Books Why Hasn’t Medical Science Cured Chronic Headaches? More than 1.2 billion people worldwide suffer from migraine and other debilitating conditions that are under-studied and often not taken seriously. By Jerome GroopmanAugust 11, 2025
A Critic at Large The Battling Memoirs of The New Yorker A host of accounts by the magazine’s staffers covers a full century of its history, but the trove of recollection is fraught and jumbled. By Anthony LaneMay 5, 2025
Life and Letters Coming Alive In the nineteen-sixties, the English neurologist treated patients who had encephalitis lethargica and wrote constant updates about their progress, and his own. By Oliver SacksSeptember 23, 2024
Fiction I Am Pizza Rat Many times in my youth, I longed for just this outcome—my father humbled, literally and figuratively. By Han OngOctober 16, 2023
The Musical Life Oliver Sacks Gets an Opera The composer Tobias Picker was a friend of the late neurologist, and now he’s turned the doctor’s “Awakenings” into an opera, with a double meaning. By Eren OrbeyFebruary 20, 2023
On Religion What It Means to See Jesus A new book, at once skeptical and devotional, considers visions of Christ from the early days of Christianity to the present. By Casey CepDecember 24, 2021
Elements The Challenges of Animal Translation Artificial intelligence may help us decode animalese. But how much will we really be able to understand? By Philip BallApril 27, 2021
Personal History Living with a Visionary For more than fifty years, my wife and I shared a world. Then, as Diana’s health declined, her hallucinations became her own reality. By John MatthiasJanuary 25, 2021
Double Take Sunday Reading: Medical Tales From The New Yorker’s archive: stories that illuminate the mysteries and complexities of our bodies. By Erin OverbeyJune 21, 2020
Personal History The Machine Stops The neurologist on steam engines, smartphones, and fearing the future. By Oliver SacksFebruary 4, 2019
Books Briefly Noted “Travelers,” “Screen Tests,” “Tragedy, the Greeks, and Us,” and “And How Are You, Dr. Sacks?” August 19, 2019
Persons of Interest Joyce Maynard’s Second Chances She dropped out of Yale to live with J. D. Salinger, then was spurned for writing about their affair. Four and a half decades later, she is back at college. Have attitudes changed? By Eren OrbeyFebruary 8, 2019
Under Review Megan Boyle’s “Liveblog” and the Limits of Autofiction Boyle’s persistence, attention to strange detail, and humorous sense of her own abjection in “Liveblog” begin to feel like a radical act. But the quest to transform life into literature, she realizes, can ruin the life. By David S. WallaceNovember 29, 2018
Books Bill Clinton and James Patterson’s Concussive Collaboration “The President Is Missing” contains most of what you’d expect from this duo: politico-historical ramblings, mixed metaphors, saving the world. But why is there no sex? By Anthony LaneJune 5, 2018
A Neurologist’s Notebook The Case of Anna H. A pianist slowly loses the ability to see and read, yet preserves, and even deepens, a life in music. This summary is AI-generated. By Oliver SacksSeptember 30, 2002
Profiles The Furniture Philosopher Living with the constraints of Parkinson’s, Ed Weinberger has achieved the physically impossible—both in life and in art. By Lawrence WeschlerNovember 1, 1999
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Reckonings Freud Rising An embattled new exhibit shows that the Viennese visionary has outlasted the wars against psychoanalysis. By Daphne MerkinNovember 2, 1998
The Theatre One Man’s Madness Two at the Roundabout.- “The Father” and ‘Molly Sweeney.” By Nancy FranklinJanuary 22, 1996
A Neurologist’s Notebook The Landscape of His Dreams A Tuscan émigré, Franco Magnani rebuilds a vanished village from seizure-haunted memory, turning obsessive nostalgia into a salvaging art. This summary is AI-generated. By Oliver SacksJuly 20, 1992
파라마한사 요가난다(Paramahansa Yogananda, 본명: 무쿤다 랄 고쉬, Mukunda Lal Ghosh, 1893년1월 5일 ~ 1952년3월 7일)는 인도의 수도사, 요기, 구루, 인도의 자기실현 펠로우쉽(SRF) / 요고다 삿상가 협회(YSS)를 통해 명상과 크리야 요가의 가르침을 수백만 명에게 소개했고, 미국에서 그의 마지막 32년을 살았다. 벵골 요가 거장 스와미 스리 유크테스와르 기리의 주요 제자로, 그는 요가의 가르침을 서양에 전파하고, 동양과 서양의 종교 사이의 단합을 증명하고, 서양의 물질적 성장과 인도의 영성 사이의 균형을 설파하기 위해 그의 혈통에 의해 보내졌다. 미국 요가 운동, 특히 로스앤젤레스의 요가 문화에서 그의 오랜 영향력은 그를 요가 전문가들에 의해 "서양의 요가의 아버지"로 생각하도록 이끌었다.[1][2]
요가난다는 미국에 정착한 최초의 주요 인도 교사였으며, 백악관에서 열린 최초의 저명한 인도인으로 1927년 캘빈 쿨리지 대통령의 초청으로[3], 그의 초기 호평은 그를 《로스앤젤레스 타임스》에 의해 "20세기 최초의 슈퍼스타 구루"로 불리게 했다.[4] 1920년 보스턴에 도착한 그는 1925년 로스앤젤레스에 정착하기 전에 성공적인 대륙 횡단 연설 투어를 시작했다. 그 후 20년 반 동안 그는 지역적인 명성을 얻었고 그의 영향력을 전 세계로 확장시켰다. 그는 수도원을 만들고 제자들을 훈련시켰으며, 교사 여행을 떠났고, 다양한 캘리포니아 지역에 있는 그의 단체를 위해 부동산을 구입했으며, 수천 명의 크리야 요가를 설립했다.[2] 1952년까지 SRF는 인도와 미국에 100개가 넘는 센터를 가지고 있었으며, 오늘날에는 거의 모든 미국의 주요 도시에 그룹을 두고 있다.[4] 그의 "평범한 생활과 높은 사고" 원칙은 그의 추종자들 사이에서 모든 배경의 사람들을 끌어당겼다.[2]
"You are walking on the earth as in a dream. Our world is a dream within a dream; you must realize that to find God is the only goal, the only purpose, for which you are here. For Him alone you exist. Him you must find." – from the book The Divine Romance
