Paul ThagardPaul Thagard
The Brain and the Meaning of Life Kindle Edition
by Paul Thagard (Author) Format: Kindle Edition
3.8 out of 5 stars 18
How brain science answers the most intriguing questions about the meaning of life
Why is life worth living? What makes actions right or wrong? What is reality and how do we know it? The Brain and the Meaning of Life draws on research in philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience to answer some of the most pressing questions about life's nature and value. Paul Thagard argues that evidence requires the abandonment of many traditional ideas about the soul, free will, and immortality, and shows how brain science matters for fundamental issues about reality, morality, and the meaning of life. The ongoing Brain Revolution reveals how love, work, and play provide good reasons for living.
Defending the superiority of evidence-based reasoning over religious faith and philosophical thought experiments, Thagard argues that minds are brains and that reality is what science can discover. Brains come to know reality through a combination of perception and reasoning. Just as important, our brains evaluate aspects of reality through emotions that can produce both good and bad decisions. Our cognitive and emotional abilities allow us to understand reality, decide effectively, act morally, and pursue the vital needs of love, work, and play. Wisdom consists of knowing what matters, why it matters, and how to achieve it.
The Brain and the Meaning of Life shows how brain science helps to answer questions about the nature of mind and reality, while alleviating anxiety about the difficulty of life in a vast universe. The book integrates decades of multidisciplinary research, but its clear explanations and humor make it accessible to the general reader.
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Review
"[R]eaders will find much of the author's advice to be beneficial. The book contains many good suggestions for making one's life better including advice on how to be happier and how to make good decisions, all based on solid research in psychology and neuroscience. For anyone who is curious about current research in these fields, Thagard's book provides an accessible introduction to important concepts and theories."---Margery Lucas, Society
"One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2011"
"The name of this well-written and ambitious book understates the breadth of its scope. The book deals with the relation of modern neuroscience not only to the meaning of life, but also to ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology. . . . The discussion is rich, unorthodox, and frequently exciting."---Iddo Landau, Metapsychology Online Reviews
"A thoughtful and well-researched attempt to answer that most fundamental existential question: why not kill yourself? Or, to give it a positive spin, what gives life meaning? Thagard lays out detailed arguments that reality is knowable through science, that minds are nothing other than material brains and that there are no ultimate rights and wrongs handed down by a supernatural being."-- "New Scientist"
"Thagard's 'neural naturalism' promises nothing short of a conceptual revolution, or better, a paradigm shift. His evidence-based strategy uses the data from psychology and neuroscience to expose empirically based answers to questions such as, What is the meaning of life? What ought one to do? . . . Thagard's reader-friendly text includes a glossary, endnotes, and extensive references."-- "Choice"
"The book integrates decades of multidisciplinary research, but its clear explanations and humor make it accessible to the general reader."-- "Gaia Media News"
"Thagard has published a string of distinguished books and papers on reasoning and scientific explanation, and was a pioneer in using cognitive science to study the way scientists think. The sections on reasoning bear the imprint of this work, and pack a lot of philosophy into a short span."---Dominic Murphy, Australian Review of Public Affairs
"[Thagard] offers a tightly reasoned, often humorous, and original contribution to the emerging practice of applying science to areas heretofore the province of philosophers, theologians, ethicists, and politicians: What is reality and how can we know it? Are mind and brain one or two? What is the source of the sense of self? What is love? What is the difference between right and wrong, and how can we know it? What is the most legitimate form of government? What is the meaning of life, and how can we find happiness in it? Thagard employs the latest tools and findings of science in his attempts to answer these (and additional) questions."---Michael Shermer, Science
From the Back Cover
"The Brain and the Meaning of Life provides a highly informed account of the relevance of recent neuroscience to human life. It compellingly tells how humans, as biological creatures in a physical world, can find meaning and value."--William Bechtel, University of California, San Diego
"Engagingly written for general readers, Thagard's book provides a nice description of current knowledge about the brain and explains how brain research bears on philosophical issues."--Gilbert Harman, Princeton University
About the Author
Paul Thagard is professor of philosophy and director of the cognitive science program at the University of Waterloo, Canada. His books include Hot Thought: Mechanisms and Applications of Emotional Cognition and How Scientists Explain Disease.
