2026/07/08

Islam at the Crossroads - Muhammad Asad - Wikipedia

Islam at the Crossroads - Wikipedia
https://archive.org/details/islamoncrossroad0000asad
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.237182/page/n7/mode/2up

Islam at the Crossroads

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Islam at the Crossroads
AuthorMuhammad Asad
LanguageEnglish
SubjectsPolitics, Religion, Muslim world
PublisherArafat Publications[1]
Publication date1934
Publication placePakistan, India
Media typePrint (Hardcover, Paperback)
Pages105 pp
ISBN9789839541045

Islam at the Crossroads is a book written by Muhammad Asad. The book originally published in Delhi and Lahore in 1934, and was later reprinted by Dar Al-Andulas in 1982 with an additional note by the author.

The book is basically a plea to Muslims to avoid blind imitation of Western social forms and values, and to try to preserve instead their Islamic heritage[2] which once upon a time had been responsible for the glorious, many-sided historical phenomenon comprised in the term "Muslim civilization". Asad dedicates the book to "the Muslim youth of today in hopes that it may be of benefit."[3]

See also

References

  1.  Books, Google (1954). Islam at the Crossroads. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 9780939660131. {{cite book}}: ; |first= has generic name (help)
  2.  "Review by goodreads.com".
  3.  "Book review by The Canadian Charger".
  • Review by TheCanadianCharger.com ()

The Unromantic Orient by Muhammad Asad | Goodreads

The Unromantic Orient by Muhammad Asad | Goodreads





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The Unromantic Orient


Muhammad Asad

4.05
64 ratings11 reviews

In the spring of 1922, twenty-one year old Leopold Weiss received a letter from his uncle Dorian to come and live in his "delightful old Arab stone house" in Jerusalem on the fringe of the Old City near the Jaffa Gate. On a foggy morning in the summer of 1922, Leopold Weiss stood on the planks of a ship on his way to the East where he would experience his first Arab encounters as if they were a presentiment of what the future held in store for him. "It was as when you enter a strange house for the first time and an indefinable smell in the hallway dimly gives you a hint of things which will happen to you as if they are to be joyful things, and you feel a stab of rapture in your heart." After several months of travel in the Middle East, Leopold Weiss returned to Germany and published his journal entries as Unromantisches Morgenland, aus dem Tagebuch einer Reise. This first English translation of a long forgotton work recaptures his initial experiences in an unknown and intriguing land where he found a new home and a new sense of belonging. The Unromantic Orient is not only an impressionistic journal of a young man in search of certitude, it also provides insights into the spiritual transformation of Leopold Weiss who would soon convert to Islam and spend the rest of his life in studying and writing about it. The travelogue starts at the Jerusalem train station and takes us through Cairo, Amman, parts of the TransJordan, Palestine, Damascus, and Istanbul.

GenresHistoryTravelMemoirReligionNonfictionMiddle East



142 pages

First published January 1, 2004
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محمد أسد (ليوبولد فايس سابقاً) ولد في الإمبراطورية النمساوية الهنجارية عام 1900، وتوفي في إسبانيا عام 1992م. وهو كاتب وصحفي ومفكر ولغوي وناقد اجتماعي ومصلح ومترجم ودبلوماسي ورحالة مسلم (يهودي سابقاً) درس الفلسفة في جامعة فيينا؛ وقد عمل مراسلاً صحفياً وبعد منحه الجنسية الباكستانية تولى عدة مناصب منها منصب مبعوث باكستان إلى الأمم المتحدة في نيويورك. وطاف العالم، ثم استقر في إسبانيا وتوفي فيها ودفن في غرناطة. ويعتبر محمد أسد أحد أكثر مسلمي أوروبا في القرن العشرين تأثيراً.
لقب العائلة "فايس" اسم يعني باللغة الألمانية اللون الأبيض، وهذه إشارة واضحة للأصول الألمانية للعائلة، وكتابة „WEISS“ بتكرار حرف “ S „ في نهاية الاسم بدلا من „WEIß“ دليل واضح على الأصول اليهودية للعائلة. واسم والده "كيفا" وكان محامياً، وجده لأبيه كان حاخاماً، فهو الحاخام الأورثوذوكسي "بنيامين أرجيا فايس". وقد تولّى جده الحاخامية في "تشارنوفيتش" في منطقة بوكوفينا. درس الفلسفة والفن في جامعة فيينا ثم اتجه للصحافة فبرع فيها، وغدا مراسلاً صحفياً في الشرق العربي والإسلامي ثم زار القاهرة فالتقى بالإمام مصطفى المراغي، فحاوره حول الأديان، فانتهى إلى الاعتقاد بأن "الروح والجسد في الإسلام هما بمنزلة وجهين توأمين للحياة الإنسانية التي أبدعها الله" ثم بدأ بتعلم اللغة العربية في أروقة الأزهر، وهو لم يزل بعدُ يهودياً.
انتقل للعيش في القدس بعد تلقيه دعوة من أحد أقاربه اليهود للإقامه معه في القدس في الوقت الذي كانت فيه فلسطين تحت الانتداب البريطاني، وكتب هناك عدة مقالات مهمة أبرزت قلق العرب من. المشروع الصهيوني. ثم انخرط في دراسة متعمقة للإسلام، حتى قرر التحول من اليهودية إلى الإسلام في 1926 وهو في برلين وبعد عدة أسابيع من ذلك اعلنت زوجته إسلامها.
قام بالترحال إلى العديد من البلدان، إذ زار مصر والسعودية وإيران وأفغانستان وجمهوريات السوفييت الجنوبية. وزار عمر المختار ليبحث معه إيجاد طرق لتمويل المقاومة ضد الإيطاليين كما انتقل إلى شبه القارة الهندية التي كانت تحت الاحتلال الإنجليزي، وهناك التقى بالشاعر الكبير والمفكر محمد إقبال عام 1932 والذي اقترح فكرة تأسيس دولة إسلامية مستقلة في الهند (والتي أصبحت لاحقاً باكستان)، وقد أقنعه محمد إقبال بالبقاء والعمل على مساعدة المسلمين لتأسيس تلك الدولة.
ومع اندلاع الحرب العالمية الثانية عام 1939 اعتقل والدا محمد أسد، وقتلا في وقت لاحق في الهولوكوست على يد النازيين. كما أن محمد أسد نفسه اعتقل على يد الإنجليز وسجن ثلاث سنوات باعتباره عدواً.
فور استقلال باكستان عام 1947 وتقديراً لجهوده وتأييده لإقامة دولة إسلامية منفصلة في شبه القارة الهندية، فقد تم منح محمد أسد الجنسية الباكستانية وتم تعيينه مديراً لدائرة إعادة الإعمار الإسلامي. وفي وقت لاحق التحق بوزارة الشؤون الخارجية رئيساً لوحدة شؤون الشرق الأوسط عام 1949، ثم تقرر تعيينه بمنصب مبعوث باكستان إلى الأمم المتحدة في نيويورك عام 1952. إلا ّ أنه سرعان ما تخلى عن هذا المنصب ليتفرغ لكتابة سيرته الذاتية (حتى سن 32) الطريق إلى مكة الذي ترجم للعربية باسم (الطريق إلى الإسلام).
كان ليوبولد فايس رجل التساؤل والبحث عن الحقيقة، وكان يشعر بالأسى والدهشة لظاهرة الفجوة الكبيرة بين واقع المسلمين المتخلف وبين حقائق دينهم المشعّة، وفي يوم راح يحاور بعض المسلمين منافحاً عن الإسلام، ومحمّلاً المسلمين تبعة تخلفهم عن الشهود الحضاري، لأنهم تخلّفوا عن الإسلام ففاجأه أحد المسلمين الطيبين بهذا التعليق: "فأنت مسلم، ولكنك لا تدري !". فضحك فايس قائلاً : "لست مسلماً، ولكنني شاهدت في الإسلام من الجمال ما يجعلني أغضب عندما أرى أتباعه يضيّعونه"!!. ولكن هذه الكلمة هزّت أعماقه، ووضعته أمام نفسه التي يهرب منها، وظلت تلاحقه من بعد حتى أثبت القدر صدق قائلها الطيب، حين نطق (محمد أسد) بالشهادتين.
قام محمد أسد بعد إسلامه بأداء فريضة الحج، كما شارك في الجهاد مع عمر المختار، ثم سافر إلى باكستان فالتقى شاعر الإسلام محمد إقبال، ثم عمل رئيساً لمعهد الدراسات الإسلامية في لاهور حيث قام بتأليف الكتب التي رفعته إلى مصاف ألمع المفكرين الإسلاميين في العصر الحديث.
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Nadirah
837 reviews41 followers

