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위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
카리스마적 기독교(Charismatic Christianity)란 믿는자의 삶의 모든 부분으로서 성령의 역사, 영적 은사 및 오늘날의 기적들을 강조하는 기독교의 한 형태이다. 이런 실천자들을 카리스마적 기독교인들 혹은 중생자들이라고 부른다.
일반적으로 카리스마적인 기독교는 종종 오순절주의, 은사주의 및 신 카리스마 운동이라는 3 개의 분리 된 그룹으로 분류된다. 퓨 리서치 센터 (Pew Research Center)에 따르면, 오순절 교회와 카리스마적인 기독교인은 2011년에 5억 4천 4백만 명으로 전세계 기독교인 20 억 명 중 4분의 1로 추정된다.
어원[편집]
카리스마적이라는 단어의 뿌리인 카리스마(χάρισμα)란 은혜 혹은 선물을 의미한다.[1][2]
=======
Charismatic Christianity is a form of Christianity that emphasizes the work of the Holy Spirit and spiritual gifts as an everyday part of a believer's life.[1]
It has a global presence in the Christian community.[2] Practitioners are often called Charismatic Christians or Renewalists. Although there is considerable overlap, Charismatic Christianity is often categorized into three separate groups: Pentecostalism, the Charismatic movement (which is spread across historical Christian denominations), and the Neo-charismatic movement.
Charismatic Christianity grew out of Protestantism[3] and is distinguished from Pentecostalism by making the act of speaking in tongues no longer necessary as evidence of baptism with the Holy Spirit, and
Charismatic Christianity grew out of Protestantism[3] and is distinguished from Pentecostalism by making the act of speaking in tongues no longer necessary as evidence of baptism with the Holy Spirit, and
giving prominence to a diversity of spiritual gifts. According to the Pew Research Center, Pentecostals and Charismatic Christians number over 584 million worldwide.[4]
Etymology[edit]
The term charismatic derives from the Greek word χάρισμα charisma ("gift", itself derived from χάρις, "grace" or "favor").[5]
The 17th century form charism specifically refers to divine gifts.
Middle English also adopted the word as karisme to refer to gifts of healing and teaching.[6]
History[edit]
With traditions of Pentecostalism already developed in the 18th century out of Protestant evangelicalism,[7] the beginning of the charismatic movement in historic Christian Churches came in 1960 at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California. Dennis Bennett, the church's Rector, announced to the congregation that he had received the outpouring of the Holy Spirit.[8]
Praise and worship during a Catholic Charismatic Renewal healing serviceThe charismatic movement reached Lutherans and Presbyterians in 1962.[9] Among Roman Catholics, it spread around 1967.[10]
Methodists became involved in the charismatic movement in the 1970s.[11]
Some nondenominational evangelical churches decided to follow this movement and take distance from their Pentecostal conventions.[12] Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, California is one of the first evangelical neo-charismatic churches started in 1965.[8] In the United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the impact outside of the United States.[13] The spread of the charismatic movement outside of the US was also encouraged by Bennett, who traveled to Vancouver to minister there.[8] Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.[14] Modern churches internationally have embraced the charismatic movement or adapted their own practices to incorporate it. In the United Kingdom, the house church movement has grown to include charismatic practices. Hillsong Church in Australia is another example of a Pentecostal church that incorporates the charismatic movement.[8] The neo-charismatic movement, also known as the third-wave, has also spread widely since 1970; these churches often reject the charismatic or Pentecostal label but accept the general practice of accepting gifts of the Spirit.[7]
Some scholars attribute the quick and successful spread of charismatic Christianity to its successful use of mass media platforms, but also to the physical experience of religion that it provides, which creates a personal connection to spiritual mediation for believers.[15]
Some nondenominational evangelical churches decided to follow this movement and take distance from their Pentecostal conventions.[12] Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, California is one of the first evangelical neo-charismatic churches started in 1965.[8] In the United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the impact outside of the United States.[13] The spread of the charismatic movement outside of the US was also encouraged by Bennett, who traveled to Vancouver to minister there.[8] Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.[14] Modern churches internationally have embraced the charismatic movement or adapted their own practices to incorporate it. In the United Kingdom, the house church movement has grown to include charismatic practices. Hillsong Church in Australia is another example of a Pentecostal church that incorporates the charismatic movement.[8] The neo-charismatic movement, also known as the third-wave, has also spread widely since 1970; these churches often reject the charismatic or Pentecostal label but accept the general practice of accepting gifts of the Spirit.[7]
Some scholars attribute the quick and successful spread of charismatic Christianity to its successful use of mass media platforms, but also to the physical experience of religion that it provides, which creates a personal connection to spiritual mediation for believers.[15]
Distinguishing beliefs[edit]
Charismatic Christianity is an overarching grouping of connected beliefs and practices, and is not itself strictly defined within specific practices. Denominations within the grouping share a spirituality characterized by a worldview where miracles, signs and wonders, and other supernatural occurrences are expected to be present in the lives of believers.
