2018/12/07

정토회 | 스님의 하루 - "재앙이 바로 복입니다."

정토회 | 스님의 하루 - "재앙이 바로 복입니다."


근(勤)[편집]


정진(精進) 또는 노력(努力)은 설일체유부의 5위 75법에서 심소법(心所法: 46가지) 중 대선지법(大善地法: 10가지) 가운데 하나이며, 유식유가행파와 법상종의 5위 100법에서 심소법(心所法: 51가지) 중 선심소(善心所: 11가지) 가운데 하나이다. 

음역하여 비리야(毘梨耶)라고도 한다. 설일체유부에 따르면, (勤)은 용한(勇悍: 날래고 사나움[53], 용맹스럽고 힘참[54][55]), 즉 마음(6식 또는 8식, 즉 심왕, 즉 심법)으로 하여금 용맹스럽고 힘차게 노력하게 하는 것을 본질로 하는 마음작용이다. 즉, 을 끊고 을 닦는 데 있어 마음(6식 또는 8식, 즉 심왕, 즉 심법)을 용맹하게 하여 어려움에 굴하지 않고 계속하여 노력하게 하는 마음작용이다.[56][57][58]
용한(勇悍)은 일반 사전적인 의미는 '날래고[勇] 사나움[悍]'인데, 불교 용어로서는 이 일반 사전적인 의미를 포함하며 또한 '용감하고 모짐, 결단력[勇]이 있고 인내[悍]함, 모질게 노력함'의 뜻이 있다. 간단히 말하면, 용한(勇悍)은 결단과 인내(determination and perseverance)를 뜻한다.[59][60][61][62][63]
설일체유부의 중현(衆賢)은 《아비달마장현종론(阿毘達磨藏顯宗論)》에서, (勤)은 이미 생겨난 온갖 공덕(功德, 산스크리트어guna)은 수호하고 과실(過失)은 내버리며, 아직 생겨나지 않은 온갖 공덕(功德)은 생겨나게 하고 과실(過失)은 생겨나지 않게 하는 것으로서, 마음(6식 또는 8식, 즉 심왕, 즉 심법)의 타락됨이 없는 것[無墮性]을 본질로 한다고 하였다. 즉 (勤)이 존재하기 때문에 마음(6식 또는 8식, 즉 심왕, 즉 심법)은 참다운 이치에 따라 지어지는 일, 즉 선법(善法)의 공부(工夫)로 견고히 나아가 멈추지 않는다고 설명하고 있다.[56]
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개인 정진이라는 것은 108배를 하고 300배를 하고 500배를 하는 것을 말하는 것이 아니라 자기 변화를 가지고 오는 것을 말합니다. 여러분 각자 자신만의 과제를 정해 보세요. 삶을 살다 보면 가족관계를 비롯하여 다양한 인간관계를 맺게 되는데요. 다른 사람이 봤을 때 ‘당신은 이것 하나만 고치면 좋을 텐데’ 하는 점이 아마도 많이 있을 거예요. 그중 하나만 정해서 한 번 고쳐보는 거예요.

무엇을 고쳐야 할지 스스로 알고 있으면 스스로 과제를 정하면 돼요. 혹시 스스로 모르면, 아내나 남편, 부모님이나 자식 혹은 도반들에게 이렇게 물어보면 알 수 있습니다.

‘내가 살면서 부족한 점이 참 많은데, 다 고치지는 못하고 그중 이것 하나만은 꼭 고쳤으면 좋겠다 하는 게 있으면 말해줘요.’

이런 건 아주 소중한 정보이기 때문에 물어봐도 함부로 잘 말해주지 않습니다. 그러니 선물을 사주거나 술상으로 대접을 하면서 간곡하게 청해야 말해줍니다. 그렇게 정성을 들여야 속에 있는 이야기를 해줘요. (모두 웃음)




혹시 ‘또 무슨 꼬투리를 잡으려고 이러나’하거나 ‘뭐 잘못 먹었나’ 하고 의심하면 ‘아니야, 그냥 한 번 물어봤어’ 하고 그냥 넘어가세요. 원래 그렇게 귀한 얘기는 쉽게 해주지 않는 법입니다. (모두 웃음)

그렇게 과제를 하나 정하면, 금방 다 해결하겠다거나 완전히 뿌리 뽑겠다는 욕심을 내지 말고, 하나만 선택해서 이것만은 해결해보자는 자세로 임해 보세요. ‘우리 아내가 바라는 소원 하나 들어주자’, ‘우리 남편이 바라는 소원 하나 들어주자’, ‘우리 아이가 원하는 소원 하나 들어주자’, ‘우리 부모님이 원하는 소원 하나 들어주자’ 이런 마음으로 도전해보는 거예요.

이렇게 하면 첫째, 나 자신이 좋습니다. 그리고 둘째, 내가 변화를 보이면 나와 관계 맺고 있는 사람들과 신뢰가 형성됩니다. 이렇게 신뢰가 형성되면 내년 봄이나 훗날 이 좋은 가르침을 주위에 전할 때 그렇게 구축된 신뢰가 매우 큰 힘이 됩니다.

엄마가 변화하면서 딸에게 ‘너도 기회 되면 정토불교대학 한 번 다녀 봐’ 하면 신뢰가 되는데, 엄마가 늘 절에 다니지만 행동에는 아무런 변화가 없다면 딸 입장에서는 ‘절에는 다녀서 뭐하나’ 하게 됩니다. 거기에 대놓고 아무리 좋은 이야기를 해도 신뢰를 받지 못합니다. 설령 내가 하는 말이 그럴듯해도 상대방 마음에서는 잘 받아들여지지 않습니다. 그러니 각자 자기만의 과제를 하나씩 정해서 꼭 정진을 하시기 바랍니다. 모두 정하셨어요?”

“네!”


“그럼 각자 뭘 고칠지 발표 한 번 시켜볼까요? (모두 웃음)


정진을 꾸준히 해나가면 다른 활동도 저절로 됩니다. 부부간의 갈등이 심하고, 남편이 폭력을 행사하고, 아이가 말을 잘 듣지 않고, 가정에 불화가 심해도, 꾸준히 정진을 해나가면 시간이 흐르면서 잠잠해집니다.
그런데 우리는 그런 어려움이 있으면 오히려 정진을 그만둡니다. 문제가 복잡할수록 더욱 정진해야 합니다.

