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2018/12/30

JADAM Organic Farming: ULTRA Powerful Pest and Disease Control Solution, Make all-Natural Pesticide, The way to Ultra-Low-Cost agriculture!: youngsang cho: 9788989220206: Amazon.com: Books

JADAM Organic Farming: ULTRA Powerful Pest and Disease Control Solution, Make all-Natural Pesticide, The way to Ultra-Low-Cost agriculture!: youngsang cho: 9788989220206: Amazon.com: Books

ULTRA Powerful Pest and Disease Control Solution Make all-Natural Pesticide. Farm at $100 per acre a year. Everything you need to know to: Go completely organic Boost quality and yield Save huge, huge, HUGE costs Make all-natural fertilizer, pesticide and microorganism inputs yourself. JADAM's ultimate objective is to bring farming back to farmers. Through JADAM's method, farming can become ultra-low-cost, completely organic, and farmers can once again become the masters of farming. Farmers will possess the knowledge, method and technology of farming. When organic farming becomes easy, effective and inexpensive, it can finally become a practical alternative. Farmers, consumers and Mother Nature will all rejoice in this splendid new world we wish to open. You will learn many useful new methods including increasing microbial diversity and population, boosting soil minerals, tackling soil compaction, reducing salt level, raising soil fertility and more. This book also shows you how to make natural pesticides that can replace chemical ones. He started organic farming and raised animals himself from 1991 in Asan, Chungnam province. He went on to establish "Jadam Organic Farming" and started to promote this farming system through books and website (www.jadam.kr). He established "Jadam Natural Pesticide Institute" in 2002 from where he continued his research while integrating knowledge from many experienced farmers which led to the completion of the system of ultra-low cost Jadam organic farming. He invented and developed many technologies for natural pesticide which he voluntarily did not patent but rather shared through books and website. His "Natural Pesticide Workshops" teaches the essence of ultra-low cost Jadam organic farming. Lectures, too, are disclosed on Jadam website(en.jadam.kr).

Editorial Reviews

ULTRA Powerful Pest and Disease Control Solution Make all-Natural Pesticide. Farm at $100 per acre a year. Everything you need to know to: Go completely organic Boost quality and yield Save huge, huge, HUGE costs Make all-natural fertilizer, pesticide and microorganism inputs yourself. JADAM’s ultimate objective is to bring farming back to farmers. Through JADAM’s method, farming can become ultra-low-cost, completely organic, and farmers can once again become the masters of farming. Farmers will possess the knowledge, method and technology of farming. When organic farming becomes easy, effective and inexpensive, it can finally become a practical alternative. Farmers, consumers and Mother Nature will all rejoice in this splendid new world we wish to open. You will learn many useful new methods including increasing microbial diversity and population, boosting soil minerals, tackling soil compaction, reducing salt level, raising soil fertility and more. This book also shows you how to make natural pesticides that can replace chemical ones. He started organic farming and raised animals himself from 1991 in Asan, Chungnam province. He went on to establish "Jadam Organic Farming" and started to promote this farming system through books and website (www.jadam.kr). He established "Jadam Natural Pesticide Institute" in 2002 from where he continued his research while integrating knowledge from many experienced farmers which led to the completion of the system of ultra-low cost Jadam organic farming. He invented and developed many technologies for natural pesticide which he voluntarily did not patent but rather shared through books and website. His "Natural Pesticide Workshops" teaches the essence of ultra-low cost Jadam organic farming. Lectures, too, are disclosed on Jadam website(en.jadam.kr).

Product details

Paperback: 340 pages
Publisher: JADAM; 1st edition (2016)
Language: English
ISBN-10: 8989220203

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Biography
Youngsang Cho was born in 1965 in Hwaseong, Gyeonggi province, Korea. He graduated from Suwon Highschool and Aju University (chemistry), and completed master's degree in horticulture at Chungnam University. After completing his military service at the 706 Special Forces, he started organic farming and raised animals himself from 1991 in Asan, Chungnam province. He went on to establish "Jadam Organic Farming" and started to promote this farming system through books and website (www.jadam.kr). He established "Jadam Natural Pesticide Institute" in 2002 from where he continued his research while integrating knowledge from many experienced farmers which led to the completion of the system of ultra-low cost Jadam organic farming. He invented and developed many technologies for natural pesticide which he voluntarily did not patent but rather shared through books and website. His "Natural Pesticide Workshops" teaches the essence of ultra-low cost Jadam organic farming. Lectures, too, are disclosed on Jadam website and Youtube.