This includes the presence of spiritual gifts, such as prophecy and healing. While similar in many respects, some sub-groups do differ in important ways. These differences have led to Charismatic Christianity being categorized into three main groups: Pentecostalism, the Charismatic Movement, and Neo-charismatic Movement.[16]
The Charismatic movement has sometimes been related to the New Age revival in the United States from the 1960s and 1970s.[17] Similar characteristics are found in the rise in popularity of Kundalini.[18][19]
The Charismatic movement has sometimes been related to the New Age revival in the United States from the 1960s and 1970s.[17] Similar characteristics are found in the rise in popularity of Kundalini.[18][19]
Pentecostals[edit]
Main article: Pentecostalism
See also: List of Christian denominations § Pentecostalism
Pentecostals are those Christians who identify with the beliefs and practices of classical Pentecostal denominations, such as the Assemblies of God or the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee). Classical Pentecostalism grew out of the holiness movement and developed a distinct identity at the start of the 20th century after being popularized by Charles Fox Parham and his student William Seymour. Seymour founded what is considered the first Pentecostal ministry in Los Angeles in 1906.[7]
At a time when most denominations affirmed cessationism (the belief that spiritual gifts had ceased), Pentecostals held that the gifts of the Holy Spirit were being restored to the Christian church.[20]
The distinctive doctrine of Pentecostalism is that there is a second work of grace after conversion, which Pentecostals call the baptism in the Holy Spirit, that is evidenced by speaking in tongues.[21] Speaking in tongues is considered evidence of the presence of the Spirit.
There are also non-trinitarian Oneness Pentecostals, who share such beliefs on the validity of the spiritual gifts in the modern church, but who differ on varying views on the Godhead and teachings on outward holiness.[22]
Pentecostalism has several core doctrines around which their beliefs are centered; these include salvation through Jesus, healing through Jesus, baptism through Jesus and the Holy Spirit and finally that Jesus is coming again. Pentecostalism is also characterized by moralism, and often forbids followers to drink alcohol or wear jewelry.[7]
Charismatic movement[edit]
Main article: Charismatic movement
See also: List of Christian denominations § Charismatic movement
While early Pentecostals were often marginalized within the larger Christian community, Pentecostal beliefs began penetrating the mainline Protestant denominations from 1960 onward and the Catholic Church from 1967.[23] This adoption of Pentecostal beliefs by those in the historic churches became known as the charismatic movement. Charismatics are defined as Christians who share with Pentecostals an emphasis on the gifts of the Spirit but who remain a part of a mainline church. Also, charismatics are more likely than Pentecostals to believe that glossolalia is not a necessary evidence of Spirit baptism.[21]
This transition occurred following an increased popularity of use of the gifts of spirit during the healing revival period of 1946–1958. Massive interdenominational meetings held by the healing revival evangelists, including William M. Branham, Oral Roberts, A.A. Allen and others, led to increased awareness and acceptance.[24]
The charismatic movement within the historic Christian churches holds that Baptism in the Holy Spirit is the "sovereign action of God, which usually occurs when someone with a disposition of surrender and docility, prays for a fresh outpouring of the Holy Spirit in his or her life."[25][26] Adherents of the Charismatic Movement teach the belief that "baptism in the Holy Spirit unleashes the Holy Spirit that is already present within us, by revitalizing the graces we received in the sacrament of Baptism" and that it "equips and inspires the individual for service, for mission, for discipleship and for life."[25][27][26] Rev. Brenton Cordeiro summarizes that he sees those who received Baptism with the Holy Spirit "testify that the experience brought them to a new awareness of the reality and presence of Jesus Christ in their lives [as well as] a new hunger for the Word of God, the Sacraments and were filled with a renewed desire for holiness."[26]
