2024/01/14

Amartya Sen - Wikipedia 아마르티아 센

Amartya Sen - Wikipedia

아마르티아 센

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

아마르티아 센 
অমর্ত্য কুমার সেন
출생1933년 11월 3일(90세)
인도 산티니케탄
국적인도
소속하버드대학교
분야후생경제학
모교캘커타 대학교
케임브리지 대학교 트리니티 칼리지
수상노벨 경제학상 (1998)

아마르티아 쿠마 센(벵골어: অমর্ত্য কুমার সেন, 영어: Amartya Kumar Sen, BR, CH, 1933년 11월 3일 ~ )은 인도의 경제학자이자 철학자이다. 1998년 아시아인으로서 최초로 노벨 경제학상을 받았다.

1953년 캘커타 대학교를 졸업한 후 케임브리지 대학교에서 박사학위를 받았다. 불평등과 빈곤 연구의 대가이며 후생경제학의 대표적인 학자로 경제학계의 테레사 수녀로 불린다. 수리적 모형인 빈곤 지수(센 지수)를 통해 빈곤을 측정한 연구가 특히 주목받았다. 런던 정치경제대학교(LSE), 옥스퍼드 대학교, 모교 케임브리지 대학교를 거쳐 현재 하버드 대학교에서 교수로 활동하고 있다.

생애[편집]

센은 인도 캘커타 근처 산티니케탄에서 태어났다. 그는 어린 시절 방글라데시 다카에서 살며 힌두교와 이슬람교의 긴장속에서 극단적인 빈곤 즉 경제적 부자유는 인간을 무력한 존재로 만들어 다른 종류의 자유마저 침해할 수밖에 없게 한다는 것을 깨달았다. 또한 1943년 벵골지역에서 발생한 기근을 경험하며 기근은 경계적으로 가장 낮은 계층 즉 토지를 소유하지 못한 농촌 노동자들에게만 영향을 미쳤다는 것을 발견했다.[1]

한국에 번역된 저서[편집]

서훈[편집]

같이 보기[편집]

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틀:아마르티아 센

관련기사 링크[편집]

각주[편집]

  1. ↑ 새뮤얼 보울스 등, 자본주의 이해하기, 후마니타스

===

아마르티아 센

출처 : 무료 백과 사전 "Wikipedia (Wikipedia)"
아마르티아
센অমর্ত্য সেন
잠재 능력 접근
탄생1933년 11월 3일 (90세) 영국령 인도 제국 벵골 관구 ( 영어판 ) , 산티니케탄 ( 벵골어판 )
영국령 인도 제국의 국기
국적인도 국기 인도
연구기관(기관)
하버드 대학
캠브리지 대학 야다
브푸르 대학 ( 영어판 )
매사추세츠 공과 대학
코넬 대학 옥스포드
대학
델리 경제 대학 ( 영어판 )
캘커타 대학 런던
스쿨 오브 이코노믹스
캘리포니아 대학 버클리 대학
스탠포드 대학
연구분야후생 경제학 , 개발 경제학, 철학 , 정치 철학 , 윤리학
모교프레지던시 대학 ( 영어판 ) , (BA)
케임브리지 대학 트리니티 컬리지 ,
(BA, MA, Ph.D.)
박사 과정
지도 교사		존 로빈슨 [1]
박사 과정
지도 학생		카우식 목욕 [1]
Ravi Kanbur [1]
Norman Schofield [1]
영향을
받은 사람		라빈 드라나트 타골 빔라오 앰베드 칼종 메이
너드 케인즈
존 롤스 피터 바우어 ( 영어판 )






논적자그디시 버그와티
영향을 미친
사람		마부 블 해킹
Jean Dreze
Sanjay G. Reddy
마사 누스 바움 스즈
무라 코타로 Robin
Hahnel 벤 파인





업적인간 개발 이론 ( 영어판 )
수상노벨 경제학상 (1998년)
정보 - IDEAS/RePEc
템플릿 보기
노벨상 수상자노벨상
수상년: 1998년
수상 부문: 노벨 경제학상
수상 이유 : 후생경제학에 대한 공헌을 기리며

아마르티아 센 ( 벵골어 : অমর্ত্য সেন , 힌디어 : अमर्त्य सेन , 영어 : Amartya Sen , 1933년 11 월 3 일 - ) 은 인도 학 아시아 최초의 노벨경제학상 수상자이며 정치학 , 윤리학 , 사회학 에도 영향을 주고 있다. 무신론자 [2] .

경력 [ 편집 ]

어린 시절 [ 편집 ]

1933년 아말티아 센은 인도 동부의 벵골 지방 산티니케탄(Santiniketan)에서 태어났다. 센은 인도의 동 벵골주(현재 방글라데시 )의 사회적 지위가 높은 인물을 배출하는 명문 일족의 출신으로, 어머니 아미타의 아버지 쿠시티 모한 센 은 힌두 철학과 중세 인도 문학 연구자 [3] 로, 쿠시티 모한 센은 유명한 시인, 사상가 라빈드라나트 타골 (아시아인 최초의 노벨 문학상을 수상한)의 친한 친구로, 센의 명명 부모는 타골이라고 한다 [4] . 아마르티아는 "영원히 사는 사람 = 불멸의 사람"이라는 의미.

아버지 아슈토시 센은 다카 대학 에서 화학을 가르쳤다. 센은 학원도시 산티니케탄(현 : 인도 서쪽 벵골주 )에서 태어났다. 센의 조상 전래의 저택은 동 벵골주 다카 (현재는 방글라데시 의 수도)의 왈리에 있었다.

라빈드라나트 타골이 설립한 학교 Visva-Bharati (Patha Bhavana, 현재 타골 국제 대학 )에 다녔다 [5] [6] .

9세 때 300만명 [7] 을 넘는 아사자를 낸 1943년 벵골대기근 에서 센이 다니는 초등학교에 기아로 미친 사람이 들어가 충격을 받는다. 또 이 무렵, 힌두교도와 이슬람교 도 의 격렬한 항쟁으로 다수의 사망자도 나왔다. 이러한 기억과 인도는 왜 가난한가 하는 의문에서 경제학자가 될 결심을 했다고 한다.

1947년 인도 파키스탄 분리 독립 에 따라 센의 일가는 동벵골주의 후신인 동 파키스탄 에서 인도로 이주한다(그 후, 1971년 동 파키스탄은 방글라데시로서 파키스탄보다 독립한다).

경제학자 [ 편집 ]

  • 캘커타 프레지던시 대학(현재 콜카타 대학 )의 경제학부를 졸업한다.
  • 캠브리지 대학 트리니티 컬리지 에서 공부합니다.
  • 1955년 캠브리지 대학 트리니티 칼리지를 졸업한다(BA).
  • 1956년~1958년 the Universities of Jadavpurde에서 교편을 취한다.
  • 1959년 케임브리지 대학 트리니티 칼리지로부터 석사 학위를 받는다(MA).
  • 1959년 케임브리지 대학 트리니티 칼리지로부터 박사 학위를 받는다(Ph.D.).
  • 1963년~1971년 델리 경제대학에서 교편을 취한다.
  • 1971년~1977년　런던 스쿨 오브 이코노믹스 (LSE), 런던 대학 에서 교편을 취한다.
  • 1977년~1988년　옥스포드 대학 에서 교편을 취한다.
  • 1988년~1998년　하버드 대학 의 경제학과 철학의 교수가 된다.
  • 1998년~2004년 케임브리지 대학 트리니티 칼리지의 학 기숙사장(마스터)이 된다.
  • 2004년~현재 하버드 대학의 교수(Thomas W. Lamont University Professor)가 된다.

영예·수상 [ 편집 ]

업적 [ 편집 ]

아마르티아 센. 미국 국제개발청 (USAID)에서 개최된 제2회 조지 마샬 강연에서의 모습. 2006년 12월 7일 촬영.