Aly
5.0 out of 5 stars Cho knows exactly what Organic Farming needsFebruary 22, 2017
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

My husband became quite literally obsessed with the Jadam method so I finally bought him the physical book. Arrived much sooner than expected from Korea and the knowledge is priceless. There are also videos online outlining the process and it's truly revolutionary. We plan to implement these practices on our farm this year. I would recommend this to anyone trying to farm because chemical farming is killing America's land, just go on google earth and take a look around the Great Plains. We need to restore this planet and Jadam will 100% get us there. Better than any other method and the science just makes sense. $100/acre/year.. That's hard to beat. Buy this book!!

5 people found this helpful

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PJD
5.0 out of 5 stars I loved it enough to buy another one for a friendOctober 14, 2016
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I loved it enough to buy another one for a friend!!! If you truly want to do organic gardening this is the way to go. I have already made some of the recipes for my next years garden. How about water soluble calcium or fermented seawater (add natural minerals to your soil). It is a marvelous book!
I suggest you check out youtube for Jadam or Korean Natural Farming, then after watching, order your copy...this will be one of the best investments you make for gardening or farming!

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Alicia
4.0 out of 5 stars Great book, poor bindingJuly 10, 2017
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This book is a very informative book, especially as I am a person looking to farm without any chemical inputs. I have started trying the method, and am anxious to see the results. The book was very simple and straightforward. Having read Farmers of Forty Centuries by F.H. King, I understand a little the basis of this method, and how the old ways of farming in China, Japan and Korea were a lot more simple than the organic methods of today.
I do have one complaint which is why I gave the book 4 stars. It is the binding. For a book that I had to pay over $50 to purchase, I would expect the binding to be a little more solid. But, I have had it only a few months and already a page is loose. Normally I try to buy used and hardcover books because I hate to waste trees on books that will be garbage in a few years. Not that the content is garbage, just that they won't stay together to last for a few generations. It is a sad commentary on our throw away society. I just wish this book had better binding so I could pass it on to the next generation. It is worth that.

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Marcello
5.0 out of 5 stars Great book! Revolutionary and very inspiringOctober 4, 2016
Format: Kindle EditionVerified Purchase

Great book! Revolutionary and very inspiring.
A great mix of wisdom, knowledge and science driven by a strong feeling of love for Mother Nature and all mankind.
Its greatness lies in its simplicity. The recipes in the book are not only simple but also very effective.
Try them yourselves and you will see.
Someone says the book is too expensive. Absolutely not. Worth every penny. Saying that it is pricey is a little bit unrespectful for all the time, effort, research and work these people gave for the making of this book. They decided to honestly share their methods instead of making a profit out of it. That is quite revolutionary. My complete respect to them for this.
Thanks to all the JADAM Team for all their precious work.
Long live the Natural Farmer!

5 people found this helpful

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MiyagiSan
5.0 out of 5 stars Best purchase I've made since I starting gardeningApril 23, 2018
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This book is a must for everyone trying to grow organically. Best purchase I've made since I starting gardening. The theories and methods in this book will make organic gardening stupid simple.

3 people found this helpful

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Edelito Sangco
5.0 out of 5 stars JADAM Philosophy and Technology is Truly Revolutionary!December 18, 2018
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I am exposed to the theory and practice of both the conventional and organic farming. Aside from serving in the government as Agricultural Extension Worker since 1987, I also own an organic farm which is recognized by appropriate Philippine government agencies as learning site and farm school wherein, I train students taking up Organic Agriculture Production competency. Candidly, I find the heavy reliance on molasses in various organic concoctions and extracts to be impractical in areas located far away from sugar mills. Moreover, the repeated turning requirement for manures before it can be used as organic fertilizer is so tedious and cumbersome a process that would push an ordinary farmer to shy away from organic farming. The simple, easy, scientific and effective approach to organic farming as espoused by JADAM is truly the call of the time!

