2021/09/13

카미노데산티아고 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

카미노데산티아고 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

카미노데산티아고

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
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카미노데산티아고
World Heritage Logo global.svg 유네스코 세계유산 World Heritage Logo global.svg
Ways of St. James in Europe.png
유럽 내의 산티아고 순례길
영어명*Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain
프랑스어명*Chemins de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle : Camino francés et chemins du nord de l’Espagne
등록 구분문화유산
기준ii, iv, vi
지정번호669bis
지역**유럽 및 북아메리카
지정 역사
1993년  (17차 정부간위원회)
확장2015년
* 세계유산목록에 따른 정식명칭.
** 유네스코에 의해 구분된 지역.
산티아고 순례길 (프랑스)
World Heritage Logo global.svg 유네스코 세계유산 World Heritage Logo global.svg
영어명*Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France
프랑스어명*Chemins de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle en France
등록 구분문화유산
기준ii, iv, vi
지정번호868
지역**유럽 및 북아메리카
지정 역사
1998년  (22차 정부간위원회)
* 세계유산목록에 따른 정식명칭.
** 유네스코에 의해 구분된 지역.

카미노데산티아고(스페인어: Camino de Santiago, 갈리시아어: Camiño de Santiago, 라틴어: Peregrinatio Compostellana)는 스페인 갈리시아 지방 산티아고데콤포스텔라의 순례지이다. 주로 프랑스 각지에서 피레네 산맥을 통해 스페인 북부를 통과하는 길을 가리킨다.

이 길은 9세기 스페인 산티아고데콤포스텔라에서 성 야고보의 유해가 발견되었다고 알려져 유럽 전역에서 많은 순례객들이 오가기 시작했던 길이다. 산티아고 순례에 관한 배경에는 당시 이슬람군대의 위협에 이베리아반도의 마지막 보루를 지키고자 했던 정치적인 목적이 강했다. 성 야고보를 스페인의 수호 성인으로 모시게 되면서 오늘날 순례길이 생겼다.

러시아, 핀란드, 이탈리아, 포르투갈 등 각지에서 산티아고로 가는 여러 갈래길 가운데 가장 알려져 있는 '프랑스 길'은 프랑스 남부국경 생장피에드 (Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port)에서 시작해 피레네 산맥을 넘어 스페인 산티아고 콤포스텔라까지 이르는 800km 여정으로 프랑스인들이, 프랑스에서부터 오는 길이라는 뜻으로 붙여진 이름이다. 하루에 20여 킬로미터씩 한달을 꼬박 걸어야 한다. 연금술사의 파올로 코엘료가 걸어 더욱 유명해졌다. 2010년 27만명이 방문하였다.

천주교 순례길[편집]

최종 목적지가 산티아고데콤포스텔라 대성당인 산티아고 순례길은 로마, 예루살렘과 함께 중세시대에 기독교 순례자들의 매우 중요한 순례길 중에 하나였다. 교리상의 죄에 대한 보속으로 주어진 대사 중에 산티아고 순례도 있었다. ;[1]

전설에 따르면 야고보는 이베리아 반도까지 다녀갔다는 기록이 있어, 갈리시아에 이장되었는데 후일 그의 유골함이 놓인 도시를 성인의 이름을 따와 산티아고데콤포스텔라라 부르게 되었다. 전통적인 순례 방식은 본인의 집에서 시작하는 것이지만, 주요 경로로 간주되는 몇몇 길이 있었고, 중세시대에 번성하던 길은 흑사병과 종교 개혁의 물결에 쇠퇴해 갔다. 1980년대가 되자 매년 겨우 수백명의 순례자들만 찾는 매우 한적한 순례길이 되었다. 1987년, 유럽평의회가 첫번째 유럽 문화길로 산티아고 순례길을 선정하면서, 순례붐이 일게된다.[2] 유네스코 세계 유산 등재는 세계 각지의 순례자들이 현대에 순례길을 다시 찾는 계기가 되었다.

성 야고보 축일과 일요일이 겹치면 교황의 칙령에 따라 성스러운 해 또는 희년이 선포된다. 윤년 여부에 따라 5,6,11년마다 돌아오게 되는데, 이 시기는 순례객이 더 늘어난다. 다음 희년은 2021, 2027, 2032년이다.[3]

조개[편집]

조개는 12세기 부터 세례성사의 표상으로 사용되었으며, 순례의 상징이다. 예수의 12사도의 하나인 야고보는 스페인에 최초로 파견된 사도였다고 알려져 있지만 그 활동에 대한 구체적인 기록은 없다. 산티아고 순례길에는 길가는 도중에 조개 표식이 세워져 있다. 순례길을 모방한 제주도 올레길은 제주도 특산물인 조랑말을 형상화 하여 길 곳곳에 표시하고 있다.

  • 순례길 곳곳에 조개 표식이 되어 있다.

    •  

  • 조개 표식을 새롭게 바꾸었다.

필그림 패스포트[편집]

필그림 패스포트

대부분의 순례자들은 스페인 관광청이 몇유로에 판매하는 필그림 패스포트(순례자 여권)를 휴대한다. 길을 따라 걸으면 스탬프를 찍는 장소가 나오며, 패스포트에 스탬프를 찍어 본인이 그 길을 걸은 순례자임을 인증한다. 제주도 올레길도 동일한 패스포트를 도입했다.

각주[편집]

  1. ↑ Kent, William H. “Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Indulgences”. 위키인용집 (영어). 2019년 5월 20일에 확인함. This entry on indulgences suggests that the evolution of the doctrine came to include pilgrimage to shrines as a trend that developed from the 8th century A.D.: "Among other forms of commutation were pilgrimages to well-known shrines such as that at St. Albans in England or at Compostela in Spain. But the most important place of pilgrimage was Rome. According to Bede (674–735) the visitatio liminum, or visit to the tomb of the Apostles, was even then regarded as a good work of great efficacy (Hist. Eccl., IV, 23). At first the pilgrims came simply to venerate the relics of the Apostles and martyrs; but in course of time their chief purpose was to gain the indulgences granted by the pope and attached especially to the Stations."
  2. ↑ “Santiago de Compostela Pilgrim Routes”. Council of Europe. 2019년 5월 20일에 확인함.
  3. ↑ “Holy Years at Santiago de Compostela”. 16 September 2014에 원본 문서에서 보존된 문서. 6 March 2014에 확인함.

