Osho
오쇼 | |
---|---|
탄생 | 찬드라 모한 자인 1931년 12월 11일 영국령 인도 제국 보펄 번왕국 |
사망 | 1990년 1월 19일 (58세) 인도 푸네 |
국적 | 인도 |
직업 | 신비가·명상 지도자 |
활동기간 | 1972년~1990년 |
공식 사이트 | https://www.osho.com/ko |
Osho (본명 : 찬드라 모한 자인, 1931년 12월 11일 - 1990년 1월 19일 )는 현대 인도에서 태어난 20세기 명상 지도자, 정신 지도자, 신비가 . 21세의 대학생 때 인간의식의 궁극의 단계에 이르고 광명을 얻었다고 한다 [1] . Osho 자신은 종교적이지만 종교의 창시자는 아니다 [2] , 라고 한다. 종교적이란 신앙을 바탕으로 하지 않는 내면적 탐구나 정신세계의 구도이며, 개인의 차원밖에 없기 때문에 종교조직에서는 전혀 권외에 놓인다고 한다[2 ] . 진리의 탐구야말로 제일의 우선사항인 인간은 전실존을 걸고, 우선 첫째로 스스로의 원천을 탐구하는 것에 그 관심을 가져야 한다[3]라고 한다 . 죽음 1년 정도 전에 스스로의 존칭을 여러 차례 바꾸고 있어 최종적으로는 오쇼로 정했다고 한다. 1971년 3월부터 1988년 12월까지는 Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh(바그완 쉬리 라지니시)로 알려져 있었다.
Osho는 대학에서 철학을 배우고, 1960년에는 자바르풀 대학 교수가 되었다 [4] . 1966년이 되면, 대학을 사직해, 인도 각지에서 강화를 시작했다 [4] . 자이나교, 힌두교, (유대교의) 하시디즘, 탄트라, 타오이즘 ( 도교), 수피즘 , 기독교, 불교 등의 주요 전통 종교, 다양한 동양과 서양 신비가, 우파니 샤드와 시크교 등의 경전에 대해 말 [5] , 모든 조직 종교의 형체화를 통렬하게 공격하고, 종교적 계율은 인간을 주형에 끼워 버리는 것이라고 비난했다 [4] . 서양의 선진적인 테라피 와 동양의 수행법을 병렬적으로 취급하고 통합하여 수많은 테라피와 명상법을 창시하고, 정신세계의 카리스마적 존재로서 많은 서양인 ·선진자본주의국의 인간을 유치 [6] [ 7] . 부처로부터 인도의 종교가들, 노자와 장자, 타츠마로부터 임제들의 선자, 소위 종교가로 여겨지는 사람들의 텍스트를 소재에 올려 많은 사람들을 매료해 왔지만, 만년에는 선에 관한 강연을 집중적으로 행했다. [8] .
사상과 활동 [ 편집 ]
Osho는 21 세 때 깨달음 에 이르렀다고 한다 . 그는 제2차 세계대전 후 독립된 20세기 인도에서 가장 논쟁적이 된 인물이라고 한다 [10] . 영성 의 본질을 통합하는 철학을 웅변에 말하고, 세계의 종교의 신비주의적 전통을 소개하고, 널리 칭찬되었다고 한다 [11] . 전세계에서 온 제자와 구도자들에 대해 말한 그의 강화는 650권 이상이나 출판되어 번역은 32개국어 이상으로 넘어간다고 한다.
Osho에 따르면 인간의 궁극적 인 목적은 광명을 얻는 것입니다 [12] . 그것이 사람들의 진정한 개성을 전면적으로 개화시키고, 자기가 우주 전체로부터 분리되어 있지 않은 의식상태를 가져온다고 한다 [12] . 광명을 얻기 위한 최대의 장애가 되는 것이 인간의 자아(ego)이며, 이것이 사람들을 「본래의 자신」으로부터 분리시켜 버리는 허위의 실존이라고 Osho는 파악한다[12 ] . 자아는 사회적 조건부에 의해 증진해 나간다 [12] . Osho는 부모의 교육과 학교 교육, 도덕적, 종교적인 가르침 등 모든 사회화를 통렬하게 비판한다 [12] . 왜냐하면 이른바 교육이 특정 신념체계나 사회적 역할을 가르치고 인간을 주형에 끼워 버린다고 생각하기 때문이다 [12] .
Osho는 그 중에서도 조직 종교와 그 지도자를 통렬하게 공격했다고 한다 [12] . 첫째로, 기존의 조직 종교의 대부분이 그 해안에서의 목적 달성을 내걸기 때문에 사람들이 세속적 삶을 토탈로 향수하고 그것을 영적 성장을위한 기회로 만드는 것을 방해합니다. 버리기 때문이다 [12] . 둘째, 전통적인 종교적 지도자가 본래라면 자기변형의 기회가 될 성적 에너지를 부정하고 성과 관련된 금기를 만들어냈다 [12] . 그리고 셋째는 조직 종교라는 권위주의적인 제도에 의해 내적 체험 중에서 발견되어야 할 종교적 에센스를 잃어버리고 있다는 것이다[12 ] . 즉, Osho는 조직 종교를 사회적 조건화의 가장 큰 것 중 하나로 파악한다 [12] .
자아를 떨어뜨리기 위해 필요한 것은, 어떠한 가치 판단도 하지 않고 자기의 신념이나 사상, 감정의 패턴을 계속 지켜나가는 것이다[12], 과거나 미래에 번거로움 없이 “ 지금 , 여기'에서 완전하게 깨는 것을 강조했다 [12] .
깨달음과 명상 · 치료 [ 편집 ]
명상이란 무엇인가? 라는 질문에 Osho는, 「명상과는 무심의 상태다 그것은, 내용의 일체 없는 순수한 의식의 상태다 마인드는 엄청난 교통이다 사고가 움직이고, 욕망이 움직이고, 기억이 움직이고, 야망이 움직이고 있다. 새해도, 살아도, 잠에 있을 때까지도 마인드는 움직이고 있다, 그것은 꿈꾸고 있다 계속해서 준비하고 있다 이것은 명상 없는 상태다 명상은, 이것과 마치 반대의 것이다 종래가라도, 생각이 멈추고 그 침묵이야말로 명상이다 그 침묵 속이야말로 진실은 알려진다 [13] '라고 대답한다.
명상에 들어가기 쉽게 하기 위해서, 테라피도 적극적으로 도입했다. 많은 치료사들이 새로운 잠재력을 추구하여 오쇼 (Osho)에 모여 치료를 받았다 [1] . 치료의 목적은 주로 두 가지입니다. 첫 번째는 분노와 공포, 질투 등 억압된 감정을 응시하고 감정의 블록을 없애 에너지가 흐르게 하는 것이다 [1] . 두 번째는 "있는 그대로의 자신"을 받아들이고 눈치채를 높이는 것이다 [1] .
의식변용을 촉진하는 수단으로서, Osho는 다양한 명상기술을 개발했다 [1] . 동양의 전통에서는 조용히 앉아 사고를 관조하는 것이 명상이었지만, Osho는 사고나 감정을 보다 관찰하기 쉽게 몸의 움직임을 명상 속에 도입했다[1 ] . 움직임의 명상이다. 대표적인 움직임의 명상에는 OSHO Dynamic Meditation® (동적 메디테이션), OSHO Kundalini Meditation® (쿤달리니 메디테이션), OSHO Nadabrahma Meditation® (나다 브라마 메디테이션), OSHO Nataraj Meditation® (나탈라지 메디테이션), OSHO Meditation™(디바바니 메디테이션) [14] 등이 있다.
"명상 meditation"이라는 단어는 "의약 medicine", "의학적 medical" 등과 같은 어원에서 왔고, 의학이라는 것이 의료적인 것인 것처럼 명상 역시 의료적인 것 이고, 그것은 명상자를 <전체>로 하고, 통합하고, 건강 하게 해준다 [15] . 라고 Osho는 말한다.
정신의료현장에서 도입된 명상법 [ 편집 ]
미국 달라스에 거주하는 정신과 의사 Vyas, A 박사는 Osho가 편성한 동적 명상의 임상 효과를 조사하기 위해 파일럿 스터디를 실시하여 논문에 정리했다. 본 연구는 연구자가 실제로 명상을 수행하고 쌍을 이루는 비교를 사용하여 수행되었다. 결론적으로 공격적 행동, 우울증 상태, 형질적 위험, 감정적 피로, 역할 과부하, 심리적 긴장의 상당한 감소가 나타났다. 그리고 심리 요법으로 사용할 수 있음을 보여줍니다. [16]
OSHO 공식 사이트 기사의 발췌 “독일의 퍼프클리니크 하이리겐펠트라는 정신 요양소를 운영하고 있는 요아힘 가르스카 박사는 "그는 말한다. 정신의학자인 라이나 팔크 박사는 OSHO Dynamic Meditation®을 매월 21일 동안 환자들에게 제공하고 있다" [17]
2015 년 3 월 1 일부터 2015 년 3 월 21 일까지 21 일 동안 OSHO Dynamic Meditation®의 실험 연구가 수행되었습니다. 인도, 락나우에서 행해진 이 연구는 20~50세의 건강한 자원봉사자 20명(남성 14명, 여성 6명)이 참가해(4명은 건강상이나 일신상의 이유로 탈락) 혈장 코르티솔치 (스트레스에 관여하고, 과도한 스트레스를 받으면 분비량이 증가하고, 항스트레스 호르몬으로서 항상성의 유지에 필수적인 물질)을 측정하고, 이 액티브 명상이 항스트레스 효과를 낳는다고 결론지었다. 이 결과는 National Center for Biotechnology Information, US National Library of Medicine 사이트에 아카이브되었습니다. [18]
탄트라와 성 [ 편집 ]
Osho는 인도의 인습적 전통과 조직 종교에 대한 비판을 하고, 섹스가 초의식에 이르는 수단이 될 수 있다고 논의를 일으키고, 신체를 중시하는 홀리스틱한 가르침, 탄트라적인 '깨달음'이라고 거기 에 이르는 방법을 가르쳤다 [6] [19] . 섹스는 석탄이며, 한편 블러프 마차리아 <성초월>은 다이아몬드라고 하고 싶다. 성초월은 섹스의 변용이다[ 20 ] 수 있다, 인간은 섹스를 넘어야 한다 [20] , 라고 설교했다. 섹스에 언제까지 머물러서는 안되지만, 섹스를 발판으로 사용할 수 있다. 그것이 탄트라가 의도하는 곳이라고 그는 말한다 [20] . 명상에 들어가기 위한 준비로서의 다양한 테라피나 깨달음을 목표로 하는 다양한 명상을 개발해 지도했다.
“인간에는 많은 에너지가 있는 것이 아니라 단 하나의 에너지밖에 없다 [21] . 가장 낮은 곳에서는 그것은 “성에너지”라고 불린다. 그것을 명상을 통해 명상의 연금술을 통해 더욱 순수하게 만들고 계속 변용시켜 나가면 그 같은 에너지가 위를 향해 움직이기 시작한다 [21] . 섹스는 조잡한, 나마노이며, 광상 속에서 발견되는 다이아몬드와 같은 것이다 [21] . 그것은 잘리고 닦아야 한다 [21] . 그렇게 처음으로 그것은 다이아몬드로 인정받게 된다 [21] . 성은 나마의 에너지다. 그것은 변용되어야 하며, 변용을 통해 초월이 일어난다 [21] . 성은 자연스러운 현상이지만, 종교는 그것을 변용하는 커녕 억압해 왔다 [21] . 그것을 억압하면 자연스러운 결과로서 도착적인 인간이 태어난다 [21] . 그는 섹스에 사로잡히게 된다 [21] . 성은 가장 중요한 현상 중 하나이며, 실제로는 인간의 삶에서 가장 중요한 현상이다 [21] . 섹스는 당신의 가장 낮은 중추이며, 서머디는 최고, 일곱 번째 중추이다 [22] . 그것은 7단 사다리다 [22] . 성에너지는 일단 또 일단과 일곱 단계까지 올라가야 한다 [22] . 그래서 그것은 천개의 꽃잎을 가진 연꽃처럼 꽃을 연다 [22] . 성이 변용되어 처음으로 사람은 부처가 된다 [22] "라고 Osho는 말한다.
사제 관계로서의 사야스 [ 편집 ]
Osho는 사제 관계를 긍정하고 그것이 광명을 얻는 데 도움이 될 것이라고 주장한다 [23] . 오쇼는 '광명을 얻은' 존재가 사람들의 의식변용을 촉구한다는 것이다 [23] . 그의 제자들은 사냐신(sannyasin)으로 불리고 있다 [23] . '사냐신'이라는 말은 원래 종교적 관례에 따라 가정과 물질세계를 버리고 스님이 된 자를 가리켰지만, 오쇼는 현세 긍정적인 사냐신의 본연의 방식을 강조했다[23 ] . 사냐신이 된다는 것은 뭔가 새로운 신념체계를 획득하는 것도 아니고, 개인적인 소유물을 포기하는 것도, 또 특정인물을 추종하는 것도 아니다[23 ] . 사냐스(탐구)란 운동도 아니면 조직도 아니다. 그 반대로, 모든 조직, 모든 집단, 모든 교회로부터의, 독립의 선언이다 [24] ,라고 말한다.
Osho는 "새벽"에 대해 말하고 있다. "나에 관한 한, 마스터의 어느 낡은 카테고리 에도 속하지 않는다. 나는 새로운 시작이다. 낡은 마스터들은 새벽 넘길 것을 요구했다는 의미에서--.나는 당신에게 아무것도 요구하지 않는다. 나에게 있어서는 내가 내 친구들이 자유롭게 사는 개인이었으면 좋겠다. 사랑은 어떤 새벽보다 훨씬 큰 현상이다. 새벽은 마인드의 것, 새벽은 하나 의 노력이다.사랑은 하트의 것이고, 노력이 아니다.나는 당신이 개인인 것을 지우기 위해 여기에 있는 것은 아니다.당신의 에고를 지우기 위해 여기에 있다.그것에는 어떤 새벽도 필요 없다. 필요한 것은 당신의 측에서의 깊은 명상적 이해이다” [25] . 사냐신들은 Osho의 사상에 복종할 필요가 없다 [23] . 스스로가 경험한 것은 자기의 현실이 되는 것이며, 거기에는 믿거나 따르거나 해야 할 것이 아니기 때문이다 [23] .
여성의 특성 [ 편집 ]
"직관력, 수용력, 헌신 등의 미덕 때문에 여성은 보다 용이하게 구르를 따르고 명상의 미묘한 에너지에 대해 스스로를 열 수 있다"며 인도에서는 무지하고 불결해져 사회적으로도 영적으로도 열위에 취급되는 경향이 있는 여성을 영적으로 평가하고, 관리자로서 실무면도 뛰어나다고 생각했다 [26] . Osho는 강연에서 “어머니가 된다는 것은 엄청나게 가치 있는 것을 만들어내고 있다. 당신은 생명을 조각하고 생명에 모양을 주고 있다 . 당신이 심각해져 버리면 아이는 당신의 심각함을 느끼고 부서져서 쓸모없게 되어 버린다, 아이에게 짐을 얹게 해서는 안 된다.아이가 당신을 어머니로 선택해 주신 것에 감사 자녀를 통해 자신의 모성을 개화시키라. 어머니가 되는 것은 축복이다”라고 말하고 있다 .
내력 [ 편집 ]
초기 [ 편집 ]
Osho는 1931년 12월 11일에 중앙 인도의 마디아 프라데시 주에서 자이나교 상인의 장남으로 태어났다 [1] . 자바풀 대학에서는 철학을 전공했다 [19] . 대학생이었던 1953년 3월 21일 에 인간 의식 의 최종 단계에 이르고 광명을 얻었다고 한다 [19] . 그 후, 자발풀 대학의 철학 교수가 되어, 1960년대에는 인도 각지에서 강연해, “모든 행위나 감정을 억압하지 않고, 있는 그대로의 자신을 받아들이고, 순간, 순간을 토탈에 각성하는 것이 필요로 있다”고 말해 종교 비판과 함께 인도의 인습적 전통이나 조직 종교에 대한 비판을 하고, 섹스가 초의식에 이르는 수단이 될 수 있다고 주장했다 [19] . 66년에는 대학을 사직하고, 모든 시간을 인도 각지에서의 강연에 따르게 된다 [1] .
1970년대부터 강연자로부터 마스터로 이행해, 제자를 받아들이게 되었다 [19] . 정식으로 이니시에이션을 수여하게 된다 [1] . 이니시에이션을 받은 사람들은, 새로운 산스크리트어의 이름이 주어지고 제자의 조건으로서 전통적인 오렌지색의 로브(나중에 붉은 계통의 옷이 된다)와 말라를 끊임없이 몸에 익히게 되었다 [1] . 또 호흡에의 작용이나 신체의 자유로운 움직임, 발성 등을 수반해, 심리적인 해방을 지향한 동적인 기법(액티브·메디테이션)을 짜내, 71년부터의 4년간은 정기적으로 공공 시설에서 명상 야영을 열고 있다 [19] .
