Jean Améry
Jean Améry | |
---|---|
![]() Portrait of Jean Améry by Félix De Boeck | |
Born | Hanns Chaim Mayer 31 October 1912 Vienna, Austria-Hungary |
Died | 17 October 1978 (aged 65) Salzburg, Austria |
Occupation | Author |
Jean Améry (31 October 1912 – 17 October 1978), born Hanns Chaim Mayer, was an Austrian-born essayist whose work was often informed by his experiences during World War II. His most celebrated work, At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities (1966), suggests that torture was "the essence" of the Third Reich. Other notable works included On Aging (1968) and On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death (1976). He adopted the pseudonym Jean Améry after 1945. Améry died by suicide in 1978.
Formerly a philosophy and literature student in Vienna, Améry's participation in organized resistance against the Nazi occupation of Belgium resulted in his detainment and torture by the German Gestapo at Fort Breendonk, and several years of imprisonment in concentration camps. Améry survived internments in Auschwitz and Buchenwald, and was finally liberated at Bergen-Belsen in 1945. After the war he settled in Belgium.
Early life
[edit]Jean Améry was born as Hanns Chaim Mayer in Vienna, Austria, in 1912, to a Jewish father and a Catholic mother. His father was killed in action in World War I in 1916. Améry was raised as a Roman Catholic by his mother.[1] Eventually, Améry and his mother returned to Vienna, where he enrolled in university to study literature and philosophy, but economic necessity kept him from regular pursuit of studies there.
Religion
[edit]While Améry's family was "estranged from its Jewish origins, assimilated and intermarried", this alienation itself, in the context of Nazi occupation, informed much of his thought: "I wanted by all means to be an anti-Nazi, that most certainly, but of my own accord."[1]
The Nuremberg Laws of 1935, the text of which he soon came to know by heart, convinced Améry that Germany had essentially passed a sentence of death on all Jews, and that included himself.[1] His The Necessity and Impossibility of Being a Jew speaks to this inner conflict as to his identity. He suggests that while his personal identity, the identity of his own childhood past, is distinctly Christian, he feels himself nonetheless a Jew in another sense, the sense of a Jewishness "without God, without history, without messianic-national hope".[2]
During Nazi rule
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In 1938, when the Nazis were welcomed into Austria and the country joined with Germany into a "Greater Reich", Améry fled to France, and then to Belgium with his Jewish wife, Regina, whom he had chosen in opposition to his mother's wishes.[3] His wife later died of heart disease while hiding in Brussels.[4] Ironically, he was initially deported back to France by the Belgians as a German alien and wound up interned in the south.
After escaping from the camp at Gurs, he returned to Belgium where he joined the Resistance movement.
Involved in the distribution of anti-military propaganda to the German occupying forces, Améry was captured by the Nazis in July 1943 and routinely tortured at the Belgian Gestapo center at Fort Breendonk. When it was established that there was no information to be extracted from him, he was "demoted" from political prisoner to Jew, and shipped to Auschwitz.
Lacking any trade skills, he was assigned to the harshest physical labors, building the I.G. Farben factory at Auschwitz III, the Buna-Monowitz labor camp. In the face of the Soviet invasion in the following year, he was evacuated first to Buchenwald and then to Bergen-Belsen, where he was liberated by the British army in April 1945.
After the war
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After the war, the former Hanns Mayer changed his name to Jean Améry (the surname being a French-sounding anagram of his family name) in order to symbolize his dissociation from German culture and his alliance with French culture.[1] He lived in Brussels, working as a culture journalist for German language newspapers in Switzerland. He refused to publish in Germany or Austria for many years, publishing only in Switzerland. He did not write at all of his experiences in the death camps until 1964, when, at the urging of German poet Helmut Heißenbüttel, he wrote his book Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne ("Beyond Guilt and Atonement"). It was later translated into English by Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld as At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities.
