2022/08/22

신 사도적 개혁 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

신사도적 개혁 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

신사도적 개혁

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

기독교
Christian cross.svg
예수 그리스도
기초
경전
기독교 신학
기독교의 역사와 전통
교파
기독교 관련 설화
기타 일반

신사도적 개혁(新使徒的改革, The New Apostolic Reformation), 혹은 신사도적 개혁 운동(新使徒的改革運動) (약칭 신사도 운동)은 오순절 및 은사주의 운동과 미국내의 회복주의 영향을 받아 형성된 종교적 운동이다. 이 운동은 기존 교회와 교파와 완전히 다른 새로운 교회운동이다. 신이 교회 행정에서 잃어버렸던 직위들, 이름하여 사도와 예언자의 직위를 회복시킨다는 내용을 골자로 한다.

기본 신앙[편집]

신사도적 개혁은 오순절 및 은사주의 운동, 그리고 성령이 각 신자들 속에서 지속적으로 행하는 사역의 성격에 대한 이 전통들의 해석에 뿌리를 두고 있다. 오순절 기독교 일부와는 달리, 이 운동은 각 신자들에 대한 그리스도의 직접적 계시, 예언, 그리고 치유와 같은 기적 행사를 포함한다.

교회를 구원 받은 신자들의 참 몸으로 여김에도 불구하고, 대부분의 복음주의 개신교가 그러하듯이 신사도적 개혁은 교회 리더십의 성격에 관한 관점에서 보다 넓은 개신교 전통과 구별되려고 한다. 5중사역의 교리가 특히 그 핵심을 차지하는데, 이는 신약성서의 다음과 같은 구절에 대한 비전통적 해석에 따른 것이다.

“그가 혹은 사도로, 혹은 선지자로, 혹은 복음 전하는 자로, 혹은 목사와 교사로 주셨으니

이는 성도를 온전케 하며 봉사의 일을 하게 하며 그리스도의 몸을 세우려 하심이라

”
 
— 에베소서, 4장 11절

기독교 작가인 포러스트 와일더(Forrest Wilder)는 신사도적 개혁에 대해 "오순절주의의 열광적 예배 및 초자연적인 일(the supernatural)에 대한 강조를 취하고, 거기에 아드레날린 샷(adrenaline shot)을 쏘았다"[1]고 풀이하기도 했다. 윌더는 또 신사도적 개혁과 연관된 사람들의 신앙은 "기괴함으로 나아간다"며 이는 "성서 문자주의를 극단으로 끌어올리는 것"[1]이라고 덧붙였다.

신사도적 개혁의 조직은 해당 지도자들 중 다수가 2012년 미국 대통령 후보 릭 페리를 지지하는 등 점차적으로 정치적 활동의 모습을 띠고 있다.[1]

역사[편집]

신사도적 개혁의 역사적 뿌리는 20세기 후반의 미국 은사주의 교회로 거슬러 올라가며, 이같은 명칭의 초기 사용은 피터 와그너[2]가 언론인들에게 자신을 사실상의 창립자 겸 지도자로 인식하도록 하려고 한[1] 데서 비롯되었다.

비은사주의 및 오순절 신학 전통에서 이 운동은 적은 주목을 받았다. 와그너는 "제 2차 사도 시대가 2001년의 해에 시작되었다"며, 이는 "예언자"와 "사도"의 잃어버린 직위들이 이 시대에 회복되는 때라고 주장하기도 했다.[3]

비판[편집]

신사도 운동은 개신교회의 기본적 전통인 역사적 성경해석과 초대교회의 사도전통, 초기 공교회시기의 신조들을 수용하지 않는다. 개신교회의 다양한 교파들이 있으나 어느 교파도 예수 그리스도를 직접 만난 사도들을 대신할 수 없다고 여기나, 신사도 운동은 사도의 재형성을 주장하여 새로운 기독교의 방향을 제시한다고 주장한다. 즉 성경과 사도의 전통이 아니라 성경과 자신들이 선출한 사도를 통해 완전히 다른 기독교를 형성할 것이라 선언하므로 더 이상 기독교의 범주에 있지 않겠다는 의미가 된다.

신사도 운동은 소위 하나님 나라의 현존 신학(Kingdom Now Theology)과 연결되었고 보수 기독교 웹사이트인 EmailBrigade.com의 마르샤 웨스트(Marsha West)는 "가증스러운 이단"이라고 부르기도 했다.[4]

신디 제이컵스(Cindy Jacobs) 및 루 엥글(Lou Engle)과 같은 지도자들은 동성애 혐오로 해석되거나 다른 식의 비관용적 발언을 해 비판을 받아왔다.[5] 제이컵스는 자신이 일본 쓰나미를 예언했으며, 이는 일본이 충분히 기독교로 돌아오지 않았기 때문에 일어난 일이라고 주장하는가 하면, 또 이를 버락 오바마가 주도한 미국 군대 내 동성애 관련 법 DADT(Don't Ask, Don't Tell)의 폐지와 결부시키기도 했다.[6]

와그너는 자신과 같은 "신사도적 교회의 과반수"가 "사역 활동을 (…) 영적 전쟁으로"[7] 보고 있다고 말했다. 독일에서 광우병이 중지된 것이 구성원들의 "초자연적" 능력(그의 표현)의 한 예로서, 신이 그를 통해 역사한 일이라고 주장한다.[8]

예루살렘 성전 재건과 종말론[편집]

신사도 운동과 세대주의에서는 예루살렘에 예루살렘 성전이 재건되면 그리스도의 재림과 천년왕국이 도래하여 세계에 종말이 온다고 믿는다.[9][10][11]

미국에서는 IHOP(International House of Prayer)가, 대한민국에서는 지방교회 등이 이런 주장을 한다.