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February 19, 2024
In 1922, Leopold Weiss AKA Muhammad Asad — an Austrian Jewish correspondent for Frankfurter Zeitung who later reverted to Islam in 1926 — stayed in Palestine at an invitation from his uncle. His uncle’s home at the Old City near the Jaffa Gate became his base for two years, and Asad then traveled to Cairo, Jerusalem, Amman, Damascus & Istanbul. Based on his travels, Asad wrote about his encounters in this travelogue that has only recently been translated from German, and it’s clear that this book was the start of his interest in the Arab world and Islam.

Most travelogues involving the author’s travels around Arab countries can easily devolve into Orientalism works, and this book can be described in a similar light. However, Asad has also mentioned that he called this book the “unromantic orient” as he intended to show the day-to-day realities of the lives of the Orientals he met with, and in this, he mostly succeeded. Not only did Asad go into his travels with a clear-eyed view of the geopolitics involved in the region, but he also juxtaposed his dissatisfaction and soul-searching questions against what he discovered in the countries he visited and the people he met. There were some uninformed facts within (as the translator noted, Asad got some details wrong), but aside from that, this was a riveting travelogue.

Asad’s account of his travels is also a witness to the fact that Palestine has always been the land of indigenous people who were made up of various ethnicities & tribes that have lived side-by-side together in relative peace before the Western powers decided to parcel out the Arab lands according to their own metrics & interests which resulted in a Palestinian struggle that has gone on for 75 years and counting.

While this is not Asad’s strongest book, it is still one worth reading as it acts as a prequel to the excellent “The Road to Mecca”; you can see the seeds of thoughts in this book that he expanded upon in the latter. His analysis of geopolitics which includes the origins of the problems in Jerusalem and Palestine in general is astute and is still amazingly relevant to this day, which makes it a recommended read for me.
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Abu Kamdar
Author 27 books349 followers

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March 8, 2023
This book is brilliant if you read it from one of two angles:
1) To see what Muhammad Asad was like before he converted to Islam, so like a prequel to the Road to Mecca (one of my favorite books of all time)
2) As a description of the Muslim lands post-World War 1

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Khaled Mehio
49 reviews13 followers

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September 2, 2018
Dear Leopold Weiss,
Please take me another time to the place where no boundaries existed among my nation.
Please take me back to my people who were still yearning for unity and independence.
Let me feel another time the splendour of Jerusalem, Damascus, Beirut, Cairo and Istanbul. Let me feel the beauty of the old city of Jerusalem, the marvelous houses of Damascus, the nice nature of Lebanon, the bustle and laughing essence of the people of Cairo, and the ringing sound of Azan from the minerates of Istanbul.
As I flip and read through the entries you jot down at age of twenty two in 1922, I could conceive how you got attached to the Arab people until you called on them in Istanbul: "Oh my Arab people."
Oh Weiss, I could espy how, eventhough you were a young Austrian Jew back then, you took the stance of the Arab against Zionism, defending the Arab people's right of living in their forefathers land, Palestine.
Oh Weiss, how can the reader of your 'Unromantic Orient' not foresee that the road or the path you took in 1922 would lead you to accepting a new culture and a new people as yours and get to be known as Muhammad Asad once you accepted Islam in few years to come; leaving an indispensable mark in the world until today.

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sawaaiiq
169 reviews26 followers

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September 5, 2023
What can I say about this book... It reminded me of Palestinian Walks, another beautiful book, it is a sarha (a contemplative wandering of sorts) through the Arab lands and Muhammad Asad's رحمه الله‎ first exposure to Islam.