인도 1기 푸네 [ 편집 ]
뭄바이 에서 일시기를 거쳐 1972년 바그완 슈리 라지니시로 개명, 그 직후에 푸네에 아슈람을 설립하여 거점 으로 정했다 [6] . 1971년 뭄바이 남동 130㎞에 위치한 고원도시 푸네 교외에 2만 평방미터의 부지를 가진 아슈람이 열렸다 . 이 무렵부터, 사냐신 속에서 구미인이 압도적인 비율을 차지하게 되어 간다 [1] . 국외로부터의 25만명의 멤버(중 3000명 정도가 정주)를 모아, Osho의 주변에는 코뮌 적인 상황이 태어났다 [6] . 당시에는 인도를 여행하고 있던 구미의 히피와 정신세계 의 탐구자들이 여행 도중에 Osho와 만나 끌려갔다 . 그 후, 휴먼 포텐셜 운동에 관련되어 있던 상당수의 치료사들이 영성의 새로운 발전의 가능성을 요구하여 오쇼에 모였다 . 그의 근원을 방문하는 치료사의 수가 증가함에 따라, 이번에는 새로운 심리학의 흐름에 관심을 가진 사람들이 그들이 아슈람을 방문하게되었다 [1] .
1975년에 일본에서도 강화록 뉴스레터가 발행되어 [28] , 일본에서도 알려지게 되어, 1977년 에 최초의 방역 강화록인 「존재의 시(우타)」가 정신 세계 계 의 출판사 루쿠마루 보다 출판되었다. 이 책은 1997년까지 20년간만으로도 4만9천부 팔렸다 . 덧붙여 번역가·저작가의 요시후쿠 신이 는, Osho의 사상은 당초 미국 등보다 일본이 선행해 퍼지고 있었다고 말하고 있어 [30] , 그것이 뉴에이지 / 트랜스퍼스널 무브먼트에 있어서의 Osho의 인용의 적음을 설명하고 있다고 생각한다 [31] . 요시후쿠 신이는 Osho의 그룹은 트랜스퍼소널 심리학 , 뉴사이언스, 휴먼 포텐셜 무브먼트, 홀리스틱 헬스 무브먼트와 관련된 종교 중에서 유일하게 가장 뉴에이지적인 감성에 가까운 그룹 으로 그 어느 정도의 실험을 제공해 준 그룹은 어디에도 없고, 초기의 에살렌과 같은 활기 가, 푸네의 Osho 아슈람에는 있었다고 말하고 있다 [32] .
Osho의 래디컬한 사상과 실험적인 아슈람은 많은 사람들, 특히 선진 자본주의 나라로부터의 젊은이를 끌어들였지만, 인도 사회와의 마찰은 격화해 갔다[1 ] .
미국 오리건주 라디니 시푸람 [ 편집 ]
1981년 봄 오쇼는 오랜 세월 앓고 있는 천식과 당뇨병 때문에 강화를 포함한 공공장소에서의 발언을 전혀 하지 않았다 [1] . 아슈람의 실권은 Osho의 개인 비서였던 인도인 여성 마 아난드 실라에게 맡겨지게 되었다 [1] . 실라를 중심으로 한 운영 스태프는 중앙 오레곤에 6만4000에이커(도쿄 23구의 면적에 상당)의 황량한 토지를 구입하고, 81년 8월에는 Osho를 거기에 초대했다[1 ] . 사냐신들은 그 안에 라디니 시풀람시를 건설했다 [1] .
경찰 활동을 포함한 지방 자치 단체의 다양한 행정 활동은 코디네이터에 의해 실질적으로 관리되고 운영되었다 [33] . 라지니 시풀람시의 시장은 코뮌 사무장, 조역·출납장은 코뮌의 출납계, 시의회의원은 5명 모두 사냐신이었다 [33] .
라지니 시풀람 최성기, 제자들과 접촉의 기회를 갖기 위해서, 오쇼는 롤스 로이스를 타고, 시찰의 명목으로 라디니 시풀람 내를 일주하게 되었다 . 오쇼는 “96대의 롤스 로이스 가 필요한 이유 등 전혀 없다. 미국 전체에 모든 초대 부자들 사이에 질투를 끼치고 만약 그들에게 충분한 지성이 있었다면 내 적이 되기보다는 오히려 내 곳으로 와서 자신의 질투를 떨어뜨리는 방법을 찾아내려고 했을 것이다. 질투야말로 그들의 문제이다 .
약 2000명의 사냐신이 이웃 사람들과 일상적인 교류 없이 고립된 생활을 보내고 있었지만, 그들은 1) 영주자, 2) 장기 체류자, 3) 방문자의 카테고리로 분류되었다[ 1 ] . 이토 마사유키 는, Osho 자신도 폐쇄성·통제성이 강해지는 흐름을 중반 용인하는 형태로, 운동이 전개해 갔다고 말하고 있다 [35] .
1982년 3월 일부 제자가 인접한 영양 마을로 옮겨 시라들에 의한 탈취를 두려워한 읍민들은 마을을 폐지하고 와스코군의 직할지로 하려고 주민투표를 했지만 이미 제자 들 의 수가 원래의 주민의 수를 웃돌고 있어, 탈취를 막을 수 없었다 [36] . 마을명은 「라지니시시」로 바뀌어, 라디니시 풀람시의 자매도시로 되어, 수장・교육위원장 등의 요직이 차례차례로 제자들로 바뀌고, 마을 전체에서 철저한 「라지니시화」가 진행되었다[ 36 ] . 코뮌의 활동은 주목을 받고 신문과 TV에서 크게 다뤄졌고, 여론의 반발은 격렬함을 늘렸다. 뉴스가 전미에서 방송되어 오레곤 주정부의 대응에 주목이 모여, 주로 주정부가 대응할 수밖에 없는 상황이 되었다 [37] . 미국의 헌법에서는 '종교단체가 지자체 형태를 취한다'는 인정되지 않고, 이러한 지자체에 교부세, 증여세의 교부를 포함한 재정상의 조성이나 보조를 실시하는 것은 납세자에게 신도 또한 헌금을 강요받는 것과 같고 위헌이다 [38] . 1984년 3월, 오레곤 주 법무장관 데이빗 B. 프론마이어(David B. Frohnmayer )는 주를 대표하고, 라디니 시풀람시 및 동시의 공무원 및 주민등을 피고로 하고, Osho의 종교적 기반과 시 의 운영 관계가 미국 헌법 수정 제1조의 국교 수립의 금지 조례, 정교 분리 원칙에 반하고 라디니 시풀람시의 설립은 무효라고 호소했다 [39] [40] [41] [37 ] .
1984년 10월, 3년 반의 침묵을 끝내고Osho은 다시 강연을 하게 되었다 [42] . 레이건과 기독교 원리주의자의 권력과 위신에 있어서, Osho의 존재는 위협적이었다 [42] . 왜냐하면 오쇼는 그들의 권위의 기반을 집요하게 공격했기 때문이다 [42] . Osho는 성직자와 정치인들을 "영혼의 마피아"라고 부르며, 그들은 일반 사람들을 착취하기 위해 깊은 공모 관계에 있다고 말했다 [ 42] .
1985년 9월이 되면, 실라와 10여명의 스탭이 갑자기 코뮌을 떠나, FBI가 개입한 수사의 결과, 그녀들이 실시해 온 코뮌 내외에서의 불법 행위가 밝혀진다[1 ] . 그 중에는 Osho와 그 돌보는 방의 도청, 자산 5500만 달러의 횡령, Osho의 주치의 디바라지에 비소에 의한 살인 미수, 인근 레스토랑에서 유해물질 살모넬라균의 혼입과 그에 의한 주민 약 750명의 식중독 45명이 입원), 공공 시설의 방화 등이 포함되어 있었다 [1] . 실라와 그 동료는 도망처 의 구서독에서 체포되어 캘리포니아주의 감옥에 복역했다 . 이 사건은 최근 미국 사상 최대의 생물무기에 의한 공격이라고 한다 [43] .
주군이 코뮌 주위에서 대기 상태에 있었고, 코뮌에 침공하려 했음을 Osho는 감시하고, 5000명의 사냐신의 유혈의 참사를 피하기 위해서 샬롯으로 향했다[42 ] . 인도 탈출과 마찬가지로 동행하는 측근 이외의 제자들에게는 아무것도 알려지지 않았다 [44] . 연료 보급에 들른 노스캐롤라이나주 공항에서 1985년 10월 28일 오쇼는 체포장 없이 체포되었다 [44] .
체포 후, 최종적으로 사법거래가 행해졌다 [44] . 사법거래의 결과로 오쇼는 고소된 34개의 죄장 중 이민관리국에 대한 위증에 관한 두 가지 죄를 인정하거나 향후 5년간 미국에 입국하지 않을 것을 조건으로 석방되어 11월 14일 미국을 떠났다 [1] . Osho의 변호사는 궁극의 책으로서 다음과 같이 생각한 것이었다. 의 생명과 건강은 위협받을 것이다, 그보다 일부의 죄장을 인정하고, 국외 퇴거가 되는 편이, 그의 안전을 위해는 좋다고 한다[ 45] . 찰스 타나(포틀랜드 연방검사) 기소 수행에 대한 책임자는 체포장 없이 오쇼를 체포한 후 기자회견을 개최했다[ 46] . 기자회견에서 터너는 “오쇼의 고발의 목적은 오쇼를 미국으로부터 몰아내기 위한 것이었다”고 말하고, 법적 절차는 정치적 목적에 부합하도록 이용되어 왔다는 것을 인정했다[46 ] . 목적은 형벌이 아니고, 커뮤니티의 파괴와 Osho의 추방이었다 [46] . 터너들은 완전히 역사를 다시 쓰려고 했다 [42] . 그들은 법정에서 선언하에 의도적으로 거짓말을 하고, 보도진에 대해 사실을 왜곡해 바꾸고, 실제로는 일어나지 않았다는 것을 능숙하게 일어난 것으로 통용시켰다[42 ] . 그들의 의도는 Osho의 이름을 완전히 실망시키는 것, 그의 명망을 말소하는 것이었다 [42] .
나중에 Osho와 그의 주치의는 오클라호마 카운티 구금소에서 미국 정부에서 살인제로 사용되는 중금속 탈륨이 담겨 졌을 가능성을 의심했다 [ 42 ] . 이 근처의 사정은 2권의 저작 중에서 철저하고 상세하게 검증되고 있다 [42] . 줄리엣 포먼의 '버그완 세계를 흔들었다 12일간' 'Bhagwan: Twelve Days that Shook the World'와 호주인 변호사 수 애플턴의 '바그완 슈리 라디니시는 레이건 정부의 미국에 독을 담았다. 그래? "Was Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh Poisoned by Ronald Reagan's America?" [42] . 두 책 모두 구체적인 증거와 상황 증거를 보여 주며, 오쇼가 오클라호마 시티에서 독을 가졌다고 주장한다 [42] .
1985년에 미국으로부터 국외 추방된 뒤, Osho는 새로운 거점을 요구했지만, 세계 각국의 정부로부터 위험 인물로 간주되어, 20여 개국에서 입국 혹은 장기 체류를 거부해, 세계를 전전했다 [ 7] . 1986년 3월 19일 우루과이가 뜻밖의 초대장을 가지고 나타났지만, 우루과이 대통령 산기네티는 만약 오쇼를 우루과이에 머물게 한다면, 미국으로부터의 60억 달러의 차관은 중단되고, 장래 어떠한 차관도 주었다 수 없을 것이라는 워싱턴 DC로부터 전화를 받고 Osho 일행은 우루과이를 떠나야했다 [47] .
인도 2기 푸네 [ 편집 ]
86년 7월에는 뭄바이에, 그리고 87년 1월에는 푸네로 돌아온다 [1] . 인도 푸네에 운동의 본거지가 복귀했다 [48] . 다음 3년간, 그는 거의 매일 강연을 하고, 연간 약 1만명의 방문자가 아슈람을 방문했다 [1] . 87년 이후, Osho의 강화의 재료는 모두 선어록으로부터 선택되게 된다 [1] . 그 영향도 있을까, 이 시기 일본인의 방문자가 증가했다 [1] .
1987년 1월 19일, 오쇼는 정치권력에 의한 탄압으로부터 제자들을 지키기 위해 사니아신이라는 것을 한눈에 판별할 수 있는 마라와 오렌지 계통의 의상을 떼라고 말한다[47 ] .
1988년 7월, 이 14년에 처음으로, 각각의 저녁의 강화의 끝에, 스스로 명상을 지도하기 시작한다 [49] . "미스틱 로즈"라고 불리는 혁명적으로 새로운 명상 테크닉도 도입된다 [49] . 웃음, 눈물, 침묵의 관조의 3개의 스테이지로 이루어진 명상법 [47] 이다. 같은 해 5월 26일, “미스틱 로즈”에 이어, 지버리쉬와 침묵의 스테이지로 이루어지는 새로운 명상법 “노·마인드”를 도입한다 [47] .
1989년 2월부터 다시 아프고 제자들은 그를 Osho 라디니시라고 부르게 되었다 [50] . 또한 존칭을 오쇼로 바꿨다. 그때까지 라디니시의 이름으로 브랜드화되어 있던 모든 것을 Osho로 바꾸도록 요구하고, 라디니시 인터내셔널 파운데이션 개정 오쇼 인터내셔널 파운데이션(OSHO International Foundation)이 Osho나 테라피 등을 상표 등록하고 관리를 실시 [51 ] .
1990년 1월 2주째에 들어가면, Osho의 신체는 현저하게 약해진다 [49] . 1월 18일, 그는 부다 홀에 올 수 없을 정도로 육체적으로 약해진다 [49] . 1월 19일 그의 맥박이 불규칙하게 된다 [49] . 의사가 심장 소생술을 준비해야 하는지 묻는다면, Osho는 "아니, 그냥 나를 기쁘게 해 달라. 존재가 그 시기를 결정한다"고 대답한다 [ 49] . 그는 오후 5시에 육체를 떠난다 [49] . 1990년 1월 19일 , Osho는 심장 발작을 위해 59세에 죽었다 [1] . 신체는 1시간 이내에 부다홀로 옮겨져 단상에 10분간 놓인 후 긴 행렬을 따라 화장터로 옮겨졌다 [47] . 그리고 그 여행을 축하하는 사니아신들에게 보내지면서 차창에 휩싸였다.
사후 [ 편집 ]
Osho에 특정 후계자는 없고, 모든 사냐신이 후계자라고 여겨지고, 푸네 나 세계 각지의 명상 센터는 제자들이 독자적으로 운영하고 있다 [48] . OSHO 인터내셔널 메디테이션 리조트는 더 방심하지 않고 편안하고 즐겁게 살 수 있는 방법을 직접 개인적으로 체험할 수 있는 곳이다 [52] . 인도의 뭄바이에서 남동쪽으로 백 마일 정도의 푸네 에 있으며, 매년 세계의 백개국 이상에서 방문하는 수천 명의 사람들에게 버라이어티가 풍부한 프로그램을 제공하고 있다 [52] .
Osho가 말한 수천의 강연은 개인 수준의 문제에서 오늘날의 사회가 직면하는 가장 긴급한 사회·정치 문제까지 다양한 장르에 걸치고 있어 더 이상 분류의 영역을 넘고 있다[53 ] . 매일 말한 Osho의 즉흥 강연은 오디오 및 비디오에 녹화되어 뭔가 국가의 언어로 번역되어 전세계 사람들에게 전달되고있다 [53] . Osho의 사망 후에도 강화의 책은 계속 팔리고 많은 팬이 있다. 서점에서는 현재도 Osho 명의의 강화책이나 그의 강화를 컨셉으로 한 타로 카드의 덱 「OSHO 선 타로」를 살 수 있다 [39] . Osho의 강연과 창조된 명상의 기초에 실처럼 돌고 있는 것은, 시간과 연대를 넘은 영원한 지혜가 포함된 높은 가능성을 지닌 오늘날 또는 앞으로의 과학 기술 이다 [53] . Osho의 창조적 인 혁신적인 명상은 가속화 된 페이스를 살고있는 현대인에 대한 내부 변화의 과학으로 널리 알려져 있습니다 [53] .
Osho는 "다음을 기억하자. 나는 당신에 대해 이야기하고있을뿐만 아니라 다음 세대를 위해 이야기하고 있다는 것을 [53 ] "
호칭의 변천 [ 편집 ]
유명은 라디니시 찬드라 모한이지만, 이것은 "어둠을 비추는 보름달의 왕자"를 의미한다 [47] .
1971년, 아차리아(교사)라고 불리던 시대가 끝나고, 그는 바그완(축복받은 자)이라고 불리기 시작한다 [47] .
1989년 그는 "나를 가리키려면 '슈리 라지니시'로 충분하다"고 말한다 [47] .
같은 해 2월 29일, 사냐신들은 슈리·라지니시를 부르는 새로운 존칭으로서 「Osho」라는 말을 선택한다 [47] . Osho는 이것을 받아들이고, 이후 잠시 동안, "Osho 라디니시"로 알려져있다 [47] .
