Salvation
Salvation (from Latin: salvatio, from salva, 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation.[1] In religion and theology, salvation generally refers to the deliverance of the soul from sin and its consequences.[2][3] The academic study of salvation is called soteriology.
Meaning[edit]
In Abrahamic religions and theology, salvation is the saving of the soul from sin and its consequences.[2] It may also be called deliverance or redemption from sin and its effects.[4] Depending on the religion or even denomination, salvation is considered to be caused either only by the grace of God (i.e. unmerited and unearned), or by faith, good deeds (works), or a combination thereof.
Religions often emphasize that man is a sinner by nature and that the penalty of sin is death (physical death, spiritual death: spiritual separation from God and eternal punishment in hell).
Judaism[edit]
In contemporary Judaism, redemption (Hebrew: גְּאוּלָּה ge'ulah), refers to God redeeming the people of Israel from their various exiles.[5] This includes the final redemption from the present exile.[6]
Judaism holds that adherents do not need personal salvation as Christians believe. Jews do not subscribe to the doctrine of original sin.[7] Instead, they place a high value on individual morality as defined in the law of God—embodied in what Jews know as the Torah or The Law, given to Moses by God on biblical Mount Sinai.
In Judaism, salvation is closely related to the idea of redemption, a saving from the states or circumstances that destroy the value of human existence. God, as the universal spirit and Creator of the World, is the source of all salvation for humanity, provided an individual honours God by observing his precepts. So redemption or salvation depends on the individual. Judaism stresses that salvation cannot be obtained through anyone else or by just invoking a deity or believing in any outside power or influence.[8]
When examining Jewish intellectual sources throughout history, there is clearly a spectrum of opinions regarding death versus the afterlife. Possibly an over-simplification, one source says salvation can be achieved in the following manner: Live a holy and righteous life dedicated to Yahweh, the God of Creation. Fast, worship, and celebrate during the appropriate holidays.[9] By origin and nature, Judaism is an ethnic religion. Therefore, salvation has been primarily conceived in terms of the destiny of Israel as the elect people of Yahweh (often referred to as “the Lord”), the God of Israel.[6]
In the biblical text of Psalms, there is a description of death, when people go into the earth or the "realm of the dead" and cannot praise God. The first reference to resurrection is collective in Ezekiel's vision of the dry bones, when all the Israelites in exile will be resurrected. There is a reference to individual resurrection in the Book of Daniel.[10] It was not until the 2nd century BCE that there arose a belief in an afterlife, in which the dead would be resurrected and undergo divine judgment. Before that time, the individual had to be content that his posterity continued within the holy nation.[6]
The salvation of the individual Jew was connected to the salvation of the entire people. This belief stemmed directly from the teachings of the Torah. In the Torah, God taught his people sanctification of the individual. However, he also expected them to function together (spiritually) and be accountable to one another. The concept of salvation was tied to that of restoration for Israel.[11]
Christianity[edit]
Christianity's primary premise is that the incarnation and death of Jesus Christ formed the climax of a divine plan for humanity's salvation. This plan was conceived by God before the creation of the world, achieved at the cross, and it would be completed at the Last Judgment, when the Second Coming of Christ would mark the catastrophic end of the world.[12]
For Christianity, salvation is only possible through Jesus Christ. Christians believe that Jesus' death on the cross was the once-for-all sacrifice that atoned for the sin of humanity.[12]
The Christian religion, though not the exclusive possessor of the idea of redemption, has given to it a special definiteness and a dominant position. Taken in its widest sense, as deliverance from dangers and ills in general, most religions teach some form of it. It assumes an important position, however, only when the ills in question form part of a great system against which human power is helpless.[13]
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According to Christian belief, sin as the human predicament is considered to be universal.[14] For example, in Romans 1:18-3:20 the Apostle Paul declared everyone to be under sin—Jew and Gentile alike. Salvation is made possible by the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus, which in the context of salvation is referred to as the "atonement".[15] Christian soteriology ranges from exclusive salvation[16]: p.123 to universal reconciliation[17] concepts. While some of the differences are as widespread as Christianity itself, the overwhelming majority agrees that salvation is made possible by the work of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, dying on the cross.
