U. G. Krishnamurti
 | This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. (February 2022) |
U. G. Krishnamurti | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti 9 July 1918 |
| Died | 22 March 2007 (aged 88) |
| Education | University of Madras (Bachelor's Degree) |
| Occupation | Philosopher |
| Children | 3 |
Notable ideas | The natural state (see Post-calamity) |
| Website | ugkrishnamurti |
Uppaluri Gopala Krishnamurti (9 July 1918 – 22 March 2007) was a philosopher who questioned the state of spiritual enlightenment. Having pursued a religious path in his youth and eventually rejecting it, U.G. claimed to have experienced a devastating biological transformation on his 49th birthday, an event he refers to as "the calamity". He emphasized that this transformation back to "the natural state" is a rare, acausal, biological occurrence with no religious context. Because of this, he discouraged people from pursuing the "natural state" as a spiritual goal.[1]
He rejected the very basis of thought and in doing so negated all systems of thought and knowledge. Hence he explained his assertions were experiential and not speculative – "Tell them that there is nothing to understand."
He was unrelated to his contemporary Jiddu Krishnamurti, although the two men had a number of meetings because of their association with the Theosophical Society[2] and U.G. has, at times, referred to him as "[his] teacher" in spite of having ultimately rejected said teachings as well as the idea that anything could or should be taught in any spiritual context.
Early life[edit]
U.G. was born on 9 July 1918 in Machilipatnam, a town in coastal Andhra Pradesh, India, and raised in the nearby town of Gudivada. His mother died seven days after he was born, and he was brought up by his maternal grandfather, a wealthy Brahmin lawyer, who was also involved in the Theosophical Society. U.G. also became a member of the Theosophical Society during his teenage years and mentions having "inherited" his association with the Theosophical Society from his grandfather.[3] South Indian actresses Gautami and Soumya Bollapragada are his very close relatives.
During the same period of his life, U.G. reportedly practised various austerities and apparently sought moksha or spiritual enlightenment. To that end, between the ages of 14 and 21, he undertook a variety of spiritual exercises, determined to find out whether moksha was possible. Wanting to achieve that state, he had also resolved to prove that if there were people who have thus "realized" themselves, they could not be hypocritical.[note 1] As part of this endeavour, he searched for a person who was an embodiment of such "realization".[citation needed]
He spent seven summers in the Himalayas with Swami Sivananda studying yoga and practising meditation.[note 2] During his 20s, U.G. began attending the University of Madras, studying psychology, philosophy, mysticism, and the sciences. He dropped out of the Master's program with the idea that the answers of the West – to what he considered were essential questions – were no better than those of the East.[citation needed]
Quest[edit]
In 1939, at age 21, U.G. met with renowned spiritual teacher Ramana Maharshi. U.G. related that he asked Ramana, "This thing called moksha, can you give it to me?" – to which Ramana Maharshi purportedly replied, "I can give it, but can you take it?". This answer completely altered U.G.'s perceptions of the "spiritual path" and its practitioners. Later, U.G. would say that Maharshi's answer – which he perceived as "arrogant" – put him "back on track".[4]
In 1941, he began working for the Theosophical Society, in C.W. Leadbeater's library.[note 3] Shortly after, he began an international lecture tour on behalf of the Society, visiting Norway, Belgium, Germany and the United States. Returning to India, he married a Brahmin woman named Kusuma Kumari in 1943, at age 25.[5]
From 1947 to 1953, U.G. regularly attended talks given by Jiddu Krishnamurti in Madras, India, eventually beginning a direct dialogue with him in 1953.[note 4][6] U.G. related that the two had almost daily discussions for a while, which he asserted were not providing satisfactory answers to his questions. Finally, their meetings came to a halt. He described part of the final discussion:
After the break-up with Jiddu Krishnamurti, U.G. continued travelling, still lecturing. At about the same time he claims to have been "puzzled" by the continuing appearance of certain psychic powers.[6] In 1955, U.G. and his family went to the United States to seek medical treatment for his eldest son, and stayed there for five years.[7]:1
London period[edit]
He ultimately separated from his family and went to live in London.[note 5] While sitting one day in Hyde Park, he was confronted by a police officer who threatened to lock him up if he didn't leave the park. Down to his last five pence, he made his way to the Ramakrishna Mission of London where the residing Swami gave him money for a hotel room for the night. The following day, U.G. began working for the Ramakrishna Mission, an arrangement that lasted for three months. Before leaving the mission he left a letter for the residing Swamiji telling him that he had become a new man.[7]:2