같은 해 9월 12일, “새로운 인간이 모두 앞에 모습을 드러낸다. 그는 더 이상 라디니시로 알려지지 않았다. 야 명상 센터에서 라디니시라는 이름이 떨어진다 [47] .
게다가 그 이름은 19세기의 미국 시인 윌리엄 제임스 의 말 '오셔닉'에서 유래해, 대해에 녹아 들어가는 것을 의미한다고도 설명했다.
1989년 말 상표명은 "Rajneesh"에서 "OSHO"로 변경되었으며, 현재는 일본을 포함한 50개국 가까운 국가에서 상표등록되어 있다. 일본에서는 방역서나 공식 사이트 등이 2001년 말 중반부터 "OSHO", 본인을 나타내는 경우는 "Osho"라고 영문자 표기되어 있다. [54]
선 [ 편집 ]
1988년 4월 22일, 다음 해의 4월까지 계속되는 선 시리즈가 시작된다 [47] . 이후, Osho는 ' 무문관 ' ' 바로 무록 ' 을 시작으로, 마조, 임제 , 남천 등 역대의 주요 선자의 어록을 소재로 한 일련의 강화를 전개해 간다 [47] .
오쇼는 “무사고에 존중하는 것은 선 뿐이다 . 자유다 [55]」라고 말한다. 그리고, 「궁극의 자유는 선, 자신으로부터의 자유다. 그것은 신앙으로서 받아들이는 것이 아니라, 체득해야 할 것이다」[24] .」라고 말한다. "선이란 매우 간단하고, 순진하고, 즐거운 방법이다. 들어갈 필요 도 없다. 필요한 것은 자신에게 들어가는 것이다 . . Osho의 강화는 1989년 4월 10일에 된, 「선 선언」(원제 The Zen Manifesto)이며, 그 후 2번으로 강화를 하지 않았다[56 ] .
그의 그 강연에서의 마지막 말은, 「불불의 마지막 말은, 사마사티 였다… 자신이 붓다 인 것을 기억해 주세요…
「사마사티」가 Osho의 마지막 말이 되고, 「선」이 Osho의 마지막 메시지가 되었다 [56] .
같은 해 11월 16일 오쇼가 코뮌의 프레스 릴리스보다 일본에 관한 이하의 성명이 발표된다 [47] .
"내가 로널드 레이건 정권하에 미국에서 부당하게 체포되어 독을 담았을 때, 최초의 항의는 일본 선원에서 나왔다. 이것은 나에게 일본의 살아있는 선의 진정한 하트 아직도 명맥을 유지하고, 다시 고동하고, 인류의 새로운 새벽의 선구자가 될 수 있다는 것을 보여 주었다 [47 ]
다큐멘터리 [ 편집 ]
Osho들의 경이적인 성공과 파멸을 쫓은 Netflix 의 다큐멘터리 시리즈 「와일드 와일드 컨트리( Wild Wild Country )」(전 6화)가, 2018년에 제70회 에미상 5부문에 노미네이트되어, 미국 내에서 주목을 받았다 [57] . Osho의 사상이나 가르침에는 밟지 않고 관계자를 쫓는 형태를 취하고 있다 [57] . 영화와 텔레비전을 평가 통계하는 사이트 「Rotten Tomatoes」에서는, 공개 반년 시점에서의 스코어는 98%로 높다 [57] . RogerEbert.com의 평론가인 닉 앨런은 이 작품을 “선과 악의 복잡한 정의를 관객에게 묻는 깊고 매혹적인 작품”이라고 극찬했다[57 ] .
Osho International Foundation은
· 불행히도, Netflix 다큐멘터리 시리즈는 중심적인 국면을 규명하지 않기 때문에 스토리 뒤에 진실한 스토리를 명확하게 보고하지 않았다 [58]
・본질적으로는 Osho의 비전의 방해를 목표로 하는 미국 정부의 모략이며 [58] , 어디까지 정부가 영향을 행사하고 있었는지는 정보 공개법에 의해 처음으로 밝혀지고 있다 [58] .
・백악관의 참여에는 레이건 정권의 사법장관이었던 에드윈 미스가 포함되어 [58] , 연방의회에서는 오레곤주 선출의 햇필드와 팩우드 상원의원, 그리고 캔자스주의 인형 상원의원이 영향을 미쳤다 준 [58] . 게다가 이민귀화국(INS)의 상급 직원으로부터 지방의 수사관까지 [58] . 그리고 주 수준에서는 오레곤 주지사 아타이어, 공화당원 로버트 미스, 오레곤 주 법무 장관 프론 마이어, 오레곤 주 연방 검사 찰스 터너, 수많은 주 의회 의원 및 기타 많은 사람들이 일했다 [58 ] .
등과 코멘트하고 있다.
뉴욕 타임즈 종이의 마이크 홀은 동 다큐멘터리 평가 속에서 실라에 대해 이렇게 기록하고 있다. “시라——5년간 분쟁의 중심이었던 그녀는 현재 스위스에서 노인홈을 소유, 운영하고 있다——그녀는 당시와 거의 똑같이 불편하고, 모처럼, 경멸적이며, 아마 망상( 혹은 아마도 과대망상)을 갖고 있는 것 같다. 그녀는 "오레곤주의 사람들은 Rajneeshees를 이웃으로 삼았던 것을 행운이라고 생각해야한다"라고 말한다 . .
일본어 서적 [ 편집 ]
강화록 [ 편집 ]
- 바그완 슈리 라지니시
- 『존재의 시―바그완 쉬리 라지니시, 탄트라 를 말한다』스와미 프렘 프라부다역 ( 호시 카와 준 ) 번역
- 『궁극의 여행-바그완 쉬리 라디네시, 선의 십소도 를 말한다 』스와미 프렘 프라 부다 번역
- 『풀은 혼자서 자란다』 마·아난드·나르탄(나카자와 후지후) 번역
- 『Tao 영원한 타이가-바그완 쉬리 라지니시, 노자 를 말한다(1,2,3,4)』스와미 프렘 프라부다 역, 쓰루마루 , 1979-1982년
- 『생명의 환희―바그완 슈리 라지니시와의 대화 다르션 일지』(라지니시 퍼블리케이션 재팬, 1980년)
- 『당신이 죽을 때까지』 마·아난드·나르탄 번역 (후미쿠라 서방, 1980년)
- 『반약심경 ―바그완・슈리・라지니시, 색 즉 시공을 말한다』스와미・프렘・프라부다 번역
- '마이웨이-흐르는 백운의 길' 마·아난드·나르탄 번역
- 『명상-축제의 예술』 스와미 아난드 빌라 고 번역
- 『사랑의 연금술 ―숨겨져 온 그리스도(상·하)』 마·아난드 나르 탄 번역
- 『섹스에서 초의식에』 스와미·아난드·니랄라 번역(라지니시·퍼블리케이션즈·재팬 1982년)
- 『허공의 배- 장자 (상·하)』 마·아난드·나르탄 번역 (라지니시·엔터프라이즈·재팬 1982년)
- 『바울 의 사랑의 노래(위・아래)』 스와미・산기 트 번역
- 『오렌지・북―바그완・슈리・라지니시의 명상 테크닉』 스와미・토시・히로역 (홀리스틱・테라피 연구소, 1984년)
- 『다이아몬드 수트라-바그완 슈리 라지니시 금강반 젊음을 말한다』 스와미 아난드 빌라고 번역(명상사, 1986년)
- 『신인권 선언—바그완 슈리 라지니시 기본적 인권 을 말한다』 스와미 야스히데, 스와미 아난드 빌라고 번역 (명상사, 1986년)
- 『영지의 사전』 스와미・아난드・소판( 1996 년)
- '영혼에 대한 범죄—바그완 슈리 라지니시 성직자와 정치가를 말한다'(이어 라지니시 네오 사냐스 코뮌, 1987년)
- 『일휴도 가상』 스와미· 아난드 · 몬 주역
- 『일휴도 노래하』 스와미· 아난드 · 몬 주역
- 『마이트레이어 -바그완 쉬리 라지니시, 더 부다 로드 마이트레이어』 스와미 아난드 빌라고 번역 (명상사, 1988년)
- 『큰 도전-황금의 미래』 창조적 과학과 예술과 의식의 세계 아카데미 일본 준비위원회 감수(라지니시 엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1988년)
- 『뉴우먼 탄생 : A new vision of women's liberation』(라디니시 엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1988년)
- 『신심명』 스와미・파리토쇼역 (선문화연구소, 1989년, ISBN 4-88182-073-7 )
- 『골든 차일드 푸드-광휘의 연대 슈리 라지니시 어린 시절을 말한다』
- 『신인류―미래에 대한 유일한 희망』 스와미・파리토쇼, 스와미・카르역
- 『아이 암 더 게이트 비의전수와 제자의 의미』 무사히로 아키라
- OSHO 라디니시
- 『어 컵 오브 티 오쇼 라지니시 초기 서간집』스와미 프렘 프라 부다 , 스와미 아난드 소판 번역
- 『죽음·끝없는 생-오쇼·라지니시 강화록』(고단샤, 1989년, ISBN 4-06-203569-3 )
- 『좌선 화찬-와상 라디니시, 백은 선사를 말한다』 스와미 프렘 라자, 스와미 아난드 빌라고 번역
- 『임제록 』스와미・아난드・몬 주역
- 『미지에의 문-와상, 비교 그룹을 말한다』 스와미·아난드·몬주역 (명상사, 1992년)
- 와상/오쇼/와상
- 「모쥬드 설명할 수 없는 삶을 살았던 사람」 마·안탈·코마르타편, 스와미·아난드·니랄라 번역(와상 엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1990년)
- 『반역의 정령』 스와미 데바 마쥬누, 마데 바 요코 타역
- "광인 노트"마 아난드 나루탄 번역, 마 아난도 푸슈포 편 (Osho 엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1991 년, ISBN 4-900612-08-1 )
- 『내가 사랑한 책〛스와미・파리토쇼 번역 (Osho엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1992년)
- 『하늘의 거울· 마조』( 장신사 , 1992년, ISBN 4-915906-01-9 )
- 『마이웨이—흐르는 백운의 길』(와나오 엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1992년)
- 『미치모토 -그 탐구와 깨달음의 발자취』 스와미·안탈·가타산사역 (Osho엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1992년)
- 『신비의 차원』(일본 보그사, 1992년)
- 『탄트라-섹스, 사랑, 그리고 명상에 가는 길』 스와미·아난드·치다카슈 번역
- 『신명상법 입문』 스와미・데바・마쥬누역 (명상사, 1993년, ISBN 4-8397-0070-2 )
- 『이것 이것 천번도 이것― 선의 바로 진수』스와미·아난드·소판 역 (Osho엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1993년)
- 「내면의 우주의 발견―호흡・꿈의 초월・안녕하세요 <탄트라 비보의 서 1 >」
- 「비교의 심리학」스와미·프렘·비슈다역 (명상사, 1994년)
- 『생・사랑・웃음』( 메쿠마루 , 1994년, ISBN 4-8397-0049-4
- 『노마인드-영원한 꽃들』 스와미 어드바이트 팔바역, 스와미 아난드 소판 조교 (장신사, 1994년, ISBN 4-915906-11-6 )
- 「원천에의 길―중심으로 향하는 하트 의 개발 <탄트라 비보 의 서 2>」
- 『제3의 눈 ―보는 기법・부다의 사랑 <탄트라 비보의 서 3>』 스와미・어드바이트・파르바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1994년)
- 『단마파다』 사와니시 야스시역(명상사, 1994년)
- 「보디 달마」( 메쿠마루 , 1994년, ISBN 4-8397-0079-6 )
- 「침묵의 소리-소리를 대상으로 한 명상 기법 <탄트라 비보의 서 4>」 스와미・어드바이트・파르바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1995년)
- 『오렌지・북』( 메쿠마루 , 1995년)
- 『사랑의 원환―우주적 오르가즘 <탄트라 비보의 서 5>』 스와미 어드바이트 팔바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1995년)
- 『TAO― 노자 의 길〈상〉』( 메쿠마루 , 1995년, ISBN 4-8397-0081-8 )
- 『TAO―노자의 길〈아래〉』( 메쿠마루 , 1995년, ISBN 4-8397-0082-6 )
- 「각성 의 깊이에―에너지 의 상승 <탄트라 비보의 서 6>」
- 『빛과 어둠의 명상-존재로의 회귀 <탄트라 비보의 서 7』 스와미 어드바이트 팔바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1996년)
- 『 기적 의 탐구-각성의 불꽃
- 『존재와 하나에- 비갱·바이러브·탄트라 <탄트라 비보의 서 8>』 스와미·어드바이트·파르바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1997년)
- 『생의 신비-비기안・바이러브・탄트라 <탄트라 비보의 서 9>』 스와미・어드바이트・파르바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1997년)
- 『하늘의 철학-비기안・바이러브・탄트라 <탄트라 비보의 책 10 >』
- 『선 선언』( 시민 출판사 , 1998년)
- 『이샤 우파니샤드 -존재의 고동』 스와미 보디 매니시역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1998년, ISBN 4-88178-165-0
- 『기적의 탐구―칠신체의 신비 <Osho 초기 명상캠프의 강화2>』 Osho 색신 명상 센터역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1998년)
- "지혜의 씨앗"( 시민 출판사 , 1999 년, ISBN 4-88178-171-5 )
- 『내 사랑하는 인도―빛나는 황금의 단장』 스와미・프렘・군자역, 마지반・아 난디 조교
- "지혜의 씨앗"( 시민 출판사 , 1999 년, ISBN 4-88178-171-5 )
- 『무수무월』( 시민 출판사 , 1999년, ISBN 4-88178-167-7 )
- ' 황금 의 꽃 의 비밀 '
- 「유니오 미스티카」(시민 출판사, 1999년)
- 「밤에 잠들기 전에 주는 말」(시민 출판사, 1999년)
- 「탄트라의 변용― 사라 하의 왕의 노래」( 시민 출판사 , 2000년, ISBN 4-88178-177-4 )
- 「숨겨진 신비」( 시민 출판사 , 2000년, ISBN 4-88178-174-X )
- 「아침의 각성에 주는 말」( 시민 출판사 , 2000년)
- '와상젠 타로트' 아난드 니라라 번역(AGM AGMuller, 2001년)
- 오쇼
- "탄트라의 변용 <탄트라 비전 2"( 시민 출판사 , 2000 년, ISBN 4-88178-177-4 )
- 「아침의 각성에 주는 말」(시민 출판사, 2000년)
- 「탄트라의 변용 탄트라 비전 2」( 시민 출판사 , 2000년)
- 「죽음의 아트」(시민 출판사, 2001년)
- 『엔라이트먼트-신비가· 아슈타바쿠라 단 하나의 변혁』 스와미·안탈·소한역 ( 시민 출판사 , 2003년)
- “샤와링·위즈아웃·클라우즈( 시민 출판사 , 2003년)
- 『영구의 철학 1』 ( 시민 출판사 , 2004년)
- 『라스트 모닝 스타』 ( 시민 출판사 , 2004년)
- 『이너·저니-내가 되는 여행』 마·아난드·무그다 번역 ( 시민 출판사 , 2005년)
- 『그리고 꽃들이 내리다』 마프렘 프라바히, Osho 색신 명상 센터 번역( 시민 출판사 , 2005년)
- 『궁극의 연금술 1―고대의 오 의 서 우파니샤드를 말한다』 스와미 보디 이슈와라 번역
- 『영구의 철학 2―퓨타고라스의 황금시 2』( 시민 출판사 , 2006년)
- "사라하의 노래 <탄트라 비전 1>"( 시민 출판사 , 2006년)
- 『궁극의 연금술 2―인간―영원과 영원의 가교』 스와미・보디・이슈 와라 역
- 『영혼의 과학- 파탄자리 의 요가 수트라』사와니시 야스시 역(LAF 명상사, 2007년)
- 『마음에서 몸의 목소리를 듣는다-보디·마인드·밸런싱』 마·아난드·무 그다 번역
- 「신비가의 길-주옥의 질의응답 록」
- 『OSHO 선 타롯트』 아난드 닐라라 번역(AGM AGMuller, 2010년)
- 「탐구의 시」( 시민 출판사 , 2011년)
- 「영혼의 요가」( 시민 출판사 , 2012년)
- 『아티샤의 지혜의 서상』 ( 시민 출판사 , 2012년)
- 『아티샤의 지혜의 서하』 ( 시민 출판사 , 2013년)
- 『사랑의 길-신비가· 카빌을 말한다』 스와미·프렘·군자역, 마·아난드·무그다, 마·강·푸남 조교( 시민 출판사 , 2013년)
- 『Joy 기쁨』야마가와 히로야・야마가와 아키코 역 (카도카와 서점, 2013년)
- 『풀은 혼자서 자란다』(OEJ 북스, 2013년)
- 「궁극의 여행」(가와데 서방 신사, 2013년)
- 『죽는 것 살기』 스와미 보디 데바야나(미야가와 요시히로) 번역, 마 아난드 무그다, 마 갸르 시디카 조교( 시민 출판사 , 2014년)
- 『존재와 하나에-비갱·바이러브·탄트라 <탄트라 비보의 서 8>』 스와미·어드바이트·파르바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1014년)
- 「TAO 영원의 대하 1」(가와데 서방 신사, 2014년)
- 「TAO 영원의 대하 2」(가와데 서방 신사, 2014년)
- 「TAO 영원의 대하 3」(가와데 서방 신사, 2014년)
- 「TAO 영원의 대하 4」(가와데 서방 신사, 2014년)
- 『불꽃의 전승 1』(시민 출판사, 2014년)
- 『Courage 용기』야마가와 히로야・야마가와 아키코 역 ( KADOKAWA , 2014년)
- 『죽음에 대해 41의 대답』OSHO ( OEJ북스 , 2015년)
- 『불꽃의 전승 2』( 시민 출판사 , 2015년)
- 『사랑의 원환―우주적 오르가즘 <탄트라 비보의 서 5>』 스와미・어드바이트・파르바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 2015년)
- 『내면의 우주의 발견―비건 바이러브 탄트라 <탄트라 비보의 서 1>』 스와미 어드바이트 팔바역 ( 시민 출판사 , 1015년)
- 『진리의 샘』 스와미 보디 데바야나 번역( 시민 출판사 , 2016년)
- 『기적의 탐구 2』( 시민 출판사 , 2016년)
- 『Intuition 직관』야마가와 히로야・야마가와 아키코 역 ( KADOKAWA , 2016년)
- 『명상의 길』( 시민 출판사 , 2017년)
- 『Creativity 창조성』야마가와 히로야・야마가와 아키코 역 ( KADOKAWA , 2017년)
- 「밤에 잠들기 전에 주는 말」( 시민 출판사 , 2018년)
- “아침의 각성에 주는 말”( 시민 출판사 , 2018년)
- 『붓다 - 최대의 기적 <초월의 길 시리즈 1 』
- 『명상록―정적의 말』 나카하라 쿠니히코・쇼지 순역
- "당신의 영혼을 비추는 60 이야기" Amy Okudaira 번역 ( 야마토 서방 , 2019 년)
- 『심리학을 넘어 1』 스와미·보디·데바야나역 ( 시민 출판사 , 2019년)
- 『존재의 시 TANTRA THE SUPREME UNDERSTANDING』 신장 복간 OSHO 호시 카와 쥰역
- 「심리학을 넘어 2」( 시민 출판사 , 2020년)
- 「신명상법 입문」( 시민 출판사 , 2021년)
설명 [ 편집 ]
- 다마가와 노부아키『와나오의 초종교적 세계 트랜스퍼스널 심리학과 의 상대 관계』( 사회평론사 , 2001년)
- 다마가 와 노부아키 『와나오, 선을 말한다』(사회평론사, 2002년)
- 타마가와 노부아키 편저 『와상, 성애를 말한다』 ( 사회평론사 , 2003년)
- 타마가와 노부아키 편저 「와나오, 성전을 말한다」( 사회평론사 , 2003년)
잡지 [ 편집 ]
- Rajneesh times international(라지니시 타임즈 인터내셔널) . 1989)
- 『Osho times international(와상 타임즈 인터내셔널)』 와상 재팬 편, 이아 라지니시 네오 사니야스 코뮌 (16호-17호) → Osho 이아 네오 사니야스 코뮌 (18/19호-88호) → 오제 인스티튜트(89호-95호), 간행 종료
- 월간 「무」1983년 9월호 No.34, 10월호 No.35, 학습연구사 「OSHO, 비교그룹을 말한다」
각주 [ 편집 ]
출처 [ 편집 ]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad 현대 사회와 영성 .