Variant views on salvation are among the main fault lines dividing the various Christian denominations, both between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism and within Protestantism, notably in the Calvinist–Arminian debate, and the fault lines include conflicting definitions of depravity, predestination, atonement, but most pointedly justification.
Salvation, according to most denominations, is believed to be a process that begins when a person first becomes a Christian, continues through that person's life, and is completed when they stand before Christ in judgment. Therefore, according to Catholic apologist James Akin, the faithful Christian can say in faith and hope, "I have been saved; I am being saved; and I will be saved."[19]
Christian salvation concepts are varied and complicated by certain theological concepts, traditional beliefs, and dogmas. Scripture is subject to individual and ecclesiastical interpretations. While some of the differences are as widespread as Christianity itself, the overwhelming majority agrees that salvation is made possible by the work of Jesus Christ, the Son of God, dying on the cross.
The purpose of salvation is debated, but in general most Christian theologians agree that God devised and implemented his plan of salvation because he loves them and regards human beings as his children. Since human existence on Earth is said to be "given to sin,"[Jn 8:34] salvation also has connotations that deal with the liberation[20] of human beings from sin, and the suffering associated with the punishment of sin—i.e., "the wages of sin are death."[Rom. 6:23]
Christians believe that salvation depends on the grace of God. Stagg writes that a fact assumed throughout the Bible is that humanity is in, "serious trouble from which we need deliverance…. The fact of sin as the human predicament is implied in the mission of Jesus, and it is explicitly affirmed in that connection." By its nature, salvation must answer to the plight of humankind as it actually is. Each individual's plight as sinner is the result of a fatal choice involving the whole person in bondage, guilt, estrangement, and death. Therefore, salvation must be concerned with the total person. "It must offer redemption from bondage, forgiveness for guilt, reconciliation for estrangement, renewal for the marred image of God."[21]
Mormonism[edit]
According to doctrine of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]], the plan of salvation is God's plan to save, redeem, and exalt all humankind who chose, either in this life, or in the world of spirits of the dead, to accept the grace of Jesus Christ by exercising faith in Him, repenting of their sins, and by making and keeping sacred covenants (including baptism). Since the vast majority of God's children depart this life without that opportunity, Christ's gospel is preached to the unbelieving spirits in spirit prison (1 Peter 3: 19) so that they might be judged by the same standards as the living and live by following God in their spirit form (1 Peter 4: 6). If they accept Christ, sincerely repent of their sins, and accept ordinances done on their behalf, they can, by the grace of Christ, receive salvation on the same terms as the living. For this reason, members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints do vicarious work for the dead in sacred temples. The elements of this plan are drawn from various sources, including the Bible,[22] Book of Mormon, Doctrine & Covenants, Pearl of Great Price, and numerous statements made by the leadership of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).
Islam[edit]
In Islam, salvation refers to the eventual entrance to Paradise. Islam teaches that people who die disbelieving in God do not receive salvation. It also teaches that non-Muslims who die believing in God but disbelieving in His message (Islam), are left to His will. Those who die believing in the one God and His message (Islam) receive salvation.[23]
Narrated Anas, that Muhammad said:
Islam teaches that all who enter into Islam must remain so in order to receive salvation.
For those who have not been granted Islam or to whom the message has not been brought:[24]
Tawhid[edit]
Belief in the “One God”, also known as the Tawhid (التَوْحيدْ) in Arabic, consists of two parts (or principles):
- Tawḥīdu r-Rubūbiyya (تَوْحيدُ الرُبوبِيَّة): Believing in the attributes of God and attributing them to no other but God. Such attributes include Creation, having no beginning, and having no end. These attributes are what make a God. Islam also teaches 99 names for God, and each of these names defines one attribute. One breaks this principle, for example, by believing in an Idol as an intercessor to God. The idol, in this case, is thought of having powers that only God should have, thereby breaking this part of Tawheed. No intercession is required to communicate with, or worship, God.[25]
- Tawḥīdu l-'ulūhiyya (تَوْحيدُ الأُلوهيَّة): Directing worship, prayer, or deed to God, and God only. For example, worshiping an idol or any saint or prophet is also considered Shirk.