He later married Marie Eschenauer, whom he was still married to at the time of his death.[5]
Death
[edit]In 1976 Améry published the book On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death. He died by suicide via an overdose of sleeping pills in 1978.[6]
Literary and philosophical legacy
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The publication of At the Mind's Limits, Améry's exploration of the Holocaust and the nature of the Third Reich, made him one of the most highly regarded of Holocaust writers. In comparing the Nazis to a government of sadism, Améry suggests that it is the sadist's nature to want "to nullify the world". For a Nazi torturer,
Améry's efforts to preserve the memory of the Holocaust focused on the terror and horror of the events in a phenomenological and philosophical way, with what he characterized as "a scant inclination to be conciliatory".[7] His explorations of his experiences and the meaning and legacy of Nazi-era suffering were aimed not at resolving the events finally into "the cold storage of history",[8] but rather keeping the subject alive so that it would not be lost to posterity, as an abstraction or mere text. As he wrote in his 1976 preface to Beyond Guilt and Atonement:
With the prize money that the Viennese writer Robert Menasse received for the Austrian State Prize (1999) he re-founded the “Jean Améry–Preis für Europäische Essayistik”, whose winners were Lothar Baier, Barbara Sichtermann (1985), Mathias Greffrath (1988), Reinhard Merkel (1991), Franz Schuh (2000), Doron Rabinovici (2002), Michael Jeismann (2004), Journalist, Drago Jančar (2007), Imre Kertész (2009), Dubravka Ugrešić (2012), Adam Zagajewski[9] (2016) and Karl-Markus Gauß (2018).
Améry was known for his opposition to antisemitism in postwar Germany and support for the state of Israel, which he said was "more important than any other" country to him. In 1969, he wrote an article in Die Zeit in which he stated: "Anti-Zionism contains antisemitism like a cloud contains a storm".[10] Yet the ‘admittedly sketchy’ reports of torture in Israeli prisons prompted Améry to consider the limits of his solidarity with the Jewish state: "I urgently call on all Jews who want to be human beings to join me in the radical condemnation of systematic torture. Where barbarism begins, even existential commitments must end."[11] Still, Améry warned of "a revived antisemitism, often under the cover of anti-Zionism." He writes: "When I set about writing, and finished, there was no antisemitism in Germany, or more correctly: where it did exist, it did not dare to show itself." Alvin Rosenfeld concludes: "As he looked about him, he recognised that those days were gone, and not only in Germany. Antisemitism was no longer hidden covertly in the shadows but was, once again, a threatening presence in the public sphere."[12]
Works
[edit]In German
[edit]- Karrieren und Köpfe: Bildnisse berühmter Zeitgenossen. Zurich: Thomas, 1955.
- Teenager-Stars: Idole unserer Zeit. Vienna: Albert Müller, 1960.
- Im Banne des Jazz: Bildnisse großer Jazz-Musiker. Vienna: Albert Müller, 1961.
- Geburt der Gegenwart: Gestalten und Gestaltungen der westlichen Zivilisation seit Kriegsende. Olten: Walter, 1961.
- Gerhart Hauptmann: Der ewige Deutsche. Stieglitz: Handle, 1963.
- Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne: Bewältigungsversuche eines Überwältigten. Munich: Szczesny, 1966.
- Über das Altern: Revolte undd Resignation. Stuttgart: Klett, 1968.
- Unmeisterliche Wanderjahre. Stuttgart: Klett, 1971.
- Lefeu oder der Abbruch. Stuttgart: Klett, 1974.
- Hand an sich Legen. Diskurs über den Freitod. Stuttgart: Klett, 1976.
- Charles Bovary, Landarzt. Stuttgart: Klett, 1978.
- Bücher aus der Jugend unseres Jahrhunderts. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1981.
- Der integrale Humanismus: Zwischen Philosophie und Literatur. Aufsätze und Kritiken eines Lesers, 1966–1978. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1985.
- Jean Améry, der Grenzgänger: Gespräch mit Ingo Hermann in der Reihe "Zeugen des Jahrhunderts." Ed. Jürgen Voigt. Göttingen: Lamuv, 1992.
- Cinema: Arbeiten zum Film. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 1994.