외부 링크[편집]


산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례 길

위키 백과 사전 「위키 페디아 (Wikipedia)」
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세계 유산산티아고 데
콤포 스텔라 순례로 :
카미노 프랜시스와
스페인 북부의 길
( 스페인 )
산토 도밍고 데라 칼 사다로 향하는 길
산토 도밍고 데라 칼 사다로 향하는 길
영명Routes of Santiago de Compostela : Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain
프랑스 이름Chemins de Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle : Camino francés et chemins du nord de l' Espagne
면적15 ha (완충 지역 9,282 ha)
등록 구분문화 유산
등록 기준(2), (4), (6)
등록 년1993 년
비고2015 년에 명칭 변경
공식 사이트세계 유산 센터 (영문)
지도
산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례 길의 위치
사용 방법 · 표시

산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례 길 (산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례 여과)은 기독교 의 성지 인 스페인 , 갈리시아 지방 의 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 에 순례자로 . 주로 프랑스 각지에서 피레네 산맥 을 통해 스페인 북부를 통과하는 길을 가리킨다.

개요 [ 편집 ]

산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라는 성 야곱 (스페인어로 산티아고)의 유해가 있다고되어 로마 , 예루살렘 과 함께 기독교의 삼대 순례지로 꼽히고있다. 프랑스에서는 '투르의 길」, 「리모의 길」, 「르 퓌이의 길」, 「툴루즈의 길'의 주요 4 개의 도로가 스페인으로 향하고있다. 스페인, 나바라 지방 에서 카스티야이 레온 주 북부를 서쪽으로 가로 질러 갈리시아 지방 의 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라로가는 "프랑스의 길 '이 중요하다.

스페인어로는 El Camino de Santiago (산티아고의 길)라고하며, 또한 정관사를 붙인 대문자로 시작 El Camino (그 길)는 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례로를 나타낸다. 프랑스에서는 le chemin de Saint Jacques (산 · 잭의 길)라고 불린다.

1000 년 이상의 역사를 가진 성지로 향하는 길은 지금도 연간 약 10 만명이 프랑스 에서 피레네 산맥 을 넘어 간다. 스페인 에 들어가면 순례의 거점 도시가 보인다. 거기에는 순례자 사무소가 이름을 등록하고 순례자의 증명이되는 수첩을 받는다. 순례자의 수가 증가와 함께 길가에 무료 숙박 장소가 정비되어왔다. 11 세기의 예배당을 수리 한 숙소 등도있어, 이쪽의 숙소는 중세 마치 "세족 의식 '이 열린다. 순례자의 발을 물로 정화, 여행의 무사를 기원합니다. 식사도 준비된다. 이들은 순례를지지하는 사람들의 무료 봉사로 이루어져있다. 도보에 의하여 스페인 횡단은 이베리아 반도 내에서도 약 800 km 의 여정이다. 긴 순례를 계속하는 것은 사람들에게 믿음과 마주 소중한 시간이다.

성당 5km 앞에있는 '몬테 델 고소 "( 환희의 언덕 ( 영어 ) ). 순례자는 여기서 처음으로 아름다운 성지의 모습을 눈으로한다. 도보로 약 1 개월의 여정. 성당에 도착한 순례자는 "영광의 문 '이라고 부른 입구로 향한다. 거기에는 몇 천만 순례자들이 기댈 수 있도록기도를 온 기둥이있다. 손 오목 자국이 역사를 말해주고있다.

세계 유산 [ 편집 ]

순례로 중 스페인 국내의 도로는 1993 년 에 '산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례 길'로 유네스코 의 세계 유산 에 등록되었다. 등록 된 길은 아래의 "프랑스의 길 '과'아라곤의 길"에 해당한다. 2015 년 에 확장 등록되는 동시에 등록 명칭이 변경되었다. 프랑스 순례로의 일부와 개발의 주요 건축물은 " 프랑스의 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례 길 '로 1998 년 에 별도 등록되었다.

등록 기준 [ 편집 ]

이 세계 유산은 세계 유산 등록 기준 중 다음의 조건을 충족 등록 된 (이하 기준은 세계 유산 센터 공표 등록 기준 에서 번역, 인용이다).

  • (2)의 기간 동안 또는 특정 문화권에서 건축, 기술, 기념비적 예술, 도시 계획, 조경 설계의 발전에 관해, 인류 가치의 중요한 교류를 보여주는 것.
  • (4) 인류 역사상 중요한 시대를 예증하는 건축 양식, 건축물 기술의 집적 또는 경관의 뛰어난 예.
  • (6) 현저한 보편적 인 의미를 갖는 사건, 현존하는 전통, 사상, 신앙 또는 예술적, 문학적 작품과 직접 또는 명백하게 관련하는 것 (이 기준은 다른 기준과 함께 사용하는 것이 바람직하다 와 세계 유산위원회는 생각한다).

역사 [ 편집 ]

전설에 의하면, 예수 의 열두 사도 중 하나 인 성 야고보 가 예루살렘 에서 순교 한 후 그 유해는 갈리시아 까지 옮겨져 매장 된 것으로 알려졌다. 813 년 현재 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라에서 은자 펠라기우스 는 천사의 말씀에 따라 야고보의 무덤이 있다는 것을 알게되어 별빛에 이끌려 주교와 신자들이 야곱의 무덤을 발견했다고한다. 이를 기념 무덤에 성당이 지어졌다.

"무어 살인 야곱"의 동상

산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라로 순례의 기록은 951 년의 것이 최초이다. 11 세기 에는 유럽 전역에서 많은 순례자들이 모여 전성기의 12 세기 에는 연간 50 만명 이상을 기록했다. 이러한 순례의 확산은 중세 유럽에서 성행했던 유물 숭배에 기인 한 바가 크다.

또한 순례 당시 이베리아 반도 를 지배하던 이슬람 국가에 레콘 키 스타 도 연동했다. 야곱은 레온 왕국 등 기독교 국가의 수호 성인 으로 간주 "Santiago matamoros"( 무어 사람 죽이는 야곱)라고 불리게되었다. 기독교 국가의 군인은 전장에서 '산티아고! "라고 외치면서 돌격했다. 기독교 국가의 제왕 순례로의 정비 나 순례자의 보호에 노력했다.

순례는 스페인과 스페인 외 유럽의 문화를 연결하는이되기도했다. 순례자 중에는 건축가도있어 그들은 야곱에게 바치고 순례로를 따라 도시에 로마네스크 건축 에 의한 많은 교회와 수도원을 세웠다.

레콘 키 스타의 완료와 백년 전쟁 , 30 년 전쟁 에 의한 혼란에 의해 약해진시기도 있었지만, 순례는 현재까지 계속되고있다. 현재 순례자의 스타일은 도보, 자전거, 자동차 등 다양하다. 또한 갈리시아 지방 정부는 관광의 중심으로 순례로 어필하고있다.

