어머니 (소설)
 | |
| 저자 | 막심 고리키 |
|---|---|
| 국가 |  러시아 제국 |
| 언어 | 러시아어 |
| 장르 | 리얼리즘 소설 |
| 발행일 | 1907년 |
《어머니》(러시아어: Мать)는 1907년 출판된 막심 고리키의 장편 소설이다. 억압과 무지에 찌들어있던 러시아 제국 사회의 전형적인 프롤레타리아 계급 여인이 사회주의자인 아들을 통해 각성해나가는 이야기를 그리고 있다. 소설은 1905년 러시아 혁명 당시의 공장 노동자들의 활동을 배경으로 하고 있으며 여러 차례 영화로 제작되었다. 1932년 독일의 극작가 베르톨트 브레히트는 이 소설을 바탕으로 《어머니》를 집필하였다.
배경[편집]
《어머니》는 러시아 혁명을 배경으로 한 고리키의 유일한 장편 소설이자[1] 그의 대표작이다.[2] 고리키는 1906년 미국 여행중에 이 소설을 집필하였다. 소설은 1905년 러시아 혁명의 정당성을 알리고 프롤레타리아 혁명의 당위를 설파하려는 정치적 목적을 가지고 집필되었다.[2]
소설에 등장하는 어머니와 아들은 실존 인물인 안나 잘로모바와 그의 아들 피오트르 잘로모프의 이야기를 소재로 하였다. 고리키는 자신의 집에 들렀던 안나 잘로모바가 들려 준 이야기를 소설의 소재로 엮었다. 1902년 고리키가 살던 니즈니노브고로드의 소르모프스키 구에서 노동절 시위가 있었다. 이 시위에 가담한 피오르트가 차르의 경찰에게 체포되자 그의 어머니 안나는 아들을 따라 혁명 활동에 가담하였다.[2][3]
줄거리[편집]
소설 속에서 고리키는 주인공을 수공업 공장에서 일하며 힘겹게 살아가는 여성 노동자로 그렸다. 주인공 펠라게바 닐로프냐 블라소바의 남편은 술주정뱅이였고 그녀와 자식들을 학대하다 아무것도 남기지 않고 세상을 떠났다. 아들 파벨 블라소프는 제 아비를 빼어박아 그 역시 술을 마시고 제 삶을 돌보지 않았지만, 혁명 활동에 가담하게 되면서 술을 끊고 집에서 책을 읽기 시작하였다. 닐프로냐는 문맹이었고 정치에 아무런 관심이 없었서 아들의 변화가 두려웠지만 그를 돕고 싶었다. 닐프로냐는 아들의 체포 이후 혁명에 가담하게 되면서 점차 스스로의 무지를 깨고 혁명가로 변화하게 된다.[2]
영향[편집]
《어머니》는 20세기에 세계적인 영향을 미친 책들 가운데 하나이다.[4] 1926년 프세볼로트 푸돕킨은 동명의 영화를 제작하였다.[5] 1932년에는 브레히트가 동명의 희곡으로 각색하여 공연하였다.[6] 1955년에는 소련의 영화 제작자 마르크 돈스코이가 영화로 제작하였고, 1990년에도 러시아의 영화 감독 글레브 판필로프가 영화로 제작하였다.[7]
대한민국[편집]
군사 독재 시절 한국에서 고리키의 소설은 금서였다. 학생 운동가들은 영어판을 몰래 들여와 해적판을 만들어 유통시키기도 하였다. 대한민국에서 처음으로 정식 출판된 것은 1985년 이었다.[8] 주로 노동운동과 관련한 책을 출판하던 지금은 없어진 석탑출판사에서 발행하였으며 표지 판화는 홍성담이 제작하였다.[9] 1980년대 민주화 운동에 참여한 사람들에게 고리키의 《어머니》는 일종의 필독서였다.[10]
아들을 잃고 운동에 헌신한다는 줄거리는 많은 사람들에게 전태일의 어머니 이소선을 떠올리게 하였다.[11]
같이 보기[편집]
각주[편집]
- ↑ “Maksim Gorky”. 《Encyclopædia Britannica》. 2015년 10월 1일에 확인함.