You feel his growing and brewing admiration of Islam as the days go on.. I recommend you read it, it is an insight that may add perspective to his autobiography, I intend to read the two parts of it soon inshaAllah, and how the political climate was changing in the age of increasing Zionism and British influence in the Muslim world, he witnesses the relationship between Muslims and Jews in Palestine in 1923 and the lifestyle of the Arabs. You can tell he is falling for an idea, a culture that seems rougher yet promises a greater sense of self and purity. It is the beginning of his journey to Islam.

I really enjoyed it, I like these types of books because I like to think during my own travels the same. As a time to contemplate and witness and observe and analyse to myself, which I wish I would consistently write down, it is a form of grounding and therapy of the mind, as if a freeing of it to attend to something outside of the self..

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Seerat
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August 18, 2025
” Because the foreign world is so totally different from what we know at home, because it offers so many exponential facets, we are on the verge of choosing, if we are attentive, a whiff, like a lightening flash realization, of long understood familiarities and also all that which has been forgotten in the ungraspable reality of our lives. And hardly has this overwhelming event occurred, strong and overpowering, when one asks oneself, does not perhaps therein lie, and only therein lie, the essence of every travel: to stir the foreignness of all the world and grasp it and thereby awaken our own personal forgotten realities “

” Once we halted at a small station. An Arab from the opposite end of the car dressed in European attire, who was likely a small merchant, stepped up to my open window in order to buy something from a peddler down below; bought a cake, turned around, wanted to walk back to his place, noticed me then, for we had not ever seen each other before, and without a word, quite naturally broke his cake in two, as if suddenly led by a good spirit, and offered me a ‘tfaddal’ (please) half. Now I really believe that if only one trace of my being should remain here, whether for me or for others, it would recall that a stranger would recognize a friend in another stranger, break his cake and pass half of it to him, taking a quiet and visionary step towards an unburdened humanity. ”

The book was a bit difficult for me to grasp but I still found it beautiful. And finally, now I am ready to read ‘The Road to Mecca’ !

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Introvert Insane
578 reviews9 followers

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July 1, 2022
When I picked up this book I didn't realise it's actually travel writing. It's beautifully written and real. My favourite part...

"Muslim view their women in the same way they regard children, trying to protect what is important in order not to lose it. But it seems that that which is cherished is thereby devalued and gradually becomes a comfortable obsession. this is likely the most distressing part of Islam."

As a Muslim, there is truth and it's brutal. Considering how it took KSA a long time to let a woman drive and even in some society Muslim women are still not allowed to get education and work. This is why Muslims are still considered backwards. It's this misinterpretation of the Quran when there's nowhere in the Quran that says women cannot get education or be independent. If anything it is highly encouraged. Siti Khadijah was a successful businesswoman. Siti Aisyah was a renowned scholar. Like, why do these cultures feel the need to stifle women in the name of religion especially when Islam never promotes such thing.

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Shirin
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May 2, 2013
From page 70...Muslim view their women in the same way they regard children, trying to protect what is important in order not to lose it. But it seems that that which is cherished is thereby devalued and gradually becomes a comfortable obsession. this is likely the most distressing part of islam.

Asad had later on in his life translated the Quran.

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aliaareadstoo
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February 11, 2024
The Unromantic Orient is a travelogue by Muhammad Asad from March 14 to October 10, 1923 - he went to Jerusalem, Cairo, Palestine, Amman, Damascus, Beirut, Alexandria then back to Cairo, Dardenelles, Constantinople and ended in Malta.

Being used to the author's writing style as I love his The Road to Mecca, it's such a delightful reading on how he described every place he went that I even looked up some on the net; Wadi el Kelt, Lubiya, Tiberias, Jesod Hamala, Smyrna - he really did bring the readers there with him. His cultural and political observations are really enjoyable to read as it was done thoroughly. There are also 32 pages of his original photos that accompanied us in this book.

Two incidents that stuck in my mind majorly:

1) He travelled few years after the Balfour Declaration, so he met with many Jewish settlers from many countries that he even asked one of them who was from Romania "I don't understand why all the young people are coming to Palestine now! Why don't you go to America?"

2) It was also the year when Transjordan was declared as an independent government so he talked about about what might be the reason that Amman was chosen as the capital city and not Es-Salt; and narrated about the "war" that took place on the southern borders of Transjordan at that time by the Bedouins of the Najd, the Wahabis. The Bedouin groups feuds and how they solved them really are something that is out of my mind.

"Our struggle is not against Judaism, but against political Zionism and it is the fault of the Zionists if, today, the ordinary man sees Jews and Zionists as one and the same, and hatred is hurled against everything Jewish. Before the war, before political Zionism, there was no friction here in Palestine between Arab and Jewish elements. And for the future too our goal is a free Palestine, in which every race, every religion enjoys equal rights."

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Riatmi Ami
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January 15, 2025
I read this book because I love Muhammad Asad's (Leopold Weiss) another book titled "The Road To Mecca" ( one of my fav book all of time indeed) and "The Unromantic Orient" act like it's prequel.

This travelogue written based on the author's journey to Cairo, Amman, parts of Transjordan, Palestine, Damascus, and Istanbul in 1922-1923 when he only 21-22 years old as a correspondent for Frankfurter Zeitung, a notable newspaper in Germany . As the translator (the book was originally written in Germany) said in the introduction, the books was no journey of just traveling from place to place but was characterized by the tremor of resonating heartstrings. Muhammad Asad's exquisite narration of what he observed and what he experienced goes beyond the words he writes. I enioyed the Geopolitical issues he brought through this journey especially when it comes to the Palestine issue, the guilt of the Jews ( he was not a fan of Zionism though he himself was a Jew) and the idea of Arabs unity at the time.

Though there are some mistakes about Islam ( it was his first exposure to islamic world and he hadn't revert to be a Muslim yet) as the translator note in the book, it is definitely recommended and worth to read .

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books.bintulu
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May 19, 2021
May 2021: The Unromantic Orient

Jerusalem, Cairo, Palestine, Amman, Damascus, Beirut, Alexandria, back to Cairo and Constantinople. What happen at these places in 1922-23? Read this book to know, from observations and opinions of a 23 year old European named Leopold Weiss. This is not a romantic travelogue but a more critical and genuine remarks.