순례로 [ 편집 ]

프랑스 [ 편집 ]

오로론의 생트 마리 성당
1057m의 이바니ェ타 고개

프랑스에서 순례의 중심지였던 도시를 거점으로 4 개의 도로가 피레네 산맥을 향해있다.

파리 - 오를레앙 - 투르 - 푸아티에 - 산토 - 보르도 - 오스타바 = 아숨
붸즈레 ( fr ) - 부르주 / 느 베르 - 생 레오나르 드 = 노부라 - 리모 주 - 페리 - 오스타바 = 아숨
르 퓌 - 콘크리트 - 무 아삭 - 오스타바 = 아숨
아를르 - 생 질 - 몽펠리에 - 툴루즈 - 오로론 = 생트 마리

투르 도로, 리모 도로, 르 퓌 도로 3 개는 오스타바 = 아숨에 합류 해 생 장 - 피 - 드 - 포르 을 통해서 피레네 산맥의 이바니ェ타 고개 로 향한다. 뚤루즈의 길은 오로론 = 생트 마리 (오로론)에서 손뽀루토 고개 로 향한다.

스페인 [ 편집 ]

푸 엔테 라 레이나의 다리
산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 대성당

순례로는 피레네 산맥의 고개 스페인에 들어간다. 생 장 - 피 - 드 - 포르에서 이바니ェ타 고개 길은 스페인 나바라 주 , 오로론에서 손뽀루토 고개 길은 아라곤 지방 에 들어가 푸 엔테 라 레이나에서 합류한다.

생 장 - 피 - 드 - 포르에서 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라까지 ' 프랑스 길 ( 스페인어 ) "라고 순례로 가장 중요한 길이다. 손뽀루토 고개에서 푸 엔테 라 레이나까지 " 아라곤의 길 ( 스페인어 ) "라고 불린다. 또한 생 장 - 피 - 드 - 포르에서 푸 엔테 라 레이나까지 " 나바라의 길 ( 프랑스어 ) "라고 부르기도한다.

푸 엔테 라 레이나에서 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라까지의 길은 다음과 같습니다.

순례 도로지도 ( 프랑스어 ). 파란 선은 프랑스의 주요 순례로에 빨간 선은 스페인의 주요 순례로.

기타 [ 편집 ]

살라망카 로 향하는 순례자

이 외에, 이베리아 반도에는 다음의 순례로도있다.

현대 순례 [ 편집 ]

순례의 상징, 가리비

현재 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라를 목표로 순례자는 매년 수만 명에 이른다 [2] . 그 대부분은 도보로, 자전거를 사용하는 사람도있다. 소수의 중세처럼 말과 당나귀를 사용하는 사람도있다. 믿음뿐만 아니라 관광과 스포츠 단순한 목표 달성을 위해 걷는 사람도있다. 자동차와 철도, 버스로 이동 할 수 있지만, 순례로는 선로와 국도를 따라하지 않는 길도 많다. 또한 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라에서 인증서를받을 수있는 사람은 도보로 100km 이상 자전거로 200km 이상이라는 조건이있다. 또한 순례 증명서 (구성 스텔라 노) 혹은 순례 수첩을 가지고 있으면 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 에서 돌아 오는 비행기와 철도 요금이 할인되는 제도가있다.

성 야곱 (프랑스어로 Saint-Jacques )의 상징 인 유럽 가리비 가이 ( 영어 ) (프랑스어로 coquille Saint-Jacques )는 순례의 상징이되고있다. 순례자 순례의 증거로 유럽 가리비 가이 매달려 걷는다. 또한 물통 대신 바가지 를 가진다.

순례로에 유럽 가리비 가이의 마크가있는 표지판이 서있다

순례자는 다양한 경로를 추적하지만, 인기가있는 것은 「프랑스의 길 '이다. 출발지로 프랑스 측의 생 장 - 피 - 드 - 포르와 스페인 측의 론 세스 바 제스을 선택하는 사람이 많다. 전통적인 프랑스 마을 (르 퓌 아를르, 투르 등)에서 출발하는 경우 그리고 멀리서 프랑스의 길을 목표로하는 사람 중세를 모방하여 자신의 현관에서 출발하는 사람도있다. 피레네 산맥에서 모든 걸 으면 780km에서 900km 거리에서 걷는 빠른 사람 하루 평균 30km 정도 걸 으면 약 1 개월이 소요된다.

스페인과 프랑스 남부에는 순례자 하룻밤의 숙소를 제공 구호 시설 (albergue 또는 refugio) 곳곳 순례 수첩 (credencial)을 가진 사람을 누구나 묵게 해 준다. 숙소 시설은 유스 호스텔 과 같은 것으로, 3 유로에서 7 유로 또는 기부 만 묵을. 그러나 대부분은 1 박에 한정되어있다. 구호 시설에 묵 으면 순례 수첩 (유료) 공식 스탬프 (무료)가 밀려 모은 스탬프 순례의 증명이된다. 수첩은 구호 시설과 관광 안내소 교구 교회에서 사용 가능하며 비용은 3 유로 정도.

산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라에 도착하면 '스텔라'라는 인증서 (무료)받을 수있다. 중세 가톨릭 교회에서는 "스텔라"는 면죄부 모양 의 일종이었다. 성당에서는 매일 정오에 순례자를위한 미사 가 열리고 순례자의 조국과 출발이 제기된다.

자매도 제휴 [ 편집 ]

1998 년 10 월 9 일, 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례 길의 최종 목적지 인 갈리시아 지방과 쿠마 노 고도 의 최종 지인 와카야마 현 은 고도의 최종 목적지로의 지속적인 우호 관계를 확립하기 위해 두 고도의 자매도 제휴를 체결했다 [3] . 그 후, 2004 년 7 월 7 일에는 쿠마 노 고도를 포함 기이 산지의 영지와 참배 길 (와카야마 현 · 나라현 · 미에현 에 걸쳐)도 유네스코 세계 문화 유산에 등록 된 길의 세계 유산끼리의 교류를 계속하고있다.

각주 [ 편집 ]

[ 각주 사용 ]

출처 [ 편집 ]

  1. ^ Caminho de Torres revealed as new pilgrim routeThe Portugal News 2021-06-12
  2. ^ The present-day pilgrimage , Confraternity of Saint James, 2006-07-26
  3. ^ " 와카야마 현의 자매 결연에 대해 "와카야마 현. 2016 년 3 월 4 일 시점의 원래 보다 아카이브. 2017 년 5 월 19 일 에 확인.