사회적인 활동이 개인의 정진에 방해가 된다고 말하는데 과연 이 말이 맞는지 한 번 생각해봐야 합니다. 정진을 하지 않고 사회적인 활동을 하면 그 활동을 하는 중에 내가 스트레스를 받습니다. 무언가 변화시키고자 해도 쉽게 변화가 오지 않으니까요. 그러다 보면 안개에 옷이 젖듯이 자기도 모르게 짜증이 많아집니다. 시간이 흐르면 ‘내가 이걸 꼭 해야 하나’, ‘이걸 한다고 뭐가 좋을까’ 하는 회의까지 들기 시작합니다. 그래서 결국은 활동을 그만두게 됩니다. 마음에 들 때는 큰 에너지로 활동을 하다가 뜻대로 안 되니 좌절하는 겁니다. 이것은 정진을 하지 않기 때문에 생기는 일입니다.

그러나 꾸준히 정진을 하고, 일이 안 될수록 더욱 정진에 힘쓰면, 안 될 때 그만두는 것이 아니라 계속 장애를 극복하기 때문에 그다음에 더욱 큰 힘이 생깁니다. 우리는 이명박, 박근혜 정권 하 9년 동안에도 꾸준히 평화운동, 통일운동 그리고 북한 지원 사업을 해왔습니다. 물론 정부가 허락하지 않는 부분은 어쩔 수가 없었지만 그렇지 않은 곳에서는 꾸준히 활동을 이어왔습니다. 꾸준히 해올 수 있었던 이유는 요즘처럼 분위기가 좋을 때 시작한 것이 아니라, 남북 관계가 가장 안 좋을 때 활동을 시작했기 때문입니다.







시작할 때 주변에서 욕도 많이 먹었습니다. 욕을 엄청 많이 먹으면 대부분 그만두게 됩니다. 그런데 우리는 욕을 먹어가면서도 그만두지 않고 계속 해왔기 때문에 그 후로는 분위기가 좋고 나쁨에 크게 구애를 받지 않습니다. 정토회를 시작할 때 정말 조그만 사무실 하나 두고 청년들 몇몇과 함께 시작했기 때문에 중간에 아무리 큰 어려움이 있어도 ‘그래도 시작할 때보다는 낫다’ 하는 긍정성을 잃지 않습니다.

장애는 지나 놓고 보면 굉장한 복입니다. 어떤 일을 시작할 때 잘 안 되면 당시에는 아주 큰 재앙 같지만 지나 놓고 보면 그것보다 더 큰 복이 없습니다. 왜냐하면 처음부터 잘 안 되니까 계속하려면 연구를 해야 합니다. 계속하려면 마음속에 그 일을 하고자 하는 다짐은 더 커야 하고, 일을 성사시키기 위한 연구는 더 많이 해야 합니다. 그렇게 장애를 극복하고 나면 더 큰 일을 할 수 있는 역량이 갖추어집니다.

인생에서 장애를 넘어보지 않은 일은 모래 위에 성 쌓기와 같고, 언제 무너질지 모르는 물거품과 같습니다. 그래서 제가 농담으로 ‘내가 하는 일은 넘어질 일이 별로 없을 거야’라고 말합니다. 부처님이 도와줘서 그럴까요? 아닙니다. 왜냐하면 저는 매일 넘어지기 때문입니다. 남이 볼 때는 잘 된 것처럼 보일지 모르지만 지금까지 제가 세운 계획대로 된 게 없어요. (모두 웃음)

뭘해도 늘 계획대로 안 되었어요. 어떻게 보면 평생을 안 되는 일만 늘 하는 거예요. 이렇게 해도 안 되고, 저렇게 해도 안 되는, 그 안 되는 일들이 계속 쌓여서 지금 조금 된 것 같아요. 그래서 우리가 하는 일은 무너질 수가 없습니다.

오히려 처음부터 잘 된 일은 쉽게 무너질 수 있어요. 그래서 재앙, 실패 그리고 일이 안 되는 것이 복인 줄 알아야 해요. 실패야말로 나에게 오는 진정한 복입니다. 신앙을 가진 사람이라면 실패가 곧 하나님의 축복이고, 부처님의 가피입니다. 이렇게 보는 눈이 열리면 해탈하게 됩니다.

이 세상에서 일어나는 일 중에 복 아닌 것이 없습니다. 기독교 신자라면 이 관점이 잡혀야 어떤 상황 속에서도 ‘주여, 뜻대로 하옵소서’ 하게 됩니다. 뜻대로 하라는 것이 노예 같아 보일지 모르지만 잘 보면 그것이 곧 자유로움입니다. 무슨 일이 일어나든 구애받지 않게 돼요. 추우면 옷을 입고, 더우면 옷을 벗고, 물이 있으면 배를 만들어서 타고 가는 거예요. 그렇게 마음을 먹으면 ‘무슨 일이든 일어나 봐라, 나는 간다’ 이렇게 됩니다. 이건 ‘못 먹어도 고’처럼 무모한 게 아니에요. 어떠한 제약이 생겨도 뜻한 바대로 나아간다는 뜻입니다. 산이 있으면 넘어가고, 물이 있으면 건너가고, 장애가 있으면 잠시 멈추었다가 다시 나아가는 거예요.



지금 이대로 좋다


지금 이대로 좋다는 것을 알아야 합니다. 세상의 가르침과 불교의 가르침은 차이가 있습니다. 우리가 지향하는 삶은 산 꼭대기에 있다. 밧줄을 타고 열심히 올라가면 나도 산 꼭대기에 이를 수 있다. 이것이 현재 우리가 가지고 있는 인생관입니다. 그런데 부처님의 가르침은 지금 내가 있는 이곳이 극락이고 천당이라는 겁니다. 천당에서 깜빡 졸다가 악몽을 꾼 거예요. 꿈을 꾸다가 산 꼭대기에서 떨어진 거예요. 그러면 얼른 꿈에서 깨면 끝날 일이에요. ‘내가 개꿈을 꾸었구나’ 하고 꿈을 깨면 나는 원래 있던 자리에 있습니다. 밑에서 위로 기어올라가는 것이 아니라 원래 내가 살던 곳이 극락인데 잠시 한 눈 팔다가 미끄러진 것이니 정신만 차리면 제자리로 돌아가는 거예요.

내가 중생인데 노력해서 부처가 되는 것이 아니라, 나는 원래 부처인데 꿈속에서 잠깐 중생인 줄 착각한 거예요. 앞으로 수행 정진하면 행복해지는 것이 아니라, 나는 이미 괴로울 일이 없는 행복한 조건에 살고 있는데 한 생각에 사로잡혀서 괴로움 속에 있는 거예요. 그때 ‘아, 내가 착각했구나!’ 하고 알면 원래대로 돌아옵니다.

여러분은 노력해서 무언가 되어야 하는 게 아니라 지금 이대로 괜찮습니다. 지금 안 괜찮은 사람 손 들어보세요. (모두 웃음)



지금 자신이 별 볼 일 없는 사람이라고 생각하는 사람은 자신을 성인 군자라고 착각하는 사람이에요. 인생이란 원래 별 볼 일이 없습니다. 그래도 토끼보다는 낫고, 다람쥐보다는 나아요. 지금 이대로도 괜찮습니다. 이건 굉장한 자각입니다.