About this time, Jiddu Krishnamurti was in London and the two Krishnamurtis renewed their acquaintance. Jiddu tried to advise U.G. on his recent marital troubles,[8] but U.G. didn't want his help. Jiddu eventually persuaded him to attend a few talks he was giving in London, which U.G. did, but found himself bored listening to him.[7]:3
In 1961, U.G. put an end to his relationship with his wife. Their marriage had been a largely unhappy affair, and by that time he described himself as being "detached" from his family, emotionally as well as physically. He then left London and spent three months living in Paris, using funds he had obtained by selling his unused return ticket to India, during which time he ate a different variety of cheese each day. Down to his last 150 francs, he decided to go to Switzerland where he still had a small bank account. By mistake he went by train to Geneva, rather than Zurich, where the bank account was.[9]
Early Swiss period[edit]
After two weeks in Geneva, U.G. was unable to pay his hotel bill and sought refuge at the Indian Consulate. He was listless, without hope, and described himself as "finished" – he requested that he be sent back to India, which the consular authorities refused to do at the state's expense. A consulate employee in her 60s named Valentine de Kerven offered U.G. shelter. Valentine and U.G. became good friends, and she provided him with a home in Switzerland.[citation needed]
For the next few years, the questions regarding the subject of enlightenment – or anything else – did not interest him, and he did nothing to further his enquiry. But by 1967, U.G. was again concerned with the subject of enlightenment, wanting to know what that state was, which sages such as Siddhārtha Gautama purportedly attained. Hearing that Jiddu Krishnamurti was giving a talk in Saanen, U.G. decided to attend. During the talk, Jiddu was describing the state and U.G. thought that it referred to himself. He explained it as follows:
He continues:
Calamity[edit]
The next day U.G. was again pondering the question "How do I know I am in that state?" with no answer forthcoming. He later recounted that on suddenly realising the question had no answer, there was an unexpected physical, as well as psychological, reaction. It seemed to him like "a sudden 'explosion' inside, blasting, as it were, every cell, every nerve and every gland in my body." Afterwards, he started experiencing what he called "the calamity", a series of bizarre physiological transformations that took place over the course of a week, affecting each one of his senses, and finally resulting in a deathlike experience. He described it this way:
Upon the eighth day:
U.G. could not, and did not, explain the provenance of the calamity experiences. In response to questions, he maintained that it happened "in spite of" his pre-occupation with – and search for – enlightenment. He also maintained that the calamity had nothing to do with his life up to that point, or with his upbringing. Several times he described the calamity happening to him as a matter of chance, and he insisted that he could not possibly, in any way, impart that experience to anybody else.[6][11]
Post-calamity[edit]
According to U.G., his life-story can be separated into the pre- and post-calamity parts. Describing his post-calamity life, he claimed to be functioning permanently in what he called "the natural state": A state of spontaneous, purely physical, sensory existence, characterised by discontinuity – though not absence – of thought. U.G. also maintained that upon finding himself in the "natural state", he had lost all acquired knowledge and memories, and had to re-learn everything, as if "...the slate had been wiped clean".[12]
After his calamity experience, U.G. often traveled to countries around the world, declining to hold formal discussions yet talking freely to visitors and those that sought him out. He gave his only formal post-calamity public talk in India, in 1972.[13]
His unorthodox non-message philosophy and the often uncompromising, direct style of its presentation, generated a measure of notoriety and sharply-divided opinions. At the extremes, some people considered him enlightened,[15] while others considered him nothing more than a charlatan.[16] The clamour increased as books and articles about U.G. and his newly expounded philosophy continued appearing.[17]
Several of his group discussions and interviews have been published in books, or are carried verbatim on various websites. There is also a variety of audio and video documents available online.[18]
Health[edit]
U.G. was known for his unusual health and diet preferences.[19] Carrying with him a "portable kitchen" in a tiny suitcase throughout his travels, he consumed a great deal of salt and cream, and stated "no meal should take longer than a few minutes to prepare." After 1949, U.G. never saw a doctor or took medication, believing the body would take care of itself. Often complimented for good looks in his old age, U.G. would respond "that's because I don't eat healthy food, I don't take vitamins, and I don't exercise!"[19]
