire True Faith
    21. That Stillness is of Great Benefit to those Subject to Passion
    22. The Great Benefit ofTrue Repentance
    23. God's Universal and Particular Gifts
    24. How God has done All Things for our Benefit
    25. How God's Speech is not Loose Chatter
    26. How it is Impossible to be Saved without Humility
    27. On Building up the Soul through the Virtues
    28. The Great Value of Love and of Advice given with Humility
    29. That the Frequent Repetition found in Divine Scripture is not Verbosity
    30. Spurious Knowledge
    31. A List of the Virtues
    32. A List of the Passions
    33. The Difference between Thoughts and Provocations
  2. Book II: Twenty-Four Discourses
    1. Spiritual Wisdom
    2. The Two Kinds of Faith
    3. The Two Kinds of Fear
    4. True Piety and Self-Control
    5. Patient Endurance
    6. Hope
    7. Detachment
    8. Mortification of the Passions
    9. The Remembrance of Christ's Sufferings
    10. Humility
    11. Discrimination
    12. Contemplation of the Sensible World
    13. Knowledge of the Angelic Orders
    14. Dispassion
    15. Love
    16. Knowledge of God
    17. Moral Judgment
    18. Self-Restraint
    19. Courage
    20. Justice
    21. Peace
    22. Joy
    23. Holy Scripture
    24. Conscious Awareness in the Heart
  1. Spiritual Perfection
  2. Prayer
  3. Patient Endurance and Discrimination
  4. The Raising of the Intellect
  5. Love
  6. The Freedom of the Intellect

Volume 4[edit]

  1. On Faith
  2. 153 Practical and Theological Texts
  3. The Three Methods of Prayer [attributed to him]
  1. On the Practice of the Virtues: One Hundred Texts
  2. On the Inner Nature of Things and on the Purification of the Intellect: One Hundred Texts
  3. On Spiritual Knowledge, Love and the Perfection of Living: One Hundred Texts
  1. On Inner Work in Christ and the Monastic Profession
  2. Texts
  1. On Watchfulness and the Guarding of the Heart
    1. From the Life of Our Holy Father Antony
    2. From the Life of St Theodosios the Cenobiarch
    3. From the Life of St Arsenios
    4. From the Life of St Paul of Mount Latros
    5. From the Life of St Savvas
    6. From the Life of Abba Agathon
    7. From Abba Mark's Letter to Nicolas
    8. From St John Klimakos
    9. From St Isaiah the Solitary
    10. From St Makarios the Great
    11. From St Diadochos
    12. From The Ascetical Homilies by St Isaac the Syrian
    13. From St John of Karpathos
    14. From St Symeon the New Theologian
    15. From Nikiphoros Himself
  1. On Commandments and Doctrines, Warnings and Promises; on Thoughts, Passions and Virtues, and also on Stillness and Prayer: 137 Texts
  2. Further Texts
    1. On Passion-Imbued Change
    2. On Beneficent Change
    3. On Morbid Defluxions
  3. On the Signs of Grace and Delusion, Written for the Confessor Longinos: Ten Texts
    1. On How to Discover the Energy of the Holy Spirit
    2. On the Different Kinds of Energy
    3. On Divine Energy
    4. On Delusion
  4. On Stillness: Fifteen Texts
    1. Two Ways of Prayer
    2. the Beginning of Watchfulness
    3. Different Ways of Psalmodizing
  5. On Prayer: Seven Texts
    1. How the Hesychast Should Sit for Prayer and Not Rise Again Too Quickly
    2. How to Say the Prayer
    3. How to Master the Intellect in Prayer
    4. How to Expel Thoughts
    5. How to Psalmodize
    6. How to Partake of Food
    7. On Delusion and Other Subjects
  1. To the Most Reverend Nun Xenia
  2. A New Testament Decalogue
  3. In Defence of Those who Devoutly Practise a Life of Stillness
  4. Three Texts on Prayer and Purity of Heart
  5. Topics of Natural and Theological Science and on the Moral and Ascetic Life: 150 Texts
  6. The Declaration of the Holy Mountain in Defence of Those who Devoutly Practice a Life of Stillness

Volume 5[edit]

This volume was published in English translation in 2020. These are the contents of the modern Greek translation.[24]