정진을 통해 지금 이대로 내가 괜찮은 사람이라는 것을 자각해야 합니다. 내가 자유롭고 행복하게 살 수 있다는 점을 자각해야 합니다. 가끔 착각해서 지옥 꿈을 꿀 때도 있지만, 그때마다 ‘정신을 차려야지’ 하고 자각해야 합니다. 자각이 가장 중요합니다. 이렇게 자각이 이루어진 사람은 절을 운동삼아 하는 거예요. (모두 웃음)

수행도 이렇게 가볍게 생각하면 좋겠습니다. 인생도 가볍게 사셨으면 좋겠어요. 여러분 모두 다 훌륭하고 귀한 사람입니다. 여러분들 모두 다 태어날 때는 귀한 딸, 귀한 아들이었습니다. 이렇게 괴롭게 살라고 부모님이 여러분을 낳은 게 아니에요. 모두 다 금쪽같이 귀한 딸, 귀한 아들이었습니다. 금쪽같이 키웠는데 이렇게 괴롭게 살아서 되겠어요? 그러니 괴로움 없이 삽시다. (모두 웃음)

아무런 도움이 되지 않아도 뭐라고 하는 사람은 없지만, 이왕 사는데 이웃과 세상에 도움이 되면 좋지 않겠어요. 내 만족을 위해서라도 세상에 쓸모 있는 사람이 되는 게 좋습니다. 그래서 천일결사의 목표에서 가장 먼저 나오는 말이 ‘괴로움이 없는 사람, 자유로운 사람이 되어 이웃과 세상에 잘 쓰인다’입니다. 9-7차 백일기도 기간에도 모두 행복한 수행자가 되시기 바랍니다.”

한 사람, 한 사람 귀하게 여겨주는 스님의 마음에 모두 우레와 같은 박수갈채를 보냈습니다. 새로운 백일, 새로운 마음으로 다시 정진을 이어갈 것을 다짐해 봅니다.


마지막으로 이번 백일 동안의 실천과제를 발표하고 나니 어느덧 입재식을 마칠 시간이 되었습니다. 끝으로 평화재단 이사 김홍신 작가님의 인사말을 들었는데요. 김홍신 작가님은 다양한 사례를 들며 ‘식물과 동물도 변화하고 진화하는 세상인데, 법륜스님과 정토를 만난 우리가 변하지 않을 수 있겠는가?’라고 말해 큰 박수를 받았습니다.



대중들은 산회가를 함께 손잡고 부르며 헤어짐의 아쉬움을 달랬습니다.


행사를 모두 마친 후 스님은 서초동으로 돌아와 청년 활동가들과 회의를 하였습니다. 요즘은 청년들이 정말 살기 힘들다는 얘기가 많은데요. 평화재단에서 봉사하고 있는 청년 활동가들도 직장 생활을 병행하면서 봉사 소임을 하는 것에 어려움이 많습니다.


스님은 어려운 여건에서도 한반도의 평화를 위해 다양한 시도를 하고 있는 청년들을 격려했습니다.


“직장을 다니면서 봉사를 하는 것이 힘들게 느껴질 때도 많겠지만, 직장을 다니면서 봉사를 하기 때문에 발생하는 좋은 점이 많아요. 직장을 다니면서 봉사를 해야 하면 실무적으로 일할 시간이 부족하기는 해요. 그러나 우리들이 전법하고자 하는 중심 대상은 직장 안 다니는 사람이 아니라 직장 다니는 사람이에요. 그래서 내가 직장을 다니면서 활동을 개발하면 직장에 다니는 사람에 맞는 개발을 할 수 있어요. 내가 직장을 안 다니고 개발을 하면 직장 다니는 사람들의 처지가 충분히 고려가 안 될 수가 있어요. 너무 배려를 하든지, 그렇지 않으면 너무 배려를 안 하든지 말이죠.


나부터 직장 생활을 하면서 밤잠 안 자고 일을 하면 대중들이 감동을 받게 돼요. 스님이 이렇게 직접 활동을 많이 하니까 대중들도 따라 하는 거예요. 스님이 아무 일도 안 하고 산속에서 참선만 하면서 대중들에게 뭐해라 뭐해라 얘기하면 설득이 안 돼요. 스님부터 늘 여기저기 뛰어다니면서 수행도 하고 사회활동도 하니까 제 말이 대중들에게 먹히는 겁니다. 직장 다니면서 활동하는 게 힘은 좀 들지만 이렇게 좋은 점이 많아요.

이제는 모든 활동가가 자기가 중심이 되어서 사업을 개척해 나가야 해요. 앞으로는 어디에 소속되어 실무만 맡으면 되는 일은 점점 없어져요. 현장으로 가서 본인이 직접 참가자를 모집해서 프로그램을 운영해야 사람들이 따르고 리더십이 생겨요.”

스님의 격려에 청년 활동가들도 더욱 적극적으로 활동을 해나가 보기로 다짐했습니다.

오늘은 새롭게 100일을 출발하는 날입니다. 각자 과제를 하나씩 정하고 새로운 마음으로 출발하는 새날 되시길 바랍니다.

<스님의 하루>에 실린 모든 내용, 디자인, 이미지, 편집구성의 저작권은 정토회에 있습니다. 허락없이 내용의 인용, 복제는 할 수 없습니다.
스님의 하루
“지금 이대로도 나는 소중합니다.”
“어떻게 국회의원의 이미지를 좋게 할 수 있을까요?”
“남편은 안중에도 없고 자식만 챙기는 아내, 서운해요.”
"외도한 남자와 헤어지고 새로 만난 남자가 또...”
“직장 생활이 힘들 때, 참아야 할까요, 그만둬야 할까요?”
“남편 사업이 또 망할까 봐 걱정이에요.”
“스님, 이 대나무로 뭐하시려고요?”








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목록은산|2018-12-06삭제맑은 샘물처럼 이어지는 지혜, 이 민족 이 시대의 복이로다...!!무지랭이|2018-12-05삭제지구 구석구석까지 정토회가 자리잡아서 괴로움이 없는 지구촌이 되기를 빕니다_()_야초|2018-12-05삭제스님 법문 한 말씀,한 말씀에 언제나 그랬듯이 아멘 아멘으로 화답합니다 울 딸이 두려움에 잡혀 힘들어 하고 있는데 그 원인이 이 못난 어미라 회개하며 저도 100일 작전기도 들어갑니다.송미해|2018-12-05삭제나는 원래 부처인데 꿈속에서 중생인줄 잠시 착각함을 행복한 조건에 살고 있는데 괴로움 속에 있는것은 내 착각에서 비롯됨을 깨닫습니다. 소중한 가르침 고맙습니다.