Death[edit]
On 22 March 2007, U.G. died at Vallecrosia in Italy. He had slipped and injured himself and was bedridden for seven weeks before his death. Three friends, including long-time devotee Mahesh Bhatt, were in the city with him when he died.[20] However, Mahesh Bhatt himself clarifies in his biography of U.G., "U.G. Krishnamurti, A Life", that U.G. died alone after Mahesh and those present went out for a brief walk with the specific intention of allowing U.G. some moments of solitude to die in peace. In February 2007, he had dictated his final speech, "My Swan Song".[21]
U.G. had asked that no rituals or funeral rites be conducted upon his death; also, he did not leave instructions on how to dispose of his body. His body was cremated by Bhatt the next day.[22] True to his own philosophy, U.G. did not want to be remembered after his death.[23]
Philosophy[edit]
U.G. emphasised the impossibility and non-necessity of any human change, radical or mundane. These assertions, he stated, cannot be considered as a "teaching", that is, something intended to be used to bring about a change. He insisted that the body and its actions are already perfect, and he considered attempts to change or mould the body as violations of the peace and the harmony that is already there. The psyche or self or mind, an entity which he denied as having any being, is composed of nothing but the "demand" to bring about change in the world, in itself, or in both. Furthermore, human self-consciousness is not a thing, but a movement, one characterised by "perpetual malcontent" and a "fascist insistence" on its own importance and survival.[citation needed]
U.G. denied the existence of an individual mind. However, he accepted the concept of a world mind, which according to him contained the accumulation of the totality of man's knowledge and experience.[25] He also used "thought sphere" (atmosphere of thoughts) synonymously with the term "world mind". He stated that human beings inhabit this thought realm or thought sphere and that the human brain acts like an antenna, picking and choosing thoughts according to its needs.[26] U.G. held all human experience to be the result of this process of thought. The self-consciousness or "I" in human beings is born out of the need to give oneself continuity through the constant utilisation of thought.[6] When this continuity is broken, even for a split second, its hold on the body is broken and the body falls into its natural rhythm. Thought also falls into its natural place – then it can no longer interfere or influence the working of the human body. In the absence of any continuity, the arising thoughts combust.[citation needed]
In its natural state, the senses of the body take on independent existences (uncoordinated by any "inner self") and the ductless glands (that correspond to the locations of the Hindu chakras) become reactivated. U.G. described how it is the pineal gland, or the Ajna Chakra, that takes over the functioning of the body in the natural state, as opposed to thought.[citation needed]
U.G. also maintained that the reason people came to him (and to gurus) was to find solutions for their everyday real problems, and/or for solutions to a fabricated problem, namely, the search for spirituality and enlightenment. He insisted that this search is caused by the cultural environment, which demands conformity of individuals as it simultaneously places within them the desire to be special – the achievement of enlightenment thus viewed as a crowning expression of an individual's "specialness" and uniqueness. Consequently, the desire for enlightenment is exploited by gurus, spiritual teachers, and other "sellers of shoddy goods", who pretend to offer various ways to reach that goal. According to U.G., all these facilitators never deliver, and cannot ever deliver, since the goal itself (i.e. enlightenment), is unreachable.[27]
According to U.G., "The so called self-realization is the discovery for yourself and by yourself that there is no self to discover. That will be a very shocking thing because it's going to blast every nerve, every cell, even the cells in the marrow of your bones."[28]
Popular culture[edit]
The Raging Sage webcomic features a sage-like character loosely inspired by U.G.[30]
The character GJ from Top of the Lake is based on U.G.[31]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ U.G. carried on at some length – in practically every published work – about what he perceived as the hypocrisy of religious/spiritual people, his grandfather and other prominent Theosophists included.
- ^ U.G. would later also dismiss this period with Sivananda as a useless exercise.
- ^ Eventually, U.G. was elected Joint General Secretary of the Indian Section. His association with the Society lasted until the early-mid 1950s, see Mystique of Enlightenment.