Sin and repentance[edit]
Islam also stresses that in order to gain salvation, one must also avoid sinning along with performing good deeds. Islam acknowledges the inclination of humanity towards sin.[26][27] Therefore, Muslims are constantly commanded to seek God's forgiveness and repent. Islam teaches that no one can gain salvation simply by virtue of their belief or deeds, instead it is the Mercy of God, which merits them salvation.[28] However, this repentance must not be used to sin any further. Islam teaches that God is Merciful.
Islam describes a true believer to have Love of God and Fear of God. Islam also teaches that every person is responsible for their own sins. The Quran states;
Al-Agharr al-Muzani, a companion of Mohammad, reported that Ibn 'Umar stated to him that Mohammad said,
Sin in Islam is not a state, but an action (a bad deed); Islam teaches that a child is born sinless, regardless of the belief of his parents, dies a Muslim; he enters heaven, and does not enter hell.[32]
Five Pillars[edit]
Islam is built on five principles, acts of worship that Islam teaches to be mandatory. Not performing the mandatory acts of worship may deprive Muslims of the chance of salvation.[33] According to Ibn 'Umar, Muhammad said that Islam is based on the following five principles:[34]
- To testify that none has the right to be worshipped but Allah and Muhammad is Allah's Apostle.
- To offer the compulsory prayers dutifully and perfectly.
- To pay Zakat to poor and needy (i.e. obligatory charity of 2.5% annually of surplus wealth).
- To perform Hajj. (i.e. Pilgrimage to Mecca)
- To observe fast during the month of Ramadhan.
Indian religions[edit]
Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism share certain key concepts, which are interpreted differently by different groups and individuals.[35] In these religions one is not liberated from sin and its consequences, but from the saṃsāra (cycle of rebirth) perpetuated by passions and delusions and its resulting karma.[36] They differ however on the exact nature of this liberation.[36]
Salvation is always self-attained in Dharmic traditions, and a more appropriate term would be moksha ('liberation')[36] or mukti ('release'). This state and the conditions considered necessary for its realization is described in early texts of Indian religion such as the Upanishads and the Pāli Canon, and later texts such the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali and the Vedanta tradition.[37] Moksha can be attained by sādhanā, literally 'means of accomplishing something'.[38] It includes a variety of disciplines, such as yoga and meditation.
Nirvana is the profound peace of mind that is acquired with moksha. In Buddhism and Jainism, it is the state of being free from suffering. In Hindu philosophy, it is union with the Brahman (Supreme Being). The word literally means 'blown out' (as in a candle) and refers, in the Buddhist context, to the blowing out of the fires of desire, aversion, and delusion,[39][40] and the imperturbable stillness of mind acquired thereafter.[39]
In Theravada Buddhism the emphasis is on one's own liberation from samsara.[40] The Mahayana traditions emphasize the bodhisattva path,[40] in which "each Buddha and Bodhisattva is a redeemer," assisting the Buddhist in seeking to achieve the redemptive state.[41] The assistance rendered is a form of self-sacrifice on the part of the teachers, who would presumably be able to achieve total detachment from worldly concerns, but have instead chosen to remain engaged in the material world to the degree that this is necessary to assist others in achieving such detachment.[41]
Jainism[edit]
In Jainism, salvation, moksha, and nirvana are one and the same.[42][43] When a soul (atman) achieves moksha, it is released from the cycle of births and deaths, and achieves its pure self. It then becomes a siddha ('one who has accomplished his ultimate objective'). Attaining Moksha requires annihilation of all karmas, good and bad, because if karma is left, it must bear fruit.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Salvation." Dictionary.com. Random House, Inc. Accessed on 25 July 2020.
- ^ a b "Salvation." Oxford English Dictionary (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. "The saving of the soul; the deliverance from sin and its consequences."
- ^ "salvation - religion". Encyclopædia Britannica.
- ^ Graves Jr., Wilfred. 2011. In Pursuit of Wholeness: Experiencing God's Salvation for the Total Person. Shippensburg, PA: Destiny Image. pp. 9, 22, 74–5.
