List of Russian philosophers
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Philosophers (1917) by Mikhail Nesterov, depicting Pavel Florensky and Sergei Bulgakov.
Russian philosophy includes a variety of philosophical movements. Authors who developed them are listed below sorted by movement.
While most authors listed below are primarily philosophers, also included here are some Russian fiction writers, such as Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, who are also known as philosophers.
Russian philosophy as a separate entity started its development in the 19th century, defined initially by the opposition of Westernizers, advocating Russia's following the Western political and economical models, and Slavophiles, insisting on developing Russia as a unique civilization. The latter group included Nikolai Danilevsky and Konstantin Leontiev, the early founders of eurasianism. The discussion of Russia's place in the world has since become the most characteristic feature of Russian philosophy.
In its further development, Russian philosophy was also marked by deep connection to literature and interest in creativity, society, politics and nationalism; cosmos and religion were other notable subjects.
Notable philosophers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries include Vladimir Solovyev, Vasily Rozanov, Lev Shestov, Leo Tolstoy, Sergei Bulgakov, Pavel Florensky, Nikolai Berdyaev, Pitirim Sorokin, and Vladimir Vernadsky.
From the early 1920s to late 1980s, Russian philosophy was dominated by Marxism presented as dogma and not grounds for discussion. Stalin's purges, culminating in 1937, delivered a deadly blow to the development of philosophy.[citation needed]
A handful of dissident philosophers survived through the Soviet period, among them Aleksei Losev. Stalin's death in 1953 gave way for new schools of thought to spring up, among them Moscow Logic Circle, and Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School.
Contents
1Major thinkers
1.1Russian Enlightenment
1.2Slavophiles and pochvennichestvo
1.3Russian symbolists
1.4Westernizers
1.5Russian Schellingians
1.6Russian positivists
1.6.1Russian Machists
1.7Russian cosmists
1.8Occultists
1.9Epistemologists, logicians and metaphysicians
1.10Anarchists
1.11Materialists and nihilists
1.12Socialists and Marxists
1.13Christian philosophers
1.14Orthodox Christian theologians
1.15Intuitivist-personalists
1.16Existentialists
1.17Aestheticians
1.18Historians of thought
1.19Globalists
2See also
3References
4Bibliography
5External links
Major thinkers[edit source]
Russian Enlightenment[edit source]
Vasily Tatishchev (1686–1750)
Gregory Skovoroda (1722–1794)
Mikhail Shcherbatov (1733–1790)
Andrey Bolotov (1738–1833)
Alexander Radishchev (1749–1802)
Slavophiles and pochvennichestvo[edit source]
Ivan Kireyevsky (1806–1856)
Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)
Vladimir Odoyevsky (1803–1869)
Konstantin Aksakov (1817–1860)
Yuri Samarin (1819–1876)
Fyodor Tyutchev (1803–1873)
Nikolay Danilevsky (1822–1885)
Nikolay Strakhov (1828–1896)
Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–1881) Religious philosopher artist (see Nikolai Berdyaev)
Konstantin Pobedonostsev (1827–1907)
Konstantin Leontiev (1831–1891)
Ivan Ilyin (1883–1954)
Russian symbolists[edit source]
Dmitry Merezhkovsky (1866–1941)
Zinaida Gippius (1869–1945)
Valery Bryusov (1873–1924)
Konstantin Balmont (1867–1942)
Max Voloshin (1877–1932)
Vsevolod Meyerhold (1874–1940)
Alexander Blok (1880–1921)
Andrei Bely (1880–1934)
Vyacheslav Ivanov (1866–1949)
Innokenty Annensky (1855–1909)
Fyodor Sologub (1863–1927)
Westernizers[edit source]
Pyotr Chaadayev (1794–1856)
Nikolai Stankevich (1813–1840)
Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848)
Alexander Herzen (1812–1870) Father of Russian Socialism
Russian Schellingians[edit source]
Pyotr Chaadayev (1794–1856)
Dmitry Venevitinov (1805–1827)
Vissarion Belinsky (1811–1848)
Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900)
Russian positivists[edit source]
Peter Lavrovich Lavrov (1823–1900)
Grigory Vyrubov (1843–1913)
Nikolay Mikhaylovsky (1842–1910)
Konstantin Kavelin (1818–1885)
Nikolai Korkunov (1853–1904)
Russian Machists[edit source]
Vladimir Bazarov
Jakov Berman
Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928)
Sergei Suvorov
Pavel Yushkevich
Russian cosmists[edit source]
The cover of the book "The Will of the Universe. Intellect Unknown. Mind and Passions" by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, 1928
Portrait of Lev Shestov by Leonid Pasternak, 1910
Nikolay Fyodorov (1829–1903) N O Lossky lists Fyodorov as primarily a Christian philosopher.
Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947)
Vladimir Vernadsky (1863–1945)
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935)
Alexander Chizhevsky (1897–1964)
Evald Ilyenkov (1924-1979)[1]
Victor Skumin (1948–)
Occultists[edit source]
Nikolay Novikov (1744–1818)
Helena Blavatsky (1831–1891)
G. I. Gurdjieff (1872–1949)
P. D. Ouspensky (1878–1947)
Epistemologists, logicians and metaphysicians[edit source]
Boris Chicherin (1828–1904)
S. N. Trubetskoy (1862–1905)
Anarchists[edit source]
Nobleman Mikhail Bakunin (1814–1876), listed also among the materialist and nihilist theorists[2]
Count Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910), whom some consider the greatest of Russian novelists
Prince Peter Kropotkin (1842–1921), known as the 'Anarchist Prince' or 'Father of Anarchism'
Materialists and nihilists[edit source]
N. G. Chernyshevsky (1828–1889)
Dimitri Pisarev (1840–1868)
Ivan Sechenov (1829–1905)
Socialists and Marxists[edit source]
George Plekhanov (1856–1918) The first major Russian Marxist thinker.
Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924) The founder of Leninism.
Alexandra Kollontai
Alexander Herzen
Leon Trotsky (1879–1940) The founder of Trotskyism.
Sofya Yanovskaya (1896–1966)
Aleksandr Zinovyev (1922–2006)
Evald Ilyenkov (1924–1979)
Christian philosophers[edit source]
Pre-Solovyov
Pamfil Yurkevich (1826–1874)
Vladimir Solovyov (1853–1900) Solovyov is noted to have created the first complete encompassing system of Russian philosophy.[3]
Vasily Rozanov (1856–1919)
Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821–1881) listed also as an existentialist
Sergei Bulgakov (1871–1944)
Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948) listed also as an existentialist
Count Leo Tolstoy (1828–1910) listed also as the greatest of novelists and an anarchist
Orthodox Christian theologians[edit source]
Aleksey Khomyakov (1804–1860)
Pavel Florensky (1882–1937)
Vladimir Lossky (1903–1958)
Georges Florovsky (1893–1979)
Michael Pomazansky (1888–1988)
Alexander Schmemann (1921–1983)
John Meyendorff (1926–1992)
Intuitivist-personalists[edit source]
Nikolai Lossky (1870–1965)
Semyon Frank (1877–1950)
Aleksei Losev (1893–1988)
Leo Lopatin (1855–1920)
Existentialists[edit source]
Fyodor Dostoyevsky (1821-1881)
Lev Shestov (1866–1938)
Nikolai Berdyaev (1874–1948)
Aestheticians[edit source]
Alexei Losev (1893–1988)
Mikhail Bakhtin (1895–1975)
Mikhail Epstein (Epshtein) (1950–)
Historians of thought[edit source]
Isaiah Berlin (1909 – 1997)
Globalists[edit source]
Alexander Chumakov (1950–)
See also[edit source]
Philosophy in the Soviet Union
Philosophers' ship
Russian literature
Valentin A. Bazhanov
Lev Gumilev
Dmitry Likhachev
Vasily Nalimov
Victor Ovcharenko
Karen A. Swassjan
Nicolai A. Vasiliev
References[edit source]
^ Ilyenkov, Evald. "Cosmology of the Spirit". Stasis. 5 (2).
^ History of Russian Philosophy p. 59 by N. O. Lossky
^ History of Russian Philosophy p. 81 by N. O. Lossky
Bibliography[edit source]
History of Russian Philosophy (История российской Философии) (1951) by N. O. Lossky. Publisher: Allen & Unwin, London. International Universities Press Inc NY, NY sponsored by Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary.
A History of Philosophy, Volume 10: Russian Philosophy (1986) by Frederick Copleston. Publisher: Continuum, London.
A history of Russian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Vasilii Vasilevich Zenkovsky; translator George L. Kline Publisher: Routledge & Kegan Paul (1953).
Russian Philosophy. English-Russian Dictionary (ed. Vasily Vanchugov). Moscow, People's Friendship University of Russia, 2005.
External links[edit source]
Books on Russian philosophy at Runivers.ru
Brief overview of Russian philosophy
PHILTAR—Comprehensive web site with links to texts and resources
Gallery of Russian Thinkers edited by Dmitry Olshansky
Russian philosophy—entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Directory of links to Russian philosophers, mostly in Russian
Routledge entry
Konstantin Leontiev
Sergius Bulgakov Society at the Wayback Machine (archived October 26, 2009)—Extensive collection of links to Bulgakov resources
Russia's Wisdom by Daniel H. Shubin; a compendium of Russia's philosophers and selections. ISBN 978-0966275766
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