2016/04/05

Karen Armstrong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Karen Armstrong - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Karen Armstrong

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the religious author. For operatic soprano, seeKaran Armstrong.
Karen Armstrong
OBE
Born14 November 1944(age 71)
Wildmoor, Worcestershire, England
OccupationWriter
NationalityBritish
Alma materOxford University
Website
charterforcompassion.org
Karen Armstrong OBE FRSL(born 14 November 1944) is a British author and commentator known for her books on comparative religion.[1] A former Roman Catholic religious sister, she went from a conservative to a more liberal and mysticalChristian faith. She attendedSt Anne's College, Oxford, while in the convent and majored in English. She became disillusioned and left the convent in 1969.[1] She first rose to prominence in 1993 with her book A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Her work focuses on commonalities of the major religions, such as the importance of compassion and the Golden Rule.
Armstrong received the US$100,000 TED Prize in February 2008. She used that occasion to call for the creation of a Charter for Compassion, which was unveiled the following year.

Early life[edit]

Armstrong was born at Wildmoor, Worcestershire,[2] into a family of Irish ancestry who, after her birth, moved to Bromsgrove and later toBirmingham. In 1962, at the age of 18, she became a member of theSisters of the Holy Child Jesus, a teaching congregation, in which she remained for seven years. Armstrong claims she suffered physical and psychological abuse in the convent; according to an article in The Guardian newspaper, "Armstrong was required to mortify her flesh with whips and wear a spiked chain around her arm. When she spoke out of turn, she claims she was forced to sew at a treadle machine with no needle for a fortnight."[3]
Once she had advanced from postulant and novice to professed nun, she enrolled in St Anne's College, Oxford, to study English. Armstrong left her order in 1969 while still a student at Oxford. After graduating with a Congratulatory First, she embarked on a DPhil on the poetTennyson. According to Armstrong, she wrote her dissertation on a topic that had been approved by the university committee. Nevertheless, it was failed by her external examiner on the grounds that the topic had been unsuitable.[4] Armstrong did not formally protest this verdict, nor did she embark upon a new topic but instead abandoned hope of an academic career. She reports that this period in her life was marked by ill-health stemming from her lifelong but, at that time, still undiagnosed temporal lobe epilepsy.[5][6]
Around this time she was lodged with Jenifer and Herbert Hart, looking after their disabled son, as told in her memoir The Spiral Staircase.[4]

Career[edit]

In 1976, Armstrong took a job teaching English at James Allen's Girls' School in Dulwich while working on a memoir of her conventexperiences. This was published in 1982 as Through the Narrow Gateto excellent reviews. That year she embarked on a new career as an independent writer and broadcasting presenter. In 1984, the BritishChannel Four commissioned her to write and present a television documentary on the life of St. Paul, The First Christian, a project that involved traveling to the Holy Land to retrace the steps of the saint. Armstrong described this visit as a "breakthrough experience" that defied her prior assumptions and provided the inspiration for virtually all her subsequent work. In A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam (1993), she traces the evolution of the three major monotheistic traditions from their beginnings in the Middle East up to the present day and also discusses Hinduism and Buddhism. As guiding "luminaries" in her approach, Armstrong acknowledges (inThe Spiral Staircase and elsewhere) the late Canadian theologianWilfred Cantwell Smith, a Protestant minister,[7] and the Jesuit fatherBernard Lonergan.[8] In 1996, she published Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths.
Armstrong's The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions (2006) continues the themes covered in A History of Godand examines the emergence and codification of the world's great religions during the so-called Axial age identified by Karl Jaspers. In the year of its publication Armstrong achieved the distinction of being invited to choose her eight favourite records for BBC Radio's Desert Island Discs programme.[9] She has made several appearances on television, including on Rageh Omaar's programme The Life of Muhammad. She was an advisor for the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet (2002), produced byUnity Productions Foundation.
In 2007 the Islamic Religious Council of Singapore invited Armstrong to deliver the MUIS Lecture.[10]
Armstrong is a fellow of the Jesus Seminar, a group of scholars and laypeople which attempts to investigate the historical foundations of Christianity. She has written numerous articles for The Guardian and for other publications. She was a key advisor on Bill Moyers' popularPBS series on religion, has addressed members of the United States Congress, and was one of three scholars to speak at the UN's first ever session on religion.[11] She is a vice-president of the British Epilepsy Association, otherwise known as Epilepsy Action.
Armstrong, who has taught courses at Leo Baeck College, a rabbinical college and centre for Jewish education located in north London, says she has been particularly inspired by the Jewish tradition's emphasis on practice as well as faith: "I say that religion isn't about believing things. It's about what you do. It's ethical alchemy. It's about behaving in a way that changes you, that gives you intimations of holiness and sacredness."[12] She maintains that religious fundamentalism is not just a response to, but is a product of contemporary culture[13] and for this reason concludes that, "We urgently need to make compassion a clear, luminous and dynamic force in our polarized world. Rooted in a principled determination to transcend selfishness, compassion can break down political, dogmatic, ideological and religious boundaries. Born of our deep interdependence, compassion is essential to human relationships and to a fulfilled humanity. It is the path to enlightenment, and indispensable to the creation of a just economy and a peaceful global community."[14]
Awarded the $100,000 TED Prize in February 2008, Armstrong called for drawing up a Charter for Compassion, in the spirit of the Golden Rule, to identify shared moral priorities across religious traditions, in order to foster global understanding and a peaceful world.[15] It was presented in Washington, D.C. in November 2009. Signatories includeQueen Noor of Jordan, the Dalai Lama, Archbishop Desmond Tutu andPaul Simon.[16]