- ↑ 가 나 다 라 Sollars, Michael David; Jennings, Arbolina Llamas, 편집. (2015년 4월 22일). 《Encyclopedia of the World Novel Companion to literature》. Infobase Learning. 1409쪽. ISBN 9781438140735.
- ↑ Margaret Wettlin (2008). 《Maxim Gorky Mother》. Read Books. ISBN 9781443724784.
- ↑ Paul D. Morris. 《Representation and the Twentieth-century Novel: Studies in Gorky, Joyce and Pynchon》. Königshausen & Neumann. 85쪽. ISBN 9783826030345.
- ↑ Hutchings, Stephen; Vernitskaia, Anat, 편집. (2004). 《Russian and Soviet Film Adaptations of Literature, 1900–2001: Screening the Word》. Routledge. 25쪽. ISBN 9781134400584.
- ↑ Willett, John (1959). 《The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects.》. London: Methuen. 45쪽. ISBN 0-413-34360-X.
- ↑ Sabine Haenni; Sarah Barrow; John White (2014). 《The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films》. Routledge. 185쪽. ISBN 9781317682615.
- ↑ 신영복, 《손잡고 더불어:신영복과의 대화》, 돌베개,
- ↑ 〈책속의 그림이야기-26〉 막심고리키'어머니' 홍성담 판화'어머니', 부산일보, 1997년 7월 29일
- ↑ 러시아 고전과 고리키의 『어머니』 Archived 2018년 1월 22일 - 웨이백 머신, 중대신문, 2009년 11월 2일
- ↑ 〈월요인터뷰〉‘노동자들의 어머니’이소선 여사, 경향신문, 2001년 1월 28일
외부 링크[편집]
Mother (novel)
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Mother
First edition
Author Maxim Gorky
Original title Мать
Illustrator Sigmund de Ivanowsky
Language Russian
Publisher D. Appleton & Company
Published in English 1906
Mother (Russian: Мать, romanized: Mat') is a novel written by Maxim Gorky in 1906 about revolutionary factory workers. It was first published, in English, in Appleton's Magazine in 1906,[1] then in Russian in 1907.
The work was translated into many languages, and was made into a number of films. The German playwright Bertolt Brecht and his collaborators based their 1932 play The Mother on this novel. Modern critics consider it possibly the least successful of Gorky's novels, however, they call it Gorky's most important novel written before 1917.
Contents
1Background
2Plot
3Popular and critical reception
4Adaptations
5References
6External links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
Mother
First edition
Author Maxim Gorky
Original title Мать
Illustrator Sigmund de Ivanowsky
Language Russian
Publisher D. Appleton & Company
Published in English 1906
Mother (Russian: Мать, romanized: Mat') is a novel written by Maxim Gorky in 1906 about revolutionary factory workers. It was first published, in English, in Appleton's Magazine in 1906,[1] then in Russian in 1907.
The work was translated into many languages, and was made into a number of films. The German playwright Bertolt Brecht and his collaborators based their 1932 play The Mother on this novel. Modern critics consider it possibly the least successful of Gorky's novels, however, they call it Gorky's most important novel written before 1917.