총론 [ 편집 ]

  • 아말티아 센의 연구는 기근 , 인간 개발 이론, 후생 경제학 , 빈곤 의 메커니즘, 남녀의 불평등, 정치적 자유주의 등이다.
  • 센의 마이크로 경제학 의 관점에서 빈곤 의 메커니즘을 설명한 연구는 경제학 뿐만 아니라 사회 과학 전체에 충격을 주었다. 특히 개발도상국의 구매력 과 기아 의 관계를 설명한 논문은 존경과 두려움으로 경제학자들에게 맞이했다. 왜냐하면 그 이전에는 빈곤이란 단순히 생산성 의 문제일 뿐이라고 생각되었지만, 시장 경쟁 에서 시장의 실패 에 의해 초래된 것을 간결하고 명료하게 나타내기 때문이다. 또 센은 경제학 중에서도 고도의 수학과 논리학 을 사용하는 후생경제학 이나 사회선택이론 에 있어서의 견인자이다. 적응선호 와 케이파빌리티 어프로치( 잠재능력 어프로치, capability approach), ' 인간안전보장 ' 등의 개념은 현재 일본에서도 고등학교 공민 수업에서 가르칠 수 있다.
  • 경제학은 '사람은 어떻게 살아야 하는가', '인간에 있어서의 선 '이라는 윤리학 과 공학 의 두 가지 크게 다른 기원에서 파생된 것으로 알려져 있다. 센은 전자를 '동기화의 윤리적 사고방식'이라고 부르며, 후자를 '이를 달성하기 위한 수단'이라고 하고 있다. 센은 현재의 경제학을 비판하지만 경제학이 가진 분석력에 대해서는 부정하지 않고 경의를 기울이고 있다. 그가 취하는 분석 기법은 경제학의 일반적인 기법에 뿌리를두고 있다.

기근 분석 [ 편집 ]

  • 그의 저서에 제시된 기근이 식량 부족에서 일어날 뿐만 아니라 불평등에서도 일어난다는 지적은 음식을 분배하기 위한 메커니즘을 기반으로 한다. 그는 1943년에 벵골에 굶주림이 일어났을 때 가격이 올라가고 음식을 얻기 위한 통화 가 영국군 에 의해 획득, 공황 구매, 저장, 뺨(그 지역의 전쟁과 관련된 모든 것) 를 포함한 요소 때문에 급속히 없어진 것, 시골의 육체 노동자와 도시의 서비스 제공자를 포함한 사람들의 적절한 음식 공급량이 있었다는 것을 데이터에 제시했다. 예를 들어, 벵골에서는 기근 앞보다 음식 생산량이 있었다. 많은 사회적 경제의 요소로 감퇴하는 임금 , 실업 , 상승하는 식품 가격 , 불충분한 식품유통 등 이러한 문제는 한 그룹사회에서 굶주림 으로 이어졌다. 벵골 기근에서는 음식을 사는 시골 노동자의 부정적인 상태는 민주주의 의 영향을 받지 않았다. 그들은 사회 참여의 권한이 없었고, 굶주림과 자양의 기능, 병적 상태에서 벗어날 수 없었다.
  • 한편 센은 1943년 이후 인도에서는 괴멸적인 대기근이 일어나지 않았다는 것을 지적하고 있다. 독립에 따라 자유 미디어 와 민주주의가 정비됨에 따라 기아에서 가장 영향을 받는 가난한 사람들의 목소리가 정부에 닿기 쉬워지고, 한편 야당 이나 미디어 비판에 노출되는 민주주의하 정부에 는 그들의 목소리를 듣는 인센티브가 발생하기 위해 식량공급과 고용 확보 등의 정책을 실시해, 기근은 회피된다고 했다. 센은 동시기 중국의 대약진 시 대기근이나 기타 권위주의 적인 정권 하에서 각국의 대기근과 비교해, 근근은 자연재해 등 현상의 영향보다 굶주림을 회피 하기 위해 행동하자는 정부가 부족한 것의 영향이 더 크다고 한다 [9] .

후생경제학 [ 편집 ]

  • 센은 정부가 시민의 구체적인 능력에 대해 측정되어야 한다고 주장한다. 센은 인간 활동의 요소를 동기 부여하면서 사리를 둔 경제 모델에 도전했다. 후생경제학 은 지역사회의 복리 ( 복지 )에 대한 효과에 관하여 경제정책 을 평가하려고 한다. 개인의 권리 (자유의 역설의 공식화 포함)와 관련된 그 문제를 호소한 그의 유력한 전공 논문에서는 정의와 공정성 (다수결 원리 및 개별 상태 정보의 유용성)과 같은 기본적인 복리(복지) 문제에 관한 연구자를 흥분시켰다.

잠재력 [ 편집 ]

자세한 내용은 " 잠재력 접근법 "을 참조하십시오.
  • 센의 노벨경제학상 수상은 '후생경제학·사회적 선택'에서의 공적이다. 그러나 그의 학설 중 가장 유명한 개념은 '잠재능력'(케이파빌리티)이다. 잠재능력이란 “사람이 선한 생활이나 선한 인생을 살기 위해서 어떤 상태에 있고 싶은지, 그리고 어떤 행동을 취하고 싶은지를 연결하는 것으로부터 생기는 기능의 집합”이라고 하고 있다. 구체적으로는, 「좋은 영양 상태에 있는 것」 「건강한 상태를 유지하는 것」으로부터 「행복한 것」 「자신을 자랑으로 생각하는 것」 「교육을 받고 있다」 「조사하지 않는다」 「사회 생활 에 참여할 수 있는 것” 등 폭넓은 개념이다. 그리고 「사람 앞에서 부끄러워하지 않고 이야기를 할 수 있는 것」 「사랑하는 사람 옆에 있을 수 있는 것」도 잠재 능력의 기능에 포함할 수 있다고 한다.
  • 센은 교육과 국민 건강의 개선 등이 경제 성장 이 달성되기 위해서는 경제개혁에 선행해야 한다고 주장했다. 센은 경제학은 숫자만을 다루는 것이 아니라 '공감성·관계·이타성'(공약)을 중시하고 약한 입장의 사람들의 슬픔, 분노, 기쁨에 접할 수 없다면 그것은 경제학 아니라고 주장했다. "길들여진 주부, 포기한 노예는, 조금만의 행복이라도 만족해 버린다"며 약한 입장의 사람들이 잠재능력을 살려 사회 참여하는 것을 주장하고 있다.

인간 개발 지수 [ 편집 ]

  • 센의 잠재능력 어프로치를 발전시킨 것이 국제연합개발계획 (UNDP)의 인간개발 지수 ( HDI :Human Development Index)이다. HDI는 평균 수명 , 교육 ( 식자율 + 취학률 ), 국민소득 (1인당 GDP)의 3가지 지표로 구성되어 있다. 첫째, 센은 1990년에 파키스탄의 경제학자 마부블 해크 가 제창한 생활의 질과 발전 정도를 보여주는 '심플한 지표'인 HDI에 난색을 보였다. 그 이유를 센은 “HDI의 평균 수명·교육·국민소득도 수단이며 목적 그 자체가 아니다. 목적은 사람마다 다양하고 사회적·문화적 배경에 따라 다르다”고 말했다. 있다. 그러나 결국 센도 동의해 협력 멤버 중 한 명이 됐다. HDI는 1993년부터 유엔 연차 보고 ' 인간 개발 보고서 (HDR)' 속에서 유엔 개발 계획 에 의해 매년 발표되고 있다. 현재는 경제 중심의 GDP를 대신하는 인간성을 가미한 지표로 일본 정부도 주목하고 있다.
  • 2001년 1월 센과 오가타 사다코 전 유엔난민고등변무관을 공동의장으로 '인간안전보장위원회'가 일본 정부 와 아난 유엔 사무총장의 이니셔티브에 의해 구미와는 별도로 창설되었다. 이 위원회는 2003년 6월까지 계속해 최종 보고서를 통해 해산했다. 그 후 '인간안보부'로 유엔인도문제조정부(OCHA)로 이행해 일본 정부는 2006년도까지 335억엔을 공출하고 있다.

사회 사업 [ 편집 ]

센은 노벨상 의 상금으로, 1998년에 인도·방글라데시에 기초 교육·사회적 남녀 평등 달성을 목적으로 한 「플라티치 재단」을 설립했다 [10] .

일본론 [ 편집 ]

센이 10세 무렵에 다니던 학교 Visva-Bharati에서는 일본사도 가르쳐지고 있어 일본에의 불교 전래의 역사나, 17조 헌법 에 대해서도 배웠다 [6] . 센은, 17조 헌법이 영국의 마그나카르타 보다 600년 전에 정부의 의사결정에 있어서의 논의의 중요성을 설명하고 있는 것을 기억하고 있다 [6] .

일본의 근대화와 경제발전은 아시아 국가의 모범이 되었다고 한다 . 센에 의하면 일본은, 국민의 교육 수준·식자율을 높이면, 사회나 경제를 좋은 방향으로 바꿀 수 있어, 단기간에서도 실현할 수 있다는 것을 증명한 것이며, 키도 타카루 의 “결코 오늘의 사람, 미유럽 제주의 사람과 다를 것 없이.단지 학불학에 있을 뿐”이라는 말을 인용해, 서양인도 아시아인도 같은 인간이며, 교육 수준을 올리면 아시아인도 구미에 따라잡는다 수 있다고 말한다 [6] .