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Product details
ASIN : B006YGG3WS
Publisher : Princeton University Press (25 January 2010)
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Paul Thagard
Adapted from the Canadian Encyclopedia:
Paul R. Thagard, philosopher (b at Yorkton, Sask, 1950). Paul Thagard received a Bachelor of Arts from the University of Saskatchewan (1971), and completed degrees in philosophy at Cambridge University (1977) and the University of Toronto (1977). In 1985 he studied computer science at the University of Michigan (receiving an MSc), where he spent 8 years teaching philosophy at the Dearborn campus before accepting a position as a research psychologist at the University of Princeton (1986). Thagard later joined the University of Waterloo as a professor of philosophy, with a cross appointment to psychology and computer science, and director of the Cognitive Science Program. His considerable body of work (including many books and some 200 articles) has been profoundly influential to the study of human cognition in a wide range of practical and theoretical contexts.
Full article:
http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0010477
Web site:
http://watarts.uwaterloo.ca/~pthagard/Biographies/pault.html
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Book Shark
5.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating!
Reviewed in the United States on 17 March 2011
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The Brain and the Meaning of Life by Paul Thagard
"The Brain and the Meaning of Life" is an ambitious book about answering some of the most important philosophical questions. Mr. Thagard makes use of research from philosophy, psychology, and neuroscience to come up with evidence-based answers to such questions. This 292-page book is composed of the following 10 chapters: 1. We all Need Wisdom, 2. Evidence Beats Faith, 3. Minds Are Brains, 4. How Brains Know Reality, 5. How Brains Feel Emotions, 6. How Brains Decide, 7. Why Life is Worth Living, 8. Needs and Hopes, 9. Ethical Brains, and 10. Making Sense of It All.
Positives:
1. An accessible, well-written book with a touch of humor that tackles some of the most important philosophical questions, such as: What is reality? Why is life worth living? What is reality and how can we know it? What makes actions right or wrong?
2. Great use of the most current scientific evidence and theories to answer the aforementioned profound questions.
3. A very fair and reasonable approach throughout the book. The author does a wonderful job of conveying what we do know versus what remains to be known, in other words a sound scientific approach.
4. An enlightening book indeed. Lucid arguments backed by sound scientific research and Mr. Thagard has the innate ability of pulling everything together in a coherent manner.
5. Why evidence-based arguments are superior to faith-based arguments, an excellent chapter.
6. Compelling defense of why "inference to best explanation" is the best approach to determine the best explanation.
7. How science works.
8. A sound materialist approach to the brain. The mind is what the brain does.
9. Fascinating tidbits and facts throughout.
10. There is no scientific evidence for the soul, "soul" get used to it.
11. We admit enough to say state that conscious experience within the scope of causal explanation is still provisional but plausible. Science is indeed driven by doubt.
12. Mind-brain identity hypothesis stands out.
13. Inferences as neural processes.
14. Brain functions in perception supports constructive realism over empiricism and idealism.
15. Scientific theories as a more reliable guide to reality.
16. Great quotes abound. "Wisdom without knowledge is empty, but knowledge without wisdom is blind."
17. The EMOCON (emotional consciousness) Model illustrated.
18. The concepts of goals like you've never seen before.
19. How decisions occur without free will. The Brain Revolution explored.
20. The meaning of life...work, love and play.
21. Psychological needs as biological needs.
22. Interesting take on morality.
23. How a naturalistic system of evidence-based philosophy is highly coherent with scientific information.
24. Great notes and glossary.
25. An extensive bibliography worthy of this excellent book.
Negatives:
1. Theists and some philosophers may take offense to the attacks on their views.
2. The author does an excellent job of conveying his worldview in an accessible manner but let's face it some concepts are complex no matter how you slice and will require further reading.
In summary, I thoroughly enjoyed this book. It was a very satisfying and enlightening read. Mr. Thagard provides compelling arguments for his theories and along the way debunks inferior philosophies. If you are looking for a book that gives you the meaning in life in a reasoned manner this is clearly it. I can't recommend this book enough and hoping that Mr. Thagard provides a follow up in the future when more evidence is known. Bravo!