Paramahansa Yogananda (born Mukunda Lal Ghosh; January 5, 1893 – March 7, 1952) was an Indian and American Hindumonk, yogi, and guru who founded the Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF)/Yogoda Satsanga Society of India (YSS), a religious meditation and Kriya Yoga organization, to disseminate his teachings. A chief disciple of the yoga guru Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri, he was sent by his lineage to spread yogic teachings to the West. He immigrated to the US at the age of 27,[2] intending to demonstrate a unity between Eastern and Western religions and advocate for a balance between Western material growth and Indian spirituality.[3] His longstanding influence on the American yoga movement, and especially the yoga culture of Los Angeles, led yoga experts to consider him the "Father of Yoga in the West". He lived his final 32 years in the US.[4][5][6]
Yogananda was among the first Indian religious teachers to settle in the US, and the first prominent Indian to be hosted in the White House (by President Calvin Coolidge in 1927);[7] his early acclaim led to him being dubbed "the 20th century's first superstar guru" by the Los Angeles Times.[8] Arriving in Boston in 1920, he embarked on a successful transcontinental speaking tour before settling in Los Angeles in 1925. For the next two and a half decades, he gained local fame and expanded his influence worldwide: he created a monastic order and trained disciples, went on teaching tours, bought properties for his organization in various California locales, and initiated thousands into Kriya Yoga.[5] By 1952, SRF had over 100 centers in both India and the United States. As of 2012, they had groups in nearly every major American city.[8] His "plain living and high thinking" principles attracted people from all backgrounds among his followers.[5]
He published his Autobiography of a Yogi in 1946 to critical and commercial acclaim. It has sold over four million copies, with Harper San Francisco listing it as one of the "100 best spiritual books of the 20th Century".[9][8][10] Former Apple CEO Steve Jobs ordered 500 copies of the book, for each guest at his memorial to be given a copy.[11] It was also one of Elvis Presley's favorite books, and one he gave out often. The book has been regularly reprinted and is known as "the book that changed the lives of millions".[12][13] A documentary about his life commissioned by SRF, Awake: The Life of Yogananda, was released in 2014.[14] He remains a leading figure in Western spirituality. A biographer of Yogananda, Phillip Goldberg, considers him "the best known and most beloved of all Indian spiritual teachers who have come to the West".[15]
Early years
Yogananda at age six
Yogananda was born Mukunda Lal Ghosh in Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, India, to a HinduBengali Kayastha family.[16] He was the fourth of eight children and second of four sons of Bhagabati Charan Ghosh, the vice president of Bengal-Nagpur Railway, and Gyanprabha Devi. According to his younger brother Sananda, Mukunda's spiritual awareness and experiences were far beyond the ordinary even from his earliest years.[16] His father's job required the family to move several times during Mukunda's childhood, including to Lahore, Bareilly, and Kolkata.[3] According to Autobiography of a Yogi, he was eleven years old when his mother died, just before the marriage of his eldest brother, Ananta. She left behind a sacred amulet for Mukunda, given to her by a holy man, who told her that Mukunda was to possess it for some years, after which it would vanish into the ether from which it came. Throughout his childhood, his father would fund train passes for his many sight-seeing trips to distant cities and pilgrimage spots, which he would often take with friends. In his youth he sought out many of India's Hindu sages and saints, including the Soham "Tiger" Swami, Gandha Baba, and Mahendranath Gupta, hoping to find an illumined teacher to guide him in his spiritual quest.[3]
After finishing high school, Mukunda formally left home and joined a Mahamandal Hermitage in Varanasi; however, he soon became dissatisfied with its insistence on organizational work instead of meditation and God-perception. He began praying for guidance; in 1910, his seeking after various teachers mostly ended when, at the age of 17, he met his guru, Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri;[3] at that time his well-guarded amulet mysteriously vanished, having served its spiritual purpose. In his autobiography, he describes his first meeting with Sri Yukteswar as a rekindling of a relationship that had lasted for many lifetimes:
"We entered a oneness of silence; words seemed the rankest superfluities. Eloquence flowed in soundless chant from heart of master to disciple. With an antenna of irrefragable insight I sensed that my guru knew God, and would lead me to Him. The obscuration of this life disappeared in a fragile dawn of prenatal memories. Dramatic time! Past, present, and future are its cycling scenes. This was not the first sun to find me at these holy feet!"[3]
Training and vows
He went on to train under Sri Yukteswar as his disciple for the next ten years (1910–1920) at his hermitages in Serampore and Puri. Later, Sri Yukteswar informed Mukunda that he had been sent to him by the great guru of their lineage, Mahavatar Babaji, for a special world purpose of yoga dissemination.[3]
After passing his Intermediate Examination in Arts from the Scottish Church College, Calcutta, in 1915, he graduated with a degree similar to a current-day Bachelor of Arts or B.A. (at the time referred to as an A.B.) from Serampore College, the college having two entities, one as a constituent college of the Senate of Serampore College (University) and the other as an affiliated college of the University of Calcutta. This allowed him to spend time at Yukteswar's ashram in Serampore.