Contents
1Background
2Plot
3Popular and critical reception
4Adaptations
5References
6External links
Background[edit]
Gorky wrote the novel on a trip to the United States in 1906. The political agenda behind the novel was clear. In 1905, after the defeat of Russia's first revolution, Gorky tried to raise the spirit of the proletarian movement by conveying the political agenda among the readers through his work. He was trying to raise spirit among the revolutionaries to battle the defeatist mood.[2]
Gorky was personally connected to the novel as it is based on real life events, revolving around Anna Zalomova and her son Piotr Zalomov. Gorky, being a distant relative of Anna Zalomova who visited Gorky's family when he was a child, had a deeper connection to the story. The event took place during a May Day demonstration in Sormovo in 1902. The shipbuilding town of Sormovo was near Gorky's native town, Nizhny Novgorod, where after the arrest of Piotr Zalomov by tsarist police, his mother, Anna Zalomova followed him into revolutionary activity.[2][3]
Plot[edit]
In his novel, Gorky portrays the life of a woman who works in a Russian factory doing hard manual labour and combating poverty and hunger, among other hardships. Pelageya Nilovna Vlasova is the real protagonist; her husband, a heavy drunkard, physically assaults her and leaves all the responsibility for raising their son, Pavel Vlasov, to her, but unexpectedly dies. Pavel noticeably begins to emulate his father in his drunkenness and stammer, but suddenly becomes involved in revolutionary activities. Abandoning drinking, Pavel starts to bring books to his home. Being illiterate and having no political interest, Nilovna is at first cautious about Pavel's new activities. However, she wants to help him. Pavel is shown as the main revolutionary character. Nevertheless Nilovna, moved by her maternal feelings and, though uneducated, overcoming her political ignorance to become involved in revolution, is considered the true protagonist of the novel.[2]
Popular and critical reception[edit]
Mother is the only big novel of Gorky on the Russian revolutionary movement; however, of all his novels, it is possibly the least successful. Nevertheless, it remains the best known work of Gorky among the author's other novels.[2] Modern critics consider it Gorky's most important pre-revolutionary novel because of the vivid image of his "God-Builder" ideas.[4]
After Gorky's return to the Soviet Union, the novel was declared by authorities as "the first work of Socialist realism", and Gorky as its "founder". Nevertheless, Gorky called Mother "one of his worst things".[5]
Numerous artistic flaws of Mother and Gorky's other novels, written before 1910 have been widely described in reviews and critical essays by Korney Chukovsky, Andrei Sinyavsky, Ilya Serman, Marylin Minto and many others. As Minto notes, Nilovna's portrayal is very successful, but the other characters are one-dimensional.[6]
Adaptations[edit]
Being considered one of the most influential novels of the century worldwide,[7] Mother was made in 1926 into a silent film under Vsevolod Pudovkin's direction with the same name.[8] In the following years, in 1932 the novel was dramatized into a play by German playwright Bertolt Brecht in Die Mutter.[9] In the later years, the novel was adapted in two other films of the same name. Mark Donskoy's Mother which released in 1955 and Gleb Panfilov's Mother (1990).[10] Ilaignan, a 2011 Indian Tamil-language period action film directed by Suresh Krishna is based on the novel.[11]
References[edit]
- ^ "Mother". Appleton's Magazine. Vol. VII. New York. July–December 1906. pp. 721ff.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d Sollars, Michael David; Jennings, Arbolina Llamas, eds. (2015). Encyclopedia of the World Novel. Companion to literature. Infobase Learning. p. 1409. ISBN 9781438140735.
- ^ Margaret Wettlin (2008). Maxim Gorky Mother. Read Books. ISBN 9781443724784.
- ^ "Maksim Gorky". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved October 2, 2021.
- ^ "Мать". Рассказы. Очерк. 1906—1910. Полное собрание сочинений. Художественные произведения в 25 томах (in Russian). Том 8. Moscow: Nauka. 1970.
- ^ Reference Guide to Russian Literature. Edited by Neil Cornwell - Google Books
- ^ Paul D. Morris (2005). Representation and the Twentieth-century Novel: Studies in Gorky, Joyce and Pynchon. Königshausen & Neumann. p. 85. ISBN 9783826030345.
- ^ Hutchings, Stephen; Vernitskaia, Anat, eds. (2004). Russian and Soviet Film Adaptations of Literature, 1900–2001: Screening the Word. Routledge. p. 25. ISBN 9781134400584.
- ^ Willett, John (1959). The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects. London: Methuen. p. 45. ISBN 0-413-34360-X.
- ^ Sabine Haenni; Sarah Barrow; John White (2014). The Routledge Encyclopedia of Films. Routledge. p. 185. ISBN 9781317682615.
- ^ "CM to launch 'Ilaignan'". Indiaglitz. April 24, 2010. Retrieved March 16, 2016.
Maxim Gorky, Mother at marxists.org
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