2018/12/05

18 As British Quakers divest from the Occupation, Jewish leaders seek to discredit and smear them


As British Quakers divest from the Occupation, Jewish leaders seek to discredit and smear them
NOVEMBER 25, 2018 
BY ROBERT A. H. COHEN
13 COMMENTS
3516


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Last week Quakers in Britain became the first Christian denomination in the U.K. to adopt a responsible investment policy towards the Israeli Occupation of Palestinian land. It was the first denomination but I doubt it will be the last.

Within hours of the announcement, the Board of Deputies, the body which asserts its right to represent Jewish interests in Britain, had issued a statement of rebuke from its President, Marie van der Zyl. In a few short paragraphs, van de Zyl gathered together all of the usual anti-BDS (boycott, divestment, sanctions) talking points and fired them in one almighty blast at the Quakers.

The Board’s statement is worth examining in detail since it reveals so much about the Jewish establishment’s mission to set the parameters of acceptable debate on Israel to the detriment of interfaith relations.
A moral duty

Paul Parker, recording clerk for Quakers in Britain, explained why the Quakers had taken the decision:


“Our long history of working for a just peace in Palestine and Israel has opened our eyes to the many injustices and violations of international law arising from the military occupation of Palestine by the Israeli government.

“With the occupation now in its 51st year, and with no end in near sight, we believe we have a moral duty to state publicly that we will not invest in any company profiting from the occupation.”

The Quakers also reaffirmed a 2011 decision to boycott goods produced in Israeli settlements.

President van de Zyl’s response was a verbal assault which showed no respect for the Quakers nearly 400 years of commitment to peace and justice in Britain nor the practical experience it has in bringing reconciliation to some of the world’s most troubled places. Instead, Marie van de Zyl was an inch away from accusing the Quakers of antisemitism.


“The appalling decision of the Friends House hierarchy to divest from just one country in the world – the only Jewish state – despite everything else going on around the globe, shows the dangers of the obsessive and tunnel-visioned approach that a narrow clique of church officials have taken in recent years.”

There’s a lot going on in that opening salvo but all of it is devoid of historical or political context.

What exactly is so “appalling” about a Christian denomination with a natural concern for what takes place in the Holy Land, choosing to demonstrate its historic commitment to non-violence by implementing a policy of divestment from companies which profit from the occupation of Palestinian land?
Inconsistency?

Quakers have used boycotts as a tactic many times over the centuries. In the 19th century they boycotted produce produced by slave labour, even refusing to put sugar in their tea. In the mid 20th century American Quakers supported boycotts in support of Black Civil Rights. In the 1980s Quakers backed anti-apartheid boycotts. Today, Quakers in Britain refuse to invest in fossil fuels.

The Board ignores this ethical tradition, preferring to distort the Quakers’ motivations by accusing its leadership of being solely concerned with “one country”, “the only Jewish State” and thereby planting the idea that there must be something antisemitic in all of this.

The Board knows full-well that no country or group has ever applied boycotts consistently, and that includes Jews and the State of Israel.

In the 1970s Jewish activists boycotted Soviet Union sponsored culture events in the U.K. Should they have also boycotted Idi Amin’s Uganda before they had the right to campaign for Soviet Jewish rights? Must Israel today call for trade sanctions against every distasteful regime around the world before it can talk about Iran? The British Quakers are naturally focused on a part of the world where they have obvious interest and decades of experience. What on earth makes it antisemitic?

But the Board ignores another critical consideration in the Quakers’ decision that goes a long way in explaining why its divestment tactic is being applied to Israel. The Palestinian people, including a comprehensive coalition of Christian organisations, have themselves called for this form of global support.
International

The Board condemns the Quakers for ignoring “everything else going on around the globe” but a quick look at the Quakers’ website shows how ignorant this accusation is.

The Quakers International Work page shows its commitment to challenging corruption and abuses of power in Kenya, Rwanda and Burundi and its conciliation work in South Asia. This is alongside its longstanding work in co-ordinating the Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and Israel (EAPPI). In recent decades the Quakers have also been actively involved in conciliation work in Northern Ireland and Sri Lanka.

In contrast, if you look at the Board of Deputies’ website you’ll find nothing about concern for the rest of the world apart from Israel and the Middle East.


So which organisation is displaying a lack of global awareness? Which organisation is “obsessive” and “tunnel visioned”?


Narrow cliques

As for the “narrow clique of church officials” the Board’s President really ought to visit some Quaker Meetings around the country if she thinks this decision will not have considerable support from Friends at the grassroots.

I’ve spoken about my Jewish solidarity for the Palestinian people all over the country and, invariably, I find myself speaking in Quaker Meeting Houses. That’s because Quakers are willing to allow their buildings to be safe spaces for free speech in the name of peace and justice.

I’m yet to find a synagogue offering me the same hospitality. In fact, Board of Deputies officials are in the habit of trying to stop me speaking. So where in reality is the “narrow clique” controlling the debate? Friends House or Torriano Mews?
One-sided propaganda

The statement from Marie van de Zyl notes that there was:


“no particular trigger incident for this decision, just the ongoing insistence of certain Quaker bureaucrats of feeding a diet of one-sided propaganda to those unfortunate enough to rely on them for information.”

The reason there was no “trigger incident” is precisely because Quakers in Britain has taken its time in reaching this decision. It’s not a knee-jerk reaction to anything. It’s recognition that 25 years of ‘peace process’ has made the situation worse with the prospect of justice and peace further away than ever. A different approach is needed to shift the dial.

As for “one sided propaganda”, I haven’t noticed the Board of Deputies ever offering a broad spectrum of views on Israel.
Controlling the debate

What’s interesting to observe about the Board’s attitude is the presumption that it has the right to dictate to other faith communities what their policy on Israel should be. Marie van de Zyl contrasts the Quakers’ independent thinking with how she prefers Church denominations to behave:


“While other churches have reached out to the Jewish community at this time of rising antisemitism and polarisation to work together to tackle prejudice and promote peace in the region, the Quaker leadership has chosen to import a divisive conflict into our country, rather than export the peace that we all want to see.”

In other words, let us tell you what to think and what to do when it comes to Israel.

And note how criticism of Israel is placed firmly within the context of “rising antisemitism”. Only the Board, it appears, understands how to “tackle prejudice” and “promote peace”. Anyone that considers an alternative course of action is just “importing a divisive conflict”.

Van de Zyl concludes her diatribe by calling on Quakers in Britain to reverse its decision and “join those of us looking to build bridges instead.”

But what is the Board’s idea of bridge building? What kind of Church behaviour on Israel is considered acceptable to Marie van de Zyl?
‘Investing in Peace’

We’ve seen the answer this month with a series of events around the U.K. organised by the Board of Deputies and Churches Together in Britain and Ireland with the title ‘Investing in Peace’.

