불교 만다라에 나타난 인간심성개발의 교육모델 연구 - 태장계만다라 중대팔엽원을 중심으로
A Study on the Realization of Educational Model for Buddhist Maṇḍalas for the Development of Human's Consciousness oriented with Tathāgata Realm Manḍala in Vairocana Sūtra
동아시아불교문화
약어 : 동아시아불교문화
2016, vol., no.27, 통권 27호 pp. 385-414 (30 pages)
발행기관 : 동아시아불교문화학회
연구분야 : 불교학 > 지역불교및불교사연구
정성준 /Seongjoon Cheong 1
1동국대학교(경주캠퍼스) 불교사회문화연구원
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동아시아불교문화
약어 : 동아시아불교문화
2016, vol., no.27, 통권 27호 pp. 385-414 (30 pages)
발행기관 : 동아시아불교문화학회
연구분야 : 불교학 > 지역불교및불교사연구
정성준 /Seongjoon Cheong 1
1동국대학교(경주캠퍼스) 불교사회문화연구원
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초록
근대 심리학자 프로이드(G. Freud)로부터 시작된 근대 심리학은 칼융(C.J. Jung)에 이르러 인도종교문화의 만다라를 잠재의식의 분석과 치유과정에 최초 응용하였다.
만다라를 통한 잠재의식의 시험적 접근은 상당한 성공을 거두었으며 현대의 임상심리학이나 이론심리학 모두에 있어 만다라는 인간의 심층의식을 들여다보는 도구로 자리 잡았다.
1970년대 후반부터 서구에 티벳불교가 알려지면서 불교의례 체계를 이루는 조직적인 만다라가 소개되기 시작하였다.
서구심리학계에 알려진 만다라는 도형에 담긴 내면적 의미를 간과하였다.
불교만다라는 도형 속에 정교하고 복잡한 불교사상을 내포하고 있으며
불교만다라를 중심으로 한 의례체계는 7세기 『大日經』의 출현을 계기로 대부분 완성되어 인도에 불교가 사라질 때까지 500여 년 동안 번성하였다.
불교 만다라는 인간의 깨달음이라는 종교적 목표를 지향하지만
그 기초는 인간의 마음을 깨달음으로 이끄는 교육적 도구로 해석된다.
현대 교육학의 변화는 과거 획일적 교육이 피교육자에게 주는 고통과 불안을 인식하고, 인본주적 심리학에 바탕을 둔 교육으로 변화하고 있다.
일례로 홀리스틱 교육(holistic education) 방식은 인간의 내적 상태를 고려하는 인본주의적 교육의 형태를 보여주고 있으며 심지어 인간의 종교적이거나 내적인 체험을 중요시하는 교육방식도 등장하고 있다.
이 과정에서 동양의 종교와 명상이 주목받고 있으며 특히 인간의 마음과 인간본성의 불교적 해석은 현대교육의 지향점과 상당히 일치하는 점이 있다.
본 논문은 밀교의 의례체계 가운데 만다라가 지닌 고전적 교육방식에 대해 현대교육과 유사성을 비교해보고,
불교교육의 유용한 도구로서 만다라의 가능성을 살펴보려는 것이다.
논문에서는 홀리스틱 교육과 STEAM교육이념의 두 가지 사례를 전거로 현대 교육계의 새로운 경향과 밀교만다라의 경우 태장계만다라의 의례를 통해 현대와 고전의 교육체계를 비교하려 한다.
만다라의 의례체계는 인간의 심층의식에 대한 시각적 분석과 통찰력, 의식의 변화를 유도할 수 있는 도구로서 종교적 비의라는 경직성을 극복한다면 인간의 심리변화라는 교육적 도구로 가능성을 열어볼 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.