전후 일본의 경제 발전에 대해서도, 혼다 소이치로 나 모리타 아키오 등의 경영자가 일본 문화나 일본이라는 나라에 대해 자부심을 가지고 있었던 것이 크다고 해서, “일본인의 사업가들이 “이 나라에는 세계 속에서도 유일무이의 문화가 있다”고 믿어 온 것. 이것이 일본 전체의 생산성을 높여 일본이라는 나라의 가능성을 믿는 것으로 이어졌다”고 말한다 [6] . 또 일본은 자국을 잘 하는 것만을 생각하고 있었던 것이 아니고, 아시아, 아프리카의 개발도상국에도 대대한 원조를 해 왔고, 일본의 이타주의에의 헌신은 세계규모라고 한다 [6] .

제2차 아베 내각 에서의 아베노믹스 에 대해서는, 일본은행 총재 구로다 히가시히코 와 경제학자 하마다 히로이치 등이 추진하는 기본 방침은 기본적으로 바르고, 현재의 일본 경제의 문제는 1990년대부터의 경기 확대를 억제한다 정책이 잘못되었던 것에 끝을 내리겠다고 하지만, 2017년 현재에는 미조정이 필요하다고 말했다 [6] .

일본의 경제학자로는 모리시마 도오오 , 스즈무라 코타로 , 하마다 히로이치 , 이시카와 시게 , 이나다 헌이치 , 네기시 타카시 , 아오키 마사히코 , 우자와 히로후미 , 오오라 사부로 , 오카와 이치지 , 고토 레이코 , 국제 정치학자 오가타 사다코 등 영향을 받았다고 말한다 [6] .

가족 [ 편집 ]

  • 센의 첫 아내는 나바니타 데우 센으로, 그녀는 잘 알려진 작가이자 학자이기도 했다. 안타라와 난다나라는 두 아이를 낳았지만, 그들이 1971년 런던 으로 옮겨진 지 얼마 지나지 않아 결혼 생활은 끝을 맞이한다.
  • 1973년에 센은 에바 카라니와 재혼하지만 1985년에는 에바는 위암 으로 사망한다. 두 사람 사이에는 인드라니와 카비르의 두 아이를 버렸다. 센은 혼자서 막내를 키웠다.
  • 센의 현재 아내 엠마 조지나 로스차일드 는 제3대 로스차일드 남작 빅터 의 딸로 경제사학자, 아담 스미스 전문가, 케임브리지 대학 의 킹스 칼리지의 특별 연구원( 펠로우 ), 하버드 대학 교수이다.
  • 딸 난다나 센 ( Nandana Sen )은 여배우로서 인도에서 영화 데뷔했다.

에피소드 [ 편집 ]

  • 트리니티 칼리지 학 기숙사 시대, 매일 아침의 '가장 중요한 일'이었던 영국 왕실 연고의 19세기부터 계속 움직이고 있는 기둥 시계의 태엽을 감는 것을 잊어 버려, 시계를 멈추어 버렸다. "어차피 나는 식민지의 인간이니까."(센) [11]
  • 센의 노벨 경제학상 수상에 대해 경제학자 토마스 칼리아 는 “센의 수상에 대해서는 센의 인도적인 이론이라면 불상사에 휘말릴 걱정이 없기 때문에 위원회는 센을 선택했다는 추측을 받았다. 배경이 있다”고 추측하고 있다 [12] . 또한 월스트리트 저널 유럽판의 편집원인 로버트 폴록 은 센의 노벨상 수상에 대해 '좌익적 견해를 표명할 뿐인 인물', '뭐든지 '문제로 한다'는 것에 좋지만 많은 학생이 영향을 받아 박사 논문의 주제로 하고 있다”고 비판하고 있다 [13] . 특히 불상사에 휘말릴 걱정이 없다는 점은 1997년 로버트 마톤 과 마일론 숄즈 의 수상을 가리키고 있어 롱텀 캐피탈 매니지먼트 를 주도하고 있던 학자들에게 상을 보내 버렸기 때문에 에 스웨덴 왕립 과학 아카데미 는 조급한 이미지 회복을 획책하고 있었다고 생각된다.

저작 [ 편집 ]

단저·공저 [ 편집 ]

  • Sen, Amartya (1960). Choice of Techniques: An Aspect of the Theory of Planned Economic Development . Oxford: Basil Blackwell
  • Sen, Amartya (1973). On Economic Inequality (expanded ed.). Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN  9780198281931
    스기야마 타케히코역 「불평등의 경제 이론」일본 경제 신문사, 1977년
  • Sen, Amartya (1982). Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation . Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198284635 
    쿠로사키 탁, 야마자키 코지역 '빈곤과 기근' 이와나미 서점, 2000년
  • Sen, Amartya; Williams, Bernard (1982). Utilitarianism and beyond . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780511611964 
    버나드 윌리엄스 공편 저, 고토 레이코 감역 『공리주의를 넘어 : 경제학과 철학의 윤리』 미네르바 서방, 2019년
  • Sen, Amartya (1983). Choice, Welfare, and Measurement . Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 9780631137962 
    오오니와 켄, 카와모토 타카시역 「합리적인 바보: 경제학=윤리학적 탐구」
Reprinted as: Sen, Amartya (1999). Choice, Welfare, and Measurement . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674127784 
Reviewed in the Social Scientist : Sanyal, Amal (October 1983). “"Choice, welfare and measurement" by Amartya Sen”. Social Scientist 11 ( 10 ): 49–56. doi : 10.2307/3517043 .S 
  • Sen, Amartya (1970). Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1st ed.). San Francisco, California: Holden-Day. ISBN 9780816277650 
    시다 기여사 감역 『집단적 선택과 사회적 후생』 교초 서방, 2000년
Reprinted as: Sen, Amartya (1984). Collective Choice and Social Welfare (2nd ed.). New York: North-Holland Sole distributors for the USA and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co.. ISBN 9780444851277 
  • Sen, Amartya (1997). Resources, Values, and Development . Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674765269 
  • Sen, Amartya (1985). Commodities and Capabilities (1st ed.). New York: North-Holland Sole distributors for the USA and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co.. ISBN 9780444877307 
    스즈무라 코타로역 「복지의 경제학：재와 잠재 능력」 이와나미 서점, 1988년
Reprinted as: Sen, Amartya (1999). Commodities and Capabilities (2nd ed.). Delhi New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195650389  Reviewed in The Economic Journal . [14]
  • Sen, Amartya; McMurrin, Sterling M. (1986). The Tanner lectures on human values ​​. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 9780585129334 
  • Sen, Amartya (1987). On Ethics and Economics . New York: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 9780631164012 
    도쿠나가 스미헌, 마츠모토 호미, 아오야마 치죠역 「경제학의 재생：도덕철학에의 회귀」 레이자와 대학 출판회, 2002년
  • Sen, Amartya; Drèze, Jean (1989). Hunger and public action . Oxford England New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198286349 
  • Sen, Amartya (1992). Inequality Reexamined . New York Oxford New York: Russell Sage Foundation Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198289289 
    이케모토 유키오, 노가미 유우생, 사토 히토미 『불평등의 재검토:잠재 능력과 자유』 이와나미 서점, 1999년
Also printed as: Sen, Amartya (November 2003). Inequality Reexamined . Oxford University Press. doi : 10.1093/0198289286.001.0001 . ISBN 9780198289289 
Extract 1. (Via Ian Stoner, lecturer, Department of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, readings. )
Extract 2.
  • Sen, Amartya; Nussbaum, Martha (1993). The Quality of Life . Oxford England New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198287971 
    마사 누스바움 공편 저, 미즈타니 메구미역 『퀄리티 오브 라이프 : 풍요로움의 본질이란』 리분 출판, 2006년
  • Sen, Amartya; Foster, James E. (1997). On economic inequality . Radcliffe Lectures. Oxford New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198281931 
    스즈무라 코타로, 스카 아키라 일역 「불평등의 경제학(제임스 포스터, 아마르티아 센에 의한 보론 「4분세기 후의 「불평등의 경제학」」을 포함한 확대판)」 동양 경제 신보사, 2000년
  • Sen, Amartya; Drèze, Jean (1998). India, economic development and social opportunity . Oxford England New York: Clarendon Press Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198295280 
  • Sen, Amartya; Suzumura, Kōtarō; Arrow, Kenneth J. (1996). Social Choice Re-examined: Proceedings of the IEA conference held at Schloss Hernstein, Berndorf, near Vienna, Austria . 2 (1st ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9780312127398 
  • Sen, Amartya (1999). Development as Freedom . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198297581 
    이시즈카 마사히코 번역 “자유와 경제 개발” 일본 경제 신문사, 2000년
Review in Asia Times . [15]
  • Sen, Amartya (2000). Freedom, Rationality, and Social Choice: The Arrow Lectures and Other Essays . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198296997 
  • Sen, Amartya (2002). Rationality and Freedom . Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press. ISBN 9780674013513 
    와카마츠 료키, 스가 아키라 이치, 고토 레이코 감역 “합리성과 자유 <상·아래>” 교초 서방, 2014년
미리보기.
  • Sen, Amartya; Suzumura, Kōtarō; Arrow, Kenneth J. (2002). Handbook of social choice and welfare . Amsterdam Boston: Elsevier. ISBN 9780444829146 
    케네스 애로우, 스즈무라 코타로 공저, 스즈무라 코타로, 스카 아키라 이치, 나카무라 신스케, 히로카와 미도리 감역 “사회적 선택과 후생 경제학 핸드북” 마루젠, 2006년
Chapter-preview links – 1.
Chapter-preview links – 2.
Review The Guardian. [16]
Review The Washington Post . [17]
Extract: "Imperial illusions: India, Britain, and the wrong lessons."
  • Sen, Amartya; Zamagni, Stefano; Scazzieri, Roberto (2008). Markets, money and capital: Hicksian economics for the twenty-first century . Cambridge, UK New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521873215 
  • Sen, Amartya (2010). The Idea of ​​Justice . London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141037851 
    이케모토 유키오역 「정의의 아이디어」아카시 서점, 2011년
미리보기.
  • Sen, Amartya; Stiglitz, Joseph E.; Fitoussi, Jean-Paul (2010). Mismeasuring our lives: why GDP doesn't add up: the report . New York: New Press Distributed by Perseus Distribution. ISBN 9781595585196 
    조셉 E. 스티그리츠, 장폴 피투시 공저, 후쿠시마 키요히코
  • Sen, Amartya (2011). Peace and Democratic Society . Cambridge, UK: Open Book Publishers. ISBN 9781906924393 
  • Drèze, Jean; Sen, Amartya (2013). An Uncertain Glory: The Contradictions of Modern India . London: Allen Lane. ISBN 9781846147616 
    장·드레즈 공저, 미나미 이치수역 “개발 없는 성장의 한계: 현대 인도의 빈곤·격차·사회적 분단” 아카시 서점, 2015년
  • Sen, Amartya (2015). The Country of First Boys: And Other Essays . India: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198738183 
    야마가타 히로유역 「인도로부터 생각한다: 아이들이 미소짓는 세계로」NTT 출판, 2016년
  • Sen, Amartya (2020). Home in the World: A Memoir . London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141970981 
    도고 에리카 번역 「아마르티아 센 회고록 상 인도에서의 경험과 경제학에의 각성」
    도고 에리카 번역 "아마르티아 센 회고록 아래 영국으로, 그리고 경제학의 혁신에"구초 서방, 2022 년