Recommendations: "Moral Landscape" by Sam Harris, "Human" by Michael S. Gazzaniga, "Hardwired Behavior: What Neuroscience Reveals about Morality" by Laurence Tancredi, "Supersense" by Bruce M. Hood, "The Third Basic Instinct..." by Alex S. Key and "The Myth of Free Will" by Cris Evatt.
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Stoic
5.0 out of 5 stars Difficult read but worthwhile
Reviewed in Canada on 17 February 2019
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I got this book after reading the authors articles about Jordan Peterson. The book was far better than Peterson's. I was looking struggling to understand why nihilism or the low expectations was not a sound direction for one's life, and the book did provide good arguments against those positions.
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Paul Vjecsner
1.0 out of 5 stars Unintended science fiction
Reviewed in the United States on 20 July 2010
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We have heard stories of the "mad scientist", and perhaps now we can speak of "mad scientism". It concerns scientists and their contemporary emulators like philosophers who insist beforehand that all reality must be material, admitting no distinct entity like consciousness or the spiritual, with particular dread of the supernatural.
Professor Thagard is an intense practitioner of scientism. He rejects not only a God and immortality, but also free will, found incompatible with a mechanistic brain, which he identifies with mind. The brain is of course dominant in the book's title, and, if I be allowed the pun, I question how well equipped with it the author is, let alone with wisdom, about which he tries to lecture the reader beginning with the first chapter (p.1).
He argues (p.120) that "free will is an illusion we can do without", saying subsequently that the chapter is concerned "with the normative question of how people ought to make decisions". If there is no free will, what is the point to "normative", "ought to", or "decisions", considering we have no choice in these matters? This contradiction occurs throughout the book, with many other illogicalities. He incessantly falls back on scientific particulars observed in the brain, connecting them with conscious events in the effort to demonstrate that conscious events are identical with the connected brain particulars. He and his colleagues do not claim to have established that identity, but hope springs eternal. But one may ask: what would establish the identity? All one can find is more detailed association of brain occurrences with conscious events. Their appearances are not the same, and they can only by fiat be decided to be the same.
Comparisons are made with such as "water [as] H2O" (p.43) or atoms, that we "once defined in terms of indivisibility, but [which] now we divide...into myriads of subatomic particles" (p.36). The last comparison is nonsense. If atoms are defined as indivisible, then they cannot be divisible. What happened was a redefinition, not an elucidation. The case with water concerns physical, 3-dimensional, objects, identified in various ways: seen from different angles, composed of certain material, and so on. But consciousness is distinguished from its objects by consisting of its ingredients and no more.
With the author's presumed absence of any reality outside the material one, he aims to substitute any hope for, for instance, an afterlife with a "meaning" of life, as also given in the book's title. It is not clear what his meaning of "meaning" is here. The word usually concerns linguistic content, and used elsewhere it becomes obscure. The author appears to look for some justification for living, offering some odd proposals. He is in the entire book stuck on the triad of love, work and play as the "meaning", which appears quite shallow. We seem to have deeper motives behind, at least, work and play. Might it be attaining happiness? But no. He discards happiness as a goal, considering it merely "a product of goal satisfaction" (p.146). Goodbye "pursuit of happiness". Apparently he wants to substitute "meaning" for "happiness" to dissuade one from hoping for more than a mundane life.
The author nonetheless struggles with the role of morality in a world barren of clear moral guidance. Striking is his distorted sense of proportion, evidently due to an extreme political bias in the direction of "political correctness". He ad nauseam holds up alleged "torture" as somehow the ultimate in immorality, with particular reference to the supposed torture of men held in connection with terrorism. He cites the known dilemma when one evil can only be prevented by another, presumably lesser, evil. This, however, deals chiefly with saving some life in compensation for some other. A lesser evil than death is hardly balanced opposite death. Even so there have been non-murderous crimes much more horrible than the infliction of displeasure or even pain our author views myopically as inadmissible "torture" in order to save many lives.
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James Preston
4.0 out of 5 stars Excellent analysis of research to date
Reviewed in the United States on 20 December 2010
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Professor Thagard has done a fine job of bringing together various research to support a hypothesis that love, work, and play are the basic elements of meaning in life.