- ^ "Reb on the Web". Kolel: The Adult Centre for Liberal Jewish Learning. Archived from the original on July 21, 2015. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
- ^ a b c Brandon, Samuel G. F. [1999] 2012. "Salvation, Judaism." Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed 25 June 2020.
- ^ "How Does a Jew Attain Salvation?" Accessed 4 May 2013.
- ^ a b Malekar, Ezekiel Isaac. 20 November 2004. "The Speaking Tree: Concept of Salvation In Judaism." The Times of India. Accessed: 4 May 2013
- ^ "How do I achieve salvation according to Judaism?""Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2013-05-04. Accessed: 4 May 2013
- ^ a b Krell, Marc A. "Afterlife and Salvation". Religion Library: Judaism. [1] Accessed 4 May 2013
- ^ "Jewish views of salvation, faith and freedom".
- ^ a b Stefon, Matt. [1999] 2019. "Christianity." Encyclopædia Britannica. Accessed 25 July 2020.
- ^ "Redemption." Christian Classics Ethereal Library. Calvin College. 2 July 2009.
- ^ Romans 5:12
- ^ "Christian Doctrines of Salvation". Religion facts. June 20, 2009. http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/beliefs/salvation.htm Archived 2015-04-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Newman, Jay. 1982. Foundations of religious tolerance. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-5591-5
- ^ Parry, Robin A. 2004. Universal salvation? The Current Debate. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0-8028-2764-0
- ^ Min, Anselm Kyongsuk. Dialectic of Salvation: Issues in Theology of Liberation. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1989. ISBN 978-0-88706-908-6
- ^ Akin, James. October 2001. "The Salvation Controversy." Catholic Answers.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Salvation".
- ^ Stagg, Frank. 1962. New Testament Theology. Broadman Press. ISBN 0-8054-1613-7. pp.11–13, 80
- ^ See for example Matthew 13:43, John 14:2 ,2 Corinthians 12:2 , 1 Corinthians 15:40-41 , Genesis 2:4-5 , Genesis 2:7 , Job 38:4 , Ecclesiastes 12:7 , Jeremiah 1:5 , Zechariah 12:1 , and Hebrews 12:9
- ^ The Facts On Islam, By John Ankerberg, John Weldon, Dillon Burroughs, p.37 [2]
- ^ "Center for Muslim-Jewish Engagement". Archived from the original on 2015-05-09.
- ^ Quran 2:186
- ^ Quran 3:85
- ^ Quran 12:51–53
- ^ Answering Islam: The Crescent in Light of the Cross, by Norman L. Geisler, Abdul Saleeb, p.128 [3]
- ^ Quran 4:17
- ^ Quran 4:48
- ^ Quran 39:7
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 2:23:467
- ^ Ankerberg, John; Weldon, John (21 November 2001). Fast Facts® on Islam. ISBN 9780736934510.
- ^ Sahih al-Bukhari, 1:2:7
- ^ Sherma & Sarma 2008, p. 239.
- ^ a b c Tiwari 1983, p. 210.
- ^ Sherma & Sarma 2008.
- ^ V. S. Apte. A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary. p. 979.
- ^ a b Richard Gombrich, Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benāres to Modern Colombo. Routledge
- ^ a b c Snelling 1987.
- ^ a b Joseph Edkins, Chinese Buddhism (1893), p. 364.
- ^ Jaini, Padmanabh (2000). Collected Papers on Jaina Studies. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 81-208-1691-9.: "Moksa and Nirvana are synonymous in Jainism". p.168
- ^ Michael Carrithers, Caroline Humphrey (1991) The Assembly of listeners: Jains in society Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521365058: "Nirvana: A synonym for liberation, release, moksa." p.297
Sources[edit]
- Braden, Charles Samuel (1941). Man's Quest for Salvation: An Historical and Comparative Study of the Idea of Salvation in the World's Great Living Religions. Chicago & New York: Willett, Clark & Company.
- Brandon, S. G. F., ed. (1963). The Saviour God: Comparative studies in the concept of salvation presented to Edwin Oliver James by colleagues and friends. New York: Barnes & Noble.
