2024/02/02

리솜(지하 줄기, 근경)- Wikipedia リゾーム

리솜

출처: 무료 백과사전 '위키피디아(Wikipedia)'

리솜은 rhizome ( 희 : ρίζωμα , 라틴 문자 전사 : rhízōma)의 음사어이며, " 지하 줄기 "의 일종. 「근경 (곤경)」이라고 번역하는 사람도 있다.

개요 [ 편집 ]

일본에서는 주로 들루즈 와 가타리 의 공저 '천의 고원' 속에 등장하는 비유적 용어 혹은 철학 용어로 알려져 있다. 양자는, 전통적으로 서양의 형이상학은 어느 절대적인 하나의 것으로부터 전개해 나가는 트리 의 모델을 취해 왔다고 해석해, 거기에 대항해, 중심도 시작도 끝도 없고, 다방에 착綜하는 노마드 적인 리좀의 모델을 제창. 목적은 체계를 만들어 거기에 짜지지 않는 것을 배제해 온 서양 철학에 반항해, 리솜(지하 줄기, 근경)을 모델로 발상의 전환을 시키는 곳에 있다.

서양 근대의 철학자 데카르트 는 그 저서인 '철학 원리'의 서문에서 그의 시대의 학교 교육에서도 지배적이었던 아리스토텔레스적인 학문론, 즉 류를 달리하는 제학문 은 서로 비교할 수 없고, 여러 학문은 여러 종류로 나뉜다는 학문론에 대해 형이상학을 줄이고, 거기에서 다른 제학문이 파생해 가는 학문의 나무 모델을 제창했다. 이 데카르트의 소위 「트리형」의 학문의 모델이, 그대로 서양의 지식의 전통적 형태를 가리키고, 하나의 절대적이고 동일한 것으로부터 다른 존재자가 파생한다고 하는 서양의 전통적인 존재론 를 표현하고 있다고 드루즈는 지적하고 있다.

리솜형 조직 [ 편집 ]

나카무라 유지로 는 「술어집」( 이와나미 신서 )의 「제도」의 장으로, 사회 사상적으로는 리솜은, 세미・라티스 라고 하는 개념과 같이, 관료 조직이나 군대 등을 트리(수목형)라고 보았다 경우에 있어서 그들의 대 개념인 탈관료형 조직(횡단 조직)으로 간주될 수 있다고 말했다. [1]

유사한 개념 [ 편집 ]

문예평론가의 카토 히로이치 는 자신의 블로그 안의 산총연의 연구원 으로 미디어 아티스트의 에도 코이치로의 저작 「패턴, Wiki, XP ～시를 넘은 창조의 원칙～」(기술 평론사 )의 서평 에릭 레이몬드 의 대 개념 ' 가람과 바자 ' 와 들루즈의 대 개념 ' 트리와 리솜'은 비슷한 것이라고 썼다 .

출처 [ 편집 ]

↑ 술어집 113면
^ http://booklog.kinokuniya.co.jp/kato/archives/2010/07/post_206.html

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Rhizome (philosophy)

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A rhizome is a concept in post-structuralism describing a nonlinear network. It appears in the work of French theorists Deleuze and Guattari, who used the term in their book A Thousand Plateaus to refer to networks that establish "connections between semiotic chains, organizations of power, and circumstances relative to the arts, sciences and social struggles" with no apparent order or coherency. A rhizome is purely a network of multiplicities that are not arborescent (tree-like, or hierarchical, e.g. the idea of hypertext in literary theory)[1] with properties similar to lattices.[2] Deleuze referred to it as extending from his concept of an "image of thought" that he had previously discussed in Difference and Repetition.

As a mode of knowledge and model for society[edit]

Deleuze and Guattari use the terms "rhizome" and "rhizomatic" (from Ancient Greek ῥίζωμα, rhízōma, "mass of roots") to describe a network that "connects any point to any other point".[3] theory and research that allows for multiple, non-hierarchical entry and exit points in data representation and interpretation. In A Thousand Plateaus, they place it in opposition to an arborescent (hierarchic, tree-like) use of concepts, which works with dualist categories and binary choices. This is not a meaningful opposition in botany; both rhizomatic and aerial plant tissues exhibit largely the same pattern of branching and division, and differ instead in their internal structure and function within the plant. A rhizome works with planar and trans-species connections, while an arborescent model works with vertical and linear connections. Their use of the "orchid and the wasp" is taken from the biological concept of mutualism, in which two different species interact together to form a multiplicity (i.e. a unity that is multiple in itself). Hybridization and horizontal gene transfer are also rhizomatic in this sense.

Rather than narrativize history and culture, the rhizome presents history and culture as a map or wide array of attractions and influences with no specific origin or genesis, for a "rhizome has no beginning or end; it is always in the middle, between things, interbeing, intermezzo." The planar movement of the rhizome resists chronology and organization, instead favoring a nomadic system of growth and propagation.