The Board brought together Jewish Israeli and Palestinian peace activists with a message not to “take sides” but to “build bridges” through grassroots relationships.

I’ve got nothing against any of this in principle. It’s good as far as it goes. But it’s designed not to go too far. I can tell this from van de Zyl’s quote in the accompanying press release:


“At a time when tensions and emotions are understandably running high, it is so refreshing to have balanced, nuanced dialogue on this topic.”

So, Investing in Peace sets up the discussion within a paradigm of “balance” and “nuance” as if the lack of such things has been the stumbling bloc to peace over all these years. It’s a narrative which ignores the power dynamics on the ground. The dynamic of oppressed and oppressor in Israel/Palestine. But if that true relationship is not acknowledged and confronted, neither justice nor peace are likely to emerge.

The Board of Deputies has shown itself incapable of understanding why Quakers in Britain could be justified in adopting an ethical investment policy directed at Israel. That’s because the Board of Deputies is acting not as a Jewish community body in the U.K. but as a plank of the pro-Israel lobby. In that role it’s determined to maintain the illusion that Israel/Palestine is a “conflict” requiring “balanced” debate and a heavily managed interfaith conversation.

The Quakers, on the other hand, have grasped the reality and seen through this distortion. I hope others will follow them.


2018/12/04

Compassion Course


Biography
Thom Bond is a thought leader, author, activist, and founder of The New York Center for Nonviolent Communication (NYCNVC). He has created a worldwide movement, with an innovative global approach to peacemaking and mediation. His teachings are spreading throughout the world, bringing new hope to people in search of a practical path to a more peaceful and sustainable existence, on both a personal and social level.

Thom is the author of The Compassion Book: Lessons From The Compassion Course (Second Edition) — to be released on December 3, 2018, "Shifting Toward Compassion" (theexercise.org), "64 Days for Peace" an online, self-led curriculum. He is best known as the creator and leader of The Compassion Course, a comprehensive online training, based on the work of Marshall Rosenberg, Werner Erhard, and Albert Ellis. In eight years, over 19,000 people have participated in the course. It continues to grow in numbers and global reach, with a current roster of over 6,000 participants from over 110 countries, in four languages.

Thom Bond is the founder and director of The New York Center for Nonviolent Communication (NYCNVC). Before starting the NYCNVC in 2004, Thom's professional work-life began in the 1980's creating inter-industry partnerships between established manufacturing companies and emerging energy and information technology companies, specializing in "smart-building" technology.

Thom's work is based on his years studying and teaching with Marshall Rosenberg. In his book and in his course, Thom has been able articulate and share the underlying consciousness that is the basis of Marshall's work, known as Nonviolent Communication (NVC). This "mindful" approach has expanded on Rosenberg's original teaching method that used a "speech model" as a teaching method.

The first edition of the book has been embraced globally, and has been identified as "evergreen" by industry experts.
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5.0 out of 5 starsOne of the most important books in life... no, seriously!January 10, 2018
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I used to think "I really wish life came with instructions" and then this book showed up! Seriously, I mean it's not going to tell you what to do however at least for me it helped me identify where to go within myself to find the answers to some seriously important life questions like "What do I want to do with my life?", "What's my purpose here?". Furthermore in terms of helping create connection and understanding with close people in my life I give so many thanks to Thom because this book brought back friendships and connections that I thought were lost forever.

The chapters I would say are short and to the point. The assignments in every chapter help me see how to actually practice this. One thing is for sure, whenever I have trouble about something like "How do I understand my Father who keeps saying things that I don't like?!" I can go back to the back to the book and get some serious help with things like this.

If there was one book I'd keep alongside wherever I go it'd be this one. I mean come on, even if I lose it someone stands to benefit greatly from it ;) Thank you Thom!


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5.0 out of 5 starsI love The Compassion BookJanuary 7, 2018
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I love The Compassion Book. It is​ well written, easy to read, and is filled with over 50 heartwarming stories and examples of how one can choose more compassion to find inner peace in the midst of life's challenges. The exercises are easy to perform and directly lead to increased self-awareness of thought and action. The Compassion Book has been an essential guide to improving my relationships and life.

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A friend recommended this book so I bought it. Reads more like a textbook and has so ,any assignments that I only made it to chapter three.


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5.0 out of 5 starsA powerful and clear map for living a connected, fulfilled and meaningful life.January 8, 2018
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The Compassion Book by Thom Bond is a true gem. In a simple, direct, relatable language, Thom offers no less than a map for living a fulfilled, connected life. For real. And it's a modern map, filled with true stories from Thom's life that I was able to relate too, which helped make the concepts real and applicable to my life as well. What makes this map very unique and powerful, in my experience, is its universality: no matter cultural or religious background, this message has the potential to reach people's hearts. And this fills me with hope :)

The book is structured in 52 chapters, each containing the explanation of a concept, a story and practice to help integrating the concept in real life. Thom truly takes you by the hand and leads you through baby steps from the core principles of compassionate consciousness, all the way to profound practices such as transforming enemy images, working with triggers and anger, shifting from power-over to power-with, and more... I plan to read this over and over, and I hope to see book clubs blossoming around the world so that these powerful practices can continue support the creation of a more wonderful world.

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5.0 out of 5 starsMake humane communication happen!December 25, 2017
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If you want to improve your understanding and skill at being humane, Thoms book is a must read (and then practice). Through simple, clear yet profound explanations, personal stories, and practice suggestions it fully hits the mark. If only everyone were taught this from birth!

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This book is a transcript of the online Compassion Course, making it easy to connect with all the lessons. It is on my couch, ready to pick up and read a section or paragraph, as inpiration. As my skill increases, so does the quality of my interactions with others and myself.


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Circular agriculture: a new perspective for Dutch agriculture - WUR



Circular agriculture: a new perspective for Dutch agriculture - WUR



News
Circular agriculture: a new perspective for Dutch agriculturePublished onSeptember 13, 2018

For more than half a century, Dutch and European agricultural policy has focused on efficiently producing as much food as possible for a low price and with a reasonable income for the farmers. Using this policy that was developed by the legendary Sicco Mansholt, Dutch agriculture attracted admiration from beyond its borders and grew into a nation with the second-largest agricultural output in the world.