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Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars This is a great resource for the natural farmerDecember 25, 2017
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This is a great resource for the natural farmer! The JADAM style is much easier than other Korean Natural Farming methods I've studied. The author gives sound logic and philosophy to support his back-to-basics approach to farming. He also provides refined recipes for some of the key components to this methodology (wetting agent, sulfur, etc). This book is a powerful tool!

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N B
5.0 out of 5 stars the most useful guide, coupled with cho's book and any soil ...March 7, 2018
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this method of culturing bacteria and fungus will save the world and our species if we let it. the most useful guide, coupled with cho's book and any soil biology courses you can get is the recipe for human and earth health

2 people found this helpful

Earth User's Guide to Permaculture, 2nd Edition: Rosemary Morrow, Rob Allsop: 8601419471775: Amazon.com: Books

ISBN-13: 978-1856230513

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About the Author

Rosemary Morrow is known and revered worldwide for her pragmatic and effective approach to creating permaculture systems across an incredibly broad range of environments. Rosemary has successfully implemented community-scale permaculture systems in such diverse biospheres as

Uganda, Ethiopia, Cambodia, Thailand, the Middle East, Australia, and northern Europe, to name but a few.

Her knowledge on how to create abundance, food security, and successful sustainable farming models, no matter what the country, is unparalleled in permaculture education today.

Showing 1-8 of 15 reviews
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Mwilcox M.
5.0 out of 5 stars Get it; you won't regret itOctober 1, 2014
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This book is pretty much all you need to know to joyfully and abundantly reduce your carbon footprint and increase your food security and self sufficiency.

Once the initial learning curve and setup are done, it all pretty much runs itself, so your life ends up being more Earth-friendly and easier to maintain.

And, by the way, this is not just about growing a garden and having chickens; it applies to literally every area of your life from building or buying a home to your work and social life and everything in between.

The book can streamline your life whether you live on a commercial farm or in a tiny apartment. If you feel you never have enough money or time, this book can help you have more of both. The principles are applicable to a small family as well as an entire community (or world).

3 people found this helpful

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M. Verber
5.0 out of 5 stars Very Easy and Fun to useOctober 24, 2014
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Very easy to read, and easy to use. Great for providing concepts as well as exercises to put those concepts into practice. A lot of books on the same subjects contain repetitive and almost boilerplate sections that are so duplicative and somewhat ambiguous,

this is much simpler and an easy way to begin to incorporate as much or as little as you can.

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J. Allee
2.0 out of 5 stars
Not a good introduction to permaculture practicesDecember 12, 2014
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Having taken a college class in permaculture where this was a required text, I am thoroughly disappointed. Some of the information makes sense, but in general you have to live in utopia (or terraform the planet) in order for much of the information to apply.

In reality, we have to work with what we have and make the most of the situations we inherit from previous landowners - and NO piece of property is going to fit the criteria given in this text for where and how to position homes, gardens, etc.

Some information is just not right in reality even if on paper it is a great idea. For example, it might make sense logically to store water in a pond uphill from your home so that using gravity you can feed water to the home as needed..... in reality, anyone who has ever had a pond bank wash out in a heavy rain will tell you what a great idea it would be to have a pond uphill from your home.

I was really excited to take this course, but this book had turned me off by the middle of it - I felt myself hating having to use the book for answers and getting more and more sarcastic in my answers because of the absurdity of the rules given. Not everyone starts with a blank slate when becoming interested in permaculture - yet that is what is made it seem like you needed. Ideas on how to incorporate permaculture practices in realistic ways (baby steps) would make it easier to get people started.
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Leann
5.0 out of 5 stars This book is fantastic! I got this book and her workbook and ...July 10, 2015
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This book is fantastic! I got this book and her workbook and am using them to guide me as I create my Permaculture homestead.

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Kitty
5.0 out of 5 stars Five StarsAugust 22, 2015
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Very detailed, lots of information, very educational and covers many climates.

Mystdancer77
5.0 out of 5 stars Perfect for beginnersMarch 18, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

Everything you need to start your permaculture journey. This was the assigned textbook for a permaculture class I attended and I only wish I'd found it sooner.