In July 1915, several weeks after graduating from college, he took formal vows into the monastic Swami order; Sri Yukteswar allowed him to choose his own name: Swami Yogananda Giri.[3] In 1917, Yogananda founded a school for boys in Dihika, West Bengal that combined modern educational techniques with yoga training and spiritual ideals. A year later, the school relocated to Ranchi.[3] One of the school's first group of pupils was his youngest brother, Bishnu Charan Ghosh.[17] This school would later become the Yogoda Satsanga Society of India, the Indian branch of Yogananda's American organization, the Self-Realization Fellowship.
Teaching in America
Meditating in 1910
In his autobiography, Autobiography of a Yogi, Yogananda writes that he received a vision one day in 1920 while meditating at his Ranchi school: faces of a multitude of Americans passed before his mind's eye, intimating to him that he would soon go to America.[18] After giving charge of the school over to its faculty (and eventually to his childhood friend Swami Satyananda),[19] he left for Calcutta. On the following day, he received an invitation from the American Unitarian Association to serve as India's delegate to an International Congress of Religious Liberals convening that year in Boston.[20] Yogananda sought his guru's advice, and Sri Yukteswar advised him to go. According to Philip Goldberg, Yogananda shared the following account in his Autobiography of a Yogi. While in deep prayer in his room, he received a surprise visit from Mahavatar Babaji, the foremost guru of his lineage, who told him directly that he was the one chosen to spread Kriya Yoga to the West. Reassured and uplifted, Yogananda soon afterwards accepted the offer to go to Boston. This account became a standard feature of his lectures.[3][8][21]
1923 Manuel Rosenberg sketch of Swami Yogananda for the Cincinnati Post
Before leaving India, Yogananda sought the blessing of Nagendranath Bhaduri Mahasaya, a saint who had aided Yogananda's spiritual efforts during his college days in Calcutta. Yogananda wrote that Bhaduri Mahasaya had previously foreseen his future mission to America, and that Bhaduri Mahasaya advised him: "Son, go to America. Take the dignity of hoary India for your shield. Victory is written on your brow; the noble distant people will well receive you."[22]
In August 1920, he left for the United States aboard the ship The City of Sparta on a two-month voyage that landed near Boston by late September.[23] He spoke at the International Congress in early October and was well received; later that year he founded Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF) to disseminate worldwide his teachings on India's ancient practices and philosophy of Yoga and its tradition of meditation.[24] Yogananda spent the next four years in Boston; in the interim, he lectured and taught on the East Coast[25] and in 1924 embarked on a cross-continental speaking tour.[26] Thousands came to his lectures.[3] During this time he attracted a number of celebrity followers, including soprano Amelita Galli-Curci, tenor Vladimir Rosing and Clara Clemens Gabrilowitsch, the daughter of Mark Twain. In 1925, he established an international center for Self-Realization Fellowship in Los Angeles, California, which became the spiritual and administrative heart of his growing work.[23][27] Yogananda was the first Hindu teacher of yoga to spend a major portion of his life in America.[28] He lived in the United States from 1920 to 1952, interrupted by an extended trip abroad in 1935–1936, and through his disciples he developed various temples and meditation centers around the world.[29][30]
Yogananda was put on a government watch list and kept under surveillance by the FBI and the British authorities, who were concerned about the growing independence movement in India.[31] A confidential file was kept on him from 1926 to 1937 due to concern over his religious and moral practices.[32] Philip Goldberg's biography describes Yogananda as being up against a perfect storm of America's worst defects: media sensationalism, religious bigotry, ethnic stereotyping, paternalism, sexual anxiety, and brazen racism.[33]
In 1928, Yogananda received unfavorable publicity in Miami, and the police chief, Leslie Quigg, prohibited Yogananda from holding any further events. Quiggs said it was not due to a personal grudge against the Swami but rather in the interest of public order and Yogananda's own safety. Quigg had received veiled threats against Yogananda.[34] According to Phil Goldberg:[33]
It turns out that Miami officials had summoned the British vice consulate to advise them on the matter ... One consulate officer said that the Miami city manager and Chief Quigg "recognized the fact that the swami was a British subject and apparently an educated man, but unfortunately he was what is considered in this part of the country a coloured man." Given the South's cultural mores, he noted, "the swami was in great danger of suffering bodily harm from the populace."