This great success of the last half century, however, is not a guarantee for the future. Time has come in our view, to think about the next steps, the transition towards a truly sustainable agriculture. Efficient production remains necessary, especially because the demand for food and other agricultural products and resources only continues to grow. The need to produce affordable, safe and healthy food, not just for the country but also for Europe and the world will continue for at least another half century. But the concepts of intensification and efficiency, however powerful they have been, are not enough. They need to be transformed into optimization of the use of all resources, not just at the level of the farm, but also broader at local, regional, national and transnational levels. Optimization of the interlocking systems at different scales is fundamentally different from maximization at the field, stable, greenhouse or farm level. It allows us to use land, water, chemicals and nutrients to optimal effects and to reduce or even eliminate the waste of residual biomass since this can be used elsewhere in the food system. This is indeed a fundamental transition requiring mental and policy adjustments. Moreover, it entails trade-offs because choices need to be made about what the best route to optimization is. It is the role of science to present clearly the costs and benefits of different types of transitions.
Circular agriculture

Shortly before the summer, Wageningen University & Research presented the concept note “Kringlooplandbouw” (circular agriculture), in which a new perspective is outlined for Dutch agriculture. This note was discussed in a technical briefing with the agricultural committee of the Dutch Parliament in mid-June. At 8 September, the Dutch minister of agriculture, nature and food quality, launched here vision on the transition of the Dutch agriculture in a direction of circularity.

Wageningen University & Reseatch organizes once a year in Brussels the “Mansholt Lecture”, to discuss European policy and issues in the domain of food, agriculture and sustainable livelihoods. The “Mansholt Lecture 2018” will address the transition “Towards a circular food system in Europe”. In this leaflet we briefly outline the concept and perspectives of circular agriculture, based on our policy briefings in the Netherlands.

Later this year we will publish a booklet as a reference document for what has been presented and discussed at the “Mansholt Lecture 2018” on 19 September in Brussels.


Circular agriculture

We will first briefly outline what circular agriculture means in our opinion.

Let’s start with what it is not! Circular agriculture does not mean that we will return to the rural nostalgia of the early 1900s. Images from the period sometimes suggest a wonderful time that never existed: agriculture struggled with a high degree of illness, too little fertiliser, and the continuous risk of a bad harvest. Circular agriculture is not a blueprint meant to strangle farming businesses even further with oppressive dogmas, market requirements and government regulations.

Circular agriculture is a collective search by farmers, interested citizens, businesses, scientists and researchers for the optimum combination of ecological principles with modern technology, with new partnerships, new economic models, and credible social services. It not only focuses on good yields and the sparing use of resources and energy, but also stresses the importance of putting as little pressure on the environment, nature and climate as possible.
Animation: produce 70 percent more food

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Circular agriculture means that we keep residuals of agricultural biomass and tfoodprocessing within the food system as renewable reources. By being much more sparing with scarce resources and wasting less biomass, fewer imports are needed such chemical based fertilisers and remote livestock feedstocks. This means that the availability of circular resources will determine the production capacity and the resulting consumption options.

Closing cycles will be the new model on which future agriculture is based. The model will not be restrictive; it will instead be a new paradigm that provides the freedom for a wide range of company styles and earnings models and, of course, it will be adapted to the social and ecological environment depending on the availability of resources, markets, and buying options,. In short, there will be a wide range of activities varying from intensive to extensive; small to large, low-tech to hi-tech.
Making optimal use of waste streams

A central principle of circular agriculture is that no more acreage or resources are used than are strictly necessary. Fields will primarily be used for the production of food crops. In order to use them optimally, successive crops will be sown, so that food will be growing in the field almost year-round. Whenever possible, mixed crops will be added to the rotation. An important role has been established for plants that serve dual purposes, primarily as foodstocks, while the remains (leaves and stems) will be used as feedstock for livestock or biofertilizers to improve the soil.

Grass for livestock feed will only be cultivated in areas where field agriculture is not effective. The emphasis for this lies on multi-annual or permanent grasslands with various grass types and herbs. The food supply for livestock farming will be supplemented with residuals from field agriculture, horticulture and the food industry. These also include residuals that are not being fully utilised yet, such as protein rich beetroot leaves, or those that are under the current legislationnot permitted to be used now, such as insect and worm meal grown on biomass waste and “swill” (food scraps that have been cooked down). In the meantime, there are good techniques available for converting these “waste streams” into high-quality animal feed that is safe for humans and animals.

In circular agriculture, the cycles are closed: as nearby as possible and as distant as necessary. Optimal use of waste streams does not always mean that the cycles can be closed at the farm level or regional level. That is not necessary. Circular agriculture is a part of the circular food system, which, in principle, involves the entire world. We want to minimise waste streams across the world, but the aim is to ensure that cycles are closed at the whole range from local to national and international levels as much as possible.

For livestock farmers, circular agriculture primarily means that they use roughage and other feedstocks from field crop production, horticulture, and the food industry as well as the rest of the food chain. As a result, this will avoid feeding animals plant-based proteins that are also suitable for human consumption. To do so, the farmer will also examine alternative resources of the future, such as marine seaweed. They will also produce good-quality fertiliser by separating faeces and urine in the stable or manure pit.

For crop farmers, circular agriculture means using high quality animal-based fertilisersand crop remnants to stimulate soil life. Chemical based fertiliser will only be used when crops need additional nutrition due to yield exports. Crop farmers will also make maximum use of soil agrobiodiversity with mixed cropping systems and smart rotations. With new forms of precision mechanisation, based onm developments in sensors and robotics, this is feasible.


Healthy soil is the foundation

Agricultural production depends on healthy soil life and a good soil structure. The health of the soil is largely determined by the quality of the organic material it contains, the balance in groundwater dynamics and the availability of nutrients that are essential for people, animals, and crops: nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and a wide range of micronutrients.

Loss of nutrients leads to air, water, and ground pollution and a loss of biodiversity. It also exhausts limited resources, such as phosphate, which is then supplemented with mined fertilisers or low-quality manure slurries.

Due to the crucial role of nutrients in the cycle, healthy soil is one of the most important foundations for circular agriculture. Soil fertility and, primarily, the quantity of organic material are not only determining factors for crop yield, but also ensure that nutrients, trace elements, and water are better retained. Not to mention that in healthy fields with healthy soil life, there are fewer illnesses and pests. Something also worth noting: increasing the level of organic materials is a natural way to absorb and contain CO2 and other greenhouse gases.

In circular agriculture, soil life is optimally nourished using a resourceful combination of good quality animal-based fertiliser, preferably composted manure and crop remnants. Animal manure will no longer be stored in liquid form in the manure pit, but will be separated at the farm into dry (faeces) and wet (urine). Another interesting source of nutrients is sanitised sewage sludge originating from domestic wastewater treatment and process water from food industries.

Even when reuse is maximised, a nutrient loss in the cycle is inevitable. Shortages can be supplemented by including nitrogen-fixing crops in the rotation and through targeted use of artificial fertiliser, depending on the growth stage of the crop. Thanks to new technology, this can now be detected in practice at the level of the individual plant through tools such as leaf-colour sensors. The great advantage of precision fertilisation is not only that less fertiliser is required, but that it also reduces loss to the environment.
Farmers and nature

For as long as agriculture has existed, farmers have been engaged in a battle against illnesses and pests, which continuously manage to adapt their resistance. To this day, they rely heavily on the use of natural and synthetic chemicals and medicines in this “arms race”.