A brief intro about the author, Muhammad Asad:
- born Leopold Weiss, 2 July 1900 in Eastern Galicia.
- Grew up in a strong Jewish background before convert to Islam in 1926
- studied History of Art and Philosophy at University of Vienna after joined Austrian army 1918-1920
….
Things that struck me is how the author noted on the attitude of the Arabs during his journey especially in Jerusalem:
“A food seller offers me his pillaf, the Arab- Turkish rice dish. I eat without concern from his common dishes, common for all the world, and don’t feel any of the disgust which, in a similar situation in Europe (in Leipzig, say), would overwhelm me; for the grace of these Arab people is evident in everything they do, and grace is never dirty.” Pg55
Thus, it got me thinking how very important to show a good akhlak to everyone. Proof that the Arabs especially the Palestinians are good hearted people, always willing to help.

The author also noted his opinion on Zionism, since during this time the Balfour Declaration was just signed, let me quote here:
“Zionism seeks “realization” here and now, to begin building the house with a roof; a homeland for the Jews! Zionism raises the backdrop to the altar; longing for Palestine takes the place of the deepest human longings. It overlooks the fact that the creation of a homeland was actually a nation’s strength, never a hospice nor a refuge in the face of suffering” pg30.


This book is a challenging read for me due to my lack of knowledge in history and geography, it successfully made me explore further. I’m grateful that this book (only 133+ pages) also provided useful introduction by the translator Elma Ruth Harder, chronology of Muhammad Asad’s life (which helped to understand his point of view) and photos.

I’m happy to keep this book (bought during PBAKL 2021). I hope to read it again one day and see how far I have digested the whole issue. InsyaAllah.



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ムハンマド・アサドの波乱の生涯-20世紀の歴史を生きた人- - posfie

ムハンマド・アサドの波乱の生涯-20世紀の歴史を生きた人- - posfie


T.K. fukushimaタグ付けよう
@aizujin_k
更新 2015年2月28日

ムハンマド・アサドの波乱の生涯-20世紀の歴史を生きた人-
1900年に生まれて92歳で没するまで、ヨーロッパ、中東、印パの激動に深く係わった人生。
日本人で知る人は少ないと思いますが、興味を持ったら嵌る人です。        
社会学
ムハマンド・アサド
===
始めに
タラル・アサドは1933年生まれで現在も活躍中の著名な文化人類学者です。
この纏めは、タラルの父ムハンマドの数奇な人生について、中村先生がわかりやすくツイートされたものを纏めました。

Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】タラル・アサドのお父さんはムハンマドという元ユダヤ人です。Amir Ben-Davidによる2002年頃の小伝「Leopold of Arabia」がHAARETZ誌にありますのでざっと紹介します。
  haaretz.com/leopold-of-ara…

2015-02-24 23:52:37
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】ムハンマド・アサドにはクルアーンのでっかい注解書があります。以外と安く、たしか7千円くらいで買ったと思う。ムハンマド・アサドは「リベラルな」(といっていいのかな?)クルアーン研究者だったんですね。1900年生まれ、スペイン黄金海岸で92歳で死去しました。

2015-02-24 23:53:30
The Message Of The Qur'an: The Full Account Of The Revealed Arabic Text Accompanied By Parallel Transliteration
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ユダヤ人としての生い立ち
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】本名はレオポルト・ヴァイスです。当時はオーストリアに属していたウクライナのリヴォフの生まれ。父はユダヤの法律家でラビの孫。母方の祖父は銀行家。叔父に、ある日突然妻子を棄ててロンドンでキリスト教徒になって天文学者になった人がいるとか。(続く)

2015-02-24 23:54:05
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】レオポルト(ムハンマド・アサドの本名)は13歳にして聖書、ミシュナ、ゲマラ、ヘブル語、アラム語に精通したといいます。ところがところが、学習が進むにつれて信仰が薄れてしまいました。ユダヤ教の儀礼中心主義や選民思想に疑問を感じたらしい。

2015-02-25 10:15:25
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】思春期にヨーロッパ精神が激動期を迎えて、神秘主義から薬物使用から、ダダから共産主義、ファシズムまでは勃興。道徳における答えなき時代となります。ウィーンに暮すレオポルトは大学で美術史を勉強し、アドラーなど精神分析を読み、新科学の知的傲慢に反感を覚えたと。

2015-02-25 10:15:47
ジャーナリストを志す
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】20歳にして家族から離れてベルリンへ行って記者をめざします。そこで映画監督フリートリッヒ・ウィルヘルム・ムルナウの助手となり、通信社でアルバイト。記事を電話で読み上げる仕事。作家ゴーリキーの夫人を訪ね、インタビューに成功し、晴れて記者となります。

2015-02-25 10:16:09
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】レオポルト(ユダヤ教徒時代のムハンマド・アサド)の精神的彷徨は続きます。1922年春。エルサレムの精神病院を経営している、フロイトの弟子だという叔父から、手紙をもらう。レオポルドは退職して船と列車でエルサレムへ。

2015-02-25 12:09:49
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】エルサレムの旧市街の叔父のアラブ式住居に暮す。レオポルトはアラブ人の生活に注目します。ベドゥインの姿は、今のユダヤ人よりも族長アブラハム、ダビデに近いではないか!