Comments on Bill Maher[edit]

Armstrong commented on comedian Bill Maher's criticism of Islam by telling Salon "this is the sort of talk that led to the concentration camps in Europe. This is the kind of thing people were saying about Jews in the 1930s and ’40s in Europe."[17] Maher responded to Armstrong's comments by telling Vanity Fair, "It’s beyond stupid. Jews weren’t oppressing anybody. There weren’t 5,000 militant Jewish groups. They didn’t do a study of treatment of women around the world and find that the Jews were at the bottom of it. There weren’t 10 Jewish countries in the world that were putting gay people to death just for being gay. It’s idiotic."[18][19] After that Armstrong reiterated her criticism of Maher by telling the New York Times, "My problem with some current critics of Islam is that their criticism is neither accurate, fair, nor well-informed. I am sure they do not intend this, but in the 1930s and ’40s in Europe, we learned how dangerous and ultimately destructive this kind of discourse could be."[20]

Honours[edit]

In 1999 Armstrong received the Muslim Public Affairs Council's Media Award.[21][22][23]
Armstrong was honoured by the New York Open Center in 2004 for her "profound understanding of religious traditions and their relation to the divine."[24]
She received an honorary degree as Doctor of Letters by Aston University in 2006.[25]
In May 2008 she was awarded the Freedom of Worship Award by theRoosevelt Institute, one of four medals presented each year to men and women whose achievements have demonstrated a commitment to the Four Freedoms proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 as essential to democracy: freedom of speech and of worship, freedom from want and from fear. The institute stated that Armstrong had become "a significant voice, seeking mutual understanding in times of turbulence, confrontation and violence among religious groups." It cited "her personal dedication to the ideal that peace can be found in religious understanding, for her teachings on compassion, and her appreciation for the positive sources of spirituality." [26]
She has also received the TED Prize 2008.[27]
In 2009 she was awarded the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize by the University of Tübingen.[28]
Armstrong was honored Nationalencyklopedin's International Knowledge Award 2011[29] "for her long standing work of bringing knowledge to others about the significance of religion to humankind and, in particular, for pointing out the similarities between religions. Through a series of books and award-winning lectures she reaches out as a peace-making voice at a time when world events are becoming increasingly linked to religion."
On 30 November 2011 (St. Andrew's Day) Armstrong was made honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Saint Andrews.[30]
On 3 June 2014, she was made honorary Doctor of Divinity by McGill University.[31]

Reception[edit]