- ^ U. G. Krishnamurti described one of their meetings as follows: "We really didn't get along well. Whenever we met we locked horns over some issue or other. For instance, I never shared his concern for the world, or his belief that his teaching would profoundly affect the thoughts and actions of mankind for the next five hundred years – a fantasy of the Theosophist occultists. In one of our meetings I told Krishnamurti, "I am not called upon to save the world." He asked, "The house is on fire – what will you do?" "Pour more gasoline on it and maybe something will rise from the ashes", I remarked. Krishnamurti said, "You are absolutely impossible". Then I said, "You are still a Theosophist. You have never freed yourself from the World Teacher role. There is a story in the Avadhuta Gita which talks of the avadhut who stopped at a wayside inn and was asked by the innkeeper, 'What is your teaching?' He replied, 'There is no teacher, no teaching and no one taught.' And then he walked away. You too repeat these phrases and yet you are so concerned with preserving your teaching for posterity in its pristine purity"[not specific enough to verify]
- ^ U.G. had earlier inherited a considerable – for the time – sum of money from his grandfather. While in the US for his son's treatments, he felt more clear and grounded into himself. See Mystique of Enlightenment.
References[edit]
- ^ "Home". ugkrishnamurti.net.
- ^ Mind is a Myth
- ^ Krishnamurti in Mystique of Enlightenment
- ^ Biographical details at inner-quest
- ^ UG biography at sentientpublications Archived 6 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Krishnamurti, U. G.; Rodney Arms (2001). Mystique of Enlightenment Part One (3rd ed.). Retrieved 5 September 2007.
- ^ a b c Bhatt, Mahesh (1992). U.G. Krishnamurti: A Life. India: Viking Press.
1) Then U.G. gave her an ultimatum in Krishnamurti's presence, 'You have the choice to leave me and go on your own with the ninety thousand dollars or to go to the United States with me to get the treatment for the boy. In either case I am going to the US.' … U.G. was in America for over five years. 2) Need I say that when I burst forth into the world—the joy which overflows the heart is indeed bursting forth—I will be a new man? 3) 'Mahesh, actually, he bored me stiff with the same old stuff,' he told me. That was U.G.'s last visit with Krishnamurti.
- ^ Bhatt, Mahesh (1992). UG Krishnamurti: A Life. Viking Book.
I don't trust anyone who has not raised his own children to educate them or to talk about how to raise or educate them. If you raised your own children, then you would understand.
- ^ Arms, Rodney (2001). Mystique of Enlightenment. Bangalore, India: Sahasranama Prakashana.
Finally.... I had had a bank account in Switzerland for years and years – I thought I still had some money there. The last resort was to go to Switzerland and take the money out and then see what happened. So I came out of the hotel and got into a taxi and said "Take me to the Gare de Lyon." But the trains from Paris to Zurich (where I had my account) go from the Gare de l'Est, so I don't know why I told him to take me to the Gare de Lyon. So, he dropped me at the Gare de Lyon, and I got into the train going to Geneva.
- ^ Krishnamurti, U. G. (2005). The mystique of enlightenment : conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti. Rodney Arms, Sunita Pant Bansal (1st ed.). New Delhi: Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-09-9. OCLC 61451800.
- ^ In the introduction to Mind Is a Myth: Disquieting Conversations with the Man Called U.G., editor Terry Newland states that at age 35, U.G. started getting headaches and appearing younger, rather than older. According to that account, by the time of his 49th birthday, he appeared to be 17 or 18 years old, while after the calamity he started aging normally again, but continued to look far younger than his years. See Mind is a Myth: Introduction, Section 4
- ^ The Natural State, In the words of U.G. Krishnamurti], Smitri Books, 2005. ISBN 81-87967-77-3. Discussions with U.G., compiled by Peter Maverick.
- ^ Public talk At the Indian Institute of World Culture, Bangalore.
- ^ a b Kelker, Shanta (1990). The Sage and the Housewife. Sowmya Publications.
- ^ McKenna, Jed (2010). Spiritually Incorrect Enlightenment. Wisefool Press.
... as well as to hold up the state of the realized being for observation ... U.G. Krishnamurti is challenging and entertaining.
- ^ A Critique Of U.G. Krishnamurti Opinion piece by David Quinn, from the "Thinking Man's Minefield" website.
- ^ The global vagabond One of several informative blog entries by someone who knew U.G. personally, accompanied by a variety of comments.
- ^ See also Books by U.G. Krishnamurti
- ^ a b U.G. And Food. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
- ^ The Hindu, March 25, 2007
- ^ U.G. Krishnamurti "My Swan Song"
- ^ "Obituary". Retrieved 5 September 2007.
- ^ Mahesh Bhatt mourns U.G. Archived 15 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Newland, Terry (1988). Mind Is A Myth. Dinesh Publications.
- ^ Newland, Terry. Mind is a myth. Dinesh Publications, 1988, Ch. 1, "Our mind--".