같이 보기[편집]


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New Apostolic Reformation

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The New Apostolic Reformation (NAR) is a movement which seeks to establish a fifth branch within Christendom distinct from Catholicism, Protestantism, Oriental Orthodoxy, and Eastern Orthodoxy. The movement largely consists of churches nominally or formerly associated with Pentecostal denominations and Charismatic movements but have diverged from traditional Pentecostal and Charismatic theology in that it advocates for the restoration of the lost offices of church governance, namely the offices of prophet and apostle.[1]

Beliefs[edit]

The New Apostolic Reformation is a title originally used by C. Peter Wagner to describe a movement within Pentecostal and charismatic churches. The title New Apostolic Reformation is descriptive of a theological movement and is not an organization and therefore does not have formal membership. Among those in the movement that inspired the title NAR, there is a wide range of variance on specific beliefs. Those within the movement hold to their denominational interpretations of the ongoing ministry of the Holy Spirit within each believer. Unlike some parts of Protestant Christianity, these include the direct revelation of Christ to each believer, prophecy, and the performance of miracles such as healing. This movement has also been given the descriptive title "Third Wave of the Holy Spirit".[2]

Although the movement regards the church as the true body of saved believers, as does most of evangelical Protestantism, it differs from the broader Protestant tradition in its view on the nature of church leadership, specifically the doctrine of Five-Fold Ministry, which is based upon a non-traditional interpretation of Ephesians 4:11, the so called-"(apostles and prophets),"[3] the evangelists, the pastors (also referred to as the shepherds), and the teachers.

Wagner listed the differences between the NAR and other Protestant denominations as follows[1] (these differences stated directly below also diverge from traditional Pentecostalism).

  • Apostolic governance – Using the Apostle Paul as an example to say that Jesus appoints apostles within his church up to this day.
  • The office of the prophet – Saying there is within the church a role and function for present-day "prophets".
  • Dominionism – Dominion theology (also known as dominionism) is based on the idea that the world has been under the influence of Satan since the fall of man and that it is Christians who have the authority as well as the duty to reclaim it for God, as an interpretation of the Lord's Prayer, "Your kingdom come, Your will be done on earth as it is in heaven".[1]
  • Theocracy – Though similar in intent and purpose, not to be confused with theocratic government but rather the goal to have "kingdom-minded people" in all areas of society. There are seven areas identified specifically: religion, family, education, government, media, arts & entertainment, and business.[1]
  • Relational structures – church governance has no formal structure but rather is by relational and voluntary alignment to apostles.[4]

C. Peter Wagner wrote that most of the churches in this movement have active ministries of spiritual warfare.[5] In an article responding to criticism of the NAR, Wagner noted that those who affiliate themselves with the movement believe the Apostles’ Creed and all the orthodoxy of Christian doctrine.

Similarities with traditional Pentecostalism:

  • Supernatural signs and wonders – Signs and wonders such as healing, demonic deliverance, and confirmed prophecies accompany the move of God.
  • Supernatural Revelations – There is available to all believers the ability to hear from God. "The one major rule governing any new revelation from God is that it cannot contradict what has already been written in the Bible. It may supplement it, however."[6]

History[edit]

The origins of the new apostolic reform are associated with the Pentecostal movement of the 1900s and with the Charismatic Christianity movements of the 1960s and 1980s.[7]

In 1996, the American theologian C. Peter Wagner organized a convention with 500 evangelical leaders, the National Symposium on the Postdenominational Church, including the organization of the church and evangelization, at the Fuller Theological Seminary of Pasadena in the United States.[8] Since this convention, the term has been used more and more in churches.