- Jean Améry: Werke. 9 vols. Edited by Irène Heidelberger-Leonard. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta, 2002–2008. The collected works in German.
Translations into French
[edit]- Charles Bovary, médecin de campagne: portrait d'un homme simple. Roman/essai traduit de l'allemand par Françoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1991.
- Par-delà le crime et le châtiment : essai pour surmonter l'insurmontable. traduit de l'allemand par Francoise Wuilmart. Actes Sud : Arles, 1995.
- Du vieillissement. Payot : Paris, 1991 [1968] ; rééd. Petite Bibliothèque Payot 2009
- Le feu ou la démolition. Actes Sud : Arles, 1996 [1974]
- Porter la main sur soi – Du suicide. Actes Sud : Arles, 1999 [1976]
- Les Naufragés. Actes Sud: Arles, 2010 [1935]
Translations into English
[edit]- Preface to the Future: Culture in a Consumer Society. Trans. Palmer Hilty. London: Constable, 1964.
- Essays on Antisemitism, Anti-Zionism, and the Left (Studies in Antisemitism) Indiana University Press; Translation edition (January 4, 2022)
- At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor of Auschwitz and Its Realities. Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1980.
- Radical Humanism: Selected Essays. Trans. Sidney and Stella P. Rosenfeld. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.
- On Aging: Revolt and Resignation. Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994.
- On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death. Trans. John D. Barlow. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.
- Charles Bovary, Country Doctor: Portrait of a Simple Man. Trans. Adrian Nathan West. New York: New York Review Books, 2018.
Notes
[edit]- ^ ab c d Amery: a biographical introduction
- ^ Améry, Jean. At the Mind's Limits. 1998, page 94
- ^ Zolkos, Magdalena (2013-02-14). Reconciling Community and Subjective Life: Trauma Testimony as Political Theorizing in the Work of Jean Améry and Imre Kertész. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-8295-1.
- ^ "Jean Améry (Hans Maier) (1912–1978)". Wollheim Memorial. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ "Suicide Notes". Asymptote. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ^ Améry, Jean (1998). "Afterword". At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities. Indiana Holocaust Museum Reprint Series. Translated by Stella P. Rosenfeld and Sidney Rosenfeld. Indiana University Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-253-21173-6. Retrieved August 30, 2009.
- ^ Améry, Jean. At the Mind's Limits. 1998, page 71
- ^ ab Brudholm, Thomas and Murphy, Jeffrie G. Resentment's Virtue. 2008, page 72
- ^ On the occasion of Zagajewski’s award ceremony was published a conversation between Robert Menasse and Cathérine Hug: Warum? Das Vermächtnis des Jean Améry, Siegburg (Buchhandlung R²) 2016. ISBN 978-3-945426-21-0
- ^ Gellner, Marlene (2016). "Like a Cloud Contains a Storm: Jean Améry's Critique of Anti-Zionism". Fathom. No. Autumn 2016. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^ Mishra, Pankaj (March 2024). "Jean Améry as a Critic of the Anti-Israel Left". London Review of Books. Vol. 46, no. 6. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
- ^ "Jean Améry as a Critic of the Anti-Israel Left". Fathom. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
Further reading
[edit]- Christopher Bigsby, Remembering and Imagining the Holocaust: The Chain of Memory (Cambridge University Press, 2006), Ch. 7.
- Irène Heidelberger-Leonard, The Philosopher of Auschwitz: Jean Améry and Living with the Holocaust. Translated by Anthea Bell. London: I. B. Tauris, 2010.
- Guia Risari, "La paradossale condizione di un non-non ebreo", "Qol", n. 64, lug.-sett.1996
- Guia Risari, "Jean Améry, la morale del risentimento - La Shoah e gli storici", "Golem L'Indispensabile", n. 12, dic. 2003
- Guia Risari, "Il risentimento come principio creativo","Materiali di Estetica", n. 8, gen. 2003
- Guia Risari,"Jean Améry. Il risentimento come morale", Franco Angeli, Milano, 2002 [monography]; Jean Améry : il risentimento come morale, Roma, Castelvecchi, 2016, ISBN 9788869446078.