- Brueggemann, Walter (30 September 2002). "Salvation". Reverberations of Faith: A Theological Handbook of Old Testament Themes. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 184–6. ISBN 9780664222314. (Presentation)
- Sharpe, Eric J.; Hinnells, John R., eds. (1973). Man and his salvation: Studies in memory of S. G. F. Brandon. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0-7190-0537-X.
- Sherma, Rita D.; Sarma, Aravinda (2008), Hermeneutics and Hindu Thought: Toward a Fusion of Horizons, Springer
- Snelling, John (1987), The Buddhist handbook. A Complete Guide to Buddhist Teaching and Practice, London: Century Paperbacks
- Tiwari, K.N. (1983), Comparative Religion, Motilal Banarsidass
- Kumar, Santosh (2019), Salvation: In the Light of the Cross and the Crescent, Notion Press, ISBN 9781647604974
External links[edit]
 | Wikiquote has quotations related to: Salvation |
- A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk, "Moral Transformation: the Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation" A recent defence of the moral transformation perspective.
- "The Scripture Way to Salvation" at the Library of Congress Web Archives (archived 2001-11-20), a sermon by John Wesley (Methodist / Wesleyan perspective)
The full text of On the Conversion of the Sinner by Blaise Pascal at Wikisource- "God's Plan of Salvation" (conservative Evangelical perspective)
- Salvation in Islam
- Immortality Or Resurrection? Chapter VI Hell: Eternal Torment or Annihilation? by Samuele Bacchiocchi, Ph.D., Andrews University
- Redemption after Death by Charles Augustus Briggs: An article in the December 1889 Issue of The Magazine of Christian Literature Vol 1. No. 3.
- The Catholic Church's interpretation of its dogma: "Outside the Church there is no salvation" at the Wayback Machine (archived 2000-03-11)
구원
구제는 여기로 연결됩니다. 다른 뜻에 대해서는 구제 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오. 다른 뜻에 대해서는 구원 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.| 구원 |
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 |
| 일반 개념 |
| 특정 개념 |
| 처벌 |
| 보상 |
구원(한자: 救援, 영어: Salvation, 독어: Erlösung)은 일반적으로 어떤 위험한 상황에서 구출되거나 속박에서 해방된다는 뜻을 가지고 있다.
신학에서 쓰이는 용어로서는 주로 다음과 같이 이해할 수 있다.
신학의 구원론은 이 구원을 연구하는 세부 항목이다.
기독교[편집]
- 구약 성경에서 구원을 뜻하는 히브리어는 '예슈아'로 자연재해나 적의 침입 등 실제적인 상황과 관련되어 쓰였다. 신약 성경에서 구원을 뜻하는 헬라어는 '소테리아'로 주로 죄와 죽음, 사탄의 권세에서 해방하는 그리스도의 사역과 관련되어 쓰였다.[1]
- 기독교에서 구원은 믿음의 가장 중요한 목적이다. 특히 2천년 전 사도 베드로는 영혼의 구원을 강조하였다.[2]
- 기독교적인 의미에서 구원(salvation)이라는 단어는 13세기, 약 1225년에 고대 프랑스어 salvationem라는 말로 처음 나타난다. 어원은 구출하다는 뜻의 라틴어 salvatio, 그리스어 soteria를 옮긴 것이다.(히브리어:Hoshea, 헬라어: Soteria) 대적[3]으로부터의 해방, 보호, 죄로부터의 구속, 영생, 그리고 성화의 과정이며, 구원에는 치유, 건강, 염려로부터의 해방 그리고 평안이라는 의미도 포함되어 있다.
같이 보기[편집]
각주[편집]
- ↑ 〈구원〉. 《비전성경사전》. 두란노. 2021년3월17일에 확인함.
- ↑ “개역한글판/베드로전서 1:9”. 《믿음의 결국 곧 영혼의 구원을 받음이라》.
- ↑ 예시하자면 베드로의 첫째 편지 제 5장 http://nocr.net/bible/fbs/readbible.php?version=korhrc&book=1%20Peter&chapter=5 Archived 2014년 2월 2일 - 웨이백 머신 의 제 8절
 | 이 글은 종교에 관한 토막글입니다. 여러분의 지식으로 알차게 문서를 완성해 갑시다. |