분담 쓰기 [ 편집 ]

Reprinted as: Sen, Amartya (2010), “Equality of what?”, in MacMurrin, Sterling M., The Tanner lectures on human values ​​, 4 (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–220, ISBN 9780521176415 . 
Pdf version. Archived 19 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine .
  • 제프리 호슨 편, 타마테 신타로, 코지마 히로키역 “생활의 풍요를 어떻게 파악할 것인가: 생활 수준을 둘러싼 경제학과 철학의 대화” 도요 서방, 2021년
  • Sen, Amartya (1988), “The concept of development”, Handbook of development economics , 1 , Amsterdam New York New York, NY, USA: North-Holland Sole distributors for the USA and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co., pp. 2–23, ISBN 9780444703378 . 
  • Sen, Amartya (2004), “Capability and well-being”, The quality of life , New York: Routledge, pp. 30–53, ISBN 9780415934411 . 
  • Sen, Amartya (2004), “Development as capability expansion” , Readings in human development: concepts, measures and policies for a development paradigm , New Delhi New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195670523 . 
Reprinted in Sen, Amartya (2012), “Development as capability expansion”, The community development reader , New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415507769 . 

학술지 게재 논문 [ 편집 ]

강연록 [ 편집 ]

News coverage of the 1998 Romanes Lecture in the Oxford University Gazette. [18]

논문 [ 편집 ]

페르시아어의 저작 [ 편집 ]

A list of Persian translations of Amartya Sen's work is available here

각주 [ 편집 ]

  1. ^ a b c d Mathematics Genealogy Project 참조.
  2. ↑ Ravindra Wijewardhane, " A Buddhist Atheist's Memoir ", Sunday Observer, October 3, 2021. Retrieved at March 3, 2022.
  3. ↑ Amartya Sen - Biographical , Nobel Media, 1998
  4. ↑ 오에 켄사부로 「정의집」(아사히 신문 출판, 2012)
  5. ↑ Editor Tore Frängsmyr, " Amartya Sen - Biographical ". Nobel Foundation.1998.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i 사토 토모에 "하버드 일본 역사 교실"중공 신서 라쿠레 2017, p221-243.
  7. ^ 처칠의 인도인 혐오, 역사적 기근의 원인에 인신간이 고발 - AFP
  8. ↑ 노벨 경제학상 수상자 아마르티아 쿠마르 센씨 명예박사 학위 증정식·기념 강연회가 2018년 4월 24일에 열렸다. 덧붙여 당초는 【연기】노벨 경제학상 수상자 아마르티아·크마르·센씨 명예 박사 학위 증정식·기념 강연회 에 기재된 바와 같이, 2016년 12월에 명예 박사 학위가 수여될 예정이었지만 , 연기되었다.
  9. ↑ 아마르티아 센 「빈곤의 극복」 pp.112-114
  10. ^ 아마르티아 센 『인간의 안보』 슈에이샤 <슈에이샤 신서>, 2006년, 11페이지.
  11. ^ 이케모토 유키오·노가미 유우·사토 히토미 『불평등의 재검토--잠재 능력과 자유』(이와나미 서점, 1999년) 번역가 해설에서
  12. ^ 토마스 칼리아 『노벨 경제학상의 40년 <아래>-20세기 경제 사상사 입문』 쓰쿠마 서방 <쓰쿠마 선서>, 2012년, 152페이지.
  13. ↑ 토마스 칼리아 『노벨 경제학상의 40년〈아래〉-20세기 경제 사상사 입문』 쓰쿠마 서방〈쓰쿠마 선서〉, 2012년, 158-159페이지.
  14. ↑ Sugden, Robert (September 1986). “"Commodities and Capabilities" by Amartya Sen”. The Economic Journal 96 (383): 820–822. doi : 10.2307 / 2232999 . 
  15. ↑ Mathur, Piyush (2003 년 10월 31일). “Revisiting a classic 'Development as Freedom' by Amartya Sen” . Asia Times . 2014년 6월 15일에 확인함.
  16. ↑ Mishra, Pankaj (2005년 7월 9일). “In defence of reason (book review)” . The Guardian (London) 2013년 7월 10일에 확인함.
  17. ↑ Tharoor, Shashi (2005년 10월 16일). “A passage to India” . The Washington Post (Washington DC) 2013년 7월 10일에 확인함.
  18. ↑ Sen, Amartya (1998년 12월 17일). “Reason must always come before identity, says Sen” . University of Oxford. 오리지널 2017년 9월 22일 현재 아카이브. 2014년 6월 14일에 확인함.

관련 항목 [ 편집 ]

위키미디어 커먼즈에는 아마르티아 센과 관련된 미디어가 있습니다.

===

Amartya Sen

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amartya Sen
Sen in 2012
Born
Amartya Kumar Sen

3 November 1933 (age 90)
Santiniketan, Bengal, British India
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1958; div. 1976)​
​
​
(m. 1978; died 1985)​
 
​
(m. 1991)​
Children4, including Nandana and Antara
Academic career
Institutions
List
FieldWelfare economics
Social choice theory
Development economics
School or
tradition		Capability approach
Alma materUniversity of Calcutta (BA)
Trinity College, Cambridge (BA, MA, PhD)
Doctoral
students		Felicia Knaul
InfluencesGautama Buddha, Adam Smith, John Rawls, John Maynard Keynes, B. R. Ambedkar, Kenneth Arrow, Piero Sraffa, Maurice Dobb, Mary Wollstonecraft,[1] Karl Marx[2]
ContributionsHuman development theory
Entitlement approach to famine[3]
AwardsNobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (1998)
Bharat Ratna (1999)
National Humanities Medal (2012)[4]
Johan Skytte Prize in Political Science (2017)
Information at IDEAS / RePEc

Amartya Kumar Sen (Bengali: [ˈɔmortːo ˈʃen]; born 3 November 1933) is an Indian economist and philosopher, who since 1972 has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, decision theory, development economics, public health, and measures of well-being of countries.