- ^ a b 『자신이라는 이름의 미궁 이너 러빌린스』 빙빙 2016년 2월 25일, 20페이지.
- ↑ 『하늘의 거울』 장신사, 1992년 11월 30일.
- ↑ a b c 현대종교사전 . 홍문당. p. 529
- ↑ Mullan 1983 , pp. 33.
- ^ a b c d Puttick 2009 , p. 268.
- ^ a b Toyoshima 1995 , pp. 46-47.
- ↑ “인도인이 말하는 백은 선사”. 중외일보. (1990년 3월 9일)
- ↑ Puttick 2009 , p. 269.
- ↑ Desai 1993 , p. 133.
- ↑ Puttick 2009 , p. 270.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m 현대 사회와 영성 . 게이샤. p.
- ↑ 『오렌지・북』메쿠마루, 1984년 4월 24일, 14페이지.
- ↑ “ OSHO International Foundation ”. 2021년 5월 9일 에 확인함.
- ^ TAO 영원한 대하 3 .
- ↑ Kostas Andrea Fanti--편 "Psychological Science: Research, Theory and Future Directions"ATINER 2007
- ^ https://www.osho.com/en/read/media/professionals/what-the-doctors-say
- ^ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5198312/
- ^ a b c d e f 이토 1999 .
- ^ a b c 탄트라-섹스, 사랑, 명상으로가는 길 . Osho 코셔 명상 센터. (1992)
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j 『영지의 사전』 1996년 5월 20일, 341-343쪽.
- ^ a b c d e 영지의 사전 p. 343 .
- ^ a b c d e f g 현대 사회와 영성 . 계수사. p.
- ↑ a b c d 『선 선언』 시민 출판사, 1998년 3월 21일.
- ↑ Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh (1988), The Invitation (1 ed.), Rebel Publishing
- ↑ Puttick 2009 , pp. 270–271.
- ^ 와나오 (1996). 에이치의 사전 .
- ↑ 이 시무라 1995 , p. 343.
- ↑ 이토 1997 .
- ^ 요시 후쿠 1987 .
- ↑ 인용 예로는 예를 들어 피터 러셀 '글로벌 브레인'공작사, 1994년
- ↑ 요시 후쿠 신이치 , 1987, 「트랜스퍼스널이란 무엇인가」, 춘추사 ---p58
- ↑ a b 이 시무라 1995 , pp. 348–349.
- ^ 마 프림 슈뇨 (1994 년 9 월 21 일). 와 즈와 보낸 다이아몬드의 날들
- ↑ Ito 1999 , p. 16.
- ↑ a b 이시무라 1995 , p. 347.
- ^ a b 이시무라 1995 , p. 352.
- ↑ 이 시무라 1995 , pp. 379–380.
- ^ a b Olsen 2018 .
- ↑ 오쿠무라 1996 .
- ↑ Manuto 1987 .
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l OSHO : 미국으로가는 길 사막의 실험 도시 라디니 시푸람의 탄생과 붕괴의 진상 .
- ^ 업스 2017 .
- ↑ a b c 아자자와 2000 , pp. 82–83.
- ↑ OSHO·반역의 궤적 . 시민 출판사
- ↑ a b c OSHO·반역의 궤적 . 시민 출판. p. 265
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Osho 라디니시. I AM THE GATE 알 수 없는 문 .
- ↑ a b 현대 종교 사전 . 홍문당. p. 530
- ^ a b c d e f g OSHO·반역의 궤적 . 시민 출판. (2018년 10월 29일). p. 385~387
- ↑ Osho World (2) 2020 .
- ↑ OSHO International Foundation 2012 .
- ^ a b 마음에서 몸의 목소리를 듣는다 . 시민 출판. p. 243
- ^ a b c d e 자신이라는 이름의 미궁 이너 래비린스 .
- ^ " Osho.com_Author_Name_Change"
- ^ 『이것 이것 천번도 이것』 와나오 엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1993년 6월 3일.
- ↑ a b 『도모토』 와나오 엔터프라이즈 재팬, 1992년 10월 27일.
- ^ a b c d 코이케 2018 .
- ^ a b c d e f g “ 와일드 와일드 컨트리 뒤에 있는 스토리 ”. Osho International Foundation. 2021년 5월 5일에 확인함.
- ↑ MIKE HALE. “ Review: On Netflix, a Wild Story of Guns, Sex and a Guru ”. The New York Times. 2018년 3월 16일에 확인함.
참고 문헌 [ 편집 ]
- 서적・논문
- Elizabeth Puttick 글쓰기 『현대 세계 종교사전—현대의 신종교, 섹트, 대체 영성』 크리스토퍼 퍼트리지(영어판)편, 이노우에 준효 감역, 이노우에 준효, 이노우에 마도카 와 카나 서관, 2009년.
- 이토 마사유키「현대사회와 영성」, 계수사 , 2003년
- 중외일보『인도인이 말하는 백은선』, 1990년 3월 9일
- 현대 종교학 사전, 이노우에 순고편, 히로몬도
- 맥스 브레커 '오쇼 미국으로의 길 - 사막의 실험 도시 라디니 시풀람의 탄생과 붕괴의 진상' 'OSHO 미국으로의 길' 프로젝트 번역
- 바산토 조시 '반역의 붓다 바그완 슈리 라지니시의 궤적' 스와미 프렘 프라 부다 번역
- 바산트 조시 「이단의 신비가 OSHO · 반역의 궤적」미야가와 요시히로 시민 출판사 2018년
- 마프렘 슌뇨 '오쇼와 보낸 다이아몬드의 날들' 마프렘 소나역, 오쇼엔터프라이즈 재팬
- 오쿠무라 후미오 「헌법 20조 1항의 「정치상의 권력」의 의미에 대해」 「헌법 논총」 제3권, 간사이법 정치학 연구회, 1996년, 53-69페이지, doi : 10.20691/houseiken.3.0_53 , NAID 110002283612 .
- 이시무라 경지, 1995, 「종교 집단에 의한 지자체 지배의 법적 문제 -라디니 시프람시 사건을 소재로서-」, 「미국 연방세 재정법의 구조」, 법률 문화사
- 요시후쿠 신이치 , 1987, 「트랜스퍼스널이란 무엇인가」, 춘추사
- Mullan, Bob (1983), Life as Laughter: Following Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh , London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul Books Ltd, ISBN 0-7102-0043-9 .
- 히카리 후지코 「자신이라는 이름의 미궁 이너 러빌린스」메쿠마루 , 2016년
- 웹
- 코이케 카오루(2018년 8월 14일). “ 대반향의 Netflix 다큐멘터리 와 카트 러셀의 의외의 관계 ”. Movie Walker .
관련 문헌 [ 편집 ]
- 책
- Osho (2010). Zen: Take it Easy(선: 부담없이) . Diamond Pocket Books
- Oliver Klatt (2007). Reiki Systems of the World: One Heart - many Beats .
- 휴 밀른 「라지니시 ― 타락한 신」 鴫沢立也訳, 제3서관 , 1991년(재판)☆라지니시의 측근에서 뒤이반한 인물의 회상록. 브레커 'Osho 미국으로의 길'에 따르면 본서는 명예훼손으로 호소되고 있다(p218).
- 和尚『ア・カップ・オブ・ティー Osho 라지니시 초기 서간집』스와미・프렘・프라부다 , 스와미・아난드・소판역 , 메루마루 , 1995년.
- 웹
- “ Name-change to Osho (Osho로 개명) ”. Osho World. 2020년 5월 30일에 확인함.
- “ Osho는 어떤 사람입니까? ”. OSHO International Foundation. 2020년 5월 17일에 확인함.
- “ 와일드 와일드 컨트리 스토리 뒤에 있는 스토리 ”. OSHO International Foundation. 2020년 6월 4일에 확인함.
- “ From Bhagwan to Osho: The story (바그완에서 오쇼로 : 그 경위) ”. The Sannyas Wiki. 2020년 5월 30일에 확인함.
- Ma Vivek. “ ABOUT OSHO (Osho 소개) ”. MediBreath. 2020년 6월 1일에 확인함.
- “ Trademark Information - OSHO Trademarks(상표 정보 - OSHO 상표) ”. OSHO International Foundation (2012년 2월 20일). 2020년 5월 13일에 확인함.
외부 링크 [ 편집 ]
- Osho의 비전 OSHO International Foundation (한국어)
- Netflix documentary on Rajneeshees in Oregon revisits an amazing, enraging true story Netflix
- 라디니 시푸람의 모습 (20m50s~) - YouTube
Rajneesh
Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh | |
---|---|
Born | Chandra Mohan Jain 11 December 1931 Kuchwada, Bhopal State, British India |
Died | 19 January 1990 (aged 58) Pune, Maharashtra, India |
Nationality | Indian |
Education | Dr. Hari Singh Gour University (MA) |
Known for | Spirituality, mysticism, anti-religion[1] |
Movement | Neo-sannyasins[1] |
Memorial(s) | Osho International Meditation Resort, Pune |
Website | osho |
Rajneesh (born Chandra Mohan Jain; 11 December 1931 – 19 January 1990), also known as Acharya Rajneesh,[2] Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh,[1] and later as Osho (Hindi pronunciation: [ˈo:ʃo:]), was an Indian Godman,[3] philosopher, mystic, and founder of the Rajneesh movement.[1] He was viewed as a controversial new religious movement leader during his life. He rejected institutional religions,[4][1][5] insisting that spiritual experience could not be organized into any one system of religious dogma.[6] As a guru, he advocated meditation and taught a unique form called dynamic meditation. Rejecting traditional ascetic practices, he advocated that his followers live fully in the world but without attachment to it.[6] In expressing a more progressive attitude to sexuality[7] he caused controversy in India during the late 1960s and became known as "the sex guru".[1][8][9]
Rajneesh experienced a spiritual awakening in 1953 at the age of 21.[6] Following several years in academia, in 1966 Rajneesh resigned his post at the University of Jabalpur and began traveling throughout India, becoming known as a vocal critic of the orthodoxy of mainstream religions,[1][10][11][7] as well as of mainstream political ideologies and of Mahatma Gandhi.[12][13][14] In 1970, Rajneesh spent time in Mumbai initiating followers known as "neo-sannyasins".[1] During this period, he expanded his spiritual teachings and commented extensively in discourses on the writings of religious traditions, mystics, bhakti poets, and philosophers from around the world. In 1974, Rajneesh relocated to Pune, where an ashram was established and a variety of therapies, incorporating methods first developed by the Human Potential Movement, were offered to a growing Western following.[15][16] By the late 1970s, the tension between the ruling Janata Party government of Morarji Desai and the movement led to a curbing of the ashram's development and a back tax claim estimated at $5 million.[17]
In 1981, the Rajneesh movement's efforts refocused on activities in the United States and Rajneesh relocated to a facility known as Rajneeshpuram in Wasco County, Oregon. The movement ran into conflict with county residents and the state government, and a succession of legal battles concerning the ashram's construction and continued development curtailed its success. In 1985, Rajneesh publicly asked local authorities to investigate his personal secretary Ma Anand Sheela and her close supporters for a number of crimes, including a 1984 mass food-poisoning attack intended to influence county elections, an aborted assassination plot on U.S. attorney Charles H. Turner, the attempted murder of Rajneesh's personal physician, and the bugging of his own living quarters; authorities later convicted several members of the ashram, including Sheela.[18] That year, Rajneesh was deported from the United States on separate immigration-related charges in accordance with an Alford plea.[19][20][21] After his deportation, 21 countries denied him entry.[22]
Rajneesh ultimately returned to Mumbai, India, in 1986. After staying in the house of a disciple where he resumed his discourses for six months, he returned to Pune in January 1987 and revived his ashram, where he died in 1990.[23][24] Rajneesh's ashram, now known as OSHO International Meditation Resort,[25] and all associated intellectual property, is managed by the registered Osho International Foundation (formerly Rajneesh International Foundation).[26][27] Rajneesh's teachings have had an impact on Western New Age thought,[28][29] and their popularity reportedly increased between the time of his death and 2005.[30][31]
Life
Childhood and adolescence: 1931–1950
Rajneesh (a childhood nickname from the Sanskrit रजनी, rajanee, "night", and ईश, isha, "lord", meaning the "God of Night" or "The Moon" (चंद्रमा) was born Chandra Mohan Jain, the eldest of 11 children of a cloth merchant, at his maternal grandparents' house in Kuchwada; a small village in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh state in India.[32][33][34] His parents, Babulal and Saraswati Jain, who were Taranpanthi Jains, let him live with his maternal grandparents until he was eight years old.[35] By Rajneesh's own account, this was a major influence on his development because his grandmother gave him the utmost freedom, leaving him carefree without an imposed education or restrictions.[36]
When he was seven years old, his grandfather died, and he went to Gadarwara to live with his parents.[32][37] Rajneesh was profoundly affected by his grandfather's death, and again by the death of his childhood girlfriend Shashi from typhoid when he was 15, leading to a preoccupation with death that lasted throughout much of his childhood and youth.[37][38] In his school years, he was a gifted and rebellious student, and gained a reputation as a formidable debater.[12] Rajneesh became critical of traditional religion, took an interest in many methods to expand consciousness, including breath control, yogic exercises, meditation, fasting, the occult, and hypnosis. According to Vasant Joshi, Rajneesh read widely from an early age, and although as a young boy, he played sports; reading was his primary interest.[39] After showing an interest in the writings of Marx and Engels, he was branded a communist and was threatened with expulsion from school. According to Joshi, with the help of friends, he built a small library containing mostly communist literature. Rajneesh, according to his uncle Amritlal, also formed a group of young people that regularly discussed communist ideology and their opposition to religion.[39]
Rajneesh was later to say, "I have been interested in communism from my very childhood...communist literature — perhaps there is no book that is missing from my library. I have signed and dated each book before 1950. Small details are so vivid before me, because that was my first entry into the intellectual world. First I was deeply interested in communism, but finding that it is a corpse I became interested in anarchism — that was also a Russian phenomenon — Prince Kropotkin, Bakunin, Leo Tolstoy. All three were anarchists: no state, no government in the world."[40]
He became briefly associated with socialism and two Indian nationalist organisations: the Indian National Army and the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh.[12][41][42] However, his membership in the organisations was short-lived as he could not submit to any external discipline, ideology, or system.[43]
University years and public speaker: 1951–1970
In 1951, aged 19, Rajneesh began his studies at Hitkarini College in Jabalpur.[44] Asked to leave after conflicts with an instructor, he transferred to D. N. Jain College, also in Jabalpur.[45] Having proved himself to be disruptively argumentative, he was not required to attend college classes at D. N. Jain College except for examinations and used his free time to work for a few months as an assistant editor at a local newspaper.[46] He began speaking in public at the annual Sarva Dharma Sammelan (Meeting of all faiths) held at Jabalpur, organised by the Taranpanthi Jain community into which he was born, and participated there from 1951 to 1968.[47] He resisted his parents' pressure to marry.[48] Rajneesh later said, he became spiritually enlightened on 21 March 1953, when he was 21 years old, in a mystical experience while sitting under a tree in the Bhanvartal garden in Jabalpur.[49]
Having completed his BA in philosophy at D. N. Jain College in 1955, he joined the University of Sagar, where in 1957, he earned his MA in philosophy (with distinction).[50] He immediately secured a teaching position at Raipur Sanskrit College, but the vice-chancellor soon asked him to seek a transfer as he considered him a danger to his students' morality, character, and religion.[13] From 1958, he taught philosophy as a lecturer at Jabalpur University, being promoted to professor in 1960.[13] A popular lecturer, he was acknowledged by his peers as an exceptionally intelligent man who had been able to overcome the deficiencies of his early small-town education.[51]
In parallel to his university job, he travelled throughout India under the name Acharya Rajneesh (Acharya means teacher or professor; Rajneesh was a nickname he had acquired in childhood), giving lectures critical of socialism, Gandhi, and institutional religions.[12][13][14] He travelled so much that he would find it difficult to sleep on a normal bed, because he had grown used to sleeping amid the rocking of railway coach berths.[52]
According to a speech given by Rajneesh in 1969, socialism is the ultimate result of capitalism, and capitalism itself, of revolution that brings about socialism.[39] Rajneesh stated that he believed that in India, socialism was inevitable, but fifty, sixty or seventy years hence, India should apply its efforts to first creating wealth.[53] He said that socialism would socialise only poverty, and he described Gandhi as a masochist reactionary who worshipped poverty.[12][14] What India needed to escape its backwardness was capitalism, science, modern technology, and birth control.[12] He did not regard capitalism and socialism as opposite systems, but considered it disastrous for any country to talk about socialism without first building a capitalist economy.[39] He criticised orthodox Indian religions as dead, filled with empty rituals, oppressing their followers with fears of damnation and promises of blessings.[12][14] Such statements made him controversial, but also gained him a loyal following that included a number of wealthy merchants and businessmen.[12][54] These people sought individual consultations from him about their spiritual development and transforming their daily lives, in return for donations and his practice snowballed.[54] From 1962, he began to lead 3- to 10-day meditation camps, and the first meditation centres (Jivan Jagruti Kendra) started to emerge around his teaching, then known as the Life Awakening Movement (Jivan Jagruti Andolan).[55] After a controversial speaking tour in 1966, he resigned from his teaching post at the request of the university.[13]