참고 문헌 [ 편집 ]

  • "외로운 행성 스페인 2004 ~ 2005 년도 판"다이아몬드 빅 사의 2004 년, pp. 340-349
  • "신정 증보 스페인 포르투갈을 알고 사전」헤 본사, 2001 년, pp. 141-143, 152
  • "산티아고 순례 '신초 · 잠자리의 책, 2002 년, pp. 115-123 (이가라시 見鳥 의한)
  • 関哲行"스페인 순례 역사"땅의 성지 "를 추적" 고단샤 현대 신서 , 2006 년

관련 문헌 [ 편집 ]

  • 프란시스코 싱글 편 「성지 산티아고 순례 여행 날짜 가라 앉는 나라에 '엔진 룸 출판 사업부, 2008 년
  • 스즈키孝壽"스페인 로마네스크 길 그레고리오 성가 의 세계」, 치 쿠마 서방 , 1997 년
  • 아사노 히토미 "스페인 로마네스크 조각 연구 산티아고 순례의 시대와 미술」,長崎純心大学학술 총서 5 : 큐슈 대학 출판회 , 2003 년
  • 이케다 켄지 "스페인 로마네스크 여행"컬러판 공신 서 2011 년
  • 하뻬이 · 카케린구 "순례 코미디 여행 일기 나의 산티아고 순례 길 'みすず書房 2010 년

관련 항목 [ 편집 ]

위키 미디어 공용은 산티아고 데 콤포 스텔라 순례 길 관련 카테고리가 있습니다.
===

Camino de Santiago

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the documentary, see El camino de Santiago (film).
Camino de Santiago
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Ways of St. James in Europe.png
Map of the Way of St. James in Europe
CriteriaCultural: (ii)(iv)(vi)
Official nameRoutes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain
Reference669bis
Inscription1993 (17th Session)
Extensions2015
Buffer zone16,286 ha (62.88 sq mi)
Official nameRoutes of Santiago de Compostela in France
Reference868
Inscription1998 (22nd Session)
Area97.21 ha (0.3753 sq mi)

The Camino de Santiago (Latin: Peregrinatio Compostellana, "Pilgrimage of Compostela"; Galician: O Camiño de Santiago),[1] known in English as the Way of St. James, is a network of pilgrims' ways or pilgrimages leading to the shrine of the apostle Saint James the Great in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition holds that the remains of the saint are buried. As Pope Benedict XVI said, "It is a Way sown with so many demonstrations of fervour, repentance, hospitality, art and culture which speak to us eloquently of the spiritual roots of the Old Continent."[2] Many follow its routes as a form of spiritual path or retreat for their spiritual growth. It is also popular with hiking and cycling enthusiasts and organized tour groups.

Created and established after the discovery of the relics of James of Zebedee at the beginning of the 9th century, the Way of St. James became a major pilgrimage route of medieval Christianity from the 10th century onwards. But it was only after the capture of Granada in 1492, under the reign of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, that Pope Alexander VI officially declared the Camino de Santiago to be one of the "three great pilgrimages of Christendom", along with Jerusalem and Rome.

The Camino de Santiago, which corresponds to several routes in Spain and France, was declared in 1987 the first Cultural Route of the Council of Europe. Since 2013, the Camino de Santiago has attracted more than 200,000 pilgrims each year, with a growth rate of more than 10 percent per year. Pilgrims come mainly on foot and often from nearby cities requiring few days of walking to reach Santiago. The French Way gathers two-thirds of the walkers, but other minor routes are experiencing a growth in popularity. The French Way (Camino Francés) and the Routes of Northern Spain are listed in the World Heritage List by UNESCO.[3][4]

Since the end of the 20th century, the interpretation of the Catholic sanctuary has undergone a doctrinal evolution.[further explanation needed] For example, the word "tomb" has disappeared from the speeches of popes since John Paul II. Additionally, when speaking of the memorial of St. James, John Paul II did not use the word "relics", and Benedict XVI said simply that the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela "is linked to the memory of St. James."[citation needed]

Major Christian pilgrimage route[edit source]

The Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela.

The Way of St. James was one of the most important Christian pilgrimages during the later Middle Ages, and a pilgrimage route on which a plenary indulgence could be earned;[5] other major pilgrimage routes include the Via Francigena to Rome and the pilgrimage to Jerusalem.

The reliquary of Saint James in the Cathedral of Santiago.

Legend holds that St. James's remains were carried by boat from Jerusalem to northern Spain, where he was buried in what is now the city of Santiago de Compostela.[6]

Pilgrims on the Way can take one of dozens of pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela. Traditionally, as with most pilgrimages, the Way of Saint James begins at one's home and ends at the pilgrimage site. However, a few of the routes are considered main ones. During the Middle Ages, the route was highly travelled. However, the Black Death, the Protestant Reformation, and political unrest in 16th century Europe led to its decline. By the 1980s, only a few hundred pilgrims per year registered in the pilgrim's office in Santiago. In October 1987, the route was declared the first European Cultural Route by the Council of Europe; it was also named one of UNESCO's World Heritage Sites. Since the 1980s the route has attracted a growing number of modern-day international pilgrims (see below).

Whenever St. James's Day (25 July) falls on a Sunday, the cathedral declares a Holy or Jubilee Year. Depending on leap years, Holy Years occur in 5-, 6-, and 11-year intervals. The most recent were 1993, 1999, 2004, 2010 and 2021. The next will be 2027, and 2032.[7]

History[edit source]

Pre-Christian history[edit source]

Roman bridge with 19 arches over the river Órbigo. The bridge has been integrated into the modern Camino Frances.

The main pilgrimage route to Santiago follows an earlier Roman trade route, which continues to the Atlantic coast of Galicia, ending at Cape Finisterre. Although it is known today that Cape Finisterre, Spain's westernmost point, is not the westernmost point of Europe (Cabo da Roca in Portugal is farther west), the fact that the Romans called it Finisterrae (literally the end of the world or Land's End in Latin) indicates that they viewed it as such. At night, the Milky Way overhead seems to point the way, so the route acquired the nickname "Voie lactée" – the Milky Way in French.[8]

Scallop symbol[edit source]

See also: Shell of Saint James and Pilgrim's hat
St. James's shell, a symbol of the route, on a wall in León, Spain
A stylised scallop shell, the modern sign post of the Way

The scallop shell, often found on the shores in Galicia, has long been the symbol of the Camino de Santiago. Over the centuries the scallop shell has taken on a variety of meanings, metaphorical, practical, and mythical, even if its relevance may have actually derived from the desire of pilgrims to take home a souvenir.