A broad systematic approach is assumed in circular agriculture, in which healthy crop and welfare of the animals are key. This approach begins with robust plants and animals, with genetic insights being used to select plants and animals that are more resilient to illnesses and pests as well as to the effects of climate change.

The resilience of crops will be enhanced by using the agrobiodiversity in, on, and around fields as a form of natural pollination and organic crop protection. For example, this can be done through the use of flowers at field edges, blocks of land, and beetle banks, which can serve as hiding places for wild bees and other pollinators as well as for natural enemies of different pest species. Incorporating natural processes into our methods is not only beneficial for agriculture, it also contributes to a beautiful and decidedly natural farming landscape. A form of circular agriculture that takes things a step further is called agroecological “nature-inclusive agriculture”, which is specifically focused on ecosystem services including the retention and use of nature and biodiversity in and around the farm in a natural farming landscape.


The climate benefits as well

Just as with other sectors, agriculture must also make a contribution to mitigate its greenhouse gas emissions. This is also important because the agricultural sector is extremely sensitive to the effects of climate change.

The key tenet of circular agriculture is to utilise agricultural biomassas often and as effectively as possible. This also means avoiding the natural degradation of unused biomass (crop remnants, fertiliser) and the accompanying production of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane. This also means less artificial fertiliser is necessary for circular agriculture, so that less CO2 is released during production. High-quality fertiliser (manure, soil, compost) also increases the retention of carbon in the soil, which is a natural way to combat climate change.

In turn, circular agriculture offers options to combat greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture to a far greater extent than the measures that are simply focused on making common agricultural processes more climate-friendly. It is precisely through this combination that agriculture can really deliver big results for the climate.


”Ligthhouse Farms” as places of inspiration

Of course, there are still many questions: How can circular agriculture be designed as a smart, healthy, and safe process in such a way that it yields the most benefits for the food production of the future, while simultaneously offering the best prospects for farmers and business community as well as for climate, nature, and society? We already know a great deal about efficient food production, yet still not enough when it comes to using cycles to prevent the waste and loss of resources and biomass.

Experimental testing sites at so called “lighthouse farms” allow us to learn and improve circular agriculture. These testing areas also serve as a source of inspiration and provide new knowledge for researchers and students. Important areas in which we must gain more experience include: preserving sanitary safety, actually reducing environmental pressure, and intelligently creating value from residues as coproducts. All of these actions must be taken into account with the understanding that the circular economy is not independent of the development of a broad, biobased economy which uses biomass for the production of materials and chemicals.
Video of the testing ground for agroecology and technology:Click here to see the video
Farmers cannot do it alone

As already discussed, circular economy is not a blueprint: it is a collective search for new perspectives for the food supply and, in turn, for Dutch agriculture. Developing a circular food system, with circular agriculture being an integral component, is an enormous challenge for Dutch agriculture. It is shift comparable in scope to the move towards high-production agriculture in the 1950s and 1960s.

Although farmers may play the key role in this shift, it does not mean they can do it alone. A transition such as this demands effort from all parties in order to overcome technical, economic, legal, and social barriers. The development of a diverse range of new earning models and the corresponding business models and chain partners is essential. In the process, the Netherlands can return to the leading position it held in the 1950s as well as make circular agriculture the starting point for the global, sustainable agriculture system of the future. All of this can be achieved with a Dutch agricultural sector that continues to make valuable contributions to a vital trade balance.

2018/11/27

1806 유엔 보고서, 북한 주민 53.7% ‘농지 보유’



[뉴스 동서남북] 유엔 보고서, 북한 주민 53.7% ‘농지 보유’




[뉴스 동서남북] 유엔 보고서, 북한 주민 53.7% ‘농지 보유’
2018.8.6

최원기

지난 2014년 북한 평양 인근 논에서 학생들이 농사 일을 돕고 있다. (자료사진)
공유











매주 월요일 한반도 주요 뉴스의 배경과 의미를 살펴보는 ‘쉬운 뉴스 흥미로운 소식: 뉴스 동서남북’ 입니다. 북한 주민들의 살림살이 실태를 보여주는 유엔 보고서가 나왔습니다. 유엔아동기금, 유니세프(UNICEF)가 최근 발표한 북한 민생 실태 자료에 따르면 북한 가구 53.7%가 농지를 보유하고 있는 것으로 나타났습니다. 최원기 기자가 전해 드립니다.

유엔이 최근 북한 주민들의 농지 보유부터 냉장고, 전기밥솥, 휴대전화에 이르기까지 구체적인 민생 실태 자료를 공개했습니다.

유니세프가 발표한 ‘2017년 북한 다중지표군집조사(MICS)’ 보고서는 개발도상국에 대한 유엔의 민생 실태 조사로, 북한에서의 조사는 1998년과 2000년, 그리고 2009년에 이어 2017년에 네 번째로 실시됐습니다.

북한 주민들의 생활상 조사는 조사 항목이 117개로 방대할 뿐 아니라 상당히 체계적으로 진행됐습니다. 조사는 북한의 중앙통계국이 유니세프의 지원을 받아 북한 전역 8천500여 가구 주민들을 대상으로 실시했습니다.

유엔 인도주의업무조정국의 마크 로우코크 국장은 `VOA'에, 북한 통계국의 협력을 받아 북한 전역에서 주민 영양 상태 등 설문조사를 했다고 말했습니다.

[녹취: 로우코크] "Access is improving, Unicef...."

이번 보고서에서 가장 눈길을 끄는 것은 53.7%의 가구가 농지를 보유하고 있다는 대목입니다. 유엔은 개별 가구와 개인의 재산 현황을 파악하기 위해 설문에 ‘농지가 있느냐’는 질문을 포함했는데, 절반 이상이 농지가 있다고 대답한 겁니다.

농지 보유는 지역별로 다소 편차가 있습니다. 조사는 평양을 포함해 10개 지역에서 이뤄졌는데, 농지 보유 비율이 가장 높은 곳은 황해남도로 68.5%로 나타났습니다. 이어 64.8%를 기록한 함경남도와 황해북도(62.6%), 평안북도(62.5%), 자강도(59.7%), 양강도 (54.8%), 강원도(54.4%), 평안남도(53.4%), 함경북도(48.1%) 순으로 나타났습니다. 농지 보유 비율이 가장 낮은 지역은 평양으로 18.8%였습니다.

한국 내 탈북자들은 북한 주민들의 농지 보유에 대해 믿기 어렵다는 반응을 보였습니다. 북한은 1946년 토지개혁 이래 모든 토지를 국가 소유로 했기 때문에 원칙적으로 농지를 소유할 수 없다는 겁니다.