- W. G. Sebald, "Against the Irreversible" in On the Natural History of Destruction, Penguin, 2003, pp. 147–72.
- Alford, C. Fred (2012). "Jean Améry: Resentment as Ethic and Ontology". Topoi. 31 (2): 229–240. doi:10.1007/s11245-012-9131-1. ISSN 1572-8749. S2CID 144154423.
- Assmann, Aleida (2003). "Two Forms of Resentment: Jean Améry, Martin Walser and German Memorial Culture". New German Critique (90): 123–133. doi:10.2307/3211112. ISSN 0094-033X. JSTOR 3211112.
- Ataria, Yochai; Kravitz, Amit; Pitcovski, Eli, eds. (2019). Jean Améry: Beyond the Mind's Limits. Springer. ISBN 978-3-030-28095-6.
- Brudholm, Thomas (2006). "Revisiting Resentments: Jean Améry and the Dark Side of Forgiveness and Reconciliation". Journal of Human Rights. 5 (1): 7–26. doi:10.1080/14754830500519714. S2CID 144822596.
- Brudholm, Thomas (2008). Resentment's Virtue: Jean Amery and the Refusal to Forgive. Temple University Press. ISBN 978-1-59213-568-4.
- Fareld, Victoria (2021). "Entangled memories of violence: Jean Améry and Frantz Fanon". Memory Studies. 14 (1): 58–67. doi:10.1177/1750698020976460.
- Ferber, Ilit (2016). "Pain as Yardstick: Jean Améry". Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy. 24 (3): 3–16. doi:10.5195/jffp.2016.784. ISSN 2155-1162.
- Hückmann, Dania (2014). "Beyond Law and Justice: Revenge in Jean Améry". The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory. 89 (2): 233–248. doi:10.1080/00168890.2014.919200. S2CID 143572971.
- Jean-Marie, Vivaldi (2018). Reflections on Jean Améry: Torture, Resentment, and Homelessness as the Mind's Limits. Springer International Publishing. pp. 29–66. ISBN 978-3-030-02345-4.
- Shai, Roy Ben (December 2007). "Reductio ad Moralem: On Victim Morality in the Work of Jean Améry". The European Legacy. 12 (7): 835–851. doi:10.1080/10848770701671359. S2CID 144717815.
- Shai, Roy Ben (2010). "To Reverse the Irreversible: on Time Disorder in the Work of Jean Améry". Metacide: In the Pursuit of Excellence. Brill. ISBN 978-90-420-2854-8.
- Shuster, Martin (2016). "A Phenomenology of Home: Jean Améry on Homesickness". Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy. 24 (3): 117–127. doi:10.5195/jffp.2016.790. ISSN 2155-1162.
- Smith, Dennis (2013). "Inside Stories: Oscar Wilde, Jean Améry, Nelson Mandela and Aung San Suu Kyi". Emotions in Politics: The Affect Dimension in Political Tension. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 60–83. ISBN 978-1-137-02566-1.
- Vetlesen, Arne Johan (2006). "A Case for Resentment: Jean Améry versus Primo Levi". Journal of Human Rights. 5 (1): 27–44. doi:10.1080/14754830500485908. S2CID 143483308.
- Weber, Elisabeth (2012). ""Torture Was the Essence of National Socialism": Reading Jean Améry Today". Speaking about Torture. Fordham University Press. ISBN 978-0-8232-4227-6.
- Zolkos, Magdalena (2010). Reconciling Community and Subjective Life: Trauma Testimony as Political Theorizing in the Work of Jean Améry and Imre Kertész. A&C Black. ISBN 978-0-8264-3114-1.
- Zolkos, Magdalena, ed. (2011). On Jean Améry: Philosophy of Catastrophe. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-4767-2.
- Zolkos, Magdalena (2014). "Aporias of belonging: Jean Améry on 'being a Jew without Judaism' and the tradition of conscious pariah". Journal of European Studies. 44 (4): 362–377. doi:10.1177/0047244114536825. S2CID 154806286.