Of course you still know little about meaning if you don't study and understand how he supports his conclusion. This is where Mr. Thagard messes things up a little. Much of the book is a repudiation of philosophical theories. This content would be fine of course in an academic paper but I found it is distracting in this book. I have nothing against picking on philosophers who base their work on speculation but I would have preferred this effort to be in later chapters instead of sprinkled throughout the book. They keep diverting a reader's attention from the well constructed flow.
I have studied the human relationship to meaning for decades but especially in the past dozen years. Thagard's hypothesis fits in nicely with what I've found if you take the definitions of love, play, and work liberally as he does. People can attach meaning to pretty much anything physical or non-physical. That they do that through love, work, and/or play is new to me but so far I've found the hypothesis works to explain what is happening in the real world - including religion.
For an explanation of love, work, and play in a religious context think of "Protestant work ethic", "Love one another", and the numerous fun activities and songs hosted by most religious groups.
Mr. Thagard is very clear about what issues are not yet supported by enough research. He doesn't have all the answers. However, as many of us know, the gaps in knowledge are closing fast. It is difficult to see at this time that closing those gaps will make a material difference in Thagard's conclusions. We seem to be close to game over.
At the time of this review there is an extensive review of the book by an obvious theist. He's upset that the religious concept of Free Will is under attack and that our concept of mind is actually within a physical brain. He looks to religion to explain what is now mostly explained by rational research. He also practices "religion of the gaps" - trying to use the remaining unanswered questions to justify his beliefs.
I understand his frustration but really folks, we've been in this situation at least hundreds of times in the past 400 years of scientific reasoning and research methods and theist opinions consistently fail to explain the real world -- including how non-theists have lots of meaning and morality in their lives. Thagard's work covers all the bases to the extent of existing research. However, there are still a few gaps left in the research and theists try hard to use those gaps to discredit scientifically supported hypotheses.
The theist reviewer believes that we need gods for morality. He has clearly missed out on the huge amount of research that supports another more compelling view that fits the real world. For example, he conveniently omits the results from dozens of research reports that some 96% of the prison population in the U.S. are now and were religious when they committed their crimes. While there is little evidence that religion causes crime (sorry atheists) there is no evidence to support that religion has morality benefits any greater than secular communities. This topic is discussed elsewhere in detail so I'll avoid it here but Thagard's work is supportive of that overwhelming evidence.
My favorite analogy about our minds being material within brains is the simple case of dementia and brain injuries. As the brain deteriorates humans clearly lose parts of their minds. (Same with chemical imbalances.) So when we die and our brains do the ultimate deterioration why are we supposed to suddenly have whole minds again? Theists, there is a pattern here that is a big gap in your hypothesis.
I'll favor Thagard's hypothesis unless a better explanation comes along - and that is also his view.
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Jeroen Versteeg
5.0 out of 5 stars There is meaning in life without a soul or free will, and we can find it
Reviewed in the United States on 14 December 2010
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I couldn't wait to finish this excellent book so I could finally write a review and recommend it to anyone looking for a rational, evidence-based justification for meaning of life and ways to determine it.
Thagard first explains how minds (appear to) work, and why there is no need to appeal to any supernatural explanation to explain them. I had heard about neural networks, of course, (who hasn't? - I also took some college psychology classes and have read several books about psychology) but never really understood how this model actually explains our minds. This book explained the idea so well that this revelation alone would have been worth the read.
The second part of the book takes the concepts of the first part (minds are brains, free will is an illusion) and builds upon them to discuss the big questions of morality and the meaning of life. How can we be moral if there's no free will? How can there be any meaning in life if we haven't been created for a particular purpose?
To answer these questions, the author not only describes the scientific point of view (often describing competing theories), but regularly switches to normative philosophic arguments to show what we "ought" to value (e.g. why we should trust the scientific method, or why we should reject moral relativism). This combination of science and philosophy creates real synergy and succeeds in offering a very intellectually and emotionally satisfying account of the mind and meaning of life.
I read Sam Harris's The Moral Landscape just before this book and found its argument for a scientific basis for objective morality lacking. This book succeeded in showing - with lucid style and dispassionate (in a good sense!) argumentation - that we can find meaning in life without resorting to supernatural ideas.