According to Spanish legends, Saint James had spent time preaching the gospel in Spain, but returned to Judaea upon seeing a vision of the Virgin Mary on the bank of the Ebro River.[9][10] Two versions of the most common myth about the origin of the symbol concern the death of Saint James, who was martyred by beheading in Jerusalem in 44 AD. They are:

  • Version 1: After James's death, his disciples shipped his body to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. Off the coast of Spain, a heavy storm hit the ship, and the body was lost to the ocean. After some time, however, it washed ashore undamaged, covered in scallops.[citation needed]
  • Version 2: After James's martyrdom, his body was transported by a ship piloted by an angel, back to the Iberian Peninsula to be buried in what is now Santiago. As the ship approached land, a wedding was taking place on shore. The young groom was on horseback, and, upon seeing the ship's approach, his horse got spooked, and horse and rider plunged into the sea. Through miraculous intervention, the horse and rider emerged from the water alive, covered in seashells.[4]:71

From its connection to the Camino, the scallop shell came to represent pilgrimage, both to a specific shrine as well as to heaven, recalling Hebrews 11:13, identifying that Christians "are pilgrims and strangers on the earth".[11]

A marker in the pavement indicates the route of the Way of St. James through Navarrete, La Rioja, Spain.

The scallop shell is an ubiquitous sight along the Camino, where it often serves as a guide for pilgrims. The shell is even more commonly seen on the pilgrims themselves, who are thereby identified as pilgrims. Most pilgrims receive a shell at the beginning of their journey and display it throughout their journey.[12] During the medieval period, the shell was more a proof of completion than a symbol worn during the pilgrimage.

St. James pilgrim accessories

The pilgrim's staff is a walking stick used by pilgrims on the way to the shrine of Santiago de Compostela in Spain.[13] Generally, the stick has a hook so that something may be hung from it,; it may have a crosspiece.[14] The usual form of representation is with a hook,[15] but in some the hook is absent.[16] The pilgrim's staff is represented under different forms and is referred to using different names, e.g. a pilgrim's crutch, a crutch-staff. The crutch, perhaps, should be represented with the transverse piece on the top of the staff (like the letter T) instead of across it.[17]

Medieval routes[edit source]

Saint James with his pilgrim's staff. The hat is typical, but he often wears his emblem, the scallop shell, on the front brim of the hat or elsewhere on his clothes.

The earliest records of visits paid to the shrine at Santiago de Compostela date from the 9th century, in the time of the Kingdom of Asturias and Galicia. The pilgrimage to the shrine became the most renowned medieval pilgrimage, and it became customary for those who returned from Compostela to carry back with them a Galician scallop shell as proof of their completion of the journey. This practice gradually led to the scallop shell becoming the badge of a pilgrim.[18]

The earliest recorded pilgrims from beyond the Pyrenees visited the shrine in the middle of the 11th century, but it seems that it was not until a century later that large numbers of pilgrims from abroad were regularly journeying there. The earliest records of pilgrims that arrived from England belong to the period between 1092 and 1105. However, by the early 12th century the pilgrimage had become a highly organized affair.

One of the great proponents of the pilgrimage in the 12th century was Pope Callixtus II, who started the Compostelan Holy Years.[19] The official guide in those times was the Codex Calixtinus. Published around 1140, the 5th book of the Codex is still considered the definitive source for many modern guidebooks. Four pilgrimage routes listed in the Codex originate in France and converge at Puente la Reina. From there, a well-defined route crosses northern Spain, linking Burgos, Carrión de los Condes, Sahagún, León, Astorga, and Compostela.

Early 18th century facade of the San Marcos Monastery in Leon, which provided care for pilgrims over many centuries.

The daily needs of pilgrims on their way to and from Compostela were met by a series of hospitals. Indeed, these institutions contributed to the development of the modern concept of ‘hospital’. Some Spanish towns still bear the name, such as Hospital de Órbigo. The hospitals were often staffed by Catholic orders and under royal protection. Donations were encouraged but many poorer pilgrims had few clothes and poor health often barely getting to the next hospital.

Romanesque architecture, a new genre of ecclesiastical architecture, was designed with massive archways to cope with huge crowds of the devout.[20] There was also the sale of the now-familiar paraphernalia of tourism, such as badges and souvenirs. Pilgrims often prayed to Saint Roch whose numerous depictions with the Cross of St James can still be seen along the Way even today.

Way of St. James pilgrims (1568)

The pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela was made possible by the protection and freedom provided by the Kingdom of France, from which the majority of pilgrims originated. Enterprising French (including Gascons and other peoples not under the French crown) settled in towns along the pilgrimage routes, where their names appear in the archives. The pilgrims were tended by people like Domingo de la Calzada, who was later recognized as a saint.

Pilgrims walked the Way of St. James, often for months and occasionally years at a time, to arrive at the great church in the main square of Compostela and pay homage to St. James. Many arrived with very little due to illness or robbery or both. Traditionally pilgrims lay their hands on the pillar just inside the doorway of the cathedral, and so many now have done this it has visibly worn away the stone.[21]

St. James the Moor Slayer (Carrión de los Condes)

The popular Spanish name for the astronomical Milky Way is El Camino de Santiago. According to a common medieval legend, the Milky Way was formed from the dust raised by travelling pilgrims.[22]

Another legend states that when a hermit saw a bright star shining over a hillside near San Fiz de Solvio, he informed the bishop of Iria Flavia, who found a grave at the site with three bodies inside, one of which he asserted was Saint James. Subsequently, the location was called "the field of the star" (Campus Stellae, corrupted to "Compostela").[23]

Another origin myth mentioned in Book IV of the Book of Saint James relates how the saint appeared in a dream to Charlemagne, urging him to liberate his tomb from the Moors and showing him the direction to follow by the route of the Milky Way.

Pilgrimage as penance[edit source]

Saint-Guilhem-le-Désert

The Church employed (and employs) rituals (the sacrament of confession) that can lead to the imposition by a priest of penance, through which the sinner atones for his or her sins. Pilgrimages were deemed to be a suitable form of expiation for sin and long pilgrimages would be imposed as penance for very serious sins. As noted in the Catholic Encyclopedia:

In the registers of the Inquisition at Carcassone...we find the four following places noted as being the centres of the greater pilgrimages to be imposed as penances for the graver crimes: the tomb of the Apostles at Rome, the shrine of St. James at Compostella [sic], St. Thomas' body at Canterbury, and the relics of the Three Kings at Cologne.

Pilgrimages could also be imposed as judicial punishment for crime, a practice that is still occasionally used today. For example, a tradition in Flanders persists of pardoning and releasing one prisoner every year[24] under the condition that, accompanied by a guard, the prisoner walks to Santiago wearing a heavy backpack.