Armstrong has been called "a prominent and prolific religious historian"[32] and described as "arguably the most lucid, wide-ranging and consistently interesting religion writer today".[33] Juan Eduardo Campo, author of the Encyclopedia of Islam (Encyclopedia of World Religions) (2009), included Armstrong among a group of scholars whom he considered as currently conveying a "more or less objective" (as opposed to polemical) view of Islam and its origins to a wide public in Europe and North America.[34] She is a regular speaker on the Abrahamic tradition; in the last decade increasing interest in and debate surrounding Islamic issues has brought her even wider visibility.[citation needed] After the September 11 attacks she was in great demand as a lecturer, pleading for inter-faith dialogue.[35]
Atheist activist Sam Harris criticizes Armstrong's "benign" view of Islam, contending that "Islam, as it is currently understood and practiced by vast numbers of the world's Muslims, is antithetical to civil society."[36] Harris is also strongly critical of Armstrong's "religious apology" of Islamic fundamentalism, accusing her and like-minded scholars of "political correctness."[36] Armstrong has also attracted the criticism of Christian philosopher and theologian William Lane Craig. In Craig's response to a debate between Armstrong and evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins published in the 12 September 2009 issue ofThe Wall Street Journal,[37] Craig criticizes Armstrong's "anti-realist" views about statements concerning God, particularly her assertion that "'God' is merely a symbol that points beyond itself to an indescribable transcendence." Craig argues that Armstrong's view of God as ineffableis "self-refuting" and "logically incoherent". Craig also disputes Armstrong's characterization of the religious views of early Christians.[38]

Publications[edit]

Journal articles
  • "Women, Tourism, Politics" (1977)
  • "The Holiness of Jerusalem: Asset or Burden?" (1998)
  • "Ambiguity and Remembrance: Individual and Collective Memory in Finland" (2000)
Books
  • Through the Narrow Gate (1982)
  • The First Christian: Saint Paul's Impact on Christianity (1983)
  • Beginning the World (1983)
  • Tongues of Fire: An Anthology of Religious and Poetic Experience(1985)
  • The Gospel According to Woman: Christianity's Creation of the Sex War in the West (1986)
  • Holy War: The Crusades and their Impact on Today's World (1988)
  • Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet (1991)
  • The English Mystics of the Fourteenth Century (1991)
  • The End of Silence: Women and the Priesthood (1993)
  • A History of God (1993)
  • Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths (1996)
  • In the Beginning: A New Interpretation of Genesis (1996)
  • Islam: A Short History (2000)
  • The Battle for God: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (2000)
  • Buddha (2001)
  • Faith After 11 September (2002)
  • The Spiral Staircase (2004)
  • A Short History of Myth (2005)
  • Muhammad: A Prophet For Our Time (2006)
  • The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions (2006) ISBN 978-0-375-41317-9
  • The Bible: A Biography (2007)
  • The Case for God (2009) Vintage ISBN 978-0-307-26918-8
  • Twelve Steps to a Compassionate Life (2010) ISBN 978-0-307-59559-1
  • A Letter to Pakistan (2011) Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-906330-7
  • Fields of Blood: Religion and the History of Violence (2014) Bodley Head ISBN 9781847921864[39]

See also[edit]