- Ankita Chakraborty, "Did the Modern Novel Kill Charles Bovary?" /https://longreads.com/2018/12/06/did-the-modern-novel-kill-charles-bovary/
External links
[edit]장 아메리
장 아메리 Jean Améry | |
---|---|
본명 | 한스 차임 마이어 |
로마자 표기 | Hanns Chaim Mayer |
출생 | 1912년 10월 31일 |
사망 | 1978년 10월 17일 |
성별 | 남성 |
국적 | 오스트리아 |
경력 | 레지스탕스 조직 참여 |
직업 | 작가 |
장 아메리 (Jean Améry, 1912년 10월 31일~1978년 10월 17일)는 오스트리아의 작가이다. 본명은 한스 차임 마이어(Hanns Chaim Mayer)이며, 제2차 세계 대전 경험을 풀어낸 작품으로 유명하다.
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어렸을 때엔, 빈에서 철학과 문학을 공부하는 학생이었다. 나치가 벨기에를 점령했을 때, 아메리는 나치에 저항하는 레지스탕스 조직에 참여했다가 게슈타포에 붙잡혀 고문당했으며, 강제 수용소에 수 년 동안 갇혀 있었다. 아우슈비츠와 부헨발트 강제 수용소에 잡혀 있다가, 1945년에 베르겐-벨젠 강제 수용소에서 자유의 몸이 되었다. 전쟁 뒤에는 벨기에에 정착했다.
그의 작품 중 가장 유명한 것으로 고문이 나치 독일의 핵심이었음을 넌지시 알려주는 《마음의 극한에서: 아우슈비츠의 생존자로서 사색과 그 현실》(At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and Its Realities, 1966)이 있고, 그 밖에 주목할 작품으로 《늙어감에 대하여》(On Aging, 1968), 《자살에 대하여:자발적 죽음에 대한 담론》(On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death,1976) 등이 있다. 아메리는 1978년에 자살했다.
어린 시절
[편집]장 아메리는 1912년 오스트리아 빈에서 유대인 아버지와 가톨릭 교도 어머니 사이에서 태어났다. 부친은 1916년에 제1차 세계 대전 중 어느 전투에서 죽었다. 어머니는 아메리를 가톨릭식으로 양육했다.[1] 소년 시절 아메리는 서부 오스트리아의 알프스 지방, 포어아를베르크 주에 있는 호에넴스에서 자랐다. 호에넴스는 작은 휴양 도시로, 아메리의 부모의 고향이다.[1] 나중에 아메리가 대학교에서 문학과 철학을 공부하기 위해 아메리 모자는 빈으로 돌아왔다. 하지만, 경제적 궁핍 때문에 평범하게 공부에 집중할 수는 없었다.
종교
[편집]아메리 가족은 “동화되고 이민족과 결혼하면서 유대인의 근본에서 멀어져갔다”. 이런 자기 소외는 나치 점령이라는 상황이 오자 “나는 모든 수단을 다해 나치와 싸울 것이다. 그것은 매우 확실하지만 내 의지라고는” 하는 생각으로 바뀌었다.[1]
1935년에 공포된 뉘른베르크법을 보고 아메리는 독일이 근본적으로 모든 유대인에게 죽음의 선고를 보냈다는 것을 확신했다.[1] 아메리가 말한 “유대인이 되는 것의 필요성과 불가능성”에서 정체성에 관한 그의 내적 갈등을 볼 수 있다. 아메리는 그의 정체성을 말하면서 과거 어린 시절에는 명확히 기독교인으로서의 정체성을 갖고 있었으며, 그럼에도 불구하고 다른 한편으로는 유대인임을 느낀다고 했다. 그의 유대인이라는 의식은 유대교의 신이나 유대인의 역사나 유대인의 희망인 자신들의 국가 건설과는 상관없는 것이다.[2]
나치 통치하에서
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1938년에 나치가 ‘더 위대한 제국’을 독일과 함께하기로 한 오스트리아에 환영받으며 들어오자, 아메리는 프랑스로 피신했다가 어머니의 반대를 무릅쓰고 선택한, 유대인 부인과 함께 벨기에로 갔다. 아이러니하게도 그는 벨기에에서 독일인이라는 이유로 추방당해 프랑스 남부로 억류·송환되었다.