Lawsuits
In 1929, Yogananda was sued by his long-time friend Basu Kumar Bagchi, who had been initiated as Swami Dhirananda by Yogananda in 1911 and had come to help Yogananda teach in America. Bagchi claimed that they had a business partnership and that Yogananda owed him wages and royalties. The lawsuit was eventually settled, but some of Yogananda's students chose to instead follow Bagchi, who shed his monastic name and became a married academic.[35]
In the 1990s, a seven-year paternity dispute occurred as a result of allegations from a disciple's family. In the late 1920s, a disciple of Yogananda's named Adelaide Erskine served as his photographer. Her descendants would later accuse Yogananda of having an illicit affair with Adelaide and fathering one of her children, Ben Erskine, even though Ben admitted that she never told him who his father was. In 1995 Ben Erskine's daughter took it a step further and gave SRF paternity claims along with financial demands. In 2002, SRF hired a former San Diego prosecutor, G. Michael Still, to compare the DNA from Yogananda's three male relatives in India to Erskine's DNA. The lab work was done in two separate labs, one in Missouri and one in Louisiana. The results from both labs showed no biological connection between Yogananda and Erskine, settling the claim. According to Watanabe of the Los Angeles Times, G. Michael Still said "the results would prevent Erskine from claiming standing in court to seek any inheritance, copyright assets or the disinterment of the guru's body."[36][37]
Visit to India, 1935–1936
In 1935, he returned to India via ocean liner, along with two of his Western students, to visit his guru, Sri Yukteswar Giri, and to help establish his Yogoda Satsanga work in India. While enroute, his ship detoured in Europe and the Middle East; he undertook visits to other living Western saints like Therese Neumann, the Catholic Stigmatist of Konnersreuth, and places of spiritual significance: Assisi, Italy to honor St. Francis, the Athenian temples of Greece and prison cell of Socrates, the Holy Land of Palestine and the regions of the Ministry of Jesus, and Cairo, Egypt to view the ancient Pyramids.[3][38]
In August 1935, he arrived in India at the port of Mumbai; due to his fame in America, many photographers and journalists came to meet him during his short stay at the Taj Mahal Hotel. Upon taking a train eastward and reaching the Howrah Station near Kolkata, he was received by a huge crowd and a ceremonious procession led by his brother Bishnu Charan Ghosh and the Maharaja of Kasimbazar. Visiting Serampore, he had an emotional reunion with his guru, Sri Yukteswar – this meeting was noted in detail by his Western student C. Richard Wright.[3] During his stay in India, he saw his Ranchi boys' school become legally incorporated, and took a touring group to visit various locales: the Taj Mahal in Agra, the Chamundeshwari Temple in Mysore, Allahabad for the Kumbh Mela of January 1936, and Brindaban to visit an exalted disciple of Lahiri Mahasaya, Swami Keshabananda.[3]
He also met various people who caught his interest: Mahatma Gandhi, whom he initiated into Kriya Yoga; woman-saint Anandamoyi Ma; Giri Bala, an elderly yogi woman who survived without eating; renowned physicist Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman; and several disciples of Sri Yukteswar's guru, Lahiri Mahasaya.[3] While in India, Sri Yukteswar gave Yogananda the monastic title of Paramahansa, meaning "supreme swan" and indicating the highest spiritual attainment. This title formally superseded his previous title of "swami".[39] In March 1936, upon Yogananda's return to Calcutta after visiting Brindaban, Sri Yukteswar died (or, in the yogic tradition, attained mahasamadhi)[40] at his hermitage in Puri. After conducting his guru's funeral rites, Yogananda continued to teach, conduct interviews, and meet with friends for several months, before planning to return to the US in mid-1936.[41]
According to his autobiography, in June 1936, after having a vision of Krishna, he had a supernatural encounter with the resurrected form of his guru, Sri Yukteswar, while in a room at the Regent Hotel in Mumbai. During the experience, in which Yogananda physically grasped and held onto his guru's solid form, Sri Yukteswar explained that he now served as a spiritual guide on a high-astral planet, and expounded truths in deep detail regarding: the astral realm, astral planets and the afterlife; the lifestyles, abilities and varying levels of freedoms of astral beings; the workings of karma; man's various superphysical bodies and how he works through them, and other metaphysical topics.[3]
Yogananda and his two western students left India via ocean liner from Mumbai; staying for several weeks in England, they conducted several yoga classes in London and visited historical sites, before leaving for the US in October 1936.[42]
Return to America, 1936
In late 1936, Yogananda's ship arrived in New York harbor, passing the Statue of Liberty; he and his companions then drove in his Ford car across the continental US back to his Mount Washington, California, headquarters. Rejoined with his American disciples, he continued to lecture, write, and establish centers in southern California. He took up residence at the SRF hermitage in Encinitas, California, which was a surprise gift from his advanced disciple Rajarsi Janakananda.[43][44] It was at this hermitage that Yogananda wrote his famous Autobiography of a Yogi and other writings. At this time, he created an "enduring foundation for the spiritual and humanitarian work of Self‑Realization Fellowship/Yogoda Satsanga Society of India."[45]
Yogananda with his autobiography, 1950
In 1946, Yogananda took advantage of a change in immigration laws and applied for citizenship. His application was approved in 1949, and he became a naturalized U.S. citizen.[33]
The last four years of his life were spent primarily in seclusion with some of his inner circle of disciples at his desert retreat in Twentynine Palms, California, to finish his writings and to finish revising books, articles and lessons written previously over the years.[46] During this period he gave few interviews and public lectures. He told his close disciples, "I can do much more now to reach others with my pen."[47]