In a 1968 lecture series, later published under the title From Sex to Superconsciousness, he scandalised Hindu leaders by calling for freer acceptance of sex and became known as the "sex guru" in the Indian press.[9][7] When in 1969, he was invited to speak at the Second World Hindu Conference, despite the misgivings of some Hindu leaders, his statements raised controversy again when he said, "Any religion which considers life meaningless and full of misery and teaches the hatred of life, is not a true religion. Religion is an art that shows how to enjoy life."[56] He compared the treatment of lower caste shudras and women with the treatment of animals.[57] He characterised brahmin as being motivated by self-interest, provoking the Shankaracharya of Puri, who tried in vain to have his lecture stopped.[56]
Mumbai: 1971–1974
At a public meditation event in early 1970, Rajneesh presented his Dynamic Meditation method for the first time.[58] Dynamic Meditation involved breathing very fast and celebrating with music and dance.[59] He left Jabalpur for Mumbai at the end of June.[60] On 26 September 1970, he initiated his first group of disciples or neo-sannyasins.[61] Becoming a disciple apparently meant assuming a new name and wearing the traditional saffron dress of ascetic Hindu holy men, including a mala (beaded necklace) carrying a locket with his picture.[62] However, his sannyasins were encouraged to follow a celebratory rather than ascetic lifestyle.[63] He himself was not to be worshipped but regarded as a catalytic agent, "a sun encouraging the flower to open".[63]
He had by then, acquired a secretary, Laxmi Thakarsi Kuruwa, who as his first disciple had taken the name Ma Yoga Laxmi.[12] Laxmi was the daughter of one of his early followers, a wealthy Jain, who had been a key supporter of the Indian National Congress during the struggle for Indian independence, with close ties to Gandhi, Nehru, and Morarji Desai.[12] She raised the money that enabled Rajneesh to stop his travels and settle down.[12] In December 1970, he moved to the Woodlands Apartments in Mumbai, where he gave lectures and received visitors, among them his first Western visitors.[60] He now traveled rarely, no longer speaking at open public meetings.[60] In 1971, he adopted the title "Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh".[62]
Speaking about the name change from Acharya to Bhagwan, Rajneesh said in later years, "I loved the term. I said, 'At least for a few years that will do. Then we can drop it.'"
I have chosen it for a specific purpose and it has been serving well, because people who used to come to gather knowledge, they stopped. The day I called myself Bhagwan, they stopped. It was too much for them, it was too much for their egos, someone calling himself Bhagwan...It hurts the ego. Now I've changed my function absolutely. I started working on a different level, in a different dimension. Now I give you being, not knowledge. I was an acharya and they were students; they were learning. Now I am no more a teacher and you are not here as students. I am here to impart being. I am here to make you awaken. I am not here to give knowledge, I am going to give you knowing- and that is a totally different dimension.
Shree is a polite form of address roughly equivalent to the English "Sir"; Bhagwan means "blessed one", used in Indian tradition as a term of respect for a human being in whom the divine is no longer hidden but apparent.[65] In Hinduism it can also be used to signify a deity or avatar.[66] In many parts of India and South Asia, Bhagwan represents the abstract concept of a universal God to Hindus who are spiritual and religious but do not worship a specific deity.[66]
Later, when he changed his name, he redefined the meaning of Bhagwan.[67]
Pune ashram: 1974–1981
The humid climate of Mumbai proved detrimental to Rajneesh's health: he developed diabetes, asthma, and numerous allergies.[62] In 1974, on the 21st anniversary of his experience in Jabalpur, he moved to a property in Koregaon Park, Pune, purchased with the help of Ma Yoga Mukta (Catherine Venizelos), a Greek shipping heiress.[68][69] Rajneesh spoke at the Pune ashram from 1974 to 1981. The two adjoining houses and 6 acres (2.4 ha) of land became the nucleus of an ashram, and the property is still the heart of the present-day OSHO International Meditation Resort. It allowed the regular audio recording and, later, video recording and printing of his discourses for worldwide distribution, enabling him to reach far larger audiences. The number of Western visitors increased sharply.[70] The ashram soon featured an arts-and-crafts centre producing clothes, jewellery, ceramics, and organic cosmetics and hosted performances of theatre, music, and mime.[70] From 1975, after the arrival of several therapists from the Human Potential Movement, the ashram began to complement meditations with a growing number of therapy groups,[15][16] which became a major source of income for the ashram.[71][72]
The Pune ashram was by all accounts an exciting and intense place to be, with an emotionally charged, madhouse-carnival atmosphere.[70][73][74] The day began at 6:00 a.m. with Dynamic Meditation.[75][76] From 8:00 am, Rajneesh gave a 60- to 90-minute spontaneous lecture in the ashram's "Buddha Hall" auditorium, commenting on religious writings or answering questions from visitors and disciples.[70][76] Until 1981, lecture series held in Hindi alternated with series held in English.[77] During the day, various meditations and therapies took place, whose intensity was ascribed to the spiritual energy of Rajneesh's "buddhafield".[73] In evening darshans, Rajneesh conversed with individual disciples or visitors and initiated disciples ("gave sannyas").[70][76] Sannyasins came for darshan when departing or returning or when they had anything they wanted to discuss.[70][76]
To decide which therapies to participate in, visitors either consulted Rajneesh or selected according to their own preferences.[78] Some of the early therapy groups in the ashram, such as the encounter group, were experimental, allowing a degree of physical aggression as well as sexual encounters between participants.[79][80] Conflicting reports of injuries sustained in Encounter group sessions began to appear in the press.[81][82][83] Richard Price, at the time a prominent Human Potential Movement therapist and co-founder of the Esalen Institute, found the groups encouraged participants to 'be violent' rather than 'play at being violent' (the norm in Encounter groups conducted in the United States), and criticised them for "the worst mistakes of some inexperienced Esalen group leaders".[84] Price is alleged to have exited the Pune ashram with a broken arm following a period of eight hours locked in a room with participants armed with wooden weapons.[84] Bernard Gunther, his Esalen colleague, fared better in Pune and wrote a book, Dying for Enlightenment, featuring photographs and lyrical descriptions of the meditations and therapy groups.[84] Violence in the therapy groups eventually ended in January 1979, when the ashram issued a press release stating that violence "had fulfilled its function within the overall context of the ashram as an evolving spiritual commune".[85]
Sannyasins who had "graduated" from months of meditation and therapy could apply to work in the ashram, in an environment that was consciously modelled on the community the Russian mystic Gurdjieff led in France in the 1930s.[86] Key features incorporated from Gurdjieff were hard, unpaid labour, and supervisors chosen for their abrasive personality, both designed to provoke opportunities for self-observation and transcendence.[86] Many disciples chose to stay for years.[86] Besides the controversy around the therapies, allegations of drug use amongst sannyasin began to mar the ashram's image.[87] Some Western sannyasins were alleged to be financing extended stays in India through prostitution and drug-running.[88][89] A few people later alleged that while Rajneesh was not directly involved, they discussed such plans and activities with him in darshan and he gave his blessing.[90]
By the latter 1970s, the Pune ashram was too small to contain the rapid growth and Rajneesh asked that somewhere larger be found.[91] Sannyasins from around India started looking for properties: those found included one in the province of Kutch in Gujarat and two more in India's mountainous north.[91] The plans were never implemented as mounting tensions between the ashram and the Janata Party government of Morarji Desai resulted in an impasse.[91] Land-use approval was denied and, more importantly, the government stopped issuing visas to foreign visitors who indicated the ashram as their main destination.[91][92] Besides, Desai's government cancelled the tax-exempt status of the ashram with retrospective effect, resulting in a claim estimated at $5 million.[17] Conflicts with various Indian religious leaders aggravated the situation—by 1980 the ashram had become so controversial that Indira Gandhi, despite a previous association between Rajneesh and the Indian Congress Party dating back to the sixties, was unwilling to intercede for it after her return to power.[17] In May 1980, during one of Rajneesh's discourses, an attempt on his life was made by Vilas Tupe, a young Hindu fundamentalist.[91][93][94] Tupe claims that he undertook the attack because he believed Rajneesh to be an agent of the CIA.[94]
By 1981, Rajneesh's ashram hosted 30,000 visitors per year.[87] Daily discourse audiences were by then predominantly European and American.[95][96] Many observers noted that Rajneesh's lecture style changed in the late '70s, becoming less focused intellectually and featuring an increasing number of ethnic or dirty jokes intended to shock or amuse his audience.[91] On 10 April 1981, having discoursed daily for nearly 15 years, Rajneesh entered a three-and-a-half-year period of self-imposed public silence, and satsangs—silent sitting with music and readings from spiritual works such as Khalil Gibran's The Prophet or the Isha Upanishad—replaced discourses.[97][98] Around the same time, Ma Anand Sheela (Sheela Silverman) replaced Ma Yoga Laxmi as Rajneesh's secretary.[99]
United States and the Oregon commune: 1981–1985
Arrival in the United States
In 1981, the increased tensions around the Pune ashram, along with criticism of its activities and threatened punitive action by Indian authorities, provided an impetus for the ashram to consider the establishment of a new commune in the United States.[100][101][102] According to Susan J. Palmer, the move to the United States was a plan from Sheela.[103] Sheela and Rajneesh had discussed the idea of establishing a new commune in the US in late 1980, although he did not agree to travel there until May 1981.[99] On 1 June that year he travelled to the United States on a tourist visa, ostensibly for medical purposes, and spent several months at a Rajneeshee retreat centre located at Kip's Castle in Montclair, New Jersey.[104][105] He had been diagnosed with a prolapsed disc in early 1981 and treated by several doctors, including James Cyriax, a St. Thomas' Hospital musculoskeletal physician and expert in epidural injections flown in from London.[99][106][107] Rajneesh's previous secretary, Laxmi, reported to Frances FitzGerald that "she had failed to find a property in India adequate to Rajneesh's needs, and thus, when the medical emergency came, the initiative had passed to Sheela".[107] A public statement by Sheela indicated that Rajneesh was in grave danger if he remained in India, but would receive appropriate medical treatment in America if he needed surgery.[99][106][108] Despite the stated serious nature of the situation, Rajneesh never sought outside medical treatment during his time in the United States, leading the Immigration and Naturalization Service to contend that he had a preconceived intent to remain there.[107] Years later, Rajneesh pleaded guilty to immigration fraud, while maintaining his innocence of the charges that he made false statements on his initial visa application about his alleged intention to remain in the US when he came from India.[nb 1][nb 2][nb 3]
Establishing Rajneeshpuram
On 13 June 1981, Sheela's husband, John Shelfer, signed a purchase contract to buy property in Oregon for US$5.75 million, and a few days later assigned the property to the US foundation. The property was a 64,229-acre (260 km2) ranch, previously known as "The Big Muddy Ranch" and located across two counties (Wasco and Jefferson).[109] It was renamed "Rancho Rajneesh" and Rajneesh moved there on 29 August.[110] Initial local community reactions ranged from hostility to tolerance, depending on distance from the ranch.[111] The press reported, and another study found, that the development met almost immediately with intense local, state, and federal opposition from the government, press, and citizenry. Within months a series of legal battles ensued, principally over land use.[112] Within a year of arriving, Rajneesh and his followers had become embroiled in a series of legal battles with their neighbours, the principal conflict relating to land use.[112] The commune leadership was uncompromising and behaved impatiently in dealing with the locals.[113] They were also insistent upon having demands met, and engaged in implicitly threatening and directly confrontational behaviour.[113] Whatever the true intention, the repeated changes in their stated plans looked to many like conscious deception.[113]
In May 1982 the residents of Rancho Rajneesh voted to incorporate it as the city of Rajneeshpuram.[112] The conflict with local residents escalated, with increasingly bitter hostility on both sides, and over the following years, the commune was subject to constant and coordinated pressures from various coalitions of Oregon residents.[112][114] 1000 Friends of Oregon immediately commenced and then prosecuted over the next six years numerous court and administrative actions to void the incorporation and cause buildings and improvement to be removed.[112][115][114] 1000 Friends publicly called for the city to be "dismantled". A 1000 Friends Attorney stated that if 1000 Friends won, the Foundation would be "forced to remove their sewer system and tear down many of the buildings.[116][113] At one point, the commune imported large numbers of homeless people from various US cities in a failed attempt to affect the outcome of an election, before releasing them into surrounding towns and leaving some to the State of Oregon to return to their home cities at the state's expense.[117][118] In March 1982, local residents formed a group called Citizens for Constitutional Cities to oppose the Ranch development.[119] An initiative petition was filed that would order the governor "'to contain, control and remove' the threat of invasion by an 'alien cult'".[115]