It was written in Australia so many references are to that zone but the information is relevant to all zones and the simple pictures drive home concepts well. If you're looking for the basics, this is a great place to begin with all of the concepts, exercises, and applicable info.
One person found this helpful

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Agroecology - Wikipedia

Agroecology - Wikipedia

Agroecology
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Agroecology

A community-supported agriculture share of crops
Product(s) agriculture

Agroecology is the study of ecological processes applied to agriculturalproduction systems.
Bringing ecological principles to bear in agroecosystemscan suggest novel management approaches that would not otherwise be considered. The term is often used imprecisely and may refer to "a science, a movement, [or] a practice".[1]Agroecologists study a variety of agroecosystems.

The field of agroecology is not associated with any one particular method of farming, whether it be organic, integrated, or conventional, intensive or extensive.
However, it has much more in common with organic and integrated farming.[2]

Contents
1Ecological strategy

2Approaches
2.1Agro-population ecology
2.2Indigenous agroecology
2.3Inclusive agroecology

3Applications

3.1Views on organic and non-organic milk production
3.2Views on no-till farming

4History
4.1Pre-WWII
4.2Post-WWII
4.3Fusion with ecology

5By region
5.1Latin America
5.2Africa
5.3Madagascar

6See also
7References
8Further reading

9External links
9.1Topic
9.2Courses
Ecological strategy[edit]

Agroecologists do not unanimously oppose technology or inputs in agriculture but instead assess how, when, and if technology can be used in conjunction with natural, social and human assets.[3]
Agroecology proposes a context- or site-specific manner of studying agroecosystems, and as such, it recognizes that there is no universal formula or recipe for the success and maximum well-being of an agroecosystem. Thus, agroecology is not defined by certain management practices, such as the use of natural enemies in place of insecticides, or polyculture in place of monoculture.

Instead, agroecologists may study questions related to the four system properties of agroecosystems:

As opposed to disciplines that are concerned with only one or some of these properties, agroecologists see all four properties as interconnected and integral to the success of an agroecosystem. Recognizing that these properties are found on varying spatial scales, agroecologists do not limit themselves to the study of agroecosystems at any one scale:

gene-organism-population-community-ecosystem-landscape-biome,
field-farm-community-region-state-country-continent-global.

Agroecologists study these four properties through an interdisciplinary lens, using natural sciences to understand elements of agroecosystems such as soil properties and plant-insect interactions, as well as
using social sciences to understand the effects of farming practices on rural communities, economic constraints to developing new production methods, or
cultural factors determining farming practices.

Approaches

Agroecologists do not always agree about what agroecology is or should be in the long-term. Different definitions of the term agroecology can be distinguished largely by the specificity with which one defines the term "ecology", as well as the term's potential political connotations. Definitions of agroecology, therefore, may be first grouped according to the specific contexts within which they situate agriculture. Agroecology is defined by the OECD as "the study of the relation of agricultural crops and environment."[5]
This definition refers to the "-ecology" part of "agroecology" narrowly as the natural environment. Following this definition, an agroecologist would study agriculture's various relationships with soil health, water quality, air quality, meso- and micro-fauna, surrounding flora, environmental toxins, and other environmental contexts.

A more common definition of the word can be taken from Dalgaard et al., who refer to agroecology as the study of the interactions between plants, animals, humans and the environment within agricultural systems. Consequently, agroecology is inherently multidisciplinary, including factors from agronomy, ecology, sociology, economics and related disciplines.[6] In this case, the "-ecology" portion of "agroecology is defined broadly to include social, cultural, and economic contexts as well. Francis et al. also expand the definition in the same way, but put more emphasis on the notion of food systems.[7]

Agroecology is also defined differently according to geographic location. In the global south, the term often carries overtly political connotations. Such political definitions of the term usually ascribe to it the goals of social and economic justice; special attention, in this case, is often paid to the traditional farming knowledge of indigenous populations.[8] North American and European uses of the term sometimes avoid the inclusion of such overtly political goals. In these cases, agroecology is seen more strictly as a scientific discipline with less specific social goals.