  1. Method and precise canon for those who choose the hesychastic and monastic life: 100 chapters
  1. Kefalaia (Chapters): 81 chapters
  1. On Hesychastic Practice
  1. On union with God, and Life of Theoria[25]
  1. Chapters on the Sacred and Deifying prayer
  1. On the Words that are Contained in the Sacred Prayer
  • Anonymous
  1. Interpretation of "Kyrie Eleison" (Lord Have Mercy)
  1. Discourse on Faith and teaching for those who say that it is not possible for those who find themselves in the worries of the world to reach the perfection of the virtues, and narration that is beneficial at the beginning.
  2. On the Three Ways of Prayer

Translations[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ware, Kallistos; Sherrard, Philip, eds. (1979). The Philokalia: the complete text. London: Faber. p. 10. ISBN 0-571-13013-5.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b Ware (1979), pp. 14-15.
  3. ^ "Philokalia: Definition, History, and Source". The Ascetic Experience. 2020-01-28. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  4. ^ "Orthodox Thought". orthodoxthought.sovietpedia.com. Retrieved 2017-03-24.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ware (1979), pp. 11–12.
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b c Johnson, Christopher D. L. (2010). The Globalization of Hesychasm and the Jesus Prayer. Continuum Advances in Religious Studies. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 39. ISBN 978-1-4411-2547-7.
  7. ^ Cook (2011), pp. 10.
  8. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Palmer, G. E. H.; Ware, Kallistos; Allyne Smith; Sherrard, Philip (2006). The Philokalia: The Eastern Christian Spiritual Texts—selections Annotated & Explained (SkyLight Illuminations). Skylight Paths Publishing. pp. vii–xiv. ISBN 1-59473-103-9.
  9. ^ Ware (1979), Publisher's blurb from back cover.
  10. ^ English translation online here
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b Witte, John F.; Alexander, Frank S. (2007). The teachings of modern Orthodox Christianity on law, politics, and human nature. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-231-14265-6.
  12. ^ Johnson (2010), p. 38.
  13. ^ Ware, Kallistos (2008). René Gothóni, Graham Speake (ed.). The Monastic Magnet: Roads to and from Mount Athos. Peter Lang. pp. 148–149. ISBN 978-3-03911-337-8.
  14. ^ Binns, John. An Introduction to the Orthodox Christian Churches (2002). Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-93. ISBN 0521661404
  15. ^ Johnson (2010), pp. 41-42.
  16. ^ Ware (1979) pp. 367-368
  17. ^ Dowd, E. Thomas; Stevan Lars Nielsen (2006). The Psychologies in Religion. Springer Publishing Company. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-8261-2856-0.
  18. ^ Braud, William; Anderson, Rosemarie (1998). Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: honoring human experience. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. p. 243. ISBN 0-7619-1013-1.
  19. ^ Palmer, G. E. H.; Allyne Smith (2006). Philokalia: the Eastern Christian spiritual texts. SkyLight Paths Publishing. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-59473-103-7.
  20. ^ Jump up to:a b Ware (1979), p. 13.
  21. ^ Ware (1979), p. 16.
  22. ^ Binns, John. An Introduction to the Orthodox Christian Churches (2002). Cambridge University Press, pp. 92-93. ISBN 0-521-661404
  23. ^ Jump up to:a b sisar Kristoduli; Matti Jeskanen; Irinja Nikkanen ja Maria Peltonen, eds. (2003). Filokalia - V osa. Valamon Ystävät r.y. pp. 5–7. ISBN 951-96833-5-6.
  24. ^ Φιλοκαλία των Ιερών Νυπτικκών (translated into modern Greek by Antonios G. Galitis) (in Greek) (3 ed.). Thessaloniki: Perivoli tis Panagias publishers. 2002.
  25. ^ "On Union With God and Life of Theoria, part translated into English". Retrieved 2010-06-02..

Further reading[edit]

  • Paschalis M. Kitromilides, "Philokalia's first journey?" in Idem, An Orthodox Commonwealth: Symbolic Legacies and Cultural Encounters in Southeastern Europe (Aldershot, 2007) (Variorum Collected Studies Series: CS891).
  • Bingaman B & Nassif B (eds) (2012) The Philokalia. A Classic Text of Orthodox Spirituality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links[edit]

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