2015-02-25 12:10:07
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】バルフォア宣言(1917)の数年後の時代であり、ユダヤ系移民が押し寄せていました。レオポルトはフランクフルター新聞の報道員となり、シオニズムを批判。アラブ人に対するヨーロッパ人の無知を説く。自分もまた、現地に来るまで無知であったと。

2015-02-25 12:10:31
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】レオポルト(ムハンマド・アサド)はユダヤ社会から嫌われます。シオニストより、アラブ人に買収された者あるいは東洋趣味者と見なされる。シオニストのウシシュキンは、アラブ人には反対運動というほどのものはないと述べる。しかしすべてのユダヤ人がシオニストではなかった。

2015-02-25 22:29:16
注:
メナヘム・メンデル・ウシシュキン(1863 ~1941 年)
ユダヤ人入植地について、他の候補地を排除しイスラエルにこだわった強硬派。
(1)国際社会によるシオニズム運動の認知
(2)土地の購入、開拓の推進
(3)ヘブライ文化、教育の振興
を掲げました。

Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】レオポルト「多数派のアラブ人の猛反対を前にどうしてパレスチナを故国にできるのか」。ヴァイツマン「数年後にはアラブ人は多数派ではなくなる」「道義的には?」「これは我々の国だ」――レオポルトは聖書にもパレスチナ人が存在したと説くが、相手にされず。

2015-02-25 22:29:36
注:
ハイム・ヴァイツマン(1874~1852年)
イスラエルの政治家・化学者。シオニスト運動の指導者で、後に初代イスラエル大統領。

Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】息子タラル(『宗教の系譜』著者)によれば、父ムハンマド(レオポルト)は、三宗教の相互理解の重要性を理解していた。彼は改宗したがユダヤ教を非難したことはない。イスラムのほうがオープンだが、イスラムはユダヤ教にたいへん近い、と言っていた、と。

2015-02-25 22:30:00
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】1923年、レオポルト(ユダヤ教徒時代のムハンマド・アサド)はエジプト、ヨルダンへ。アミール・アブドゥッラーにアンマンのテントで会う。アミールの長男タラルが野馬に乗る姿に感動し、その9年後、自分の息子にタラルの名をつける。

2015-02-26 09:27:19
注:
アミール・アブドゥッラー(Abdullāh al-Auwal bin al-Ḥusain 1882~1951年)
後のヨルダン国王アブドゥッラー一世です。
1923年にイギリスの委任統治下でトランスヨルダンが建国されアブドゥッラーが首長(アミール)として迎えられました。

Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】フランス領ダマスカスにて、アラブの慎ましい、自然と共存する生活に、思考と感覚の有機的一貫性にあこがれる。そしてサウジアラビアへ。アブドゥルアジズ・イブン・サウドの賓客・顧問となる。

2015-02-26 09:27:37
注:
アブドゥルアジズ・イブン・サウド(1880~1953年)
初代サウジアラビア国王。
ムハンマド・アサドが滞在した期間は、サウド家がメッカがあるヒジャーズ地方を統合しジェッダ条約によって国際的に承認されたころですが、建国の功労者イフワーン(民兵組織)の反乱に揺れた時期でもありました。

Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】レオポルトはムスリム、とくにベドゥインの生活を健康的なものと考えたようです。(彼にはロマンチックなところがあり、なんだか時代を感じさせます。ニューエイジとの違いは、彼が既存の伝統的共同体・宗教を選んでいるところでしょうけれども。)

2015-02-26 09:28:02
Keishi N 中村圭志 @7AChips
【ムハンマド・アサド】1923年、レオポルト(ユダヤ教徒時代のムハンマド・アサド)はドイツへ帰り、記事を出版する。だが、『現実の東洋』は注目をあびなかった。ベルリンにて、15歳年上の未亡人、画家エルザに会い、2年後に結婚。

2015-02-26 23:42:56
改宗とメッカ巡礼
1 2 3 次へ


社会学
ムハマンド・アサド
タラル・アサド
イスラム
ユダヤ人
パキスタン独立
ポスト 0

いいね!1
まとめたひと
T.K. fukushimaタグ付けよう @aizujin_k
福島県内で零細な商売を営んでいます。50代です。

Muhammad Asad - Wikipedia

Muhammad Asad - Wikipedia

Muhammad Asad

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Muhammad Asad
محمد أسد
Muhammad Asad addressing Radio Pakistan
Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction[1]
In office
August 1947 September 1948
Ministry of Foreign Affairs[clarification needed]
In office
September 1948 1951
Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations
In office
1952–1952
Personal life
Born2 July 1900
Died20 February 1992 (aged 91)
Main interest(s)Islamic studies, Islamic democracy, Muslim world, Quran
Notable idea(s)Islamic state[3]
Independent Reasoning[4]
Notable works
EducationUniversity of Vienna (dropped out in 1920)
OccupationLinguist,[citation needed] Academic, Traveler, Political Theorist, Historian
Religious life
ReligionIslam
DenominationSunni
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced

Muhammad Asad[a] (born Leopold Weiss; 2 July 1900 – 20 February 1992) was an Austro-Hungarian Pakistani Muslim convert and polymath, born in modern day Ukraine. He worked as a journalist, traveler, writer, political theorist, and diplomat.[4]

Born to a Jewish family, Weiss had acquired a passing fluency in Hebrew and Aramaic by age 13, in addition to his native German and Polish languages.[15][16] By his mid-twenties, he could read and write in English, French, Persian and Arabic.[17][18] In Mandatory Palestine, Weiss engaged in arguments with Zionist leaders like Chaim Weizmann, voicing his reservations about some aspects of the Zionist Movement.[16] After traveling across the Arab World as a journalist, he converted to Sunni Islam in 1926 and adopted the name "Muhammad Asad"—Asad being the Arabic rendition of his root name Leo (Lion).[19]

During his stay in Saudi Arabia, he spent time with Bedouins and enjoyed the close company of the state's founder, Ibn Saud.[7][8] He also carried out a secret mission for Ibn Saud to trace the sources of funding for the Ikhwan Revolt. Due to these activities, he was dubbed in a Haaretz article as "Leopold of Arabia"—hinting similarity of his activities to those of Lawrence of Arabia.[16] On his visit to India, Asad became friends with the Muslim poet-philosopher Muhammad Iqbal, who persuaded him to abandon his eastward travels and "help elucidate the intellectual premises of the future Islamic state".[20][21] He also spent five years in internment by the British government at the outbreak of World War II.[22] On 14 August 1947, Asad received Pakistani citizenship and later served in several bureaucratic and diplomatic positions including the Director of Department of Islamic Reconstruction, Deputy Secretary (Middle East Division) in the Foreign Ministry of Pakistan, and Pakistan's envoy to the United Nations.[7][8][20]

In the West, Asad rose to prominence as a writer with his best-selling autobiography, The Road to Mecca.[21][23][24] Later, after seventeen years of scholarly research, he published his magnum opus: The Message of the Qur'an—an English translation and commentary of the Quran.[25] The book, along with the translations of Pickthall and Yusuf Ali, is regarded as one of the most influential translations of the modern era.[4][26][25] An ardent proponent of rationality in interpreting religious texts, he dedicated his works "to People who Think".[25][27] Other notable of his works include: "Islam at Crossroads" (1934)[28] and "This law of Ours and other essays" (1987)[29].