I can't put in words how much I enjoyed reading this book and how much it has strung a chord. This is one of the best books I've read in a long time. If you've ever pondered the questions mentioned above, do yourself a favor and read this book!
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Thomas Atwater
5.0 out of 5 stars Powerful perspective
Reviewed in the United States on 24 October 2010
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Thagard brings his rich understanding of cognitive neuroscience and his background in academic philosophy to bear on these fundamental questions: what is reality? how do we know reality? why is life worth living? and what makes actions right or wrong? Answering these questions, he maintains, is essential to the pursuit of wisdom: knowledge about what matters, why it matters, and how to achieve it. Thagard argues that what matters is love, work, and play, and that these goals are the meaning of life because they satisfy vital human needs.
Inspection of his table of contents reveals the systematic manner in which Thagard develops his argument. His writing style is clear, informed, well-documented, persuasive, and engaging. The book concludes with reports of or proposals for relevant research on politics, creativity, the nature of mathematical knowledge, and cosmology.
Thagard's book should be read by all students of "human nature," and beyond that, anyone interested in developing a scientifically and philosophically informed world view. It should be especially useful for any undergraduate considering majoring in philosophy.
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Positive Evolutionary Psychology
1.0 out of 5 stars Logic, Reason, Scientific Method
Reviewed in the United States on 14 December 2020
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It is ironic that in this book the author rightly touts the application of logic, reason and the scientific method over faith as the best path to truth, but then goes on to criticize evolutionary psychology. I have noticed a pattern in some neuroscientists who reject evolutionary psychology even though they have not studied the evidence for it. Evolutionary psychology explains the origin of the human mind/brain; it is about how the brain/mind produce human behavior. Neuroscience is about the brain as a physical organ. Almost all evolutionary psychologists also study and accept neuroscience. Steven Pinker who is an evolutionary psychologist brands himself as a cognitive neuroscientist. Evolutionary psychology and neuroscience are complementary fields that are linked. Some neuroscientists cling to the discredited Standard Social Science Model rather than embracing the evidence for the validity of evolutionary psychology. This author suffers from cognitive dissonance and confirmation bias, the very things he objects to in others. Most critics of evolutionary psychology have never studied or reviewed the evidence for it.
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William
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Reviewed in the United States on 9 June 2016
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Great book!
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Wayne Adreon
4.0 out of 5 stars Good item, and prompt
Reviewed in the United States on 3 June 2018
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Good item , and prompt delivery
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Taechang Kim
캐나다 월타루대학 에서 철학과 심리학과 컴퓨터과학을 연구하고 가르치는 폴 타갈드교수가 다음에 제시하는 중요문제에 대한 철학적 심리학적+뇌신경과학적 해명과 그 최적대응을 시도한다.
1. 삶은 삶살이할 가치가 있는
가
2. 무엇이 행함을 옳고 그르게
하는가
3. 현실이란 무엇이며 우리가
어떻게 알 수 있는가
사람의 의식과 현실세계의 실상을 제대로 인지하고 무한대의 우주 속에서 이어가는 삶의 어려운 문제들에 대한 당혹과 불안을 경감하는 지혜를 밝혀준다. 중요내용:
1. 우리 모두에게 지혜가 필요
하다
2.증거가 신념을 이긴다
3. 의식이란 뇌이다
4. 어떻게 뇌가 현실을 아는가
5. 어떻게 뇌가 감정을 갖는가
6. 어떻게 뇌가 판단하는가
7. 왜 삶살이가 가치있는가
8. 욕구와 희망
9. 윤리적인 뇌
10. 모든 일의 뜻찾기
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차춘희
Taechang Kim 인간의 신비체를 알아간다는 것은 참으로 경이로움의 감탄사가 절로 나올때가 많습니다.
과학이 증명하고 있는 뇌와 인간의 생각과 심리가 어떻게 관련되어 지는지 하나하나 밝혀 내어지고 있는 현제 증명되어 지고 있는 지식들의 축적 또한 놀라운 성과에 지식인들에게 참으로 경이를 표합니다.