In a rhizome, "culture spreads like the surface of a body of water, spreading towards available spaces or trickling downwards towards new spaces through fissures and gaps, eroding what is in its way. The surface can be interrupted and moved, but these disturbances leave no trace, as the water is charged with pressure and potential to always seek its equilibrium, and thereby establish smooth space."[4]

Principles[edit]

Deleuze and Guattari introduce A Thousand Plateaus by outlining the concept of the rhizome (quoted from A Thousand Plateaus):

1 and 2. Principles of connection and heterogeneity: "...any point of a rhizome can be connected to any other, and must be";[5]
3. Principle of multiplicity: it is only when the multiple is effectively treated as a substantive, "multiplicity", that it ceases to have any relation to the One;
4. Principle of asignifying rupture: a rhizome may be broken, but it will start up again on one of its old lines, or on new lines;
5 and 6. Principles of cartography and decalcomania: a rhizome is not amenable to any structural or generative model; it is a "map and not a tracing". They elaborate in the same section, "What distinguishes the map from the tracing is that it is entirely oriented toward an experimentation in contact with the real."

Arborescent[edit]

Arborescent (French: arborescent) refers to the shape and structure of a tree. The postmodern philosophers Deleuze and Guattari used the term to characterize a certain type of thinking, exemplified by the western scientific model, where knowledge emanates from a single stem and ends in predetermined 'fruits'. The concept suggests a linear progress towards the truth, which they condemned as both unrealistic and stultifying to the imagination. It is contrasted with 'rhizomatic' thinking, which is open ended, has no central structure, and is constantly changing.

Arborescent thinking, to Deleuze and Guattari is marked by insistence on totalizing principles, binarism, and dualism. The term, first used (in western philosophy) in A Thousand Plateaus (1980) where it was opposed to the rhizome, comes from the way genealogy trees are drawn: unidirectional progress which enforces a dualist metaphysical conception, criticized by Deleuze.

Rhizomes, on the contrary, mark a horizontal and non-hierarchical conception, where anything may be linked to anything else, with no respect whatsoever for specific species: rhizomes are heterogeneous links between things. For example, Deleuze and Guattari linked together desire and machines to create the concept of desiring machines). Horizontal gene transfer is also an example of rhizomes, opposed to the arborescent evolutionism theory.

Deleuze also criticizes the generativism of Noam Chomsky, which he considers a perfect example of arborescent dualistic theory.[6]

References[edit]

^ Klei, Alice van der (2002). "Repeating the Rhizome". SubStance. 31 (1): 48–55. doi:10.2307/3685805. JSTOR 3685805. Retrieved 2022-03-19. Rhizomatic reading leaps—those leaps between and within texts—are a figure often used to explain hypertext. ... [a] redistributed 'knowledge network' ... If the reader/browser does not understand the content of what he is reading, but is merely organizing it intuitively around criteria based on collective and rhizomatic 'interests,' then the object of research itself becomes a rhizome (growing in one direction due to interest, then drifting off due to lack of interest, all the time growing in multiplicity because of other interests, yet needing a certain stability and stockpiling of information).
^ Guattari, Félix (2011) [1979]. The Machinic Unconscious: Essays in Schizoanalysis. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Series. Translated by Adkins, Taylor. Semiotext(e). p. 171. ISBN 978-1-58435-088-0. [T]he modes of semiotization of an analytic pragmatics will not rely on trees, but on rhizomes (or lattices).
^ Deleuze, Gilles; Guattari, Félix (1987) [1980]. A Thousand Plateaus. Translated by Massumi, Brian. University of Minnesota Press. p. 21. ISBN 0-8166-1402-4.
^ Rhizomes.net
^ Guattari, Félix (2011) [1979]. The Machinic Unconscious: Essays in Schizoanalysis. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Series. Translated by Adkins, Taylor. Semiotext(e). p. 171. ISBN 978-1-58435-088-0. Any point whatsoever on the rhizome will be able to be connected to any other point. ... will not be formalized on the basis of a logical or mathematical metalanguage. ... will be able to allow semiotic chains of all kinds to connect [in addition to linguistic] ... it will imply the implementation of various collective assemblages of enunciation.
^ Deleuze, Gilles and Guattari, Félix. 1980. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. ISBN 0-8264-7694-5.

Sources[edit]

Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. 1980. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit. ISBN 0-8264-7694-5.
Guattari, Félix. 1995. Chaosophy. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). ISBN 1-57027-019-8.
---. 1996. Soft Subversions. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Trans. David L. Sweet and Chet Wiener. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). ISBN 1-57027-030-9.

External links[edit]

Rhizomes – Cultural Studies Online Journal.
Power of Networks – RSA Animate video on the "Power of Networks" by Manuel Lima (juxtaposes the tree vs. network approach).