In 2008, the entrance square to the UN Office in Vienna was named Muhammad Asad Platz in commemoration of his work as a "religious bridge-builder".[30] Asad has been described by his biographers as "Europe's gift to Islam" and "a Mediator between Islam and the West".[31][32]

Early life

Berlin memorial plaque for Muhammad Asad.

Background

Leopold Weiss was born on 2 July 1900 to a Jewish family in Lemberg, Galicia, then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (which is currently the city of Lviv, Ukraine). Weiss was a descendant of a long line of Jewish rabbis; however, his father, Akiva Weiss, broke from tradition and became a lawyer. Leopold received a religious education and was proficient in Hebrew from an early age, as well as familiar with Aramaic. He studied the Jewish Bible or Tanakh, the text and commentaries of the Talmud, the Mishna and Gemara, also delving into the intricacies of Biblical exegesis and the Targum.

At the age of fourteen he escaped school and joined the Austrian army under a false name. After a week or so, his father traced him with the help of the police, and he was escorted back to Vienna.[33]

Years in wilderness (1920–1922)

After abandoning university in Vienna, Weiss drifted aimlessly around 1920s Germany, working briefly for the expressionist film director Fritz Lang (F. W. Murnau, according to The Road to Mecca). By his own account, after selling a jointly written film script, he splurged the windfall on a wild party at an expensive Berlin restaurant, in the spirit of the times. While working as a telephone operator for an American news agency in Berlin, Weiss obtained a coveted interview with Russian author Maxim Gorky's wife, his first published piece of journalism, after simply ringing up her hotel room.[22]

Stay in the Middle East

In 1922 Weiss moved to the British Mandate of Palestine, staying in Jerusalem at the house of his maternal uncle Dorian Feigenbaum at his invitation. Feigenbaum was a psychoanalyst, a disciple of Freud, and later founded the Psychoanalytic Quarterly.

Foreign correspondent for Frankfurter Zeitung

He picked up work as a stringer for the German newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung, one of the most prestigious newspapers of Germany and Europe,[citation needed] selling articles on a freelance basis. His pieces were noteworthy for their understanding of Arab fears and grievances against the Zionist project.[citation needed] He published a small book on the subject in 1924, and this so inspired the confidence of the Frankfurter Zeitung that it commissioned him to travel more widely still, to collect information for a full-scale book. Weiss made the trip, which lasted two years.

Conversion to Islam

To gain closer assignments in the Arab world, Weiss developed an ever-deepening engagement with Islam. This led to his religious conversion in 1926 in Berlin and adopting an Arabic name, Muhammad Asad.

Asad spoke of Islam:

"Islam appears to me like a perfect work of architecture. All its parts are harmoniously conceived to complement and support each other; nothing is superfluous and nothing lacking; and the result is a structure of absolute balance and solid composure."[22]

A 2002 Saudi Aramco World magazine essay described his journey to conversion in these words: "Two roads diverged in Berlin in the 1920s: a well-worn one to the West, the other, rarely traveled, to the East. Leopold Weiss, a gifted young writer, traveler and linguist with a thorough knowledge of the Bible and the Talmud and with deep roots in European culture, took the road eastward to Makkah."[22]

Saudi Arabia

After his conversion to Islam, Asad moved to Saudi Arabia making a journey by camel across the Arabian Desert, from Tayma to Mecca.[34] He stayed there for nearly six years during which he made five pilgrimages.[35] Alongside, he started writing essays for the Swiss newspaper Neue Zürcher Zeitung, and continued to do so till 1934.[36]

Ibn Saud's confidant and Bolshevik allegations

After the sudden death of his wife Elsa, Asad stayed on in Mecca where, in a chance encounter in the Grand Mosque's library, he met Prince Faysal. On Faysal's invitation, Asad met King Abdulaziz (founder of modern Saudi Arabia); the meeting led to almost daily audiences with the King, who quickly came to appreciate Asad's knowledge, keen mind and spiritual depth.[22] Ibn Saud allowed Asad to visit the Najd region (in the King's company), which was forbidden to foreigners at that time.[37]

In late 1928, an Iraqi named Abdallah Damluji, who had been an adviser to Ibn Saud, submitted a report to the British on "Bolshevik and Soviet penetration" of the Hijaz. In this report, after highlighting Asad's activities in Arabia, Damluji alleged that Asad had connections with Bolsheviks: "What is the real mission which makes him endure the greatest discomforts and the worst conditions of life? On what basis rests the close intimacy between him and Shaykh Yusuf Yasin (secretary to the King and editor of the official newspaper Umm al-Qura)? Is there some connection between von Weiss and the Bolshevik consulate in Jidda?"[8]

Ikhwan Rebellion

According to Asad, he did finally become a secret agent of sorts. Ibn Saud sent him on a secret mission to Kuwait in 1929, to trace the sources of financial and military assistance being provided to Faysal al-Dawish – an Ikhwan leader-turned-rebel against Ibn Saud's rule.[8] Asad, after traveling day and night through the desert without lighting fire, reached Kuwait to collect first-hand evidence. He concluded that the British were providing arms and money to al-Dawish to weaken Ibn Saud for the purpose of securing a 'land route to India' – a railway from Haifa to Basra ultimately connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Indian subcontinent.[38][39]

Time in Pakistan

Muhammad Asad (seated right) and his wife Pola Hamida Asad (seated left) at the residence of Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan in Jauharabad, Pakistan. Circa 1957