Agro-population ecology[edit]

This approach is derived from the science of ecology primarily based on population ecology, which over the past three decades has been displacing the ecosystems biology of Odum. Buttel explains the main difference between the two categories, saying that "the application of population ecology to agroecology involves the primacy not only of analyzing agroecosystems from the perspective of the population dynamics of their constituent species, and their relationships to climate and biogeochemistry, but also there is a major emphasis placed on the role of genetics."[9]

Indigenous agroecology[edit]

This concept was proposed by political ecologist Josep Garí to recognise and uphold the integrated agro-ecological practices of many indigenous peoples, who simultaneously and sustainably safeguard, manage and use ecosystems for agricultural, food, biodiversity and cultural purposes at the same time.[10] Indigenous agroecologies are not systems and practices halted in time, but keep co-evolving with new knowledge and resources, such as that provided by development projects, research initiatives and agro-biodiversity exchanges. In fact, the first agro-ecologists were indigenous peoples that advocated development policies and programmes to support their systems, rather than replacing them.[11]

Inclusive agroecology[edit]

Rather than viewing agroecology as a subset of agriculture, Wojtkowski[12][13] takes a more encompassing perspective. In this, natural ecology and agroecology are the major headings under ecology. Natural ecology is the study of organisms as they interact with and within natural environments. Correspondingly, agroecology is the basis for the land-use sciences. Here humans are the primary governing force for organisms within planned and managed, mostly terrestrial, environments.

As key headings, natural ecology and agroecology provide the theoretical base for their respective sciences. These theoretical bases overlap but differ in a major way. Economics has no role in the functioning of natural ecosystems whereas economics sets direction and purpose in agroecology.

Under agroecology are the three land-use sciences, agriculture, forestry, and agroforestry. Although these use their plant components in different ways, they share the same theoretical core.

Beyond this, the land-use sciences further subdivide. The subheadings include agronomy, organic farming, traditional agriculture, permaculture, and silviculture. Within this system of subdivisions, agroecology is philosophically neutral. The importance lies in providing a theoretical base hitherto lacking in the land-use sciences. This allows progress in biocomplex agroecosystems including the multi-species plantations of forestry and agroforestry.

Applications[edit]

To arrive at a point of view about a particular way of farming, an agroecologist would first seek to understand the contexts in which the farm(s) is(are) involved. Each farm may be inserted in a unique combination of factors or contexts. Each farmer may have their own premises about the meanings of an agricultural endeavor, and these meanings might be different from those of agroecologists.

Generally, farmers seek a configuration that is viable in multiple contexts, such as family, financial, technical, political, logistical, market, environmental, spiritual. Agroecologists want to understand the behavior of those who seek livelihoods from plant and animal increase, acknowledging the organization and planning that is required to run a farm.

Views on organic and non-organic milk production[edit]

Because organic agriculture proclaims to sustain the health of soils, ecosystems, and people,[14] it has much in common with Agroecology;[citation needed] this does not mean that Agroecology is synonymous with organic agriculture, nor that Agroecology views organic farming as the 'right' way of farming.[citation needed] Also, it is important to point out that there are large differences in organic standards among countries and certifying agencies.
Three of the main areas that agroecologists would look at in farms, would be: the environmental impacts, animal welfare issues, and the social aspects.

Environmental impacts caused by organic and non-organic milk production can vary significantly. For both cases, there are positive and negative environmental consequences.

Compared to conventional milk production, organic milk production tends to have lower eutrophication potential per ton of milk or per hectare of farmland, because it potentially reduces leaching of nitrates (NO3−) and phosphates (PO4−) due to lower fertilizer application rates. Because organic milk production reduces pesticides utilization, it increases land use per ton of milk due to decreased crop yields per hectare. Mainly due to the lower level of concentrates given to cows in organic herds, organic dairy farms generally produce less milk per cow than conventional dairy farms. Because of the increased use of roughage and the, on-average, lower milk production level per cow, some research has connected organic milk production with increases in the emission of methane.[15]

Animal welfare issues vary among dairy farms and are not necessarily related to the way of producing milk (organically or conventionally).

A key component of animal welfare is freedom to perform their innate (natural) behavior, and this is stated in one of the basic principles of organic agriculture. Also, there are other aspects of animal welfare to be considered – such as freedom from hunger, thirst, discomfort, injury, fear, distress, disease and pain. Because organic standards require loose housing systems, adequate bedding, restrictions on the area of slatted floors, a minimum forage proportion in the ruminant diets, and tend to limit stocking densities both on pasture and in housing for dairy cows, they potentially promote good foot and hoof health. Some studies show lower incidence of placenta retention, milk fever, abomasums displacement and other diseases in organic than in conventional dairy herds.[16] However, the level of infections by parasites in organically managed herds is generally higher than in conventional herds.[17]

Social aspects of dairy enterprises include life quality of farmers, of farm labor, of rural and urban communities, and also includes public health.