Death
Yogananda began hinting to his disciples that it was time for him to leave the world. According to Phil Goldberg, one example was what Yogananda said to Daya Mata just before the dinner, "Do you realize that it is just a matter of hours and I will be gone from this earth?"[48][49]
On March 7, 1952, he attended a dinner for the visiting Indian Ambassador to the U.S., Binay Ranjan Sen, and his wife at the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles. At the conclusion of the banquet, Yogananda spoke of India and America, their contributions to world peace and human progress, and their future co-operation,[50] expressing his hope for a "United World" that would combine the best qualities of "efficient America" and "spiritual India".[51] According to his direct disciple and eventual head of the SRF Daya Mata, who was present at the banquet, as Yogananda ended his speech, he read from his poem My India, concluding with the words "Where Ganges, woods, Himalayan caves, and men dream God—I am hallowed; my body touched that sod."[52] Daya Mata stated that "as he uttered these words, he lifted his eyes to the Kutastha center, and his body slumped to the floor."[48][53][49] His funeral service, with hundreds attending, was held at the SRF headquarters atop Mt. Washington in Los Angeles. Rajarsi Janakananda, who Yogananda chose to succeed him as the new president of the Self-Realization Fellowship, "performed a sacred ritual releasing the body to God."[54]
According to the book Divine Interventions: True Stories of Mysteries and Miracles That Change Lives, for three weeks after his death Yogananda's body "showed no signs of physical deterioration and 'his unchanged face shone with the divine luster of incorruptibility.'" A notarized letter from Harry T. Rowe, the mortuary director, added: "The absence of any visual signs of decay... offers the most extraordinary case in our experience... This state of perfect preservation of a body is, so far as we know from mortuary annals, an unparalleled one... Yogananda's body was apparently in a phenomenal state of immutability... No odor of decay emanated from his body at any time... For these reasons we state again that the case of Paramahansa Yogananda is unique in our experience."[55] Rowe wrote that Yogananda's body was embalmed approximately twenty-four hours after his death. On March 26 a barely noticeable desiccation on his nose was seen and on March 27 Rowe noted that Yogananda's body looked fresh and unravaged by decay as it did on the day of his death.[56] Yogananda's remains are interred at the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in the Great Mausoleum (normally closed off to visitors but Yogananda's tomb is accessible) in Glendale, California.[57]
Cause of death
There are differing accounts of his death. The medical verdict was "acute coronary occlusion", i.e., a heart attack.[53][58][59] According to other accounts, Self-Realization disciples claim that their teacher entered mahasamadhi (a yogi's conscious exit from the body).[60][61][62][33]
Teachings
Giving a class in Washington, D.C.
In 1917, Yogananda, in India, "began his life's work with the founding of a 'how-to-live'[63] school for boys, where modern educational methods were combined with yoga training and instruction in spiritual ideals." In 1920 "he was invited to serve as India's delegate to an International Congress of Religious Liberals convening in Boston. His address to the Congress, on 'The Science of Religion,' was enthusiastically received." For the next several years he lectured and taught across the United States. His discourses taught of the "unity of 'the original teachings of Jesus Christ and the original Yoga taught by Bhagavan Krishna.'"[64]
In 1920, he founded the Self-Realization Fellowship and in 1925 established in Los Angeles, California, US, the international headquarters for SRF.[23][65][66] Yogananda wrote the Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You and God Talks With Arjuna – The Bhagavad Gita to explain his belief in the harmony and oneness of original Christianity as taught by Jesus Christ and original Yoga as taught by Bhagavan Krishna; and to present that these principles of truth are the common scientific foundation of all true religions.[67]
Yogananda wrote down his Aims and Ideals for Self-Realization Fellowship /Yogoda Satsanga Society:[3][68]
To disseminate among the nations a knowledge of definite scientific techniques for attaining direct personal experience of God.
To teach that the purpose of life is the evolution, through self-effort, of man's limited mortal consciousness into God Consciousness; and to this end to establish Self-Realization Fellowship temples for God-communion throughout the world, and to encourage the establishment of individual temples of God in the homes and in the hearts of men.
To reveal the complete harmony and basic oneness of original Christianity as taught by Jesus Christ and original Yoga as taught by Bhagavan Krishna; and to show that these principles of truth are the common scientific foundation of all true religions.
To point out the one divine highway to which all paths of true religious beliefs eventually lead: the highway of daily, scientific, devotional meditation on God.
To liberate man from his threefold suffering: physical disease, mental inharmonies, and spiritual ignorance.
To encourage "plain living and high thinking"; and to spread a spirit of brotherhood among all peoples by teaching the eternal basis of their unity: kinship with God.
To demonstrate the superiority of mind over body, of soul over mind.
To overcome evil by good, sorrow by joy, cruelty by kindness, ignorance by wisdom.
To unite science and religion through realization of the unity of their underlying principles.
To advocate cultural and spiritual understanding between East and West, and the exchange of their finest distinctive features.
To serve mankind as one's larger Self.