Enlightenment era[edit source]

During the war of American Independence, John Adams (who would become the second American president) was ordered by Congress to go to Paris to obtain funds for the cause. His ship started leaking and he disembarked with his two sons at Finisterre in 1779. From there he proceeded to follow the Way of St. James in the reverse direction of the pilgrims' route, in order to get to Paris overland. He did not stop to visit Santiago, which he later came to regret. In his autobiography, Adams described the customs and lodgings afforded to St. James's pilgrims in the 18th century and he recounted the legend as it was told to him:[25]

I have always regretted that We could not find time to make a Pilgrimage to Saintiago de Compostella. We were informed ... that the Original of this Shrine and Temple of St. Iago was this. A certain Shepherd saw a bright Light there in the night. Afterwards it was revealed to an Archbishop that St. James was buried there. This laid the Foundation of a Church, and they have built an Altar on the Spot where the Shepherd saw the Light. In the time of the Moors, the People made a Vow, that if the Moors should be driven from this Country, they would give a certain portion of the Income of their Lands to Saint James. The Moors were defeated and expelled and it was reported and believed, that Saint James was in the Battle and fought with a drawn Sword at the head of the Spanish Troops, on Horseback. The People, believing that they owed the Victory to the Saint, very cheerfully fulfilled their Vows by paying the Tribute. ... Upon the Supposition that this is the place of the Sepulchre of Saint James, there are great numbers of Pilgrims, who visit it, every Year, from France, Spain, Italy and other parts of Europe, many of them on foot.

Modern-day pilgrimage[edit source]

A modern post marking the Way.
A Camino milestone by St Leonard's church, Wojnicz, Poland

Although it is commonly believed that the pilgrimage to Santiago has continued without interruption since the Middle Ages, few modern pilgrimages antedate the 1957 publication of Irish Hispanist and traveler Walter Starkie's The Road to Santiago.[4] The revival of the pilgrimage was supported by the Spanish government of Francisco Franco, much inclined to promote Spain's Catholic history. "It has been only recently (1990s) that the pilgrimage to Santiago regained the popularity it had in the Middle Ages."[26]

Since then, hundreds of thousands (over 300,000 in 2017)[27] of Christian pilgrims and many others set out each year from their homes, or from popular starting points across Europe, to make their way to Santiago de Compostela. Most travel by foot, some by bicycle, and some even travel as their medieval counterparts did, on horseback or by donkey. In addition to those undertaking a religious pilgrimage, many are hikers who walk the route for travel or sport. Also, many consider the experience a spiritual retreat from modern life.[28]

Routes[edit source]

Here, only a few routes are named. For a complete list of all the routes (traditional and less so), see: Camino de Santiago (route descriptions).

Early photo of Roncesvalles.

The Camino Francés, or French Way, is the most popular. The Via Regia is the last portion of the (Camino Francés).[citation needed] Historically, because of the Codex Calixtinus, most pilgrims came from France: typically from Arles, Le Puy, Paris, and Vézelay; some from Saint Gilles. Cluny, site of the celebrated medieval abbey, was another important rallying point for pilgrims and, in 2002, it was integrated into the official European pilgrimage route linking Vézelay and Le Puy.

Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port.

Most Spanish consider the French border in the Pyrenees the natural starting point. By far the most common, modern starting point on the Camino Francés is Saint-Jean-Pied-de-Port, on the French side of the Pyrenees, with Roncesvalles on the Spanish side also being popular.[29] The distance from Roncesvalles to Santiago de Compostela through León is about 800 km (500 mi).

The Camino Primitivo, or Original Way, is the oldest route to Santiago de Compostela, first taken in the 9th century and which begins in Oviedo.[30]

A boardwalk on the Portuguese coastal Way: Coastal sand dunes of Póvoa de Varzim.

Camino Portugués, or the Portuguese Way, is the second-most-popular route,[29] starting at the cathedral in Lisbon (for a total of about 610 km) or at the cathedral in Porto in the north of Portugal (for a total of about 227 km), and crossing into Galicia at Valença.[31]

The Camino del Norte, or the Northern Way, is also less traveled and starts in the Basque city of Irun on the border with France, or sometimes in San Sebastián. It is a less popular route because of its changes in elevation, whereas the Camino Frances is mostly flat. The route follows the coast along the Bay of Biscay until it nears Santiago. Though it does not pass through as many historic points of interest as the Camino Frances, it has cooler summer weather. The route is believed to have been first used by pilgrims to avoid traveling through the territories occupied by the Muslims in the Middle Ages.[32]

The Central European camino was revived after the Fall of the Berlin Wall. Medieval routes, Camino Baltico and the Via Regia in Poland pass through present-day Poland reach as far north as the Baltic states, taking in Vilnius, and Eastwards to present-day Ukraine and take in Lviv, Sandomierz and Kraków.[33]

Accommodation[edit source]

Monastery of San Xuliàn de Samos, which provides shelter for pilgrims.

In Spain, France, and Portugal, pilgrim's hostels with beds in dormitories provide overnight accommodation for pilgrims who hold a credencial (see below). In Spain this type of accommodation is called a refugio or albergue, both of which are similar to youth hostels or hostelries in the French system of gîtes d'étape.

Hostels may be run by a local parish, the local council, private owners, or pilgrims' associations. Occasionally, these refugios are located in monasteries, such as the one in the Monastery of San Xulián de Samos that is run by monks, and the one in Santiago de Compostela.

The final hostel on the route is the famous Hostal de los Reyes Católicos, which lies in the Praza do Obradoiro across the Cathedral. It was originally constructed as hospice and hospital for pilgrims by Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, the Catholic Monarchs. Today it is a luxury 5-star Parador hotel, which still provides free services to a limited number of pilgrims daily.

Credencial or pilgrim's passport[edit source]

St. James pilgrim passport stamps in Spain for the Camino Frances
St. James pilgrim passport stamps in France on the Via Turonensis (Tours route) for the Chemin de St. Jacques de Compostelle. The World Heritage Sites of the Routes of Santiago de Compostela in France lists the major French towns with stamps.

Most pilgrims purchase and carry a document called the credencial,[34] which gives access to overnight accommodation along the route. Also known as the "pilgrim's passport", the credencial is stamped with the official St. James stamp of each town or refugio at which the pilgrim has stayed. It provides pilgrims with a record of where they ate or slept and serves as proof to the Pilgrim's Office in Santiago that the journey was accomplished according to an official route and thus that the pilgrim qualifies to receive a compostela (certificate of completion of the pilgrimage).

Compostela[edit source]

A Compostela from 2007.