Both organic and non-organic farms can have good and bad implications for the life qualityof all the different people involved in that food chain. Issues like labor conditions, labor hours and labor rights, for instance, do not depend on the organic/non-organic characteristic of the farm; they can be more related to the socio-economical and cultural situations in which the farm is inserted, instead.

As for the public health or food safety concern, organic foods are intended to be healthy, free of contaminations and free from agents that could cause human diseases. Organic milk is meant to have no chemical residues to consumers, and the restrictions on the use of antibiotics and chemicals in organic food production has the purpose to accomplish this goal. Although dairy cows in both organic and conventional farming practices can be exposed to pathogens, it has been shown that, because antibiotics are not permitted as a preventative measure in organic practices, there are far fewer antibiotic resistant pathogens on organic farms. This dramatically increases the efficacy of antibiotics when/if they are necessary.

In an organic dairy farm, an agroecologist could evaluate the following:
Can the farm minimize environmental impacts and increase its level of sustainability, for instance by efficiently increasing the productivity of the animals to minimize waste of feed and of land use?
Are there ways to improve the health status of the herd (in the case of organics, by using biological controls, for instance)?
Does this way of farming sustain good quality of life for the farmers, their families, rural labor and communities involved?
Views on no-till farming[edit]

No-tillage is one of the components of conservation agriculture practices and is considered more environmental friendly than complete tillage.[18][19] There is a general consensus that no-till can increase carbon content of topsoils, especially when combined with cover crops, but whether this improves the function of soils as a carbon sink is contested.[18][20] [21][22]

No-till can contribute to higher soil organic matter and organic carbon content in soils,[23][24] though reports of no-effects of no-tillage in organic matter and organic carbon soil contents also exist, depending on environmental and crop conditions.[25] In addition, no-till can indirectly reduce CO2 emissions by decreasing the use of fossil fuels.[23][26]

Most crops can benefit from the practice of no-till, but not all crops are suitable for complete no-till agriculture.[27][28] Crops that do not perform well when competing with other plants that grow in untilled soil in their early stages can be best grown by using other conservation tillage practices, like a combination of strip-till with no-till areas.[28] Also, crops which harvestable portion grows underground can have better results with strip-tillage,[citation needed] mainly in soils which are hard for plant roots to penetrate into deeper layers to access water and nutrients.

The benefits provided by no-tillage to predators may lead to larger predator populations,[29] which is a good way to control pests (biological control), but also can facilitate predation of the crop itself. In corn crops, for instance, predation by caterpillars can be higher in no-till than in conventional tillage fields.[30]

In places with rigorous winter, untilled soil can take longer to warm and dry in spring, which may delay planting to less ideal dates.[31][32] Another factor to be considered is that organic residue from the prior year's crops lying on the surface of untilled fields can provide a favorable environment to pathogens, helping to increase the risk of transmitting diseases to the future crop. And because no-till farming provides good environment for pathogens, insects and weeds, it can lead farmers to a more intensive use of chemicals for pest control.[citation needed] Other disadvantages of no-till include underground rot, low soil temperatures and high moisture.[citation needed]

Based on the balance of these factors, and because each farm has different problems, agroecologists will not attest that only no-till or complete tillage is the right way of farming.[citation needed] Yet, these are not the only possible choices regarding soil preparation, since there are intermediate practices such as strip-till, mulch-till and ridge-till, all of them – just as no-till – categorized as conservation tillage. Agroecologists, then, will evaluate the need of different practices for the contexts in which each farm is inserted.

In a no-till system, an agroecologist could ask the following:
Can the farm minimize environmental impacts and increase its level of sustainability; for instance by efficiently increasing the productivity of the crops to minimize land use?
Does this way of farming sustain good quality of life for the farmers, their families, rural labor and rural communities involved?