The Oregon legislature passed several bills that sought to slow or stop the development and the City of Rajneeshpuram—including HB 3080, which stopped distribution of revenue sharing funds for any city whose legal status had been challenged. Rajneeshpuram was the only city impacted.[120] The Governor of Oregon, Vic Atiyeh, stated in 1982 that since their neighbors did not like them, they should leave Oregon.[121] In May 1982, United States Senator Mark Hatfield called the INS in Portland. An INS memo stated that the Senator was "very concerned" about how this "religious cult" is "endangering the way of life for a small agricultural town ... and is a threat to public safety".[122] Such actions "often do have influence on immigration decisions". In 1983 the Oregon Attorney General filed a lawsuit seeking to declare the City void because of an alleged violation of the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the Constitution. The Court found that the City property was owned and controlled by the Foundation, and entered judgement for the State.[123] The court disregarded the controlling US constitutional cases requiring that a violation be redressed by the "least intrusive means" necessary to correct the violation, which it had earlier cited. The city was forced to "acquiesce" in the decision, as part of a settlement of Rajneesh's immigration case.[124]
While the various legal battles ensued Rajneesh remained behind the scenes, having withdrawn from a public facing role in what commune leadership referred to as a period of "silence." During this time, which lasted until November 1984, in lieu of Rajneesh speaking publicly, videos of his discourses were played to commune audiences.[104] His time was allegedly spent mostly in seclusion and he communicated only with a few key disciples, including Ma Anand Sheela and his caretaker girlfriend Ma Yoga Vivek (Christine Woolf).[104] He lived in a trailer next to a covered swimming pool and other amenities. At this time he did not lecture and interacted with followers via a Rolls-Royce 'drive-by' ceremony.[125] He also gained public notoriety for amassing a large collection of Rolls-Royce cars, eventually numbering 93 vehicles.[126][127] In 1981 he had given Sheela limited power of attorney, removing any remaining limits the following year.[128] In 1983, Sheela announced that he would henceforth speak only with her.[129] He later said that she kept him in ignorance.[128] Many sannyasins expressed doubts about whether Sheela properly represented Rajneesh and many dissidents left Rajneeshpuram in protest of its autocratic leadership.[130] Resident sannyasins without US citizenship experienced visa difficulties that some tried to overcome by marriages of convenience.[131] Commune administrators tried to resolve Rajneesh's own difficulty in this respect by declaring him the head of a religion, "Rajneeshism".[125][132]
During the Oregon years there was an increased emphasis on Rajneesh's prediction that the world might be destroyed by nuclear war or other disasters in the 1990s.[133] Rajneesh had said as early as 1964 that "the third and last war is now on the way" and frequently spoke of the need to create a "new humanity" to avoid global suicide.[134] This now became the basis for a new exclusivity, and a 1983 article in the Rajneesh Foundation Newsletter, announcing that "Rajneeshism is creating a Noah's Ark of consciousness ... I say to you that except this there is no other way", increased the sense of urgency in building the Oregon commune.[134] In March 1984, Sheela announced that Rajneesh had predicted the death of two-thirds of humanity from AIDS.[134][135] Sannyasins were required to wear rubber gloves and condoms if they had sex, and to refrain from kissing, measures widely represented in the press as an extreme over-reaction since condoms were not usually recommended for AIDS prevention because AIDS was considered a homosexual disease at that stage.[136][137] During his residence in Rajneeshpuram, Rajneesh also dictated three books under the influence of nitrous oxide administered to him by his private dentist: Glimpses of a Golden Childhood, Notes of a Madman and Books I Have Loved.[138] Sheela later stated that Rajneesh took sixty milligrams of valium each day and was addicted to nitrous oxide.[139][140][141] Rajneesh denied these charges when questioned about them by journalists.[139][142]
At the peak of the Rajneeshpuram era, Rajneesh, assisted by a sophisticated legal and business infrastructure, had created a corporate machine consisting of various front companies and subsidiaries.[143] At this time, the three main identifiable entities within his organisation were: the Ranch Church, or Rajneesh International Foundation (RIF); the Rajneesh Investment Corporation (RIC), through which the RIF was managed; and the Rajneesh Neo-Sannyasin International Commune (RNSIC). The umbrella organisation that oversaw all investment activities was Rajneesh Services International Ltd., a company incorporated in the UK but based in Zürich. There were also smaller organisations, such as Rajneesh Travel Corp, Rajneesh Community Holdings, and the Rajneesh Modern Car Collection Trust, whose sole purpose was to deal with the acquisition and rental of Rolls-Royces.[144][145]
1984 bioterror attack
Rajneesh had coached Sheela in using media coverage to her advantage and during his period of public silence he privately stated that when Sheela spoke, she was speaking on his behalf.[123] He had also supported her when disputes about her behaviour arose within the commune leadership, but in early 1984, as tension amongst the inner circle peaked, a private meeting was convened with Sheela and his personal house staff.[123] According to the testimony of Rajneesh's dentist, Swami Devageet (Charles Harvey Newman),[146] she was admonished during a meeting, with Rajneesh declaring that his house, and not hers, was the centre of the commune.[123] Devageet claimed Rajneesh warned that Sheela's jealousy of anyone close to him would inevitably make them a target.[123]
Several months later, on 30 October 1984, he ended his period of public silence, announcing that it was time to "speak his own truths".[147][148] On 19 December, Rajneesh was asked if organisation was necessary for a religion to survive.[149] Disciples present during the talk remember Rajneesh stating that "I will not leave you under a fascist regime".[149][150][146] According to the testimony of Rajneesh's dentist, Swami Devageet, this statement seemed directly aimed at Sheela - or to be directly against the present organisational structure.[146] The next day, sannyasins usually responsible for the editing and transcribing of the talks into book form were told by the management that the tapes of the discourse had been irreparably damaged by technical trouble and were unavailable.[146][151][152][149] After rumours that Sheela had suppressed the discourse grew, Sheela created a transcription of the talk, which was reproduced in The Rajneesh Times.[146][151][152] All suggestions that Rajneeshpuram itself had become a fascist state and Sheela was, in the words of Ma Prem Sangeet, "Hitler in a red dress", had been deleted.[149][150]
Rajneesh spoke almost daily, except for a three-month gap between April and July 1985.[149] In July, he resumed daily public discourses; on 16 September, a few days after Sheela and her entire management team had suddenly left the commune for Europe, Rajneesh held a press conference in which he labelled Sheela and her associates a "gang of fascists".[18] He accused them of having committed serious crimes, most dating back to 1984, and invited the authorities to investigate.[18]
The alleged crimes, which he stated had been committed without his knowledge or consent, included the attempted murder of his personal physician, poisonings of public officials in Oregon, wiretapping and bugging within the commune and within his own home, and a potentially lethal bioterror attack sickening 751 citizens of The Dalles, using Salmonella to impact county elections.[18] While his allegations were initially greeted with scepticism by outside observers,[153] the subsequent investigation by U.S. authorities confirmed these accusations and resulted in the conviction of Sheela and several of her lieutenants.[154] On 30 September 1985, Rajneesh denied that he was a religious teacher.[155] His disciples burned 5,000 copies the book Rajneeshism: An Introduction to Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh and His Religion a 78-page compilation of his teachings that defined "Rajneeshism" as "a religionless religion".[156][155][157] He said he ordered the book-burning to rid the sect of the last traces of the influence of Sheela, whose robes were also "added to the bonfire".[155]
The salmonella attack is considered the first confirmed instance of chemical or biological terrorism to have occurred in the United States.[158] Rajneesh stated that because he was in silence and isolation, meeting only with Sheela, he was unaware of the crimes committed by the Rajneeshpuram leadership until Sheela and her "gang" left and sannyasins came forward to inform him.[159] A number of commentators have stated that they believe that Sheela was being used as a convenient scapegoat.[159][160][161] Others have pointed to the fact that although Sheela had bugged Rajneesh's living quarters and made her tapes available to the U.S. authorities as part of her own plea bargain, no evidence has ever come to light that Rajneesh had any part in her crimes.[162][163][164] It was, however, reported that Charles Turner, David Frohnmayer, and other law enforcement officials, who had surveyed affidavits never released publicly and who listened to hundreds of hours of tape recordings, insinuated to him that Rajneesh was guilty of more crimes than those for which he was eventually prosecuted.[165] Frohnmayer asserted that Rajneesh's philosophy was not "disapproving of poisoning" and that he felt he and Sheela had been "genuinely evil".[165]
Nonetheless, U.S. Attorney Turner and Oregon Attorney General Frohnmeyer acknowledged that "they had little evidence of (Rajneesh) being involved in any of the criminal activities that unfolded at the ranch".[166] According to court testimony by Ma Ava (Ava Avalos), a prominent disciple, Sheela played associates a tape recording of a meeting she had with Rajneesh about the "need to kill people" to strengthen wavering sannyasins' resolve in participating in her murderous plots, but it was difficult to hear, so Sheela produced a transcript of the tape. "She came back to the meeting and ... began to play the tape. It was a little hard to hear what he was saying. ... But Param Bodhi, assisted her, and went and transcribed it. And the gist of Bhagwan's response, yes, it was going to be necessary to kill people to stay in Oregon. And that actually killing people wasn't such a bad thing. And actually Hitler was a great man, although he could not say that publicly because nobody would understand that. Hitler had great vision."[118][167] Rajneesh's personal attorney Philip Niren Toelkes, wrote in 2021 that, "As is fully supported in the testimony of Ava Avalos, an admitted co-conspirator, Sheela presented Osho with a general question about whether people would have to die if the Community was attacked and used his general response that it would perhaps be necessary. Sheela then took an edited recording and 'transcript' of the recording, prepared under her control, back to a meeting to justify her planned criminal actions and overcome the reservations of her co-conspirators."[168] Ava Avalos also said in her testimony to the FBI investigators that "Sheela informed them that Bhagwan was not to know what was going on, and that if Bhagwan were to ask them about anything that would occur, 'they would have to lie to Bhagwan'."[169]
Sheela initiated attempts to murder Rajneesh's caretaker and girlfriend, Ma Yoga Vivek, and his personal physician, Swami Devaraj (George Meredith), because she thought that they were a threat to Rajneesh. She had secretly recorded a conversation between Devaraj and Rajneesh "in which the doctor agreed to obtain drugs the guru wanted to ensure a peaceful death if he decided to take his own life".[118] When asked if he was targeted because of a plan to give the guru euthanasia in an 2018 interview with ‘The Cut’, Rajneesh's doctor denied this and claimed that "She attacked his household and everybody in it and found any excuse she could to do that. She constantly hated the fact that we had access to Osho. We were a constant threat to her total monopoly on power. "[170]
On 23 October 1985, a federal grand jury indicted Rajneesh and several other disciples with conspiracy to evade immigration laws.[171] The indictment was returned in camera, but word was leaked to Rajneesh's lawyer.[171] Negotiations to allow Rajneesh to surrender to authorities in Portland if a warrant were issued failed.[171][172] Rumours of a national guard takeover and a planned violent arrest of Rajneesh led to tension and fears of shooting.[173] On the strength of Sheela's tape recordings, authorities later said they believed that there had been a plan that sannyasin women and children would have been asked to create a human shield if authorities tried to arrest Rajneesh at the commune.[165] On 28 October, Rajneesh and a small number of sannyasins accompanying him were arrested aboard two rented Learjets in North Carolina at Charlotte Douglas International Airport;[174] according to federal authorities the group was en route to Bermuda to avoid prosecution.[175][176][177][178] Cash amounting to $58,000, as well as 35 watches and bracelets worth a combined $1 million, were found on the aircraft.[173][179][180] Rajneesh had by all accounts been informed neither of the impending arrest nor the reason for the journey.[172] Officials took the full ten days legally available to transfer him from North Carolina to Portland for arraignment,[181] which included three nights near Oklahoma City.[178][182][183]
In Portland on 8 November before U.S. District Court Judge Edward Leavy, Rajneesh pleaded "not guilty" to all 34 charges, was released on $500,000 bail, and returned to the commune at Rajneeshpuram.[184][185][186][187] On the advice of his lawyers, he later entered an "Alford plea"—a type of guilty plea through which a suspect does not admit guilt, but does concede there is enough evidence to convict him—to one count of having a concealed intent to remain permanently in the U.S. at the time of his original visa application in 1981 and one count of having conspired to have sannyasins enter into a sham marriage to acquire U.S. residency.[188] Under the deal his lawyers made with the U.S. Attorney's office he was given a ten-year suspended sentence, five years' probation, and a $400,000 penalty in fines and prosecution costs and agreed to leave the United States, not returning for at least five years without the permission of the U.S. Attorney General.[19][154][180][189]
As to "preconceived intent", at the time of the investigation and prosecution, federal court appellate cases and the INS regulations permitted "dual intent", a desire to stay, but a willingness to comply with the law if denied permanent residence. Further, the relevant intent is that of the employer, not the employee.[190] Given the public nature of Rajneesh's arrival and stay, and the aggressive scrutiny by the INS, Rajneesh would appear to have had to be willing to leave the U.S. if denied benefits. The government nonetheless prosecuted him based on preconceived intent. As to arranging a marriage, the government only claimed that Rajneesh told someone who lived in his house that they should marry to stay.[190] Such encouragement appears to constitute incitement, a crime in the United States, but not a conspiracy, which requires the formation of a plan and acts in furtherance.