In his published work, The Self-Realization Fellowship Lessons, Yogananda gives "his in-depth instruction in the practice of the highest yoga science of God-realization. That ancient science is embodied in the specific principles and meditation techniques of Kriya Yoga."[46] Yogananda taught his students the need for direct experience of truth, as opposed to blind belief. He said that "The true basis of religion is not belief, but intuitive experience. Intuition is the soul's power of knowing God. To know what religion is really all about, one must know God."[3][67]
Echoing traditional Hindu teachings, he taught that the entire universe is God's cosmic motion picture, and that individuals are merely actors in the divine play who change roles through reincarnation. He taught that mankind's deep suffering is rooted in identifying too closely with one's current role, rather than with the movie's director, or God.[3]
He taught Kriya Yoga and other meditation practices to help people achieve that understanding, which he called Self-realization:[23]
Self-realization is the knowing – in body, mind, and soul – that we are one with the omnipresence of God; that we do not have to pray that it come to us, that we are not merely near it at all times, but that God's omnipresence is our omnipresence; and that we are just as much a part of Him now as we ever will be. All we have to do is improve our knowing.[69]
In his book, How you can talk with God, he claims that anyone can talk with God, if the person keeps persevering in the request to speak with God with devotion. He also claimed that God had spoken to him many times, apart from making miracles happen in his life. In the book, he claims that, "We may in a vision see a face of some divine/saintly being, or we may hear a Divine voice talking to us, and will know it is God. When our heart-call is intense, and we do not give up, God will come. It is important that we remove from our mind all doubt that God will answer."[70]
Kriya Yoga is the foundation of Yogananda's teachings. An ancient spiritual practice, Kriya Yoga is "union (yoga) with the Infinite through a certain action or rite (kriya). The Sanskrit root of kriya is kri, to do, to act and react." Kriya Yoga was passed down through Yogananda's spiritual lineage: Mahavatar Babaji taught the Kriya technique to Lahiri Mahasaya, who taught it to his disciple, Swami Sri Yukteswar Giri, Yogananda's Guru.[3]
Yogananda gave a general description of Kriya Yoga in his Autobiography:
"The Kriya Yogi mentally directs his life energy to revolve, upward and downward, around the six spinal centers (medullary, cervical, dorsal, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses) which correspond to the twelve astral signs of the zodiac, the symbolic Cosmic Man. One-half-minute of revolution of energy around the sensitive spinal cord of man effects subtle progress in his evolution; that half-minute of Kriya equals one year of natural spiritual unfoldment".[3]
Mrinalini Mata, a former president of SRF/YSS, said, "Kriya Yoga is so effective, so complete, because it brings God's love – the universal power through which God draws all souls back to reunion with Him – into operation in the devotee's life."[71]
Yogananda wrote in Autobiography of a Yogi that the "actual technique should be learned from an authorized Kriyaban (Kriya Yogi) of Self-Realization Fellowship /Yogoda Satsanga Society of India."[3]
In 1946, Yogananda published his life story, Autobiography of a Yogi.[23] It has since been translated into 45 languages. In 1999, it was designated one of the "100 Most Important Spiritual Books of the 20th Century" by a panel of spiritual authors convened by Philip Zaleski and HarperCollins publishers.[72]Autobiography of a Yogi is the most popular among Yogananda's books.[64] According to Philip Goldberg, who wrote American Veda, "the Self-Realization Fellowship which represents Yogananda's Legacy, is justified in using the slogan, 'The Book that Changed the Lives of Millions.' It has sold more than four million copies and counting".[73] In 2006, the publisher, Self-Realization Fellowship, honored the 60th anniversary of Autobiography of a Yogi "with a series of projects designed to promote the legacy of the man thousands of disciples still refer to as 'master'."[29]
Autobiography of a Yogi describes Yogananda's spiritual search for enlightenment, in addition to encounters with notable spiritual figures such as Therese Neumann, Nagendranath Bhaduri Mahasaya, Anandamayi Ma, Vishuddhananda Paramahansa, Mohandas Gandhi, Nobel laureate in literature Rabindranath Tagore, noted plant scientist Luther Burbank (the book is 'Dedicated to the Memory of Luther Burbank, An American Saint'), famous Indian scientist Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose, and Nobel laureate in physics Sir C. V. Raman. One notable chapter of this book is "The Law of Miracles", wherein the author gives scientific explanations for seemingly miraculous feats. He writes: "[...] the word 'impossible' is becoming less prominent in man's vocabulary."[3]
The Autobiography has been cited as an inspiration by many people, including George Harrison,[74]Ravi Shankar[75] and Steve Jobs. In the 2011 book Steve Jobs: A Biography, author Walter Isaacson relates that Jobs first read the Autobiography as a teenager; read it again while visiting India; and, later, while preparing for a trip, downloaded it onto his iPad2 so as to keep the text handy—re-reading it at least once every year thereafter.[76]Jon Anderson was inspired by Paramahansa Yogananda and his book Autobiography of a Yogi when he wrote Tales from Topographic Oceans.[77][78]India national cricket team captain Virat Kohli said that the Autobiography had influenced his life in a positive manner, calling it a "must-read".[79][80]
Claims of bodily incorruptibility
As reported in Time on August 4, 1952, Harry T. Rowe, Mortuary Director of the Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California, where Yogananda's body was received, embalmed and interred,[81] wrote in a notarized letter:[3]
The absence of any visual signs of decay in the dead body of Paramahansa Yogananda offers the most extraordinary case in our experience... No physical disintegration was visible in his body even twenty days after death... No indication of mold was visible on his skin, and no visible drying up took place in the bodily tissues. This state of perfect preservation of a body is, so far as we know from mortuary annals, an unparalleled one... No odour of decay emanated from his body at any time...[82][56]