History[edit]
Pre-WWII[edit]

The notions and ideas relating to crop ecology have been around since at least 1911 when F.H. King released Farmers of Forty Centuries. King was one of the pioneers as a proponent of more quantitative methods for characterization of water relations and physical properties of soils.[7] In the late 1920s the attempt to merge agronomy and ecology was born with the development of the field of crop ecology. Crop ecology's main concern was where crops would be best grown.[33] Actually, it was only in 1928 that agronomy and ecology were formally linked by Klages.[7][34]

The first mention of the term agroecology was in 1928, with the publication of the term by Bensin in 1928.[35] The book of Tischler (1965), was probably the first to be actually titled 'agroecology'.[36] He analysed the different components (plants, animals, soils and climate) and their interactions within an agroecosystem as well as the impact of human agricultural management on these components. Other books dealing with agroecology, but without using the term explicitly were published by the German zoologist Friederichs (1930) with his book on agricultural zoology and related ecological/environmental factors for plant protection,[37] and by American crop physiologist Hansen in 1939[38] when both used the word as a synonym for the application of ecology within agriculture.[6][clarification needed]
Post-WWII[edit]

Gliessman mentions that post-WWII, groups of scientists with ecologists gave more focus to experiments in the natural environment, while agronomists dedicated their attention to the cultivated systems in agriculture.[33] According to Gliessman,[33] the two groups kept their research and interest apart until books and articles using the concept of agroecosystems and the word agroecology started to appear in 1970.[35] Dalgaard[6]explains the different points of view in ecology schools, and the fundamental differences, which set the basis for the development of agroecology. The early ecology school of Henry Gleason investigated plant populations focusing in the hierarchical levels of the organism under study.

Friederich Clement's ecology school, however included the organism in question as well as the higher hierarchical levels in its investigations, a "landscape perspective". However, the ecological schools where the roots of agroecology lie are even broader in nature. The ecology school of Tansley, whose view included both the biotic organism and their environment, is the one from which the concept of agroecosystems emerged in 1974 with Harper.[6][39]

In the 1960s and 1970s the increasing awareness of how humans manage the landscape and its consequences set the stage for the necessary cross between agronomy and ecology. Even though, in many ways the environmental movement in the US was a product of the times, the Green Decade,[clarification needed] spread an environmental awareness of the unintended consequences of changing ecological processes. Works such as Silent Spring, and The Limits to Growth, and changes in legislation such as the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and the National Environmental Policy Act caused the public to be aware of societal growth patterns, agricultural production, and the overall capacity of the system.[6]

Fusion with ecology[edit]

After the 1970s, when agronomists saw the value of ecology and ecologists began to use the agricultural systems as study plots, studies in agroecology grew more rapidly.[33]Gliessman describes that the innovative work of Prof. Efraim Hernandez X., who developed research based on indigenous systems of knowledge in Mexico, led to education programs in agroecology.[40] In 1977 Prof. Efraim Hernandez X. explained that modern agricultural systems had lost their ecological foundation when socio-economicfactors became the only driving force in the food system.[7] The acknowledgement that the socio-economic interactions are indeed one of the fundamental components of any agroecosystems came to light in 1982, with the article Agroecologia del Tropico Americano by Montaldo. The author argues that the socio-economic context cannot be separated from the agricultural systems when designing agricultural practices.[7]

In 1995 Edens et al. in Sustainable Agriculture and Integrated Farming Systems solidified this idea proving his point by devoting special sections to economics of the systems, ecological impacts, and ethics and values in agriculture.[7] Actually, 1985 ended up being a fertile and creative year for the new discipline. For instance in the same year, Miguel Altieriintegrated how consolidation of the farms, and cropping systems impact pest populations. In addition, Gliessman highlighted that socio-economic, technological, and ecological components give rise to producer choices of food production systems.[7] These pioneering agroecologists have helped to frame the foundation of what we today consider the interdisciplinary field of agroecology and have led to advances in a number of farming systems. In Asian rice, for example, crop diversification by growing flowering crops in strips beside rice fields has recently been demonstrated to reduce pests so effectively (by the flower nectar attracting and supporting parasitoids and predators) that insecticide spraying is reduced by 70%, yields increase by 5%, together resulting in an economic advantage of 7.5% (Gurr et al., 2016).