He is currently a Thomas W. Lamont University Professor, and Professor of Economics and Philosophy at Harvard University.[5] He formerly served as Master of Trinity College at the University of Cambridge.[6] He was awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences[7] in 1998, and India's highest civilian honour — Bharat Ratna, the following year for his contribution to welfare economics. The German Publishers and Booksellers Association awarded him the 2020 Peace Prize of the German Book Trade for his pioneering scholarship addressing issues of global justice and combating social inequality in education and healthcare.

Early life and education

'Pratichi', Sen's house in Shantiniketan

Amartya Sen was born in a Bangal Hindu Baidya[8][9][10] family in Santiniketan, Bengal, British India. The famed polymath and writer, Rabindranath Tagore, gave Amartya Sen his name (Bengali: অমর্ত্য, romanized: ômorto, lit. 'immortal or heavenly').[11][self-published source] Sen's family was from Wari and Manikganj, Dhaka, both in present-day Bangladesh. His father Ashutosh Sen was a Professor of Chemistry at Dhaka University, Development Commissioner in Delhi and then Chairman of the West Bengal Public Service Commission. He moved with his family to West Bengal in 1945. Sen's mother Amita Sen was the daughter of Kshiti Mohan Sen, the eminent Sanskritist and scholar of ancient and medieval India, who was a close associate of Tagore. K. M. Sen served as the second Vice Chancellor of Visva Bharati University from 1953 to 1954.[citation needed]

Sen began his school education at St Gregory's School in Dhaka in 1940. In the fall of 1941, he was admitted to Patha Bhavana, Shantiniketan, where he completed his school education. The school had many progressive features, such as distaste for examinations or competitive testing. In addition, the school stressed cultural diversity, and embraced cultural influences from the rest of the world.[12] In 1951, he went to Presidency College, Calcutta, where he earned a B.A. in economics with First in the First Class, with a minor in Mathematics, as a graduating student of the University of Calcutta. While at Presidency, Sen was diagnosed with oral cancer, and given a 15% chance of living five years.[13] With radiation treatment, he survived, and in 1953 he moved to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he earned a second B.A. in economics in 1955 with a First Class, topping the list as well. At this time, he was elected President of the Cambridge Majlis.[14] While Sen was officially a PhD student at Cambridge (though he had finished his research in 1955–56), he was offered the position of First-Professor and First-Head of the Economics Department of the newly created Jadavpur University in Calcutta. He is still the youngest chairman to have headed the Department of Economics. He served in that position, starting the new Economics Department, from 1956 to 1958.[citation needed]

Meanwhile, Sen was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College, which gave him four years of freedom to do anything he liked; he made the radical decision to study philosophy. Sen explained: "The broadening of my studies into philosophy was important for me not just because some of my main areas of interest in economics relate quite closely to philosophical disciplines (for example, social choice theory makes intense use of mathematical logic and also draws on moral philosophy, and so does the study of inequality and deprivation), but also because I found philosophical studies very rewarding on their own."[15] His interest in philosophy, however, dates back to his college days at Presidency, where he read books on philosophy and debated philosophical themes. One of the books he was most interested in was Kenneth Arrow's Social Choice and Individual Values.[16]

In Cambridge, there were major debates between supporters of Keynesian economics, and the neo-classical economists who were skeptical of Keynes. Because of a lack of enthusiasm for social choice theory in both Trinity and Cambridge, Sen chose a different subject for his PhD thesis, which was on "The Choice of Techniques" in 1959. The work had been completed earlier, except for advice from his adjunct supervisor in India, Professor A.K. Dasgupta, given to Sen while teaching and revising his work at Jadavpur, under the supervision of the "brilliant but vigorously intolerant" post-Keynesian, Joan Robinson.[17] Quentin Skinner notes that Sen was a member of the secret society Cambridge Apostles during his time at Cambridge.[18]

During 1960–61, Amartya Sen visited the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, on leave from Trinity College.[citation needed]

Research work

Sen giving inaugural parliamentary lecture at Parliament House (India)

Sen's work on 'Choice of Techniques' complemented that of Maurice Dobb. In a developing country, the Dobb-Sen strategy relied on maximising investible surpluses, maintaining constant real wages and using the entire increase in labour productivity, due to technological change, to raise the rate of accumulation. In other words, workers were expected to demand no improvement in their standard of living despite having become more productive. Sen's papers in the late 1960s and early 1970s helped develop the theory of social choice, which first came to prominence in the work by the American economist Kenneth Arrow. Arrow had most famously shown that when voters have three or more distinct alternatives (options), any ranked order voting system will in at least some situations inevitably conflict with what many assume to be basic democratic norms. Sen's contribution to the literature was to show under what conditions Arrow's impossibility theorem[19] applied, as well as to extend and enrich the theory of social choice, informed by his interests in history of economic thought and philosophy.[citation needed]

In 1981, Sen published Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation (1981), a book in which he argued that famine occurs not only from a lack of food, but from inequalities built into mechanisms for distributing food. Sen also argued that the Bengal famine was caused by an urban economic boom that raised food prices, thereby causing millions of rural workers to starve to death when their wages did not keep up.[20] In 1999 he wrote, "no famine has ever taken place ... in a functioning democracy".[21]

Sen's interest in famine stemmed from personal experience. As a nine-year-old he witnessed the Bengal famine of 1943, in which three million people died. This staggering loss of life was unnecessary, Sen later concluded. He presents data that there was an adequate food supply in Bengal at the time, but particular groups of people including rural landless labourers and urban service providers like barbers did not have the means to buy food as its price rose rapidly due to factors that include acquisitions by the military, panic buying, hoarding, and price gouging, all of them connected to the war in the region. In Poverty and Famines, Sen revealed that in many cases of famine, food supplies were not significantly reduced. In Bengal, for example, food production, while down on the previous year, was higher than in previous non-famine years. Sen points to a number of social and economic factors, such as declining wages, unemployment, rising food prices, and poor food-distribution, which led to starvation. His capabilities approach focuses on positive freedom, a person's actual ability to be or do something, rather than on negative freedom approaches, which are common in economics and simply focuses on non-interference. In the Bengal famine, rural labourers' negative freedom to buy food was not affected. However, they still starved because they were not positively free to do anything, they did not have the functioning of nourishment, nor the capability to escape morbidity.[citation needed]

In addition to his important work on the causes of famines, Sen's work in the field of development economics has had considerable influence in the formulation of the "Human Development Report",[22] published by the United Nations Development Programme.[23] This annual publication that ranks countries on a variety of economic and social indicators owes much to the contributions by Sen among other social choice theorists in the area of economic measurement of poverty and inequality.[citation needed]

Sen's revolutionary contribution to development economics and social indicators is the concept of "capability" developed in his article Equality of What.[24] He argues that governments should be measured against the concrete capabilities of their citizens. This is because top-down development will always trump human rights as long as the definition of terms remains in doubt (is a "right" something that must be provided or something that simply cannot be taken away?). For instance, in the United States citizens have a right to vote. To Sen, this concept is fairly empty. In order for citizens to have a capacity to vote, they first must have "functionings". These "functionings" can range from the very broad, such as the availability of education, to the very specific, such as transportation to the polls. Only when such barriers are removed can the citizen truly be said to act out of personal choice. It is up to the individual society to make the list of minimum capabilities guaranteed by that society. For an example of the "capabilities approach" in practice, see Martha Nussbaum's Women and Human Development.[25]

He wrote a controversial article in The New York Review of Books entitled "More Than 100 Million Women Are Missing" (see Missing women of Asia), analyzing the mortality impact of unequal rights between the genders in the developing world, particularly Asia. Other studies, including one by Emily Oster, had argued that this is an overestimation, though Oster has since then recanted her conclusions.[26]