Meeting Iqbal and visiting Kashmir

Asad left Arabia and came to British India in 1932 where he met South Asia's premier Muslim poet, philosopher and thinker Muhammad Iqbal.[20] Iqbal had proposed the idea of an independent Muslim state in India, which later became Pakistan. Iqbal persuaded Asad to stay on in British India and help the Muslims of India establish their separate Muslim state. Iqbal introduced Asad to Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan, a philanthropist and agriculturalist, who, on the advice of Muhammad Iqbal, established the Dar-ul-Islam Trust Institutes in Pathankot, India and Jauharabad, Pakistan. Asad stayed on in British India and worked with both Muhammad Iqbal and Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan.[40] Allama Iqbal encouraged Asad to translate Sahih Al-Bukhari in English for the first time in history. Asad responded positively and started making the arrangements for his translation. In order to find a place serene enough to stimulate his intellectual and spiritual cerebration, he arrived in Kashmir during the summer of 1934. There, he met Mirwaiz Muhammad Yusuf who became his close friend. While working enthusiastically on his translation, he also set up his own printing press in Srinagar. The first two chapters of his translation were printed in Srinagar. Asad mentions in his book Home-coming of the Heart that he had a special relationship with Kashmir and that he felt very sad when he left it.[41][42]

Internment as enemy alien (1939–1945)

When the Second World War broke out in 1939, Asad's parents were arrested and, subsequently, murdered by the Nazis. Asad himself was arrested in Lahore in 1939, a day after the war broke out, by the British as an enemy alien. This was despite the fact that Asad had refused German nationality after the annexation of Austria in 1938 and had insisted on retaining his Austrian citizenship. Asad spent three years in prison, while his family consisting of his wife, Munira, and son, Talal, after being released from detention earlier, lived under the protection of Chaudhry Niaz Ali Khan at the latter's vast 1,000-acre (4.0 km2) estate in Jamalpur, 5 km west of Pathankot. Asad was finally released and reunited with his family in Jamalpur when the Second World War ended in 1945.[40]

Role in Pakistan Movement

Asad supported the idea of a separate Muslim state in India. After the independence of Pakistan on 14 August 1947, in recognition for his support for Pakistan, Asad was conferred first full citizenship by Pakistan and appointed the Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction by the Government of Pakistan,[43] where he made recommendations on the drafting of Pakistan's first Constitution.[22] In 1949, Asad joined Pakistan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs as head of the Middle East Division and made efforts to strengthen Pakistan's ties with the Muslim states of the Middle East. In 1952, Asad was appointed as Pakistan's Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations in New York – a position that he relinquished that same year in order to write his autobiography (up to the age of 32), The Road to Mecca.[22][4]

Career as a diplomat

Asad contributed much to Pakistan's early political and cultural life but was shunned from the corridors of power. He served this country as the head of the Directorate of Islamic Reconstruction, Joint Secretary of the Middle East Division in Foreign Office, Minister Plenipotentiary to the United Nations and organizer of the International Islamic Colloquium. If one delves into the archival material of these government departments, the role played by Asad for his beloved Pakistan can be dealt with in detail.

Marriage controversy and resignation

By chance, at a reception Asad met Pola, an American of Polish origin who was destined to become his third wife (d. 2007). She was young, beautiful and intelligent. He fell in love with her and when he learned that she had already embraced Islam he decided to marry her, despite the difference of age and temperament. However, under the rules of the Foreign Office, he was bound to get prior permission to marry a non-Pakistani national.[22] He applied through the proper channels but the Governor-General rejected his application. So, he submitted his resignation from the Foreign Service, divorced his Arabian wife (Munira, d. 1978), and devoted himself to writing his autobiographical travel log The Road to Mecca.

During his stay in Switzerland, Asad received a letter from the President of Pakistan, General Ayub Khan, who was a great admirer of his book named The Principles of State and Government in Islam (1961). In a subsequent exchange of letters, he proposed to Asad to come to Pakistan and have the membership of a seven-man group of Muslim scholars – who both supposedly knew the world and were experts on Islam – to advise him with regard to everyday matters as well as the drawing up of a new Islamic constitution for the country.[20] At that time, Asad was immersed in his cherished work on the Qur'an, and so he regretfully declined.

After many years, Asad was again invited by another President of Pakistan, General Zia ul-Haq, in 1983 and that was his last visit to this country. When he arrived at Islamabad, which he had not yet seen, he was received at the plane with great honour and escorted to the Presidency. During his sojourn in Islamabad, there was a series of meetings with members of the Ansari Commission in order to prepare a kind of programme for the President for the future. Asad agreed with some, and as usual disagreed with others, which he found retrograde.[22] On one point he was firm and insistent that Muslim women should have exactly the same rights in the political sphere as had men, to the extent of becoming prime minister. Asad also spared some time to meet with his surviving friends in Lahore and Islamabad and at the request of the President made several radio and television appearances, as always spontaneous. On his return, he was besieged by letters from literally hundreds of admirers in Pakistan, some even offering him land or a house but he refused politely, considering his concept of Pakistan to be beyond all these worldly trivialities.

Later life and death

Towards the end of his life, Asad moved to Spain and lived there with his third wife, Pola Hamida Asad, an American national of Polish Catholic descent who had also converted to Islam, until his death on 20 February 1992 at the age of 91.[44][45][46] He was buried in the Muslim cemetery of Granada in the former Moorish province of Andalusia, Spain.[46]

Children

Asad had a son, Talal Asad, from his second Saudi Arabian wife, Munira. Talal Asad is now an anthropologist specialising in religious studies and post-colonialism. Asad also had a step-son named Heinrich (converted name Ahmad) with his first wife Else (converted name Aziza).[47]

Honors and recognition

Muhammad Asad Square in Donaustadt, Vienna

A Lviv Islamic Cultural Center named after Muhammad Asad was officially opened in 2015.[48]

Muhammad-Asad-Platz

In April 2008, a space in front of the UNO City in the 22nd District of Vienna was named Muhammad-Asad-Platz in honour of Muhammad Asad.[49] The step was taken as part of a two-day program on the European Year of Intercultural Dialogue focusing on Islam and its relationship with Europe.[50] The program commemorated the life and work of Asad, described as a great Austrian visionary, who earned international recognition by building bridges between religions.[51] The honoree's son Talal Asad, the President of the Islamic Community of Austria Anas Schakfeh and Vienna's cultural adviser Andreas Mailath-Pokorny were present at the unveiling of the square. Mailath-Pokorny, while talking to the media said:

"There is probably no more appropriate place to honour Muhammad Asad than that in front of the UN-City. Muhammad Asad was a citizen of the world, who was at home, and left his mark, everywhere in the world, especially in the Orient."[30]

Honorary postage stamp

On 23 March 2013, Pakistan Post issued a stamp with denomination of Rs. 15 under the "Men of Letters" Series in honour of Allamah Muhammad Asad.[52]

Bibliography

Books

  1. Unromantisches Morgenland: Aus dem Tagebuch einer Reise (1924), German, published under his former name Leopold Weiss. The book is a description of the middle-East, written before his conversion to Islam, for a German-speaking readership – The Unromantic Orient (2004), English translation by Elma Ruth Harder
  2. Islam at the Crossroads (1934), a call for Muslims to avoid imitating Western society and instead return to the original Islamic heritage, written in English
  3. The Road to Mecca (1954), autobiography covering his life from 1900 to 1932
  4. The Principles of State and Government in Islam (1961), description of a democratic political system grounded in Islamic principles
  5. The Message of The Qur'an (1980), an influential translation and interpretation of the Qur'an
  6. Sahih Al-Bukhari: The Early Years of Islam (1981), translation and explanation of an important collection of hadith (reports of pronouncements by Muhammad)
  7. This Law of Ours and Other Essays (1987), collection of essays about Islamic law.
  8. Home-Coming of the Heart (1932–1992). Part II of the Road to Mecca (2016), Al Abbas International, ISBN 969-8460-41-1.
  9. Meditations (Unpublished), intended to clarify ambiguities arising from his translation The Message of The Qur'an (1980), stands unpublished as of 2013.[53][54]
  10. The Spirit of Islam is not a separate book but a republication of the first chapter of his 1934 book Islam at the Crossroads.[55]

Journals

Other publications

TitleOriginal
publication
date
Description
Jerusalem in 1923: The Impressions of a Young European1923Later published in Islamic Studies, Islamabad in 2001. Translated by Elma Ruth Harder.[56][57]
The Concept of Religion in the West and in Islam1934Later published in The Islamic Literature , Lahore in 1967.[58]
The Spirit of the West1934Later published in The Islamic Literature, Lahore in 1956.
Towards a Resurrection of Thought1937Published in Islamic Culture, Hyderabad, Deccan.[59]
Aims and Objectives of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction1947Published his thoughts as the Director of the Department of Islamic Reconstruction.[60]
Calling All Muslims1947A collection of seven Radio Broadcasts delivered at the request of Government of Pakistan.
Islamic Constitution Making1948Essay published under the auspices of the Government of Punjab in March 1948. It was later expanded to the book The Principles of State and Government in Islam.[21]
The Encounter of Islam and The West1959Talk delivered on Radio Beromunster in Switzerland.
Islam and the Spirit of Our Times1960Talk delivered on Radio Beromunster in Switzerland.
Answers of Islam1960sAnswers to questionnaire posed by German publisher Gerhard Szczesny in the 1960s.
Islam and Politics1963Pamphlet series by Islamic Centre.[22]
Can the Qur'an be Translated?1964Islamic Centre.[22]
Jerusalem: The Open City1970sTalk sent for delivery at a conference of Muslim Students Association, United States in the late 1970s.
My Pilgrimage to Islam1974Published in Majalla al-Azhar.[22]
The Meaning and Significance of the Hijrah1979Published in London in November 1979.
The Message of the Qur'an1980Address delivered at a Conference of the Islamic Council in London.
A Vision of Jerusalem1982Published in Ahlan Wasahlan, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Jerusalem: A City for all People1982Later published in Arabia: The Islamic World Review in 1985.
A Tribe That Kept Its Name1985Published in Arabia magazine.[59]
The City of the Prophet1991Published in Muslim Africa.

Portrayals of Asad

See also

Notes

  1.  Arabic: محمد أسد, Urdu: محمد اسد

References

  1.  Sajid, Osama (13 August 2013). "Allama Muhammad Asad: The first citizen of Pakistan". The Express Tribune. Karachi.
  2.  Cug̲h̲tāʼī 2006, pp. i, 373.
  3.  Fatah 2008, p. 10.
  4.  Nawwab, Ismail Ibrahim (2002). "Berlin to Makkah : Muhammad Asad's Journey into Islam". Saudi Aramco World. Vol. 53, no. 1. pp. 6–32. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
  5.  "Muhammad Asad (1900–1992)". Salaam. Archived from the original on 27 March 2012.
  6.  Musa, Ahmad Farouk; Koya, Abdar Rahman (9 December 2009). "Remembering Muhammad Asad, the West's gift to Islam". Malaysia Today.
  7.  "From Leopold Weiss to Muhammad Asad". Renaissance. Vol. 12, no. 5. May 2002. Archived from the original on 31 May 2013.
  8.  Kramer, Martin (11 January 2010). "The Road from Mecca: Muhammad Asad". Martin Kramer on the Middle East.
  9.  Asad, Talal. "Muhammad Asad Between Religion and Politics". Islam Interactive. Archived from the original on 29 July 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2013.
  10.  al-Shubaili, Abdul Rahman (23 July 2013). "مراد هوفمان على خطى محمد أسد.. ربحا محمدا ولم يخسرا المسيح". Asharq Al-Awsat (in Arabic). No. 12660. Archived from the original on 2 January 2014. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  11.  Khan, Asad (12 July 2011). "Islam at the Cross Roads: 'Submitting One's Intellect'". Huffington Post.
  12.  Rasheed, Aisha Hussain (20 February 2010). "Tariq Ramadan's tribute to Muhammad Asad". Muslim Presence. Archived from the original on 23 February 2014.
  13.  "Maryam Jameelah". Islamic Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 8 August 2012.
  14.  Ahmed, Khaled (11 June 2011). "Maududi and Maryam Jameela". The Express Tribune. Karachi.
  15.  Harder 1998, p. 536.
  16.  Ben-David, Amir (15 November 2001). "Leopold of Arabia". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 21 September 2013.
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