Travels and return to Pune: 1985–1990
Following his exit from the US, Rajneesh returned to India, landing in Delhi on 17 November 1985. He was given a hero's welcome by his Indian disciples and denounced the United States, saying the world must "put the monster America in its place" and that "Either America must be hushed up or America will be the end of the world."[191] He then stayed for six weeks in Manali, Himachal Pradesh. In Manali, Rajneesh said that he was interested in buying, for use as a possible new commune site, an atoll in the South Pacific that Marlon Brando was trying to sell. According to Rajneesh, the island could be made much bigger by the addition of houseboats and Japanese style floating gardens.[192] Sannyasins visited the island, but it was deemed unsuitable after they realised the area was prone to hurricanes.[193][194] When non-Indians in his party had their visas revoked, he moved on to Kathmandu, Nepal, and then, a few weeks later, to Crete. Arrested after a few days by the Greek National Intelligence Service (KYP), he flew to Geneva, then to Stockholm and London, but was in each case refused entry. Next Canada refused landing permission, so his plane returned to Shannon airport, Ireland, to refuel. There he was allowed to stay for two weeks at a hotel in Limerick, on condition that he did not go out or give talks. He had been granted a Uruguayan identity card, one-year provisional residency and a possibility of permanent residency, so the party set out, stopping at Madrid, where the plane was surrounded by the Guardia Civil. He was allowed to spend one night at Dakar, then continued to Recife and Montevideo. In Uruguay, the group moved to a house at Punta del Este where Rajneesh began speaking publicly until 19 June, after which he was "invited to leave" for no official reason. A two-week visa was arranged for Jamaica, but on arrival in Kingston police gave the group 12 hours to leave. Refuelling in Gander and in Madrid, Rajneesh returned to Bombay, India, on 30 July 1986.[195][196]
In January 1987, Rajneesh returned to the ashram in Pune[197][198] where he held evening discourses each day, except when interrupted by intermittent ill health.[199][200] Publishing and therapy resumed and the ashram underwent expansion,[199][200] now as a "Multiversity" where therapy was to function as a bridge to meditation.[200] Rajneesh devised new "meditation therapy" methods such as the "Mystic Rose" and began to lead meditations in his discourses after a gap of more than ten years.[199][200] His western disciples formed no large communes, mostly preferring ordinary independent living.[201] Red/orange dress and the mala were largely abandoned, having been optional since 1985.[200] The wearing of maroon robes—only while on ashram premises—was reintroduced in the summer of 1989, along with white robes worn for evening meditation and black robes for group leaders.[200]
In November 1987, Rajneesh expressed his belief that his deteriorating health (nausea, fatigue, pain in extremities, and lack of resistance to infection) was due to poisoning by the US authorities while in prison.[202] His doctors and former attorney, Philip Toelkes (Swami Prem Niren), hypothesised radiation and thallium in a deliberately irradiated mattress, since his symptoms were concentrated on the right side of his body,[202] but presented no hard evidence.[203] US attorney Charles H. Hunter described this as "complete fiction", while others suggested exposure to HIV or chronic diabetes and stress.[202][204]
From early 1988, Rajneesh's discourses focused exclusively on Zen.[199] In early 1989, Rajneesh gave a series of some of the longest lectures he had given, titled "Communism and Zen Fire, Zen Wind", in which he criticised capitalism and spoke of the possibilities of sannyas in Russia. In these talks he stated that communism could evolve into spiritualism, and spiritualism into anarchism.[205][206] "I have always been very scientific in my approach, either outside or inside. Communism can be the base. Then spirituality has to be its growth, to provide what is missing."[206] In late December, he said he no longer wished to be referred to as "Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh", and in February 1989 took the name "Osho Rajneesh", shortened to "Osho" in September.[199][207] He also requested that all trademarks previously branded with "Rajneesh" be rebranded "OSHO".[208][26] His health continued to weaken. He delivered his last public discourse in April 1989, from then on simply sitting in silence with his followers.[202] Shortly before his death, Rajneesh suggested that one or more audience members at evening meetings (now referred to as the White Robe Brotherhood) were subjecting him to some form of evil magic.[209][210] A search for the perpetrators was undertaken, but none could be found.[209][210]
Death
At age 58, Rajneesh died on 19 January 1990 at the ashram in Pune, India.[211][212] The official cause of death was heart failure, but a statement released by his commune said that he died because "living in the body had become a hell" after an alleged poisoning in U.S. jails.[213] His ashes were placed in his newly built bedroom in Lao Tzu House at the ashram in Pune. The epitaph reads, "Never Born – Never Died Only visited this planet Earth between December 11, 1931 and January 19, 1990".[214]
An article in The Quint from January 2019 claims that Rajneesh's death still remains a mystery and asks some questions such as "Was Osho murdered for money? Is his will fake? Are foreigners looting India's treasures?".[215]
Teachings
Rajneesh's teachings, delivered through his discourses, were not presented in an academic setting, but interspersed with jokes.[216][217] The emphasis was not static but changed over time: Rajneesh revelled in paradox and contradiction, making his work difficult to summarise.[218] He delighted in engaging in behaviour that seemed entirely at odds with traditional images of enlightened individuals; his early lectures in particular were famous for their humour and their refusal to take anything seriously.[219][220] All such behaviour, however capricious and difficult to accept, was explained as "a technique for transformation" to push people "beyond the mind".[219]
He spoke on major spiritual traditions including Jainism, Hinduism, Hassidism, Tantrism, Taoism, Sikhism, Sufism, Christianity, Buddhism, on a variety of Eastern and Western mystics and on sacred scriptures such as the Upanishads and the Guru Granth Sahib.[221] The sociologist Lewis F. Carter saw his ideas as rooted in Hindu advaita, in which the human experiences of separateness, duality and temporality are held to be a kind of dance or play of cosmic consciousness in which everything is sacred, has absolute worth and is an end in itself.[222] While his contemporary Jiddu Krishnamurti did not approve of Rajneesh, there are clear similarities between their respective teachings.[218]
Rajneesh also drew on a wide range of Western ideas.[221] His belief in the unity of opposites recalls Heraclitus, while his description of man as a machine, condemned to the helpless acting out of unconscious, neurotic patterns, has much in common with Sigmund Freud and George Gurdjieff.[218][223] His vision of the "new man" transcending constraints of convention is reminiscent of Friedrich Nietzsche's Beyond Good and Evil;[224] his promotion of sexual liberation bears comparison to D. H. Lawrence;[225] and his "dynamic" meditations owe a debt to Wilhelm Reich.[226]
Ego and the mind
According to Rajneesh every human being is a Buddha with the capacity for enlightenment, capable of unconditional love and of responding rather than reacting to life, although the ego usually prevents this, identifying with social conditioning and creating false needs and conflicts and an illusory sense of identity that is nothing but a barrier of dreams.[227][228][229] Otherwise man's innate being can flower in a move from the periphery to the centre.[227][229]
Rajneesh viewed the mind first and foremost as a mechanism for survival, replicating behavioural strategies that have proven successful.[227][229] But the mind's appeal to the past, he said, deprives human beings of the ability to live authentically in the present, causing them to repress genuine emotions and to shut themselves off from joyful experiences that arise naturally when embracing the present moment: "The mind has no inherent capacity for joy. ... It only thinks about joy."[229][230] The result is that people poison themselves with all manner of neuroses, jealousies, and insecurities.[231] He argued that psychological repression, often advocated by religious leaders, makes suppressed feelings re-emerge in another guise, and that sexual repression resulted in societies obsessed with sex.[231] Instead of suppressing, people should trust and accept themselves unconditionally.[229][230] This should not merely be understood intellectually, as the mind could only assimilate it as one more piece of information: instead meditation was needed.[231]
Meditation
Rajneesh presented meditation not just as a practice, but as a state of awareness to be maintained in every moment, a total awareness that awakens the individual from the sleep of mechanical responses conditioned by beliefs and expectations.[229][231] He employed Western psychotherapy in the preparatory stages of meditation to create awareness of mental and emotional patterns.[232]
He suggested more than a hundred meditation techniques in total.[232][233] His own "active meditation" techniques are characterised by stages of physical activity leading to silence.[232] The most famous of these remains dynamic meditation,[232][233] which has been described as a kind of microcosm of his outlook.[233] Performed with closed or blindfolded eyes, it comprises five stages, four of which are accompanied by music.[234] First the meditator engages in ten minutes of rapid breathing through the nose.[234] The second ten minutes are for catharsis: "Let whatever is happening happen. ... Laugh, shout, scream, jump, shake—whatever you feel to do, do it!"[232][234] Next, for ten minutes one jumps up and down with arms raised, shouting Hoo! each time one lands on the flat of the feet.[234][235] At the fourth, silent stage, the meditator stops moving suddenly and totally, remaining completely motionless for fifteen minutes, witnessing everything that is happening.[234][235] The last stage of the meditation consists of fifteen minutes of dancing and celebration.[234][235]
Rajneesh developed other active meditation techniques, such as the Kundalini "shaking" meditation and the Nadabrahma "humming" meditation, which are less animated, although they also include physical activity of one sort or another.[232] He also used to organise Gibberish sessions in which disciples were asked to just blabber meaningless sounds, which according to him clears out garbage from mind and relaxes it.[236][237] His later "meditative therapies" require sessions for several days, OSHO Mystic Rose comprising three hours of laughing every day for a week, three hours of weeping each day for a second week, and a third week with three hours of silent meditation.[238] These processes of "witnessing" enable a "jump into awareness".[232] Rajneesh believed such cathartic methods were necessary because it was difficult for modern people to just sit and enter meditation. Once these methods had provided a glimpse of meditation, then people would be able to use other methods without difficulty.
Sannyas
Another key ingredient was his own presence as a master: "A Master shares his being with you, not his philosophy. ... He never does anything to the disciple."[219] The initiation he offered was another such device: "... if your being can communicate with me, it becomes a communion. ... It is the highest form of communication possible: a transmission without words. Our beings merge. This is possible only if you become a disciple."[219] Ultimately though, as an explicitly "self-parodying" guru, Rajneesh even deconstructed his own authority, declaring his teaching to be nothing more than a "game" or a joke.[220][239] He emphasised that anything and everything could become an opportunity for meditation.[219]
Renunciation and the "New Man"
Rajneesh saw his "neo-sannyas" as a totally new form of spiritual discipline, or one that had once existed but since been forgotten.[240] He thought that the traditional Hindu sannyas had turned into a mere system of social renunciation and imitation.[240] He emphasised complete inner freedom and the responsibility to oneself, not demanding superficial behavioural changes, but a deeper, inner transformation.[240] Desires were to be accepted and surpassed rather than denied.[240] Once this inner flowering had taken place, desires such as that for sex would be left behind.[240]
Rajneesh said that he was "the rich man's guru" and that material poverty was not a genuine spiritual value.[241] He had himself photographed wearing sumptuous clothing and hand-made watches[242] and, while in Oregon, drove a different Rolls-Royce each day – his followers reportedly wanted to buy him 365 of them, one for each day of the year.[243] Publicity shots of the Rolls-Royces were sent to the press.[241][244] They may have reflected both his advocacy of wealth and his desire to provoke American sensibilities, much as he had enjoyed offending Indian sensibilities earlier.[241][245]
Rajneesh aimed to create a "new man" combining the spirituality of Gautama Buddha with the zest for life embodied by Nikos Kazantzakis' Zorba the Greek: "He should be as accurate and objective as a scientist ... as sensitive, as full of heart, as a poet ... [and as] rooted deep down in his being as the mystic."[219][246] His term the "new man" applied to men and women equally, whose roles he saw as complementary; indeed, most of his movement's leadership positions were held by women.[247] This new man, "Zorba the Buddha", should reject neither science nor spirituality but embrace both.[219] Rajneesh believed humanity was threatened with extinction due to over-population, impending nuclear holocaust and diseases such as AIDS, and thought many of society's ills could be remedied by scientific means.[219] The new man would no longer be trapped in institutions such as family, marriage, political ideologies and religions.[220][247] In this respect Rajneesh is similar to other counter-culture gurus, and perhaps even certain postmodern and deconstructional thinkers.[220] Rajneesh said that the new man had to be "utterly ambitionless", as opposed to a life that depended on ambition. The new man, he said, "is not necessarily the better man. He will be livelier. He will be more joyous. He will be more alert. But who knows whether he will be better or not? As far as politicians are concerned, he will not be better, because he will not be a better soldier. He will not be ready to be a soldier at all. He will not be competitive, and the whole competitive economy will collapse. "[149][248]
"Heart to heart communion"
In April 1981, Rajneesh had sent a message that he was entering the ultimate stage of his work, and would now speak only through silence.[205][249] On 1 May 1981, Rajneesh stopped speaking publicly and entered a phase of "silent heart to heart communion".[250][251]
Rajneesh stated in the first talk he gave after ending three years of public silence on 30 October 1984, that he had gone into silence partly to put off those who were only intellectually following him.[252][253]
Rajneesh's "Ten Commandments"
In his early days as Acharya Rajneesh, a correspondent once asked for his "Ten Commandments". In reply, Rajneesh said that it was a difficult matter because he was against any kind of commandment, but "just for fun", set out the following:
- 1 Never obey anyone's command unless it is coming from within you also.
- 2 There is no God other than life itself.
- 3 Truth is within you, do not search for it elsewhere.
- 4 Love is prayer.
- 5 To become a nothingness is the door to truth. Nothingness itself is the means, the goal and attainment.
- 6 Life is now and here.
- 7 Live wakefully.
- 8 Do not swim – float.
- 9 Die each moment so that you can be new each moment.
- 10 Do not search. That which is, is. Stop and see.
- — Osho (Osho's Ten Commandments)
He underlined numbers 3, 7, 9 and 10. The ideas expressed in these commandments have remained constant leitmotifs in his movement.[254]
Legacy
While Rajneesh's teachings were not welcomed by many in his own home country during his lifetime, there has been a change in Indian public opinion since Rajneesh's death.[255][256] In 1991, an Indian newspaper counted Rajneesh, along with figures such as Gautama Buddha and Mahatma Gandhi, among the ten people who had most changed India's destiny; in Rajneesh's case, by "liberating the minds of future generations from the shackles of religiosity and conformism".[257] Rajneesh has found more acclaim in his homeland since his death than he did while alive.[30] Writing in The Indian Express, columnist Tanweer Alam stated, "The late Rajneesh was a fine interpreter of social absurdities that destroyed human happiness."[258] At a celebration in 2006, marking the 75th anniversary of Rajneesh's birth, Indian singer Wasifuddin Dagar said that Rajneesh's teachings are "more pertinent in the current milieu than they were ever before".[259] In Nepal, there were 60 Rajneesh centres with almost 45,000 initiated disciples as of January 2008.[260] Rajneesh's entire works have been placed in the Library of India's National Parliament in New Delhi.[256] The Bollywood actor, and former Minister of State for External Affairs, Vinod Khanna, worked as Rajneesh's gardener in Rajneeshpuram in the 1980s.[261] Over 650 books[262] are credited to Rajneesh, expressing his views on all facets of human existence.[263] Virtually all of them are renderings of his taped discourses.[263] Many Bollywood personalities like Parveen Babi and Mahesh Bhatt were also known to be the followers of Rajneesh's philosophy.[264] His books are available in more than 60 languages from more than 200 publishing houses[265] and have entered best-seller lists in Italy and South Korea.[257] [266][267]
Rajneesh continues to be known and published worldwide in the area of meditation and his work also includes social and political commentary.[268] Internationally, after almost two decades of controversy and a decade of accommodation, Rajneesh's movement has established itself in the market of new religions.[268] His followers have redefined his contributions, reframing central elements of his teaching so as to make them appear less controversial to outsiders.[268] Societies in North America and Western Europe have met them half-way, becoming more accommodating to spiritual topics such as yoga and meditation.[268] The Osho International Foundation (OIF) runs stress management seminars for corporate clients such as IBM and BMW, with a reported (2000) revenue between $15 and $45 million annually in the US.[269][270] In Italy, a satirical Facebook page titled Le più belle frasi di Osho repurposing pictures of Osho with humorous captions about national politics was launched in 2016 and quickly surpassed a million followers, becoming a cultural phenomenon in the country, with posts being republished by national papers and being shown on television.[271]
Rajneesh's ashram in Pune has become the OSHO International Meditation Resort[272] Describing itself as the Esalen of the East, it teaches a variety of spiritual techniques from a broad range of traditions and promotes itself as a spiritual oasis, a "sacred space" for discovering one's self and uniting the desires of body and mind in a beautiful resort environment.[31] According to press reports, prominent visitors have included politicians and media personalities.[272] In 2011, a national seminar on Rajneesh's teachings was inaugurated at the Department of Philosophy of the Mankunwarbai College for Women in Jabalpur.[273] Funded by the Bhopal office of the University Grants Commission, the seminar focused on Rajneesh's "Zorba the Buddha" teaching, seeking to reconcile spirituality with the materialist and objective approach.[273] As of 2013, the resort required all guests to be tested for HIV/AIDS at its Welcome Centre on arrival.[274]
Reception
Rajneesh is generally considered one of the most controversial spiritual leaders to have emerged from India in the twentieth century.[275][276] His message of sexual, emotional, spiritual, and institutional liberation, as well as the pleasure he took in causing offence, ensured that his life was surrounded by controversy.[247] Rajneesh became known as the "sex guru" in India, and as the "Rolls-Royce guru" in the United States.[241] He attacked traditional concepts of nationalism, openly expressed contempt for politicians, and poked fun at the leading figures of various religions, who in turn found his arrogance insufferable.[277][278] His teachings on sex, marriage, family, and relationships contradicted traditional values and aroused a great deal of anger and opposition around the world.[105][279] His movement was widely considered a cult. Rajneesh was seen to live "in ostentation and offensive opulence", while his followers, most of whom had severed ties with outside friends and family and donated all or most of their money and possessions to the commune, might be at a mere "subsistence level".[117][280]
Appraisal by scholars of religion