By region[edit]

The principles of agroecology are expressed differently depending on local ecological and social contexts.
Latin America[edit]
Main article: Agroecology in Latin America

Latin America's experiences with North American Green Revolution agricultural techniques have opened space for agroecologists. Traditional or indigenous knowledge represents a wealth of possibility for agroecologists, including "exchange of wisdoms". See Miguel Alteiri's Enhancing the Productivity of Latin American Traditional Peasant Farming Systems Through an Agroecological Approach for information on agroecology in Latin America.

Agroecological techniques and knowledge played an important role in solving the severe food crisis in Cuba following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.[41] As part of Cuba's urban agricultural movement, agroecology is integral to production in Cuban organopónicos.[42]

Africa[edit]

Historically, agroecology has had low traction in Africa, as governments, international organisations, extension services and farmers' organisations tended to focus on issues of inputs and outputs as the defining factors to deal with recurrent food crises and chronic malnutrition in the continent. Agrocecology was only a minor proposal from a few, non-governmental, small-scale projects and a sort of "experimental" idea of the Farmer Field Schools programme.

In the early 2000s, when the AIDS pandemic was creating a major rural crisis across Africa, Josep Garí proposed FAO to consider an agroecological approach as the most effective way to empower farmers cope with the impacts of the AIDS pandemic on agriculture and food production: in particular, he proposed agro-biodiversity as a key resource and knowledge for farmers to address the labour and malnutrition crisis.[43] The proposal was rapidly adopted by the Farmer Field Schools scheme across the world, and even presented and translated in China.[44]

Most recently, agroecology has started to permeate projects and discourses on farming and natural-resource management in Africa. In 2011, the 1st encounter of agroecology trainers took place in Zimbabwe and issued the Shashe Declaration.

Madagascar[edit]
Main article: Agroecology in Madagascar

Most of the historical farming in Madagascar has been conducted by indigenous peoples. The French colonial period disturbed a very small percentage of land area, and even included some useful experiments in Sustainable forestry. Slash-and-burn techniques, a component of some shifting cultivation systems have been practised by natives in Madagascar for centuries. As of 2006 some of the major agricultural products from slash-and-burn methods are wood, charcoal and grass for Zebu grazing. These practices have taken perhaps the greatest toll on land fertility since the end of French rule, mainly due to overpopulation pressures.

See also[edit]

Agriculture and agronomy portal

Ecology portal

Agricultural biodiversity
Agriculture in Concert with the Environment
Agrobiodiversity
Agroecological restoration
Agroecosystem
Agrophysics
Aquaculture
Climate change and agriculture
Community development
Community-supported agriculture
Conventional agriculture
Climate change and agriculture
Climate change adaptation
Dynamic equilibrium
Edaphology
Ecological economics
Ecology of contexts
Ecosystem services
Environmental economics
Environmental engineering
Environmental impact assessment
Environmental impact of agriculture
Farmer-managed Natural Regeneration
Forest gardening
Food desert
Food-feed system
Food politics
Food sovereignty
Food security
Genetic erosion
Human ecology
International development
Intercropping
Integrated pest management
Land degradation
Landscape ecology
Life cycle analysis
Malnutrition
Managed intensive grazing
Nutrient management
Political ecology
Pollinator decline
Regenerative agriculture
Rural development
Secondary succession
Small-scale agriculture
Social metabolism
Socio-ecological system
Soil science
Sustainable agriculture
Sustainable development

References[edit]

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^ Pretty, Jules. 2008. Agricultural sustainability: concepts, principles and evidence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 363, 447-465.

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^ Agroecology, Glossary of Statistical Terms

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^ Buttel, Frederick. "Envisioning the Future Development of Farming in the USA: Agroecology between Extinction and Multifunctionality?" New Directions in Agroecology Research and Education (2003)

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^ qtd. in Francis et al. 2003.

^ Funes, Fernando; García, Luis; Bourque, Martin; Pérez, Nilda; Rosset, Peter. Sustainable Agriculture and Resistance: Transforming Food Production in Cuba. Oakland, CA: Food First Books. ISBN 0-935028-87-0.

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^ Garí, Josep A. (2003). Agrobiodiversity strategies to combat food insecurity and HIV/AIDS impact in rural Africa. FAO / Population and Development Service, Rome.

^ Garí, Josep A. (2004). Plant diversity, sustainable rural livelihoods and the HIV/AIDS crisis. Bangkok: UNDP & FAO, 2004. Published in English and Chinese. ISBN 974-92021-4-7.