우리의 감정이 시작되는 것이 뇌라고 생각했는데 뱃쪽 장기로 이어진 미주신경에서 출발한다는군요,
그리고 그 신경물질이 대뇌로 이어져 그동안 축적된 기억과 함께 결합해서 새로운 감정을 만들어내고 또 기억으로 축적된다고 하는데 그때그때의 상태에 따라 인체에서 나오는 물질들이 이러한 것을 관장한다는 뇌과학자들이 발견한 것을 보면 우리의 이 몸을 어떻게 의지를 가지고 운행하느냐가 장수와 신성으로 나아가는 비결이 된다는 것을 보면 참으로 우주적 차원의 객체는 원소의 결합으로 이루어진 물질에 지나지 않지만 그 無인 인간이 우주를 만들어내는 씨알됨 또한 위대한 존재인것 같습니다.
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차춘희
선생님 어제 책 두권 배송 했습니다.
오늘 선생님 글을 읽으며 박문호 박사님. '뇌 생각의 출현' 이라는 책도 함께 보내 드렸으면 좋았을텐데 하고 생각해 보았습니다.
이책은 혹, 읽어 보셨는지요
May be an image of studying and text that says "Ptaat 9 ら本ベア本味 AS/a An 許港 문금 ሁሎቶር 甘iねい や 食中 국슘 台 ん中め ا١۱٣ Teachang 나는 አል 보원 철용합니다 낚 세무의 문의: 립합작 电港 컴과로 태프로소 존지합니다. RELA 문화는 HE 현어와 일부합니다. 입간에 네로소 결각한다는 가능하게 기원과 파식 뇌 판성에서 시작해 력과운 가역, 그리고 장의싱미 아트는 건과전을 황구입니다. 생각의출 출현 대칭, 대칭의 붕괴에서 의식까지 박문호ㅈ 지음 Humanist"
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Taechang Kim
차춘희 예. 차근차근 동서양 전문연구자들의 연구성과를 살펴보고 있습니다. 미국에서는 양자물리학을 공부했는데 일본에 와서는 뇌과학과 로봇학에 관심이 옮겼습니다. 초고령사회에서 초고령자로 살아가는데 있어서 일본은 이미 3인중 1인이 65세이상이고 한국도 내년이면 그렇게된다니까
이 문제를 남의 문제가 아닌 나자신이 깊이 관련된 문제로 당사자적 문제관심을 가지고 새삼 파고 들고 있습니다.
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Taechang Kim
차춘희 그리고 뇌 생각의 출현은 모르는 책입니다. 기왕에 보내주신 책들과 연계되는 거라면 읽어보아야지요. 보내주십시오.
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차춘희
Taechang Kim 녜
한국도 초고령 사회로 가면서 이제 사회 구조적으로 약자들이 누구인가?를 세심히 들여다 봐야 할것 같아요.
특히 한국은 초고속 성장으로. 문화적으로 나타나는 윤리적 정체성이 너무 혼돈 상태인것 같아요.
이런 상황 속에 복음을 올바르게 실천하는 삶은 어떻게 하는것인지?를 신중하게 고심하고 공부하지 않으면 않되겠다는 생각으로 저도 노력하는 중입니다.
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Edited
Taechang Kim
차춘희 아마도 초고령자를 보듬는 일은 사람보다 로봇이 담당하는 사회가 도래하고 있는 것같습니다.
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차춘희
Taechang Kim 그렇겠죠!!
로봇은 입력해 놓은대로 상대가 필요한 부분을 도와주고 배려하겠지만. 인간은 감정이 어떻게 형성되어 져 있느냐에 따라 짐승과 같은 폭력을 약자에게 가할수 있으니까요.
그래서 인간을 로봇보다 더 무서운 존재로 여기게 되면 인간과의 사회적 관계는 허물어져 버려 접근보다는 회피로 공존의 사회적관계는 허물어 지고 말겠죠!!
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Taechang Kim
차춘희 어린이들의 영어선생도 로봇선생이 사람선생보다 더 인기가 있답니다. 귀엽고 애교있으면서도 몇십번씩 같은 내용를 반복 가르치면서도 귀찮아 하거나 짜중내는 일이 없이 늘 생그생글 웃눈 얼굴에 아이들도 호감을 갖게 되는 봐요.
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Kyoshi Yamamoto
この著者は何かをつかんでいるようですね。
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