In 1999, Sen further advanced and redefined the capability approach in his book Development as Freedom.[27] Sen argues that development should be viewed as an effort to advance the real freedoms that individuals enjoy, rather than simply focusing on metrics such as GDP or income-per-capita. Sen was inspired by violent acts he had witnessed as a child leading up to the Partition of India in 1947. On one morning, a Muslim daily labourer named Kader Mia stumbled through the rear gate of Sen's family home, bleeding from a knife wound in his back. Because of his extreme poverty, he had come to Sen's primarily Hindu neighbourhood searching for work; his choices were the starvation of his family or the risk of death in coming to the neighbourhood. The price of Kader Mia's economic unfreedom was his death. Kader Mia need not have come to a hostile area in search of income in those troubled times if his family could have managed without it. This experience led Sen to begin thinking about economic unfreedom from a young age.[citation needed]

In Development as Freedom, Sen outlines five specific types of freedoms: political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security. Political freedoms refer to the ability of the people to have a voice in government and to be able to scrutinize the authorities. Economic facilities concern both the resources within the market and the market mechanism itself. Any focus on income and wealth in the country would serve to increase the economic facilities for the people. Social opportunities deal with the establishments that provide benefits like healthcare or education for the populace, allowing individuals to live better lives. Transparency guarantees allow individuals to interact with some degree of trust and knowledge of the interaction. Protective security is the system of social safety nets that prevent a group affected by poverty being subjected to terrible misery. Before Sen's work, these had been viewed as only the ends of development; luxuries afforded to countries that focus on increasing income. However, Sen argues that the increase in real freedoms should be both the ends and the means of development. He elaborates upon this by illustrating the closely interconnected natures of the five main freedoms as he believes that expansion of one of those freedoms can lead to expansion in another one as well. In this regard he discusses the correlation between social opportunities of education and health and how both of these complement economic and political freedoms as a healthy and well-educated person is better suited to make informed economic decisions and be involved in fruitful political demonstrations etc. A comparison is also drawn between China and India to illustrate this interdependence of freedoms. Both countries were working towards developing their economies, China since 1979 and India since 1991.[citation needed]

Welfare economics seeks to evaluate economic policies in terms of their effects on the well-being of the community. Sen, who devoted his career to such issues, was called the "conscience of his profession". His influential monograph Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1970), which addressed problems related to individual rights (including formulation of the liberal paradox), justice and equity, majority rule, and the availability of information about individual conditions, inspired researchers to turn their attention to issues of basic welfare. Sen devised methods of measuring poverty that yielded useful information for improving economic conditions for the poor. For instance, his theoretical work on inequality provided an explanation for why there are fewer women than men in India[28] and in China despite the fact that in the West and in poor but medically unbiased countries, women have lower mortality rates at all ages, live longer, and make a slight majority of the population. Sen claimed that this skewed ratio results from the better health treatment and childhood opportunities afforded boys in those countries, as well as sex-selective abortions.[citation needed]

Governments and international organisations handling food crises were influenced by Sen's work. His views encouraged policy makers to pay attention not only to alleviating immediate suffering but also to finding ways to replace the lost income of the poor—for example through public works—and to maintain stable prices for food. A vigorous defender of political freedom, Sen believed that famines do not occur in functioning democracies because their leaders must be more responsive to the demands of the citizens. In order for economic growth to be achieved, he argued, social reforms—such as improvements in education and public health—must precede economic reform.[29]

In 2009, Sen published a book called The Idea of Justice.[1] Based on his previous work in welfare economics and social choice theory, but also on his philosophical thoughts, Sen presented his own theory of justice that he meant to be an alternative to the influential modern theories of justice of John Rawls or John Harsanyi. In opposition to Rawls but also earlier justice theoreticians Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau or David Hume, and inspired by the philosophical works of Adam Smith and Mary Wollstonecraft, Sen developed a theory that is both comparative and realisations-oriented (instead of being transcendental and institutional). However, he still regards institutions and processes as being equally important. As an alternative to Rawls's veil of ignorance, Sen chose the thought experiment of an impartial spectator as the basis of his theory of justice. He also stressed the importance of public discussion (understanding democracy in the sense of John Stuart Mill) and a focus on people's capabilities (an approach that he had co-developed), including the notion of universal human rights, in evaluating various states with regard to justice.[citation needed]

Career

Sen began his career both as a teacher and a research scholar in the Department of Economics, Jadavpur University as a professor of economics in 1956. He spent two years in that position. From 1957 to 1963, Sen served as a fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Between 1960 and 1961, Sen was a visiting professor at Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States, where he got to know Paul Samuelson, Robert Solow, Franco Modigliani, and Norbert Wiener.[30] He was also a visiting professor at the University of California, Berkeley (1964–1965) and Cornell University (1978–1984). He taught as Professor of Economics between 1963 and 1971 at the Delhi School of Economics (where he completed his magnum opus, Collective Choice and Social Welfare, in 1969).[31]

Sen with 13th Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh

During this time Sen was also a frequent visitor to various other premiere Indian economic schools and centres of excellence, such as Jawaharlal Nehru University, the Indian Statistical Institute, the Centre for Development Studies, Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics, and the Centre for Studies in Social Sciences. He was a companion of distinguished economists like Manmohan Singh (ex-Prime Minister of India and a veteran economist responsible for liberalizing the Indian economy), K. N. Raj (advisor to various prime ministers and a veteran economist who was the founder of the Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, which is one of India's premier think tanks and schools), and Jagdish Bhagwati (who is known to be one of the greatest Indian economists in the field of international trade and currently teaches at Columbia University). This is a period considered to be a Golden Period in the history of the DSE. In 1971, he joined the London School of Economics as a professor of economics, and taught there until 1977. From 1977 to 1988, he taught at the University of Oxford, where he was first a professor of economics and fellow of Nuffield College, and then from 1980 the Drummond Professor of Political Economy and a fellow of All Souls College, Oxford.[citation needed]

In 1987, Sen joined Harvard as the Thomas W. Lamont University Professor of Economics. In 1998 he was appointed as Master of Trinity College, Cambridge,[32] becoming the first Asian head of an Oxbridge college.[33] In January 2004, Sen returned to Harvard. He also established the Eva Colorni Trust at the former London Guildhall University in the name of his deceased wife.[citation needed]

Sen with 13th President of India Pranab Mukherjee at Rashtrapati Bhavan in 2012

In May 2007, he was appointed as chairman[34] of Nalanda Mentor Group to examine the framework of international cooperation, and proposed structure of partnership, which would govern the establishment of Nalanda International University as an international centre of education seeking to revive the ancient center of higher learning which was present in India from the fifth century to 1197.[citation needed]

He chaired the Social Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2009 to 2011, and the Humanities jury from 2012 to 2018.[35]

On 19 July 2012, Sen was named the first chancellor of the proposed Nalanda University (NU).[36] Sen was criticized as the project suffered due to inordinate delays, mismanagement, and lack of presence of faculty on ground.[37] Finally teaching began in August 2014. On 20 February 2015, Sen withdrew his candidature for a second term.[citation needed]

Memberships and associations

He has served as president of the Econometric Society (1984), the International Economic Association (1986–1989), the Indian Economic Association (1989) and the American Economic Association (1994). He has also served as president of the Development Studies Association and the Human Development and Capability Association. He serves as the honorary director of the Academic Advisory Committee of the Center for Human and Economic Development Studies at Peking University in China.[38]

Sen has been called "the Conscience of the profession" and "the Mother Teresa of Economics"[39][40] for his work on famine, human development theory, welfare economics, the underlying mechanisms of poverty, gender inequality, and political liberalism. However, he denies the comparison to Mother Teresa, saying that he has never tried to follow a lifestyle of dedicated self-sacrifice.[41] Amartya Sen also added his voice to the campaign against the anti-gay Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.[42]

Sen has served as Honorary Chairman of Oxfam, the UK based international development charity, and is now its Honorary Advisor.[43][44]

Sen is also a member of the Berggruen Institute's 21st Century Council.[45]

Sen is an Honorary Fellow of St Edmund's College, Cambridge.[46]

He is also one of the 25 leading figures on the Information and Democracy Commission launched by Reporters Without Borders.[47]

Media and culture

A 56-minute documentary named Amartya Sen: A Life Re-examined directed by Suman Ghosh details his life and work.[48][49] A documentary about Amartya Sen, titled The Argumentative Indian (the title of one of Sen's own books[50]), was released in 2017.[51]

A 2001 portrait of Sen by Annabel Cullen is in Trinity College's collection.[52] A 2003 portrait of Sen hangs in the National Portrait Gallery in London.[53]