프랑스 피레네자틀랑티크 주에 있는, 구스 수용소에서 탈출한 뒤에 그는 벨기에로 돌아가 레지스탕스 활동에 참여했다. 독일 점령군에 저항하는 활동에 광범위하게 참여하던 아메리는 1943년 나치에게 붙잡힌 뒤 브레인동크 요새(Fort Breendonk)에 있는 벨기에 게슈타포 센터에서 잔혹한 고문을 당했다. 당시의 체험을 성찰한 《죄와 속죄의 저편》(Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne)에서, 아메리는 다음과 같이 말했다. “최초의 일격으로 이미 뭔가를 잃어버린다. 뭔가라는 게 무엇인가. 일단 세계에 대한 신뢰라고 해 두자. 바로 그걸 잃게 된다.” 또, 아메리는 고문을 성폭행에 비유한다. “타자에 의한 육체적 강간은 어떤 도움도 기대할 수 없을 때 실존의 절멸 속에 완료된다.” “고문당한 자는 두 번 다시 이 세상과 친숙해질 수 없다. 굴욕은 사라지지 않는다. 첫 일격으로 이미 상처받고 고문당하면서 무너져 간 세계에 대한 신뢰를 두 번 다시 되살릴 수 없다.”[3]
그에게서 더 이상 뽑아낼 정보가 없다고 확인되자 게슈타포는 아메리를 정치범에서 유대인으로‘강등하여’ 아우슈비츠로 보냈다. 특별한 기술이 없었으므로, 아메리는 가혹한 육체 노동을 배정 받았다. 그 일은 아우슈비츠 제3 수용소에 아이쥐 염색 공장(the I.G. Farben factor)과 부나-모노비츠 수용소(the Buna-Monowitz labor camp)를 짓는 일이었다. 소비에트 연방 붉은 군대의 진주를 1년 앞두고, 먼저 부헨발트로 이송되었다가 베르겐-벨젠 강제 수용소로 옮겨졌으며, 거기서 1945년 4월 영국군 덕에 자유의 몸이 되었다.
전쟁 이후
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전쟁 뒤에 아메리는 이전 이름 한스 마이어에서 프랑스어로 성을 어구전철하여 아메리로 이름을 고쳤다. 이는 독일 문화에서 분리되어 프랑스 문화와 결연하게 되었음을 보이기 위해서였다. 아메리는 브뤼셀에서 살면서 스위스에 있는 독일어 신문의 문화 저널리스트로 일했다. 오랫동안 독일이나 오스트리아에서 책을 출간하는 것을 거부하고, 오직 스위스에서만 했다. 1964년까지 아메리는 죽음의 수용소에서 겪은 일을 전혀 쓰지 않았다. 그해 독일의 시인 헬무트 하이셴뷔텔(Helmut Heißenbüttel)이 강력히 요구하고서야 《죄와 속죄의 저편》(Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne)을 썼다. 이 책은 뒤에 《마음의 극한에서:아우슈비츠와 그 실상에 관한 생존자의 성찰》(At the Mind's Limits: Contemplations by a Survivor on Auschwitz and its Realities.)이라는 제목을 달고 영어로 번역되었다. 한국어로는 2012년에 독문학자 안미현이 번역했다. 아메리는 1976년에 《자살에 대하여:자발적 죽음에 대한 담론》(On Suicide: A Discourse on Voluntary Death)을 출간했고, 1978년에 수면제를 과다 복용하여 자살했다.
각주
[편집]- ↑ 가나 다 라 Amery: a biographical introduction
- ↑ Améry, Jean. At the Mind's Limits. 1998, page 94
- ↑ 서, 경식 (2012년 11월 30일). “고문은 끝났지만…온몸에 박힌 기억이 죽는 날까지 그를 고문하리라”. 《한겨레신문》. 2017년 9월 30일에 확인함.