References


  1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Karen Armstrong on Sam Harris and Bill Maher: "It fills me with despair, because this is the sort of talk that led to the concentration camps"". Salon. 23 November 2014.
  2. Jump up^ Armstrong, Karen (2005).Through A Narrow Gate: A Memoir of Spiritual Discovery(Revised ed.). Macmillan. p. 7.ISBN 0-312-34095-8.
  3. Jump up^ "Karen Armstrong: The compassionate face of religion". The Guardian. 2 October 2010.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b Armstrong, Karen. The Spiral Staircase: My Climb Out Of Darkness. New York: Random House, 2004.
  5. Jump up^ McGrath, Alister (2006)."Spirituality and well-being: some recent discussions".Brain 129 (1): 278–282.doi:10.1093/brain/awh719.
  6. Jump up^ "The runaway nun". New Statesman. 5 April 2004.
  7. Jump up^ See The Case for God, p. 87, footnote 42
  8. Jump up^ The Case for God, p. 283.
  9. Jump up^ "Desert Island Discs, February 12, 2006: Karen Armstrong". BBC Radio 4 Website. Retrieved 9 April2008.
  10. Jump up^ Karen Armstrong delivers the 2007 MUIS lecture, muis.gov.sg
  11. Jump up^ Karen Armstrong Speaker Profile at The Lavin Agency, thelavinagency.com[dead link]
  12. Jump up^ Dave Weich, "Karen Armstrong, Turn, Turn, Turn".
  13. Jump up^ "Voices on Antisemtisim interview with Karen Armstrong". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 5 July 2007.
  14. Jump up^ The Charter for Compassion.
  15. Jump up^ "TEDPrize 2008 Winner :: Karen Armstrong". TEDPrize Website. Retrieved 19 March2008.
  16. Jump up^ Chapman, Glenn (12 November 2009). "Online call for religions to embrace compassion". Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 12 November2009.
  17. Jump up^ Karen Armstrong on Sam Harris and Bill Maher: "It fills me with despair, because this is the sort of talk that led to the concentration camps." Published 23 November 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.http://www.salon.com/2014/11/23/karen_armstrong_sam_harris_anti_islam_talk_fills_me_with_despair/
  18. Jump up^ Petition All You Want, Bill Maher Will Speak at Berkeley. Published 4 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2014/12/bill-maher-interview-islam-berkeley
  19. Jump up^ "It’s beyond stupid": Bill Maher responds to backlash against Islam views. Published 5 December 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2014.http://www.salon.com/2014/12/05/its_beyond_stupid_bill_maher_responds_to_berkeley_petition_and_karen_armstrong/
  20. Jump up^ The Blame Game: Karen Armstrong Talks About ‘Fields of Blood’. Published 26 December 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2015.http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/12/26/the-blame-game-karen-armstrong-talks-about-fields-of-blood
  21. Jump up^ "Last Chance to Buy Your Tickets to MPAC Media Awards Gala on Sunday, June 1st". Muslim Public Affairs Council. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
  22. Jump up^ "Karen Armstrong". Westar Institute. Retrieved25 December 2011.
  23. Jump up^ "Bill Moyers Journal, Karen Armstrong". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). Retrieved 25 December 2011.
  24. Jump up^ "Open Center Gala Honorees". 2009. Retrieved9 October 2009.
  25. Jump up^ "Honorary Graduates of the University". Aston University. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
  26. Jump up^ "The Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Awards: Freedom of Worship: Karen Armstrong". Four Freedoms Award website. Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute. 2008. Retrieved 28 June 2008.
  27. Jump up^ "2008 Winners". TED Prize. Retrieved 25 December 2011.
  28. Jump up^ Armstrong, Karen. (2010).Plädoyer für Gott. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. p. 108.ISBN 978-3-16-150305-4.
  29. Jump up^ "Intervju med Karen Armstrong". The Knowledge Awards. Retrieved 25 December2011.
  30. Jump up^ "The point of religion"., University of St Andrews, News archive
  31. Jump up^ "Fourteen personalities to receive honorary degree from McGill"., McGill Reporter
  32. Jump up^ Bonos, Lisa (16 January 2011). "Review of Karen Armstrong's "Twelve Steps to a Compassionate Life"".Washington Post. Retrieved21 May 2011.
  33. Jump up^ Miller, Laura. ""Buddha" by Karen Armstrong". Salon. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
  34. Jump up^ Juan Eduardo Campo (November 1996). "Review of[Muhammad and the Origins of Islam] by F. E. Peters".International Journal of Middle East Studies 28 (4): 597–599.doi:10.1017/s0020743800063911.
  35. Jump up^ Cliteur, Paul (2010). The Secular Outlook: In Defense of Moral and Political Secularism. John Wiley & Sons. p. 249. ISBN 1-4443-9044-9. Extract of page 249
  36. ^ Jump up to:a b Harris, Sam (5 May 2008). "Losing Our Spines to Save Our Necks". The Huffington Post. Retrieved21 May 2014.
  37. Jump up^ Armstrong, Karen; Dawkins, Richard (12 September 2009)."Man vs. God". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved21 May 2014.
  38. Jump up^ Craig, William Lane (20 September 2009). "Dawkins vs. Armstrong" (Podcast).Reasonable Faith. Event occurs at 16:50. Retrieved21 May 2014. External link in|publisher= (help)
  39. Jump up^ McGirr, Michael (10 October 2014). "Book Review: Battling with the evils of humanity".The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 October 2014.

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