On another note, according to Catherine Wessinger, "the body was embalmed but emulsion was not applied to the skin."[83]
Because of two statements in Rowe's letter, some have questioned whether the term "incorruptibility" is appropriate. First, Rowe wrote that embalming took place twenty-four hours after death. Claims of incorruptibility require that a body not be embalmed,[84] whereas the letter notes that Yogananda's body was embalmed soon after his death. Second, Rowe noted a slight brown spot on the nose on March 26, indicating process of desiccation (drying up).[56]
Rowe continued in paragraphs fourteen and fifteen: "The physical appearance of Paramahansa Yogananda on March 27th just before the bronze cover for the casket was put into position, was the same as it was on March 7th. He looked on March 27th as fresh and unravaged by decay as he had looked on the night of his death. On March 27th there was no reason to say that his body had suffered any physical disintegration at all. For these reason we state again that the case of Paramahansa Yogananda is unique in our experience. On May 11, 1952, during a telephone conversation between an officer of Forest Lawn and an officer of Self-Realization Fellowship, the amazing story was brought out for the first time."[56]
Self-Realization Fellowship published Rowe's four-page notarized letter in its entirety in the May–June 1952 issue of its magazine Self-Realization.[85] From 1958 to the present it has been included in that organization's booklet Paramahansa Yogananda: In Memoriam.[57]
Yogananda's crypt is in the Great Mausoleum, Sanctuary of Golden Slumber, Mausoleum Crypt 13857, Forest Lawn Memorial Park.[86]
Legacy
Self-Realization Fellowship/Yogoda Satsanga Society of India
Yogoda Satsanga Society of India (YSS) is a non-profit religious organization founded by Yogananda in 1917. In countries outside the Indian subcontinent it is known as the Self-Realization Fellowship (SRF). Yogananda's dissemination of his teachings is continued only through this organization.[73][87]
Yogananda founded the Yogoda Satsanga Society of India in 1917 and then expanded it in 1920 to the United States naming it the Self-Realization Fellowship. In 1935, he legally incorporated it in the U.S. to serve as his instrument for the preservation and worldwide dissemination of his teachings.[88] Yogananda expressed this intention again in 1939 in his magazine Inner Culture for Self-Realization, published by his organization:
Paramahansa Swami Yogananda renounced all his ownership rights in the Self-Realization Fellowship when it was incorporated as a nonprofit religious organization under the laws of California, March 29, 1935. At that time he turned over to the Fellowship all of his rights to and income from sale of his books, writings, magazine, lectures, classes, property, automobiles and all other possessions...[89]
SRF/YSS is headquartered in Los Angeles and has grown to include more than 500 temples and centers around the world. It has members in over 175 countries including the Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine.[90] In India and surrounding countries, Paramahansa Yogananda's teachings are disseminated by YSS which has more than 100 centers, retreats, and ashrams.[87]Rajarsi Janakananda was chosen by Yogananda to become the President of SRF/YSS when he was gone, and he fulfilled that role from 1952 till his own passing in 1955.[23][91]Daya Mata, a religious leader and a direct disciple of Yogananda who was personally chosen and trained by Yogananda, was head of Self-Realization Fellowship /Yogoda Satsanga Society of India from 1955 to 2010.[24] According to Linda Johnsen, the new wave today is women, for major Indian gurus have passed on their spiritual mantle to women including Yogananda to the American-born Daya Mata[92] and then to Mrinalini Mata. Mrinalini Mata, a direct disciple of Yogananda, was the president and spiritual head of Self-Realization Fellowship /Yogoda Satsanga Society of India from January 9, 2011, until her death on August 3, 2017. She, too, was personally chosen and trained by Yogananda to help guide the dissemination of his teachings after his death.[87] On August 30, 2017, Brother Chidananda was elected as the next president in a unanimous vote by the SRF Board of Directors.[93] Yogananda incorporated the Self-Realization Fellowship as a nonprofit organization and reassigned all of his property including Mt. Washington to the corporation, thereby protecting his assets.[94]
On November 15, 2017, the President of India, Ram Nath Kovind visited the Yogoda Satsanga Society of India's Ranchi Ashram on its centennial anniversary in honor of the official release of the Hindi translation of Yogananda's book God Talks with Arjuna: The Bhagavad Gita.[95][96][97][98]
Commemorative stamps
A 1977 stamp of India
India released a commemorative stamp in honor of Yogananda in 1977.[99] "Department of Post issued a commemorative postage stamp on the occasion of the twenty‑fifth anniversary of Yogananda's passing in honor of his far‑reaching contributions to the spiritual upliftment of humanity. "The ideal of love for God and service to humanity found full expression in the life of Paramahansa Yogananda. Though the major part of his life was spent outside India, still he takes his place among our great saints. His work continues to grow and shine ever more brightly, drawing people everywhere on the path of the pilgrimage of the Spirit."[100][101]
A 2017 stamp of India, with the Yogoda Satsanga Sakha Math at Ranchi in the background
On March 7, 2017, the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi, released another commemorative postage stamp honoring the 100th anniversary of the Yogoda Satsanga Society of India.[102] Prime Minister Modi at Vigyan Bhawan in New Delhi appreciated Yogananda for spreading the message of India's spirituality in foreign shores. He said that though Yogananda left the shores of India to spread his message, he always remained connected with India.[103]
Yogananda initiated about 100,000 students into Kriya Yoga during his time in the West.[104] According to SRF, the first disciple to take Kriya Yoga initiation in America was Minott W. Lewis, a Boston dentist who helped establish SRF's first center and served as SRF's vice president for many years.[104][105][106] Three of Yogananda's direct disciples went on to lead his organization: Rajarsi Janakananda, Daya Mata, and Mrinalini Mata.