The charismatic movement within the historic Christian churches holds that Baptism in the Holy Spirit is the "sovereign action of God, which usually occurs when someone with a disposition of surrender and docility, prays for a fresh outpouring of the Holy Spirit in his or her life."[25][26] Adherents of the Charismatic Movement teach the belief that "baptism in the Holy Spirit unleashes the Holy Spirit that is already present within us, by revitalizing the graces we received in the sacrament of Baptism" and that it "equips and inspires the individual for service, for mission, for discipleship and for life."[25][27][26] Rev. Brenton Cordeiro summarizes that he sees those who received Baptism with the Holy Spirit "testify that the experience brought them to a new awareness of the reality and presence of Jesus Christ in their lives [as well as] a new hunger for the Word of God, the Sacraments and were filled with a renewed desire for holiness."[26]
Neo-charismatic movement[edit]
Main article: Neo-charismatic movement
See also: List of Christian denominations § Neo-Charismatic Movement
The fervor seen in the spread of Charismatic Christianity led to the creation of independent evangelical charismatic churches more in tune with this revival of the Holy Spirit. Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, California is one of the first evangelical charismatic churches in 1965.[28] In United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the impact outside the US.[29] Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.[30]
New churches and denominations emerged alongside the Charismatic Movement of the historic Christian Churches since 1970 that are termed neo-charismatic. Accepting neither the label of Pentecostal nor charismatic, they share with these groups a common emphasis on the Holy Spirit, spiritual gifts, miracles, and Pentecostal experiences.[7][31] These groups are often called "The Third Wave", to separate them from the original Pentecostals (the "First Wave") and from the wider charismatic movement of the 1970s (the "Second Wave"). Neo-charismatic churches often consider themselves non-denominational or would not accept the neo-charismatic label, instead drawing from the charismatic practices of spiritual gifts or identifying with wider movements and groups such as the U.S Strategic Prayer Network, the New Apostolic Reformation, or other large religious movements.[32]
Statistics[edit]
In 2011, there were 279 million Pentecostal Christians worldwide, making up 4 percent of the world's population and 12.8 percent of the wider Christian population. Charismatic Christians numbered 305 million, or about 4.4 percent of the world's population and 14 percent of the Christian population. Together, these groups make up 26.8 percent of the world's Christian population and over 8 percent of the world. Regionally, the highest concentration of Charismatic Christians live in the Americas, which houses 48.5 percent of the group. The next highest concentration is in the Asia-Pacific region, with another 29.6 percent of Charismatic Christians residing there.[4]
See also[edit]
Catholic Charismatic Renewal
Cessationism versus Continuationism
Charismatic Adventism
Direct revelation
Faith healing
Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International
Latter Rain (1880s movement)
Latter Rain (post-World War II movement)
Christian laying on of hands
Montanism - a late 2nd-century, heterodox Christian movement which emphasized sensitivity to the leading of the Holy Spirit
Neo-charismatic movement
Renewal theologian
Slain in the Spirit
Word of Knowledge
Word of wisdom
Xenoglossy
Further reading[edit]
Encyclopedic[edit]Burgess, Stanley M., ed. and Eduard M. van der Maas, assoc. ed., The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, revised and expanded edition (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2002); publisher's page
Burgess, Stanley M., ed. Encyclopedia of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity (Routledge, 2006); publisher's page
Supportive[edit]Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Power of the Spirit
Grudem, Wayne. The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today
Maria Stethatos. The Voice of a Priest Crying in the Wilderness
Critical[edit]Braun, Mark E., What can we learn from the Charismatic Movement?, Forward in Christ, Volume 83, Number 10, October 1996
MacArthur, John. Charismatic Chaos
Hanegraaff, Hank. Counterfeit Revival
Gardiner, George E. Corinthian Catastrophe
Warfield, B. B. Counterfeit Miracles
Gaffin, Richard B. Perspectives on Pentecost
O. Palmer Robertson Final Word A response to Wayne Grudem
Michael De Semlyen All Roads Lead To Rome Dorchester House Publications (March 1993)
Davis, R., True to His Ways: Purity & Safety in Christian Spiritual Practice (ACW Press, Ozark, AL, 2006), ISBN 1-932124-61-6.