The compostela is a certificate of accomplishment given to pilgrims on completing the Way. To earn the compostela one needs to walk a minimum of 100 km or cycle at least 200 km. In practice, for walkers, the closest convenient point to start is Sarria, as it has good bus and rail connections to other places in Spain. Pilgrims arriving in Santiago de Compostela who have walked at least the last 100 km (62 mi), or cycled 200 km (120 mi) to get there (as indicated on their credencial), and who state that their motivation was at least partially religious, are eligible for the compostela from the Pilgrim's Office in Santiago.[35]

The compostela has been indulgenced since the Early Middle Ages and remains so to this day, during Holy Years.[36] The English translation reads:

The CHAPTER of this holy apostolic and metropolitan Church of Compostela, guardian of the seal of the Altar of the blessed Apostle James, in order that it may provide authentic certificates of visitation to all the faithful and to pilgrims from all over the earth who come with devout affection or for the sake of a vow to the shrine of our Apostle St. James, the patron and protector of Spain, hereby makes known to each and all who shall inspect this present document that [Name]

has visited this most sacred temple for the sake of pious devotion. As a faithful witness of these things I confer upon him [or her] the present document, authenticated by the seal of the same Holy Church.

Given at Compostela on the [day] of the month of [month] in the year of the Lord [year].

Deputy Canon for Pilgrims

The simpler certificate of completion in Spanish for those with non-religious motivation reads:

La S.A.M.I. Catedral de Santiago de Compostela le expresa su bienvenida cordial a la Tumba Apostólica de Santiago el Mayor; y desea que el Santo Apóstol le conceda, con abundancia, las gracias de la Peregrinación.

English translation:

The Holy Apostolic Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela expresses its warm welcome to the Tomb of the Apostle St. James the Greater; and wishes that the holy Apostle may grant you, in abundance, the graces of the Pilgrimage.

The Pilgrim's Office gives more than 100,000 compostelas each year to pilgrims from more than 100 different countries. However, the requirements to earn a compostela ensure that not everyone who walks on the Camino receives one. The requirements for receiving a compostela are: 1) make the Pilgrimage for religious/spiritual reasons or at least have an attitude of search, 2) do the last 100 km on foot or horseback or the last 200 km by bicycle. 3) collect a certain number of stamps on a credencial.[37]

Pilgrim's Mass[edit source]

Pilgrims finishing the Camino from 1985 – 2018

Green bars are holy years

A Pilgrim's Mass is held in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela each day at 12:00 and 19:30.[38] Pilgrims who received the compostela the day before have their countries of origin and the starting point of their pilgrimage announced at the Mass. The Botafumeiro, one of the largest censers in the world, is operated during certain Solemnities and on every Friday, except Good Friday, at 19:30.[39] Priests administer the Sacrament of Penance, or confession, in many languages. In the Holy Year of 2010 the Pilgrim's Mass was exceptionally held four times a day, at 10:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 19:30, catering for the greater number of pilgrims arriving in the Holy Year.[40]

Pilgrimage as tourism[edit source]

The Xunta de Galicia (Galicia's regional government) promotes the Way as a tourist activity, particularly in Holy Compostela Years (when 25 July falls on a Sunday). Following Galicia's investment and advertising campaign for the Holy Year of 1993, the number of pilgrims completing the route has been steadily rising. The next Holy Year will occur in 2021, 11 years after the last Holy Year of 2010. More than 272,000 pilgrims made the trip during the course of 2010.

YearPilgrims
2019347,578
2018327,378
2017301,036
2016277,915
2015262,458
2014237,886
2013215,880
2012192,488
2011179,919
2010272,7031
2009145,877
2008125,141
2007114,026
2006100,377
200593,924
2004179,9441
200374,614
200268,952
200161,418
200055,004³
1999154,6131
199830,126
199725,179
199623,218
199519,821
199415,863
199399,4361
19929,764
19917,274
19904,918
19895,760²
19883,501
19872,905
19861,801
1985690
1 Holy Years (Xacobeo/Jacobeo)
2 4th World Youth Day in Santiago de Compostela
3 Santiago named European Capital of Culture
Source: The archives of Santiago de Compostela.[41][42][43][44]

In film and television[edit source]

(Chronological)

  • The pilgrimage is central to the plot of the film The Milky Way (1969), directed by surrealist Luis Buñuel. It is intended to critique the Catholic church, as the modern pilgrims encounter various manifestations of Catholic dogma and heresy.
  • The Naked Pilgrim (2003) documents the journey of art critic and journalist Brian Sewell to Santiago de Compostela for the UK's Channel Five. Travelling by car along the French route, he visited many towns and cities on the way including Paris, Chartres, Roncesvalles, Burgos, León and Frómista. Sewell, a lapsed Catholic, was moved by the stories of other pilgrims and by the sights he saw. The series climaxed with Sewell's emotional response to the Mass at Compostela.
  • The Way of St. James was the central feature of the film Saint Jacques... La Mecque (2005) directed by Coline Serreau.
  • In The Way (2010), written and directed by Emilio Estevez, Martin Sheen learns that his son (Estevez) has died early along the route and takes up the pilgrimage in order to complete it on the son's behalf. The film was presented at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2010[45][46] and premiered in Santiago in November 2010.
  • On his PBS travel Europe television series, Rick Steves covers Northern Spain and the Camino de Santiago in series 6.[47]
  • In 2013, Simon Reeve presented the "Pilgrimage" series on BBC2, in which he followed various pilgrimage routes across Europe, including the Camino de Santiago in episode 2.[48]
  • In 2014, Lydia B Smith[49] and Future Educational Films released Walking the Camino: Six Ways to Santiago[50] in theatres across the U.S. and Canada. The film features the accounts and perspectives of six pilgrims as they navigate their respective journeys from France to Santiago de Compostela. In 2015, it was distributed across the World, playing theatres throughout Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. It recently aired on NPTV and continues to be featured in festivals relating to the Spirituality, Mind Body, Travel, and Adventure.

Gallery[edit source]

  • Monument to pilgrims in Burgos.

    •  

  • A pilgrims hostel in Mansilla de las Mulas.

    •  

  • A pilgrim on the barren and impressive meseta, which offers a long and challenging walk

    •  

  • A pilgrim near San Juan de Ortega.

    •  

  • View on el Camino del Norte. San Sebastián, playa de la Concha.

    •  

  • Sea view on el Camino del Norte, approaching Onton.