According to SRF, Yogananda created a large body of work on subjects such as meditation, balanced living, and "the underlying unity of all great religions", and he left specific instructions to some of his disciples in SRF regarding how his teachings should be prepared and published.[107] SRF publishes collections of his talks, poems, prayers,[108] chants, and sayings, as well as his commentaries on the Bhagavad Gita and the four Gospels.[107] The Autobiography of a Yogi has been in print since 1946.[108]
Boston Meditation Group Historical Committee. In The Footsteps of Paramahansa Yogananda: A guidebook to the places in and around Boston associated with Yoganandaji
Sister Gyanamata "God Alone: The Life and Letters of a Saint" p. 11
Lewis Rosser, Brenda (1991). Treasures Against Time. Borrego Publications. p. Foreword p. xiii. ISBN978-0962901607.
Goldberg, Philip (2012). American Veda (1 ed.). Harmony. pp. 246–247. ISBN978-0-385-52135-2.
Yogananda, Paramahansa (2004). The Second Coming of Christ (book) / Volume I / Jesus Temptation in the wilderness / Discourse 8 / Mattew 4:1–4. Self-Realization Fellowship. pp. 166–167. ISBN9780876125557.
"Paramahansa means "supreme swan" and is a title indicating the highest spiritual attainment." Miller, p. 188.
Melton, J. Gordon (2011). Religious Celebrations. ABC-CLIO. p. 512. ISBN978-1598842050.
Yogananda, Paramahansa (1995). God Talks With Arjuna – The Bhagavad Gita p.xii/1130. Los Angeles, CA: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN978-0-87612-030-9.
Mata, Mrinalini. In His Presence: Remembrances of Life With Paramahansa Yogananda (DVD). Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN978-0-87612-517-5.
Goldberg, Philip (2018). The Life of Yogananda. Hay House, Inc. p. 277-178. ISBN978-1-4019-5218-1.
Self-Realization Fellowship (2001) (1986). Paramahansa Yogananda: In Memoriam: Personal Accounts of the Master's Final Days. Los Angeles, CA. ISBN978-0-87612-170-2.
Bhandari, P.L. (2013). How Not To Be A Diplomat: Adventures in the Indian Foreign Service Post-Independence. The Quince Tree Publishing. ISBN978-0957697904.
Yogananda, Paramahansa (2004). The Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You p.1566. Los Angeles, CA: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN978-0-87612-555-7.
Kress, Michael (2001). Publishers Weekly: Meditation is the message. New York: Cahners Business Information.
Yogananda, Paramahansa (2004). The Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You p. xxi. Los Angeles, CA: Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN978-0-87612-555-7.
In The Footsteps of Paramahansa Yogananda: A guidebook to the places in and around Boston associated with Yoganandaji. Boston, MA: Boston Meditation Group Historical Committee. 1989.
Bowden, Henry Warner (1993). Dictionary of American Religious Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN978-0-313-27825-9.
Daya Mata (1990). Finding the Joy Within. Self-Realization Fellowship. ISBN978-0-87612-288-4.
Goldberg, Philip (2010). American Veda. Harmony (1st ed.).
1917年にインドのダクシネーシュワルにヨーゴーダ・サットサンガ(Yogoda Satsanga Society of India、略称：YSS)を設立（サットサンガは「神聖な共同体」、ヨーゴーダはヨガナンダの造語で「ヨーガが伝えるもの」つまり「自己実現」を意味する）。ユクテーシュヴァルの計画で、1920年に西洋でクリヤー・ヨーガを普及するためアメリカにわたり、ボストン会議にインド代表として出席、様々な会に招かれ話をし、有名になっていった。1920年、ロサンゼルスにヨーゴーダ・サットサンガの西洋本部を作る。1925年に自己実現同志会（the Self-Realization Fellowship、略称：SRF)をロサンゼルス本部に設立、1927年に姉妹団体の全宗教自己実現教会（Self-Realization Church of All Religions）を設立。ヨーガナンダの指導の下で両団体は協働し、アメリカで大成功を収めた。自己実現同志会の信者はクリヤー・ヨーガの実践を求められるが、信仰は自由であり、思想面での寛容さをモットーとする。1928年に弟子のスワーミー・プレーマナンダ（ブラフマチャーリー・ジョーティン）に全宗教自己実現教会のリーダーを任せた。[2]
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