Members[edit]

Though few, if any, organizations publicly espouse connection to the NAR, a movement known for dominion theology and a belief in the continuing ministries of apostles and prophets alongside those of evangelists, pastors, and teachers, (Ephesians 4:11-13) there are several individuals often associated with this movement including:

C. Peter Wagner of Global Harvest Ministries considered the year 2001 to be the beginning of the second apostolic age, for the movement holds that the lost offices of prophet and apostle were restored in that year.[14]

After being named as part of the NAR, and critics believing that Bethel Church was instrumental in leading some Christians to embrace tenets of NAR, Pastor Johnson of Bethel became regularly listed as an NAR leader. Johnson admitting that he does believe in the apostolic and prophetic ministries, he denied however in an official statement that his church had any official ties to the NAR."[15]

When Rick Joyner of the MorningStar Ministries was listed, he announced that "there will likewise be a horde of false apostles released" continuing: "Our team received two very specific dreams warning about false 'apostolic movements' that were built more on organization than relationship. The dreams indicated that these were trying to bring forth apostles that were really more like corporate CEOs, and the movement that they led had the potential to do great damage to the church. The enemy's intent with this false apostolic movement was to have the church develop a deep revulsion to anything that was called apostolic."[16]

Controversy and Criticism[edit]

Forrest Wilder, an environmental-issues writer for the Texas Observer, describes the New Apostolic Reformation as having "taken Pentecostalism, with its emphasis on ecstatic worship and the supernatural, and given it an adrenaline shot."[2] Wilder adds that beliefs of people associated with the movement "can tend toward the bizarre" and that it has "taken biblical literalism to an extreme."

Al Jazeera called the NAR "America's Own Taliban" in an article highlighting NAR's dominionism as bearing resemblance to Islamic extremism as seen in groups such as the Taliban because of the NAR's language concerning spiritual warfare.[17]

National Public Radio brought the discussion about the political influence of the NAR to a national audience with a 2011 article. Lou Engle and Don Finto, who are considered to be leaders within the NAR, participated in a prayer event called "The Response" hosted by Texan governor Rick Perry, on August 6, 2011, in Houston, Texas. This event is cited as a sign of the influence of NAR beliefs on Rick Perry's political viewpoints.[2][18]

The Passion Translation has been identified by researchers of the NAR movement as containing "completely reworded verses, making it appear that the Bible supports NAR teachings."[19]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Wagner, Peter (24 Aug 2011). "The New Apostolic Reformation Is Not a Cult". Charisma News. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b c Wilder, Forrest (2 August 2011). "Rick Perry's Army of God". Texas Observer. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  3. ^ The Evangelicals Engaged In Spiritual Warfare, National Public Radio, Rachel Tabachnick, August 19, 2011. Retrieved June 2, 2022.
  4. ^ Wilder, Forrest (12 August 2011). "As Texas Gov. Rick Perry Enters GOP Race, New Exposé Reveals His Close Ties to Radical Evangelicals". Democracy Now. Retrieved 14 October 2013.
  5. ^ Wagner, Peter (2000). "Renewal Journal #15, The New Apostolic Reformation". Renewal Journal. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 25 August 2011.
  6. ^ Wagner, Peter (2011). "The Truth About The New Apostolic Reformation". Retrieved 21 Oct 2021.
  7. ^ John Weaver, The New Apostolic Reformation: History of a Modern Charismatic Movement, McFarland & Company, USA, 2016, p. 19
  8. ^ John Weaver, The New Apostolic Reformation: History of a Modern Charismatic Movement, McFarland & Company, USA, 2016, p. 87
  9. ^ Tabachnick, Rachel (19 August 2011). "The Evangelicals Engaged In Spiritual Warfare". National Public Radio. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
  10. ^ "Bill & Beni Johnson". Bethel Church. Retrieved 2021-08-12.
  11. ^ Jump up to:a b c Kozar, Steven (9 February 2016). "The New Apostolic Reformation Cornucopia of False Doctrine, Dominionism, Charismania and Deception". Pirate Christian Radio. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  12. ^ "Kenneth Copeland". www.deceptioninthechurch.com. Retrieved 2019-02-03.
  13. ^ Sean Christie, The New Apostolic Reformation Exposed, archived from the original on 2021-12-22, retrieved 2019-02-03
  14. ^ The "New Apostolic" church movementArchived 2011-09-06 at the Wayback Machine – Let Us Reason Ministries – (C. Peter Wagner Arise Prophetic Conference Gateway Church San Jose, CA 10/10/2004) Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  15. ^ Christianity Today: Inside popular controversial Bethel Church
  16. ^ "Revolution". 8 June 2017.
  17. ^ Rosenberg, Paul (28 July 2011). "America's Own Taliban". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  18. ^ Posner, Sarah (15 Jul 2011). "Rick Perry and the New Apostolic Reformation". Religion Dispatches. Retrieved 2013-03-01.
  19. ^ Geivett, R. Douglas and Holly Pivec, God's Super Apostles: Encountering the Worldwide Prophets and Apostles Movement, Lexham Press, 2014, p.67.

Further reading[edit]

  • Churchquake: The Explosive Dynamics of the New Apostolic Revolution ISBN 0-8307-1918-0
  • The New Apostolic Churches ISBN 0-8307-2136-3
  • The Apostolic Revelation – The Reformation of the Church ISBN 0-646-41849-1
  • God's Super-Apostles: Encountering the Worldwide Prophets and Apostles Movement ISBN 1-941-33708-2
  • A New Apostolic Reformation?: A Biblical Response to a Worldwide Movement ISBN 1-941-33703-1
  • The New Apostolic Reformation: History of a Modern Charismatic Movement ISBN 0786499567

External links[edit]



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