Neutral[edit]Robbins, Joel (October 2004). Brenneis, Don; Strier, Karen B. (eds.). "The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity". Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews. 33: 117–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421. ISSN 1545-4290. JSTOR 25064848. S2CID 145722188.
Grudem, Wayne (editor). Are Miraculous Gifts for Today?
Literature[edit]Coelho, Paulo. By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept.
References[edit]
Cessationism versus Continuationism
Charismatic Adventism
Direct revelation
Faith healing
Full Gospel Business Men's Fellowship International
Latter Rain (1880s movement)
Latter Rain (post-World War II movement)
Christian laying on of hands
Montanism - a late 2nd-century, heterodox Christian movement which emphasized sensitivity to the leading of the Holy Spirit
Neo-charismatic movement
Renewal theologian
Slain in the Spirit
Word of Knowledge
Word of wisdom
Xenoglossy
Further reading[edit]
Encyclopedic[edit]Burgess, Stanley M., ed. and Eduard M. van der Maas, assoc. ed., The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, revised and expanded edition (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2002); publisher's page
Burgess, Stanley M., ed. Encyclopedia of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity (Routledge, 2006); publisher's page
Supportive[edit]Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Power of the Spirit
Grudem, Wayne. The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today
Maria Stethatos. The Voice of a Priest Crying in the Wilderness
Critical[edit]Braun, Mark E., What can we learn from the Charismatic Movement?, Forward in Christ, Volume 83, Number 10, October 1996
MacArthur, John. Charismatic Chaos
Hanegraaff, Hank. Counterfeit Revival
Gardiner, George E. Corinthian Catastrophe
Warfield, B. B. Counterfeit Miracles
Gaffin, Richard B. Perspectives on Pentecost
O. Palmer Robertson Final Word A response to Wayne Grudem
Michael De Semlyen All Roads Lead To Rome Dorchester House Publications (March 1993)
Davis, R., True to His Ways: Purity & Safety in Christian Spiritual Practice (ACW Press, Ozark, AL, 2006), ISBN 1-932124-61-6.
Neutral[edit]Robbins, Joel (October 2004). Brenneis, Don; Strier, Karen B. (eds.). "The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity". Annual Review of Anthropology. Annual Reviews. 33: 117–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421. ISSN 1545-4290. JSTOR 25064848. S2CID 145722188.
Grudem, Wayne (editor). Are Miraculous Gifts for Today?
Literature[edit]Coelho, Paulo. By the River Piedra I Sat Down and Wept.
References[edit]
- ^ Vondey, Wolfgang (2017). "Part 1: Full Gospel Story – Healed: Manifesting Signs and Wonders". Pentecostal Theology: Living the Full Gospel. T&T Clark Systematic Pentecostal and Charismatic Theology (1st ed.). London and New York: T&T Clark. pp. 107–130. ISBN 9780567387738.
- ^ "The globalisation of charismatic Christianity". Librunam. Archived from the original on 2023-05-06. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
- ^ "Christian Movements and Denominations". 19 December 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (December 19, 2011), Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population Archived 2013-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, p. 67. See also The New International Dictionary, "Part II Global Statistics: A Massive Worldwide Phenomenon".
- ^ "Charism". Merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-23. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
- ^ "charisma | Origin and meaning of charisma by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2020-09-16. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Robbins, Joel (2004). "The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33: 117–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.32.061002.093421 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c d "Theopedia". www.theopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2021-04-21. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
- ^ Leo Joseph Suenens (1978). Ecumenism and Charismatic Renewal: Theological and Pastoral Orientations. Servant Books. p. 21.