Academic assessments of Rajneesh's work have been mixed and often directly contradictory.Mahayana Buddhism, speaking of "gross contradictions and inconsistencies in his teachings" that "exploit" the "ignorance and gullibility" of his listeners.[281] The sociologist Bob Mullan wrote in 1983 of "a borrowing of truths, half-truths and occasional misrepresentations from the great traditions... often bland, inaccurate, spurious and extremely contradictory".[282] American religious studies professor Hugh B. Urban also said Rajneesh's teaching was neither original nor especially profound, and concluded that most of its content had been borrowed from various Eastern and Western philosophies.[220] George Chryssides, on the other hand, found such descriptions of Rajneesh's teaching as a "potpourri" of various religious teachings unfortunate because Rajneesh was "no amateur philosopher". Drawing attention to Rajneesh's academic background he stated that; "Whether or not one accepts his teachings, he was no charlatan when it came to expounding the ideas of others."[276] He described Rajneesh as primarily a Buddhist teacher, promoting an independent form of "Beat Zen"[276] and viewed the unsystematic, contradictory and outrageous aspects of Rajneesh's teachings as seeking to induce a change in people, not as philosophy lectures aimed at intellectual understanding of the subject.[276] Uday Mehta saw errors in his interpretation of Zen and
Similarly with respect to Rajneesh's embracing of Western counter-culture and the human potential movement, though Mullan acknowledged that Rajneesh's range and imagination were second to none,[282] and that many of his statements were quite insightful and moving, perhaps even profound at times,[283] he perceived "a potpourri of counter-culturalist and post-counter-culturalist ideas" focusing on love and freedom, the need to live for the moment, the importance of self, the feeling of "being okay", the mysteriousness of life, the fun ethic, the individual's responsibility for their own destiny, and the need to drop the ego, along with fear and guilt.[284] Mehta notes that Rajneesh's appeal to his Western disciples was based on his social experiments, which established a philosophical connection between the Eastern guru tradition and the Western growth movement.[275] He saw this as a marketing strategy to meet the desires of his audience.[220] Urban, too, viewed Rajneesh as negating a dichotomy between spiritual and material desires, reflecting the preoccupation with the body and sexuality characteristic of late capitalist consumer culture and in tune with the socio-economic conditions of his time.[285]
The British professor of religious studies Peter B. Clarke said that most participators felt they had made progress in self-actualisation as defined by American psychologist Abraham Maslow and the human potential movement.[86] He stated that the style of therapy Rajneesh devised, with its liberal attitude towards sexuality as a sacred part of life, had proved influential among other therapy practitioners and new age groups.[286] Yet Clarke believes that the main motivation of seekers joining the movement was "neither therapy nor sex, but the prospect of becoming enlightened, in the classical Buddhist sense".[86]
In 2005, Urban observed that Rajneesh had undergone a "remarkable apotheosis" after his return to India, and especially in the years since his death, going on to describe him as a powerful illustration of what F. Max Müller, over a century ago, called "that world-wide circle through which, like an electric current, Oriental thought could run to the West and Western thought return to the East".[285] Clarke also said that Rajneesh has come to be "seen as an important teacher within India itself" who is "increasingly recognised as a major spiritual teacher of the twentieth century, at the forefront of the current 'world-accepting' trend of spirituality based on self-development".[286]
Appraisal as charismatic leader
A number of commentators have remarked upon Rajneesh's charisma. Comparing Rajneesh with Gurdjieff, Anthony Storr wrote that Rajneesh was "personally extremely impressive", noting that "many of those who visited him for the first time felt that their most intimate feelings were instantly understood, that they were accepted and unequivocally welcomed rather than judged. [Rajneesh] seemed to radiate energy and to awaken hidden possibilities in those who came into contact with him".[287] Many sannyasins have stated that hearing Rajneesh speak, they "fell in love with him".[288][289] Susan J. Palmer noted that even critics attested to the power of his presence.[288] James S. Gordon, a psychiatrist and researcher, recalls inexplicably finding himself laughing like a child, hugging strangers and having tears of gratitude in his eyes after a glance by Rajneesh from within his passing Rolls-Royce.[290] Frances FitzGerald concluded upon listening to Rajneesh in person that he was a brilliant lecturer, and expressed surprise at his talent as a comedian, which had not been apparent from reading his books, as well as the hypnotic quality of his talks, which had a profound effect on his audience.[291] Hugh Milne (Swami Shivamurti), an ex-devotee who between 1973 and 1982 worked closely with Rajneesh as leader of the Poona Ashram Guard[292] and as his personal bodyguard,[293][294] noted that their first meeting left him with a sense that far more than words had passed between them: "There is no invasion of privacy, no alarm, but it is as if his soul is slowly slipping inside mine, and in a split second transferring vital information."[295] Milne also observed another facet of Rajneesh's charismatic ability in stating that he was "a brilliant manipulator of the unquestioning disciple".[296]
Hugh B. Urban said that Rajneesh appeared to fit with Max Weber's classical image of the charismatic figure, being held to possess "an extraordinary supernatural power or 'grace', which was essentially irrational and affective".[297] Rajneesh corresponded to Weber's pure charismatic type in rejecting all rational laws and institutions and claiming to subvert all hierarchical authority, though Urban said that the promise of absolute freedom inherent in this resulted in bureaucratic organisation and institutional control within larger communes.[297]
Some scholars have suggested that Rajneesh may have had a narcissistic personality.[298][299][300] In his paper The Narcissistic Guru: A Profile of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, Ronald O. Clarke, Emeritus Professor of Religious Studies at Oregon State University, argued that Rajneesh exhibited all the typical features of narcissistic personality disorder, such as a grandiose sense of self-importance and uniqueness; a preoccupation with fantasies of unlimited success; a need for constant attention and admiration; a set of characteristic responses to threats to self-esteem; disturbances in interpersonal relationships; a preoccupation with personal grooming combined with frequent resorting to prevarication or outright lying; and a lack of empathy.[300] Drawing on Rajneesh's reminiscences of his childhood in his book Glimpses of a Golden Childhood, he suggested that Rajneesh suffered from a fundamental lack of parental discipline, due to his growing up in the care of overindulgent grandparents.[300] Rajneesh's self-avowed Buddha status, he concluded, was part of a delusional system associated with his narcissistic personality disorder; a condition of ego-inflation rather than egolessness.[300]
Wider appraisal as a thinker and speaker
There are widely divergent assessments of Rajneesh's qualities as a thinker and speaker. Khushwant Singh, an eminent author, historian, and former editor of the Hindustan Times, has described Rajneesh as "the most original thinker that India has produced: the most erudite, the most clearheaded and the most innovative".[301] Singh believes that Rajneesh was a "free-thinking agnostic" who had the ability to explain the most abstract concepts in simple language, illustrated with witty anecdotes, who mocked gods, prophets, scriptures, and religious practices, and gave a totally new dimension to religion.[302] German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, a one-time devotee of Rajneesh's (living at the Pune ashram from 1978 to 1980), described him as a "Wittgenstein of religions", ranking him as one of the greatest figures of the 20th century; in his view, Rajneesh had performed a radical deconstruction of the word games played by the world's religions.[303][304]
During the early 1980s, a number of commentators in the popular press were dismissive of Rajneesh.[305] The Australian critic Clive James scornfully referred to him as "Bagwash", likening the experience of listening to one of his discourses to sitting in a laundrette and watching "your tattered underwear revolve soggily for hours while exuding grey suds. The Bagwash talks the way that he looks."[305][306] James finished by saying that Rajneesh, though a "fairly benign example of his type", was a "rebarbative dingbat who manipulates the manipulable into manipulating one another".[305][306][307] Responding to an enthusiastic review of Rajneesh's talks by Bernard Levin in The Times, Dominik Wujastyk, also writing in The Times, similarly expressed his opinion that the talk he heard while visiting the Puna ashram was of a very low standard, wearyingly repetitive and often factually wrong, and stated that he felt disturbed by the personality cult surrounding Rajneesh.[305][308]
Writing in the Seattle Post Intelligencer in January 1990, American author Tom Robbins stated that based on his readings of Rajneesh's books, he was convinced Rajneesh was the 20th century's "greatest spiritual teacher". Robbins, while stressing that he was not a disciple, further stated that he had "read enough vicious propaganda and slanted reports to suspect that he was one of the most maligned figures in history".[301] Rajneesh's commentary on the Sikh scripture known as Japuji was hailed as the best available by Giani Zail Singh, the former President of India.[256] In 2011, author Farrukh Dhondy reported that film star Kabir Bedi was a fan of Rajneesh, and viewed Rajneesh's works as "the most sublime interpretations of Indian philosophy that he had come across". Dhondy himself said Rajneesh was "the cleverest intellectual confidence trickster that India has produced. His output of the 'interpretation' of Indian texts is specifically slanted towards a generation of disillusioned westerners who wanted (and perhaps still want) to 'have their cake, eat it' [and] claim at the same time that cake-eating is the highest virtue according to ancient-fused-with-scientific wisdom."[309]
Films about Rajneesh
- 1974: The first documentary film about Rajneesh was made by David M. Knipe. Program 13 of Exploring the Religions of South Asia, A Contemporary Guru: Rajneesh. (Madison: WHA-TV 1974)
- 1978: The second documentary on Rajneesh called Bhagwan, The Movie[310] was made in 1978 by American filmmaker Robert Hillmann.
- 1979: In 1978 the German film maker Wolfgang Dobrowolny (Sw Veet Artho) visited the Ashram in Poona and created a unique documentary about Rajneesh, his Sannyasins and the ashram, titled Ashram in Poona: Bhagwans Experiment.[311][312]
- 1981: In 1981, the BBC broadcast an episode in the documentary series The World About Us titled The God that Fled, made by British American journalist Christopher Hitchens.[306][313]
- 1985 (3 November): CBS News' 60 Minutes aired a segment about the Bhagwan in Oregon.
- 1987: In the mid-eighties Jeremiah Films produced a film Fear is the Master.[314]
- 1989: Another documentary, named Rajneesh: Spiritual Terrorist, was made by Australian film maker Cynthia Connop in the late 1980s for ABC TV/Learning Channel.[315]
- 1989: UK documentary series called Scandal produced an episode entitled, "Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh: The Man Who Was God".[316]
- 2002: Forensic Files Season 7 Episode 8 takes a look in to how forensics was used to determine the cause of the bio-attack in 1984.
- 2010: A Swiss documentary, titled Guru – Bhagwan, His Secretary & His Bodyguard, was released in 2010.[317]
- 2012: Oregon Public Broadcasting produced the documentary titled Rajneeshpuram which aired 19 November 2012.[318]
- 2016: Rebellious Flower, an Indian-made biographical movie of Rajneesh's early life, based upon his own recollections and those of those who knew him, was released. It was written and produced by Jagdish Bharti and directed by Krishan Hooda, with Prince Shah and Shashank Singh playing the title role.[319]
- 2018: Wild Wild Country, a Netflix documentary series on Rajneesh, focusing on Rajneeshpuram and the controversies surrounding it.[320]
Selected discourses
On the sayings of Jesus:
- The Mustard Seed (the Gospel of Thomas)
- Come Follow Me Vols. I – IV
On Tao:
- Tao: The Three Treasures (The Tao Te Ching of Lao Tzu), Vol I – IV
- The Empty Boat (Stories of Chuang Tzu)
- When the Shoe Fits (Stories of Chuang Tzu)
On Gautama Buddha:
- The Dhammapada (Vols. I – X)
- The Discipline of Transcendence (Vols. I – IV)
- The Heart Sutra
- The Diamond Sutra
On Zen:
- Neither This nor That (On the Xin Xin Ming of Sosan)
- No Water, No Moon
- Returning to the Source
- And the Flowers Showered
- The Grass Grows by Itself
- Nirvana: The Last Nightmare
- The Search (on the Ten Bulls)
- Dang dang doko dang
- Ancient Music in the Pines
- A Sudden Clash of Thunder
- Zen: The Path of Paradox
- This Very Body the Buddha (on Hakuin's Song of Meditation)
On the Baul mystics:
- The Beloved
On Sufis:
- Until You Die
- Just Like That
- Unio Mystica Vols. I and II (on the poetry of Sanai)
On Hassidism:
- The True Sage
- The Art of Dying
On the Upanishads:
- I am That – Talks on Isha Upanishad
- The Supreme Doctrine
- The Ultimate Alchemy Vols. I and II
- Vedanta: Seven Steps to Samadhi
On Heraclitus:
- The Hidden Harmony
On Kabir:
- Ecstasy: The Forgotten Language
- The Divine Melody
- The Path of Love
On Buddhist Tantra:
- Tantra: The Supreme Understanding
- The Tantra Vision
- Yoga: The Alpha and the Omega Vols. I – X
(reprinted as Yoga, the Science of the Soul)
On Meditation methods:
- The Book of Secrets, Vols. I – V
- Meditation: the Art of Inner Ecstasy
- The Orange Book
- Meditation: The First and Last Freedom
- Learning to Silence the Mind
On his childhood:
- Glimpses of a Golden Childhood
On Guru Nanak's Japji and Sikhism:
- The True Name
Talks based on questions:
- I Am the Gate
- The Way of the White Clouds
- The Silent Explosion
- Dimensions Beyond the Known
- Roots and Wings
- The Rebel
Darshan interviews:
- Hammer on the Rock
- Above All, Don't Wobble
- Nothing to Lose but Your Head
- Be Realistic: Plan for a Miracle
- The Cypress in the Courtyard
- Get Out of Your Own Way
- Beloved of My Heart
- A Rose Is a Rose Is a Rose
- Dance Your Way to God
- The Passion for the Impossible
- The Great Nothing
- God Is Not for Sale
- The Shadow of the Whip
- Blessed Are the Ignorant
- The Buddha Disease
- Being in Love
On Ashtavakra Gita:
- Total of 91 separate discourses
See also
- Rajneesh movement
- Byron v. Rajneesh Foundation International, a 1985 lawsuit in Oregon that led to a $1.64 million judgment against the foundation
- Osho Times, a website and former print publication of the Rajneesh movement
- 2010 Pune bombing, a bombing that occurred near the Osho International Meditation Resort in Pune
Notes
- ^ "His lawyers, however, were already negotiating with the United States Attorney's office and, on 14 November he returned to Portland and pleaded guilty to two felonies; making false statements to the immigration authorities in 1981 and concealing his intent to reside in the United States." (FitzGerald 1986b, p. 111)
- ^ "The Bhagwan may also soon need his voice to defend himself on charges he lied on his original temporary-visa application: if the immigration service proves he never intended to leave, the Bhagwan could be deported." (Newsweek, Bhagwan's Realm: The Oregon cult with the leader with 90 golden Rolls-Royces, 3 December 1984, United States Edition, National Affairs Pg. 34, 1915 words, Neal Karlen with Pamela Abramson in Rajneeshpuram.)
- ^ "Facing 35 counts of conspiring to violate immigration laws, the guru admitted two charges: lying about his reasons for settling in the U.S. and arranging sham marriages to help foreign disciples join him." (American Notes, Time, Monday, November 1985, available here Archived 9 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine)
References
Citations
- ^ a b c d e f g h Chryssides 1999, pp. 206–214
- ^ Gordon 1987, pp. 26–27
- ^ Mehta 1993, pp. 83–154
- ^ Osho. "14. The Only Hope: The Enlightenment of Humanity". From Personality to Individuality – via Osho.com.
- ^ Nene, Chhaya (30 April 2014). "Commentary: Chanting 'Osho' and letting go". The Washington Post. Religion News Service.
- ^ a b c Melton, J. Gordon. "Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh". Britannica. Retrieved 14 November 2022.
- ^ a b c Joshi 1982, pp. 1–4
- ^ Urban 1996, p. 82
- ^ a b Carter 1990, p. 45
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2019.
- ^ Mehta 1993, p. 150
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k FitzGerald 1986a, p. 77
- ^ a b c d e Carter 1990, p. 44
- ^ a b c d Gordon 1987, pp. 26–27
- ^ a b Joshi 1982, p. 123
- ^ a b Mullan 1983, pp. 26
- ^ a b c Carter 1990, pp. 63–64
- ^ a b c d FitzGerald 1986b, p. 108
- ^ a b Latkin 1992, reprinted inAveling 1999, p. 342
- ^ "Wasco County History". Oregon Historical County Records Guide. Oregon State Archives. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2007.
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- Meredith, George (1988), Bhagwan: The Most Godless Yet the Most Godly Man, Pune: Rebel Publishing House.
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- Wright, Charles (1985). Oranges & Lemmings: The Story Behind Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. Greenhouse Publications. p. 166. ISBN 9780864360120. Retrieved 26 November 2021.
Further reading
- Appleton, Sue (1987), Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh: The Most Dangerous Man Since Jesus Christ, Cologne: Rebel Publishing House, ISBN 3-89338-001-9.
- Bharti, Ma Satya (1981), Death Comes Dancing: Celebrating Life With Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, London, Boston, MA and Henley: Routledge, ISBN 0-7100-0705-1.
- Bharti Franklin, Satya (1992), The Promise of Paradise: A Woman's Intimate Story of the Perils of Life With Rajneesh, Barrytown, NY: Station Hill Press, ISBN 0-88268-136-2.
- Braun, Kirk (1984), Rajneeshpuram: The Unwelcome Society, West Linn, OR: Scout Creek Press, ISBN 0-930219-00-7.
- Brecher, Max (1993), A Passage to America, Mumbai, India: Book Quest Publishers.
- FitzGerald, Frances (1986), Cities on a Hill: A Journey Through Contemporary American Cultures, New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-671-55209-0. (Includes a 135-page section on Rajneeshpuram previously published in two parts in The New Yorker magazine, 22 September, and 29 September 1986 editions.)
- Forman, Juliet (2002) [1991], Bhagwan: One Man Against the Whole Ugly Past of Humanity, Cologne: Rebel Publishing House, ISBN 3-89338-103-1.
- Goldman, Marion S. (1999), Passionate Journeys – Why Successful Women Joined a Cult, The University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-472-11101-9
- Guest, Tim (2005), My Life in Orange: Growing up with the Guru, London: Granta Books, ISBN 1-86207-720-7.
- Gunther, Bernard (Swami Deva Amit Prem) (1979), Dying for Enlightenment: Living with Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh, New York, NY: Harper & Row, ISBN 0-06-063527-4.
- Hamilton, Rosemary (1998), Hellbent for Enlightenment: Unmasking Sex, Power, and Death With a Notorious Master, Ashland, OR: White Cloud Press, ISBN 1-883991-15-3.
- Latkin, Carl A.; Sundberg, Norman D.; Littman, Richard A.; Katsikis, Melissa G.; Hagan, Richard A. (1994), "Feelings after the fall: former Rajneeshpuram Commune members' perceptions of and affiliation with the Rajneeshee movement", Sociology of Religion, 55 (1): 65–74, doi:10.2307/3712176, JSTOR 3712176.
- McCormack, Win (1985), Oregon Magazine: The Rajneesh Files 1981–86, Portland, OR: New Oregon Publishers, Inc.
- Palmer, Susan Jean (1994), Moon Sisters, Krishna Mother, Rajneesh Lovers: Women's Roles in New Religions, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0-8156-0297-2
- Quick, Donna (1995), A Place Called Antelope: The Rajneesh Story, Ryderwood, WA: August Press, ISBN 0-9643118-0-1.
- Shay, Theodore L. (1985), Rajneeshpuram and the Abuse of Power, West Linn, OR: Scout Creek Press.
- Thompson, Judith; Heelas, Paul (1986), The Way of the Heart: The Rajneesh Movement, Wellingborough, UK: The Aquarian Press (New Religious Movements Series), ISBN 0-85030-434-2.
- Zaitz, Les. 25 years after Rajneeshee commune collapsed, truth spills out. The Oregonian. 2011.
External links
- rajneesh on archive.org
- rajneesh archive collection
- Zaitz, Les (14 April 2011). "Rajneeshees in Oregon: The Untold History". The Oregonian. Archived from the original on 13 June 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2018. (updated 12 July 2017).
- Turnquist, Kristi (19 March 2018). "Netflix documentary on Rajneeshees in Oregon revisits an amazing, enraging true story". The Oregonian. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
- Osho bibliography – On Sannyas Wiki site, a site devoted to Osho's work, his discourses, his books, and the music made around him
- rajneesh was once attacked with a knife discourse * Vilas Tupe Throws Knife Towards Osho In A Discourse... * Date – 22 May 1980 Day – Thursday Time & Venue – Morning, Buddha Hall, Rajneesh Ashram, Pune, India In the above photo video you will hear the voice of Vilas Tupe shouting: from at around 23 Minutes: 14 Seconds
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