In 2011, he was present at the Rabindra Utsab ceremony at Bangabandhu International Conference Centre (BICC), Bangladesh. He unveiled the cover of Sruti Gitobitan, a Rabindrasangeet album comprising all the 2222 Tagore songs, brought out by Rezwana Chowdhury Bannya, principal of Shurer Dhara School of Music.[54]

Max Roser said that it was the work of Sen that made him create Our World in Data.[55]

Political views

Sen was critical of Indian politician Narendra Modi when he was announced as its prime ministerial candidate by the BJP. In April 2014, he said that Modi would not make a good Prime Minister.[56] He conceded later in December 2014 that Modi did give people a sense of faith that things can happen.[57] In February 2015, Sen opted out of seeking a second term for the chancellor post of Nalanda University, stating that the Government of India was not keen on him continuing in the post.[58]

In August 2019, during the clampdown and curfew in Kashmir for more than two weeks after the Indian revocation of Jammu and Kashmir's special status, Sen criticized the government and said "As an Indian, I am not proud of the fact that India, after having done so much to achieve a democratic norm in the world – where India was the first non-Western country to go for democracy – that we lose that reputation on the grounds of action that have been taken".[59][60] He regarded the detention of Kashmiri political leaders as "a classical colonial excuse" to prevent backlash against the Indian government's decision and called for a democratic solution that would involve Kashmiri people.[61]

Sen has spent much of his later life as a political writer and activist. He has been outspoken about Narendra Modi's leadership in India. In an interview with the New York Times, he claimed that Modi's fearmongering among the Indian people was anti-democratic. "The big thing that we know from John Stuart Mill is that democracy is government by discussion, and, if you make discussion fearful, you are not going to get a democracy, no matter how you count the votes." He disagreed with Modi's ideology of Hindu nationalism, and advocated for a more integrated and diverse ideology that reflects the heterogeneity of India.[62]

Sen also wrote an article for the New York Times documenting the reasons why India trails behind China in economic development. He advocates for healthcare reform, because low-income people in India have to deal with exploitative and inadequate private healthcare. He recommends India implement the same education policies that Japan did in the late 19th century. However, he realizes that there is a tradeoff between democracy and progress in Asia because democracy is a near reality in India and not in China.[63]

In a 1999 article in The Atlantic, Sen recommended for India a middle path between the "hard-knocks" development policy that creates wealth at the expense of civil liberties, and radical progressivism that only seeks to protect civil liberties at the expense of development. Rather than create an entirely new theory for ethical development in Asia, Sen sought to reform the current development model.[64]

Personal life and beliefs

Sen with his wife Emma Rothschild.

Sen has been married three times. His first wife was Nabaneeta Dev Sen, an Indian writer and scholar, with whom he had two daughters: Antara, a journalist and publisher, and Nandana, a Bollywood actress. Their marriage broke up shortly after they moved to London in 1971.[39] In 1978 Sen married Eva Colorni, an Italian economist, daughter of Eugenio Colorni and Ursula Hirschmann and niece of Albert O. Hirschman. The couple had two children, a daughter Indrani, who is a journalist in New York, and a son Kabir, a hip hop artist, MC, and music teacher at Shady Hill School. Eva died of cancer in 1985.[39] In 1991, Sen married Emma Georgina Rothschild, who serves as the Jeremy and Jane Knowles Professor of History at Harvard University.[citation needed]

The Sens have a house in Cambridge, Massachusetts, which is the base from which they teach during the academic year. They also have a home in Cambridge, England, where Sen is a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Rothschild is a Fellow of Magdalene College. He usually spends his winter holidays at his home in Shantiniketan in West Bengal, India, where he used to go on long bike rides until recently. Asked how he relaxes, he replies: "I read a lot and like arguing with people."[39]

Sen is an atheist.[65] In an interview, he noted:[66]

In some ways people had got used to the idea that India was spiritual and religion-oriented. That gave a leg up to the religious interpretation of India, despite the fact that Sanskrit had a larger atheistic literature than exists in any other classical language. Madhava Acharya, the remarkable 14th century philosopher,[67] wrote this rather great book called Sarvadarshansamgraha, which discussed all the religious schools of thought within the Hindu structure. The first chapter is "Atheism"—a very strong presentation of the argument in favor of atheism and materialism.

Awards and honours

Sen has received over 90 honorary degrees from universities around the world.[68] In 2019, London School of Economics announced the creation of the Amartya Sen Chair in Inequality Studies.[69]

Bibliography

Books

Reviewed in the Social Scientist: Sanyal, Amal (October 1983). ""Choice, welfare and measurement" by Amartya Sen". Social Scientist. 11 (10): 49–56. doi:10.2307/3517043. JSTOR 3517043.
  • Sen, Amartya (1970). Collective Choice and Social Welfare (1st ed.). San Francisco, California: Holden-Day. ISBN 9780816277650.
  • Sen, Amartya (1997). Resources, Values, and Development. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674765269.
  • Sen, Amartya (1985). Commodities and Capabilities (1st ed.). New York: North-Holland Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. ISBN 9780444877307.
Reviewed in The Economic Journal.[79]
Review in Asia Times.[80]
Review The Guardian.[81]
Review The Washington Post.[82]

Chapters in books

Reprinted in Sen, Amartya (2012), "Development as capability expansion", in Saegert, Susan; DeFilippis, James (eds.), The community development reader, New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780415507769.

Journal articles

Lecture transcripts

News coverage of the 1998 Romanes Lecture in the Oxford University Gazette.[83]

Papers

Selected works in Persian

A list of Persian translations of Amartya Sen's work is available here Archived 20 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine

See also

References

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b Sen, Amartya (2010). The Idea of Justice. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780141037851.
  2. ^ Deneulin, Séverine (2009). "Book Reviews: Intellectual Roots of Amartya Sen: Aristotle, Adam Smith and Karl Marx". Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 10 (2): 305–306. doi:10.1080/19452820902941628. S2CID 216114489.
  3. ^ Nayak, Purusottam (2000). "Understanding the Entitlement Approach to Famine". Journal of Assam University. 5: 60–65.
  4. ^ "President Obama Awards 2011 National Humanities Medals". National Endowment for the Humanities. 13 December 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  5. ^ "University Professorships". Harvard University. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  6. ^ "The Master of Trinity". University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 27 December 2020.
  7. ^ "Indian Nobel laureate Amartya Sen honoured in US". The British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  8. ^ "Legends of Bengal West Bengal Tourism". Dept. of Tourism, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 24 May 2021.
  9. ^ "Bengal does have its caste divisions, but only at the subterranean level". Economic Times Blog. 6 May 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
  10. ^ Loiwal, Manogya (12 July 2018). "Govt needs to improve public schools: Amartya Sen at Shantiniketan". India Today. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  11. ^ One on One – Amartya Sen, retrieved 11 June 2020
  12. ^ "Amartya Sen – Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  13. ^ Riz Khan interviewing Amartya Sen (21 August 2010). One on One Amartya Sen (Television production). Al Jazeera. Event occurs at 18:40 minutes in. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  14. ^ fionaholland (11 October 2021). "At home with Professor Amartya Sen". Trinity College Cambridge. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
  15. ^ "Amartya Sen – Biographical: Philosophy and economics". The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998. Nobel Prize. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  16. ^ "Amartya Sen – Biographical". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  17. ^ "Amartya Sen – Biographical: Cambridge as a battleground". The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998. Nobel Prize. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  18. ^ Professor Quentin Skinner and Alan Macfarlane (2 June 2008). Interview of Professor Quentin Skinner  – part 2 (Video). Cambridge. 57:55 minutes in – via YouTube.
  19. ^ Benicourt, Emmanuelle (1 September 2002). "Is Amartya Sen a post-autistic economist?". Post-Autistic Economics Review (15): article 4. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  20. ^ Sachs, Jeffrey (26 October 1998). "The real causes of famine: a Nobel laureate blames authoritarian rulers". Time. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  21. ^ Sen (1999, p. 16). Similarly, on p. 176, he wrote, "there has never been a famine in a functioning multiparty democracy."
  22. ^ United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, ed. (2010). "Overview | Celebrating 20 years of human development". Human Development Report 2010 | 20th anniversary edition | the real wealth of nations: pathways to human development. New York: United Nations Development Programme. p. 2. ISBN 9780230284456. ...the first HDR called for a different approach to economics and development – one that put people at the centre. The approach was anchored in a new vision of development, inspired by the creative passion and vision of Mahbub ul Haq, the lead author of the early HDRs, and the ground-breaking work of Amartya Sen. Pdf version.
  23. ^ Batterbury, Simon; Fernando, Jude (2004), "Amartya Sen", in Hubbard, Phil; Kitchin, Rob; Valentine, Gill (eds.), Key thinkers on space and place, London: Sage, pp. 251–257, ISBN 9780761949626. Draft
  24. ^ Sen, Amartya (2010), "Equality of what?", in MacMurrin, Sterling M. (ed.), The Tanner lectures on human values, vol. 4 (2nd ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 195–220, ISBN 978-0521176415 Pdf version. Archived 19 June 2021 at the Wayback Machine
  25. ^ Nussbaum, Martha (2000). Women and human development: the capabilities approach. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521003858.
  26. ^ Oster, Emily; Chen, Gang (2010). "Hepatitis B does not explain male-biased sex ratios in China" (PDF). Economics Letters. 107 (2): 142–144. doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2010.01.007. S2CID 9071877.
  27. ^ Sen, Amartya (1998). Development as Freedom. Anchor. ISBN 978-0385720274.
  28. ^ Sen, Amartya (27 October – 9 November 2001). "Many Faces of Gender Inequality". Frontline. 18 (22).
  29. ^ "Amartya Sen | Indian economist". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 26 April 2016.
  30. ^ "Amartya Sen | Biographical: opening paragraph". The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998. Nobel Prize. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  31. ^ "Amartya Sen | Biographical: Delhi School of Economics". The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1998. Nobel Prize. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
  32. ^ "Prof. Amartya Sen". Trinity College, Cambridge. University of Cambridge. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  33. ^ Tonkin, Boyd (5 July 2013). "Amartya Sen: The taste of true freedom". Archived from the original on 13 July 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
  34. ^ "Ministry of External Affairs, Press Release: Nalanda University Bill". Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 11 August 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2012. The University of Nalanda is proposed to be established under the aegis of the East Asia Summit (EAS), as a regional initiative. Government of India constituted a Nalanda Mentor Group (NMG) in 2007, under the Chairmanship of Prof. Amartya Sen...
  35. ^ "Infosys Prize – Jury 2011". Infosys Science Foundation. 30 December 2020.
  36. ^ Ahmad, Faizan (20 July 2012). "Amartya Sen named Nalanda University chancellor". The Times of India. India. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  37. ^ Puri, Anjali (4 March 2015). "Nalanda University: What went wrong?". Business Standard India. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  38. ^ "People: Key committees 1. | Academic Advisory Committee, Honorary Director: Amartya Sen". Center for Human and Economic Development Studies (CHEDS), Peking University. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2011.
  39. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Steele, Jonathan (19 April 2001). "The Guardian Profile: Amartya Sen". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
  40. ^ Coy, Peter (25 October 1998). "Commentary: The Mother Teresa of economics". Bloomberg BusinessWeek. New York. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  41. ^ Bill, Dunlop (31 August 2010). "Book Festival: Amartya Sen, Nobel prize-winning welfare economist". Edinburgh: Edinburgh Guide. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  42. ^ Ramesh, Randeep (18 September 2006). "India's literary elite call for anti-gay law to be scrapped". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
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  44. ^ Steele, Jonathan (31 March 2001). "The Guardian Profile: Amartya Sen". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 29 December 2017.
  45. ^ "Berggruen Institute". Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
  46. ^ "St Edmund's College – University of Cambridge". st-edmunds.cam.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 10 September 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2018.
  47. ^ "Amartya Sen | Reporters without borders". RSF. 9 September 2018. Retrieved 3 March 2021.
  48. ^ "Amartya Sen: A Life Reexamined, A Film" (PDF). Icarus Films newsletter. Brooklyn, New York: First Run/Icarus Films. 2005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012.
  49. ^ Gupta, Aparajita (1 January 2012). "Nobel laureate's life on silver screen". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2012.
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  51. ^ The Argumentative Indian, retrieved 29 October 2019
  52. ^ Artist: Annabel Cullen | Subject: Amartya Sen (2001). Amartya Sen (b.1933), Master (1998–2004), Economist and Philosopher (Painting). Trinity College, University of Cambridge: Art UK.
  53. ^ Artist: Antony Williams | Subject: Amartya Sen (2003). Amartya Sen (Painting). National Portrait Gallery, London.
  54. ^ প্রিয়.কম. Priyo.com (in Bengali). Archived from the original on 25 February 2015. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
  55. ^ "History of Our World in Data". Our World in Data. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  56. ^ "Narendra Modi is not a good PM candidate: Amartya Sen". NDTV.
  57. ^ "Narendra Modi did give people a sense of faith that things can happen". The Indian Express.
  58. ^ "Amartya Sen Quits Nalanda".
  59. ^ "Not Proud As An Indian...": Amartya Sen's Critique Of Kashmir Move, NDTV, 19 August 2019.
  60. ^ Kashmir without democracy not acceptable: Amartya Archived 20 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, New Nation, 19 August 2019.
  61. ^ J&K Detentions "A Classic Colonial Excuse": Amartya Sen, NDTV, 19 August 2019.
  62. ^ Chotiner, Isaac, and Eliza Griswold. "Amartya Sen's Hopes and Fears for Indian Democracy." The New Yorker, 6 Oct. 2019.
  63. ^ "Why India Trails China." New York Times, 20 June 2013.
  64. ^ Kapur, Akash (December 1999). "A Third Way for the Third World". The Atlantic Monthly. pp. 124–129.
  65. ^ Chanda, Arup (28 December 1998). "Market economy not the panacea, says Sen". Rediff on the Net. Retrieved 16 June 2014. Although this is a personal matter... But the answer to your question is: No. I do not believe in god.
  66. ^ Bardhan, Pranab (July–August 2006). "The arguing Indian". California Magazine. Cal Alumni Association UC Berkeley. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  67. ^ Not to be confused with Madhvacharya of Dwaitya vedanta the 13th century saint, this book is by a different philosopher of the 14th century http://www.gutenberg.org/files/34125/34125-h/34125-h.htm
  68. ^ "Curriculum Vitae: Amartya Sen" (PDF). Harvard University. January 2013. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  69. ^ "LSE announces Amartya Sen Chair in Inequality Studies". London School of Economics. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 20 May 2019.
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  71. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 10 December 2021.
  72. ^ "Professor Amartya Sen receives awards from the governments of France and Mexico". Harvard University | Department of Economics. 18 December 2012. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
  73. ^ "Chevalier de la légion d'honneur à M. Amartya SEN" (Given by Fabien Fieschi, Consul General of France in the USA). 27 November 2012. Retrieved 24 June 2017.
  74. ^ Ghosh, Deepshikha (14 December 2013). "If you get an honour you think you don't deserve, it's still very pleasant: Amartya Sen". New Delhi: NDTV. Retrieved 16 June 2014.
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  76. ^ "Economist Amartya Sen awarded Bodley Medal". Bodleian Libraries. Retrieved 28 March 2019.
  77. ^ "Friedenspreis 2020 Amartya Sen" (in German). Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  78. ^ "Laureates – Princess of Asturias Awards". The Princess of Asturias Foundation. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  79. ^ Sugden, Robert (September 1986). ""Commodities and Capabilities" by Amartya Sen". The Economic Journal. 96 (383): 820–822. doi:10.2307/2232999. JSTOR 2232999. S2CID 152766121.
  80. ^ Mathur, Piyush (31 October 2003). "Revisiting a classic 'Development as Freedom' by Amartya Sen". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2014.
  81. ^ Mishra, Pankaj (9 July 2005). "In defence of reason (book review)". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  82. ^ Tharoor, Shashi (16 October 2005). "A passage to India". The Washington Post. Washington D.C. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  83. ^ Sen, Amartya (17 December 1998). "Reason must always come before identity, says Sen". University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 22 September 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  84. ^ Thomas, Jayan Jose (27 June 2021). "The Achievements and Challenges of the Kerala 'Model'". The India Forum. Retrieved 29 November 2022.

Further reading

  • Britz, Johannes, Anthony Hoffmann, Shana Ponelis, Michael Zimmer, and Peter Lor. 2013. “On Considering the Application of Amartya Sen’s Capability Approach to an Information-Based Rights Framework.” Information Development 29 (2): 106–13.
  • Forman-Barzilai, Fonna (2012), "Taking a broader view of humanity: an interview with Amartya Sen.", in Browning, Gary; Dimova-Cookson, Maria; Prokhovnik, Raia (eds.), Dialogues with contemporary political theorists, Houndsmill, Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 170–180, ISBN 9780230303058
  • Various (2003). "Special issue, on Amartya Sen". Feminist Economics. 9 (2–3).
  • Amartya Sen Biographical

External links

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