Selected literature[edit source]

(Alphabetical by author's surname)

See also[edit source]

References[edit source]

  1. ^ In other languages: Spanish: El Camino de Santiago; Portuguese: O Caminho de Santiago; French: Le chemin de Saint-Jacques; German: Der Jakobsweg; Italian: Il Cammino di san Giacomo.
  2. ^ "Message to the Archbishop of Santiago de Compostela (Spain) on the occasion of the opening of the Compostela Holy Year 2010 (December 19, 2009) | BENEDICT XVI". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
  3. ^ "Routes of Santiago de Compostela: Camino Francés and Routes of Northern Spain". UNESCO.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b c Starkie, Walter (1965) [1957]. The Roads to Santiago: Pilgrims of St. James. University of California Press.
  5. ^ Kent, William H. (1913). "Indulgences" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. This entry on indulgences suggests that the evolution of the doctrine came to include pilgrimage to shrines as a trend that developed from the 8th century A.D.: "Among other forms of commutation were pilgrimages to well-known shrines such as that at St. Albans in England or at Compostela in Spain. But the most important place of pilgrimage was Rome. According to Bede (674–735) the visitatio liminum, or visit to the tomb of the Apostles, was even then regarded as a good work of great efficacy (Hist. Eccl., IV, 23). At first the pilgrims came simply to venerate the relics of the Apostles and martyrs, but in course of time their chief purpose was to gain the indulgences granted by the pope and attached especially to the Stations."
  6. ^ "Santiago de Compostela | Spain". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
  7. ^ "Holy Years at Santiago de Compostela". Archived from the original on 16 September 2014. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  8. ^ "Medieval footpath under the stars of the Milky WayArchived 17 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine". Telegraph Online.
  9. ^ Chadwick, Henry (1976), Priscillian of Avila, Oxford University Press
  10. ^ Fletcher, Richard A. (1984), Saint James's Catapult : The Life and Times of Diego Gelmírez of Santiago de Compostela, Oxford University Press
  11. ^ Kosloski, Philip (25 July 2017). "How the scallop shell became a symbol of pilgrimage".
  12. ^ "Camino de Santiago en Navarra". Government of Navarre. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  13. ^ ""Pilgrim's Way to Santiago: Curiosities". Navarre Tourist Board.
  14. ^ Pilgrim's or Palmer's Staff French: bourdon: this was used as a device in a coat of arms as early at least as Edward II's reign, as will be seen. The Staff and the Escallop shell were the badge of the pilgrim, and hence it is but natural it should find its way into the shields of those who had visited the Holy Land.
  15. ^ "figure 1". heraldsnet.org.
  16. ^ "figure 2". heraldsnet.org.
  17. ^ "J". A GLOSSARY OF TERMS USED IN HERALDRY.
  18. ^ Waldron, Thomas (1979). "The Sign of the Scallop Shell". The Furrow. 30 (10): 646–649. JSTOR 27660823.
  19. ^ "Brief history: The Camino – past, present & future". Archived from the original on 1 March 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
  20. ^ "Romanesque Architecture - Durham World Heritage Site". www.durhamworldheritagesite.com.
  21. ^ Davies, Bethan; Cole, Ben (2003). Walking the Camino de Santiago. Pili Pala Press. p. 179. ISBN 0-9731698-0-X.
  22. ^ Bignami, Giovanni F. (26 March 2004). "Visions of the Milky Way". Science. 303 (5666): 1979. doi:10.1126/science.1096275. JSTOR 3836327. S2CID 191291730.
  23. ^ Aruna Vasadevan (5 November 2013). "Santiago de Compostela (La Coruña, Spain)". In Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger (eds.). Southern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Taylor & Francis. pp. 621–624. ISBN 978-1-134-25965-6.
  24. ^ "Huellas españolas en Flandes". Turismo de Bélgica. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012.
  25. ^ "John Adams autobiography, part 3, Peace, 1779–1780, sheet 10 of 18". Harvard University Press, 1961. August 2007.
  26. ^ Mitchell-Lanham, Jean (2015). The Lore of the Camino de Santiago: A Literary Pilgrimage. Two Harbors Press. p. xv. ISBN 978-1-63413-333-3.
  27. ^ Erimatica. "Estadística de peregrinos del Camino de Santiago a 2018". Camino de Santiago. Guía definitiva: etapas, albergues, rutas (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  28. ^ "The present-day pilgrimage". The Confraternity of Saint James. Archived from the original on 15 July 2006.
  29. ^ Jump up to:a b "Informe estadístico Año 2016" (PDF). Oficina del Peregrino de Santiago de Compostela. Retrieved 18 September2017.
  30. ^ "Primitive Way-Camino de Santiago Primitivo". Retrieved 15 December 2015.
  31. ^ The Confraternity of Saint James. "The Camino Portugués". Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 17 May2016.
  32. ^ "Camino del Norte". Camino Ways.
  33. ^ Camino Polaco. Teologia - Sztuka - Historia - Teraźniejszość - Edited by Fr. dr. Piotr Roszak and professor dr. Waldemar Rozynkowski. published by Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Mikołaja Kopernika (Toruń); volume 1 (2014), volume 2 (2015), volume 3 (2016) in Polish.
  34. ^ Barry Smith, Olimpia Giuliana Loddo and Giuseppe Lorini, "On Credentials", Journal of Social Ontology, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jso-2019-0034 | Published online: 07 Aug 2020.
  35. ^ "▷ The Compostela . What is it. How to get it. Minimum distance required". Pilgrim. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  36. ^ "The Compostela". Confraternity of Saint James. Archived from the original on 29 January 2015. Retrieved 6 August2016.
  37. ^ "The Compostela". Oficina del Peregrino de Santiago de Compostela.
  38. ^ "Masses Hours". catedraldesantiago.es. Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  39. ^ "The Botafumiero". catedraldesantiago.es. Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  40. ^ "The Holy Year: When Does the Holy Year Take Place?". catedraldesantiago.es. Catedral de Santiago de Compostela. Archived from the original on 16 August 2016. Retrieved 6 August 2016. It is Holy Year in Compostela when the 25th of July, Commemoration of the Martyrdom of Saint James, falls on a Sunday. 8 December 2015 – 20 November 2016, Pope Francis's Extraordinary Jubilee of Mercy, was also a Holy Year.
  41. ^ "Pilgrims by year according to the office of pilgrims at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela". Archived from the original on 1 January 2010.
  42. ^ "Pilgrims 2006–2009 according to the office of pilgrims at the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela". Archived from the original on 19 January 2012.
  43. ^ "Statistics". Archived from the original on 14 August 2014.
  44. ^ "Statistics". Oficina del Peregrino de Santiago de Compostela.
  45. ^ "The Way (2010)". IMDb. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  46. ^ "The way official movie site". Theway-themovie.com. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 10 July2011.
  47. ^ "Rick Steves travel show, episode: "Northern Spain and the Camino de Santiago"". ricksteves.com. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  48. ^ "YouTube".
  49. ^ "Lydia B Smith". IMDb. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  50. ^ "Walking the Camino: Six Ways to Santiago".

External links[edit source]


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