The modern psychology which was begun by G.Freud has been developed enormously for the decades and influenced education, economic, culture of human societies and applied to versatile areas of human's activities. The discovery of subconsciousness which were drawn from the analysis of psychology aimed at the change of human nature was an opening of new horizon of psychology. As one of the methods to approach to the subconsciousness of human the hypnosis technology was adopted as a subsidiary tool but C.Jung adopted Maṇḍala visualization which comes from the traditional rituals of Indian religion so as to analyze the inspect of subconsciousness and attempting psychical cure. Now a days the Mandala is understood as an observation scheme to look into the subconsciousness of human beings in both of area of theoretical psychological and clinical psychology In the late 1980's Tibetan Buddhism was introduced to western world especially due to the historic tragedy of Tibet and to His Holiness the Dailai Lama 14th's win for the Nobel piece prize. The remarkable specialty of Tibetan Buddhism is divided into two parts one of which is Tibetan logic and the other is Esoteric Buddhism that the specialized Buddhist doctrine and practice of Mandala was introduced to western world for the first time. The Buddhist Mandala was more than a tool for just discerning the latent consciousness of human being but for a realization of enlightenment of Buddhism on the foundation of religious purpose. The Buddhist Mandala is a representation of human mind which divide re realm of consciousness into latent and phenomenal one and as a educational expedient to lead the knowledge and mind of sentient beings to enlightenment. The traditional practices of Mahayāna Buddhism are composed of reading and memorization of scriptures and practice Buddhist meditation on the basement of keeping religious precepts but by the advent of Esoteric Buddhism in the middle of 7th century the later part of Mahayana Buddhism was overwhelmed by Esoteric Buddhism and Buddhist logics until the disappearance of Buddhism by Muslim in India in 11th century. The educational aspects of Vairocana Sūtra is represented in the “Chapter of the Stage of the Mind in Varocana Buddha” which interprets the nature of mind on the foundation of Mind Only Buddhism to make it a point of the emptiness of consciousness, the immediate realization and accomplishment in her or his life time and dependent rising of consciousness, and the foundation of Alāya consciousness. The practice of Mandala visualization is to utilize reciting Mantra, visualization of Mudra and Maṇḍala along with the religious rite of consecration and Homa. But the Mandala of Vairocana Sūtra is different from Vajra Peak Tantra in that the Maṇḍala of Vairocana Sūtra is a horizontal one to develop the supreme knowledge to outer world but still in the consciousness of practitioner's consciousness but the Mandala of Vajra Peak Tantra is to activate latent consciousness to phenomenal world of this mundane world.
키워드
만다라,
심리학,
잠재의식,
대일경,
태장계만다라,
중대팔엽원
Maṇḍala, Buddhist Psychology, Subconsciousness, Mind Only Buddhism, Vairocana Sūtra
The modern psychology which was begun by G.Freud has been developed enormously for the decades and influenced education, economic, culture of human societies and applied to versatile areas of human's activities. The discovery of subconsciousness which were drawn from the analysis of psychology aimed at the change of human nature was an opening of new horizon of psychology. As one of the methods to approach to the subconsciousness of human the hypnosis technology was adopted as a subsidiary tool but C.Jung adopted Maṇḍala visualization which comes from the traditional rituals of Indian religion so as to analyze the inspect of subconsciousness and attempting psychical cure. Now a days the Mandala is understood as an observation scheme to look into the subconsciousness of human beings in both of area of theoretical psychological and clinical psychology In the late 1980's Tibetan Buddhism was introduced to western world especially due to the historic tragedy of Tibet and to His Holiness the Dailai Lama 14th's win for the Nobel piece prize. The remarkable specialty of Tibetan Buddhism is divided into two parts one of which is Tibetan logic and the other is Esoteric Buddhism that the specialized Buddhist doctrine and practice of Mandala was introduced to western world for the first time. The Buddhist Mandala was more than a tool for just discerning the latent consciousness of human being but for a realization of enlightenment of Buddhism on the foundation of religious purpose. The Buddhist Mandala is a representation of human mind which divide re realm of consciousness into latent and phenomenal one and as a educational expedient to lead the knowledge and mind of sentient beings to enlightenment. The traditional practices of Mahayāna Buddhism are composed of reading and memorization of scriptures and practice Buddhist meditation on the basement of keeping religious precepts but by the advent of Esoteric Buddhism in the middle of 7th century the later part of Mahayana Buddhism was overwhelmed by Esoteric Buddhism and Buddhist logics until the disappearance of Buddhism by Muslim in India in 11th century. The educational aspects of Vairocana Sūtra is represented in the “Chapter of the Stage of the Mind in Varocana Buddha” which interprets the nature of mind on the foundation of Mind Only Buddhism to make it a point of the emptiness of consciousness, the immediate realization and accomplishment in her or his life time and dependent rising of consciousness, and the foundation of Alāya consciousness. The practice of Mandala visualization is to utilize reciting Mantra, visualization of Mudra and Maṇḍala along with the religious rite of consecration and Homa. But the Mandala of Vairocana Sūtra is different from Vajra Peak Tantra in that the Maṇḍala of Vairocana Sūtra is a horizontal one to develop the supreme knowledge to outer world but still in the consciousness of practitioner's consciousness but the Mandala of Vajra Peak Tantra is to activate latent consciousness to phenomenal world of this mundane world.
키워드
만다라,
심리학,
잠재의식,
대일경,
태장계만다라,
중대팔엽원
Maṇḍala, Buddhist Psychology, Subconsciousness, Mind Only Buddhism, Vairocana Sūtra
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종교적 비의??
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비의 秘儀 : 비밀스러운 종교 의식.
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CAST175
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① 이브 클랭(Yves Klein, 1928-1962)
<이브 클랭이 카시아의 성녀 리타께 바치는 봉헌물 (Ex-voto dédié à Sainte-Rita de Cascia par Yves Klein)>
1961년 / 14×21×3.20cm/ 플랙시글라스, 나사못, 기도문을 적은 종이, 청색 안료, 핑크색 안료, 금박, 소형 금괴