- ^ Csordas, Thomas J. (2021). Language, Charisma, and Creativity: The Ritual Life of a Religious Movement. University of California Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-0-520-36602-2.
- ^ Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN 978-0-19-160743-1.
- ^ Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, Baylor University Press, US, 2004, p. 149
- ^ Simon Cooper, Mike Farrant, Fire in Our Hearts: The Story of the Jesus Fellowship/Jesus Army, Multiply Publications, England, 1997, p. 169
- ^ "Understanding the Charismatic Movement". The Exchange – A Blog by Ed Stetzer. Archived from the original on August 25, 2015. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
- ^ Lindhardt, Martin. “Mediating Money: Materiality and Spiritual Warfare in Tanzanian Charismatic Christianity.” The Anthropology of Global Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, edited by Simon Coleman and Rosalind I. J. Hackett, by Joel Robbins, NYU Press, 2015, pp. 147–160. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15zc5th.11. Accessed 9 May 2020.
- ^ Stanley M. Burgess and Eduard M. van der Mass, eds., The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, Rev. ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2003), Kindle edition, "Introduction".
- ^ "The free-love cult that terrorised America – and became Netflix's latest must-watch". the Guardian. 2018-04-07. Archived from the original on 2021-11-07. Retrieved 2021-11-05.
- ^ The Toronto Blessing: An Expression of Christian Spirituality in the Charismatic Movement? Archived 2021-11-05 at the Wayback Machine University of South Africa, 2002 PRETORIUS, Stephanus
- ^ Kim, Injib, Christian Yoga as a Product of Hinduism and the New Age Movement Archived 2021-11-05 at the Wayback Machine (2009). Masters Theses. 113.
- ^ The New International Dictionary, "Introduction: Classical Pentecostals".
- ^ Jump up to:a b The New International Dictionary, "Introduction: Pentecostal-Charismatic Differences".
- ^ Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund (2007). The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 123–4. ISBN 978-0-7391-2102-3.
- ^ The New International Dictionary, "Introduction: The Charismatic Movement".
- ^ Moriarty, Michael (1992). The New Charismatics. Zondervan. pp. 118–139. ISBN 978-0-310-53431-0.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Elwell, Walter A. (2001). Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Baker Academic. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-8010-2075-9. The charismatic movement has affected almost every historic church and has spread to many churches and countries beyond the United States. ... Particular emphases are reflected variously in the charismatic movement. Baptism with the Holy Spirit. There is common recognition of baptism with the Holy Spirit as a distinctive Christian experience. It is viewed as an event wherein the believer is "filled with" the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. Baptism with the Holy Spirit is understood to result from "the gift of the Holy Spirit," wherein the Spirit is freely "poured out," "falls upon," "comes on," "anoints," "endues" the believer with "power from on high." ... Baptism with the Holy Spirit, accordingly, is not identified with conversion. It is viewed as an experience of being filled with the Holy Spirit that brings about powerful witness to Jesus Christ. Through this Spirit baptism the exalted Christ carries forward his ministry in the church and world.
- ^ Jump up to:a b c Cordeiro, Brenton (29 May 2017). "Baptism in the Holy Spirit: Why Every Catholic Should Consider Receiving It". Catholic Link. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ "Baptism in the Holy Spirit". Catholic Charismatic Renewal. Archived from the original on 26 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
- ^ Douglas A. Sweeney, The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement, Baker Academic, US, 2005, pp. 150–51
- ^ Simon Cooper,Mike Farrant, Fire in Our Hearts: The Story of the Jesus Fellowship/Jesus Army, Multiply Publications, England, 1997, p. 169
- ^ Ed Stetzer,Understanding the Charismatic Movement Archived 2015-08-25 at the Wayback Machine, Christianity Today, US, October 18, 2013
- ^ The New International Dictionary, "Introduction: Neocharismatics".
- ^ McCloud, Sean. American Possessions. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–7.
The European Research Network on Global Pentecostalism (GloPent) is an initiative by three leading European Universities in Pentecostal studies networking academic research on Pentecostal and Charismatic movements.
PentecoStudies: Online Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements published under the auspices of GloPent
PentecoStudies: Online Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements published under the auspices of GloPent