- ^ Newland, Terry. Mind is a myth. Dinesh Publications, 1988, Ch. 4, "Mind is everywhere".
- ^ An Interview with UG at lifepositive Also see Interview at GatelessGate online magazine.
- ^ "Essential UG-- Album02 page01".
- ^ Noronha, Frank; Moorty, J.S.R.L.Narayana (1991). No Way Out. Akshaya Publications.
- ^ "The Raging Sage".
- ^ Wilson, Benji (13 July 2013). "Jane Campion interview for Top of the Lake: 'The world is focused on sexiness'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
Given free rein, Campion has allowed herself some indulgences: there are several obviously personal components in Top of the Lake. GJ, not only looks a little like Campion with her long silver hair, but she is based on a guru whom Campion knew well, U G Krishnamurti, who died in 2007.
Further reading[edit]
- Nicolas C. Grey, James Farley, This Dog Barking: The Strange Story of U.G. Krishnamurti, 2017, Harper Element. Graphic Novel. ISBN 978-9352643776.
- Mukunda Rao, The Biology of Enlightenment: Unpublished Conversations of U.G. Krishnamurti After He Came into The Natural State (1967–71), 2011, HarperCollins India.
- Louis Brawley, No More Questions. The final travels of U.G. Krishnamurti, 2011. Penguin Books. ISBN 9780143417347.
- Shanta Kelker, The Sage And the Housewife, 2005, Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-74-9.
- Mukunda Rao, The Other Side of Belief: Interpreting U.G. Krishnamurti, 2005, Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-400035-0.
- K. Chandrasekhar, J. S. R. L. Narayana Moorty, Stopped in Our Tracks: Stories of UG in India, 2005, Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-76-5.
- Mahesh Bhatt, U.G. Krishnamurti: A Life, 1992, Viking. ISBN 0-14-012620-1.
- The Courage to Stand Alone: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti, 2001, Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-06-4.
- The Mystique of Enlightenment: The Radical Ideas of U.G. Krishnamurti, 2002, Sentient Publications. ISBN 0-9710786-1-0. Also published as The Mystique of Enlightenment: The Unrational ideas of a man called U.G., 2005, Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-09-9.
- Thought is Your Enemy: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti, 2002, Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-11-0.
- The Little Book of Questions, 2003, Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-029938-6.
- Mind Is a Myth: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti, 2003, Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-10-2.
- No Way Out: Conversations with U.G. Krishnamurti, 2005, Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-08-0.
- The Natural State, In the words of U.G. Krishnamurti, 2005, Smriti Books. ISBN 81-87967-77-3.
- The Penguin U.G. Krishnamurti Reader, 2007, Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-310102-1. (Mukunda Rao, Editor)
- Thought Is Dead: Moving Beyond Spiritual Materialism, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4537-0937-5. (Includes partial transcript of dialogue with David Bohm)
- The Anti Guru: A Selection of His Greatest Talks, 2010, ISBN 978-1-4610-1308-2.
External links[edit]
Wikisource has original works by or about:
U. G. Krishnamurti
- Krishnamurti, U. G. (Uppaluri Gopala) Books and Interviews Online
- U.G. Krishnamurti.net Most of the published works by, and about, U.G. can be found here and read freely on- or offline in their entirety.
The courage to stand alone : conversations with U.G. KrishnamurtiKrishnamurti, U. G. (Uppaluri Gopala)
1997
44
Mind is a myth : conversations with U.G. KrishnamurtiKrishnamurti, U. G. (Uppaluri Gopala)
2003
54
No Such Thing As Unconditioned Mind1998
244
God men con menCarr, Robert, 1928-
2003
29
Philosophia Ultima by rajneesh ( osho )osho
17,341
Ebook The Courage To Stand Alone U. G. KrishnamurtiU. G. Krishnamurti
1982
2,212
On UG - U. G. Krishnamurti455
A Life - U. G. Krishnamurti1,351
No way out - U. G. Krishnamurti1,254
Stopped In Our Tracks - U. G. Krishnamurti308
The natural state - U. G. Krishnamurti767
Mind is a myth - U. G. Krishnamurti663
The Mystique of Enlightenment - U. G. Krishnamurti506
The book of passages - U. G. Krishnamurti1,947
The sage and the housewife - U. G. Krishnamurti633
The Falling Away Of Self109
Mente condizionata, mente robotizzata 13 di 14Il Decimo Toro
Apr 05, 2015
6
Sahitya Akademi Author BiosSahitya Akademi
150