북한 농업과학원에 근무하다 1990년대 한국으로 망명한 이민복 씨는 농지 보유라는 것이 뙈기 밭을 의미하는 것 같다고 말했습니다.

[녹취: 이민복] ”53%라는 것이 개인 뙈기 밭, 텃밭을 얘기하는 것 같아요, 제가 있을 때도 1천평, 500평씩 하는 사람이 있었어요.”

뙈기 밭은 협동농장에서 가구 별로 나눠준 작은 밭을 말합니다. 주민들은 여기에 배추나 무, 고추, 호박 등을 심어 먹습니다.

또 다른 탈북자들은 농지 보유가 ‘분조제’를 의미하는 것일 수 있다고 말했습니다. 북한 당국은 2012년부터 논과 밭을 분조별로 나눠주는 새로운 영농 방식을 도입했는데, 이 것이 농지 보유를 의미할 수 있다는 겁니다. 평안북도 신의주에 살다가 2011년 한국에 입국한 김수진 씨입니다.

[녹취: 김수진] ”분조관리제의 방침에 따라 1천-3천평의 땅을 대여해준 거죠, 국가에서, 봄에 땅을 대여해서 농사해서 60%를 바치고, 나머지는 너희들이 먹어라는 건데, 1-3천평을 땅을 받았다는 내용을 양강도나 김정숙군 사람과 통화해 들었거든요.”

북한에서 ‘가족분조제’ ’포전담당제’ ’6.28 방침’등으로 불리는 이 분조제의 핵심은 농민들에게 일한 만큼 그에 따른 보상을 주는 겁니다.

과거에는 협동농장에서 10t의 쌀을 생산하면 국가에 토지사용료와 물, 전기, 비료, 농약 대금조로 5t을 납부하고 나머지를 ‘평균주의’ 원칙에 따라 농민들에게 현금으로 분배했습니다.
따라서 농민 입장에서는 일을 열심히 하든 적당히 하든 소득이 비슷해 근로 의욕이 생기지 않았습니다. 게다가 북한 돈의 가치가 떨어져 몇 만원을 받아도 장마당에서 물건을 살 수 없었습니다.

그러나 새로운 분조제에서는 15t을 생산할 경우 국가에 10t을 납부하고 나머지 5t은 분조원들이 실적에 따라 자율적으로 처분할 수 있습니다. 북한 관영 `조선중앙방송'입니다.

[녹취: 중방 ] “분조에서 생산한 알곡 가운데서 국가가 정한 일정한 몫을 제외한 나머지는 농장원들에게 그들이 번 노력 일에 따라 현물을 기본으로 하여 분배하도록 하여야 합니다.”

한편 북한에서는 지난 20년 간 장마당을 중심으로 시장경제가 작동하면서 주민들 사이에 빈부격차도 커지는 것으로 나타났습니다.


유엔의 이번 조사 결과 평양의 경우 응답자의 89.7%가 휴대전화가 있다고 답했습니다. 그러나 황해북도는 51.2%에 불과했습니다.

또 냉장고는 평양 가구 59.3%가 갖고 있다고 답했습니다. 그러나 황해남도의 경우 19%에 불과했습니다. 다시 탈북자 김수진 씨입니다.

[녹취: 김수진] ”빈부격차는 말할 수가 없죠, 평양이 1순위인데, 몸까이(다이어트)를 하는 사람도 있고, 몸이 불어났으면 하는 사람도 있고, 농촌에도 빈부격차가 있죠, 쌀10t을 가진 사람과 쌀 1t 가진 사람, 빈부격차는 어디나 다 존재합니다.”

이밖에 컴퓨터를 비롯한 정보통신 기기 보급과 디지털화도 저조해, 컴퓨터를 갖고 있는 가구는 18.7%에 불과했습니다.

집에서 인트라넷 접속이 가능한 가정은 전체적으로 1.4%에 불과했고, 평양도 5.2%에 불과했습니다.

VOA뉴스 최원기입니다.

포전담당제 - 북한지식사전 - 위키독



포전담당제 - 북한지식사전 - 위키독






[미분류]포전담당제( 1 판 )
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포전(圃田, 구획을 나눠놓은 경작지)담당제란 협동농장의 말단 단위인 분조(分組)의 구성원을 기존의 7~8명보다 더 작은 인원으로 축소한 것으로 가족 단위 개인영농방식을 뜻한다. 가족영농제는 가족 단위, 혹은 몇 가족이 농토를 협동농 장에서 대여 받아 농사를 짓는 것을 말하며, 이렇게 수확한 농작물 가운데 일정한 양을 협동농장에 내고 나머지는 가족 이 자유롭게 처분할 수 있는 권리를 갖는 것이다. 즉 인센티브를 제공해 근로의욕을 북돋우고 생산증대를 꾀하는 제도라 고 할 수 있다.




포전담당제 시범도입은 2002년 ‘7.1 조치’의 영향을 크게 받은 것으로 추정할 수 있다. 7.1 조치는 기존에 국가가 갖고 있던 권한의 많은 부분을 하부 단위에 위임하는 내용을 담고 있고, 하부 단위들은 권한을 부여받은 만큼 위에서 분배받던 자재 등도 스스로 해결하지 않으면 안 될 상황에 처하게 되 었다. 협동농장도 이와 같은 상황에서 예외는 아니었고, 점차 ‘최소 노력에 최대 효과’라는 생산성과 이윤 창출에 힘을 쏟게 되었다. 이에 2004년 북한의 일부 지역에서 분조가 영농방 식 및 초과생산분에 대한 자율을 갖는 ‘포전담당제’를 시범실시하게 되었다.




특히 북한은 2003~2007년 당시 2배의 증산을 목표로 하는 ‘800만 톤 식량증산 5개년 계획’을 추진했기 때문에 당국은 농민의 노동의욕 향상이 목표 달성의 중요한 요인이 된다고 판단하고 포전담당제도 이러한 배경에서 도입된 것으로 보 인다. 당시 북한의 김용술 무역성 부상은 포전담당제를 설명하면서 “같은 노동력으로 같은 땅에서 더 많은 알곡을 생산 하는 것이 바로 실리주의”라고 강조하며 북한이 “실리주의 원 칙에서 곡물 증산을 여러 방면에서 시험”하고 있다는 것을 시사했다.




시범적 조치로 실행되었던 포전담당제는 뚜렷한 성과를 거두지 못하였고 2005년 10월 양곡전매제 실시와 배급제 정상화 조치로 중단되었다. 더불어 농업관리개선조치는 유명무실 화되었다. 이후 포전담당제 운영 여부는 정확하게 알려지지 않고 있으나, 개인경작지를 강제 수매하고 사적 경작을 엄격히 단속하는 한편 허용된 뙈기밭에서도 고율의 세금을 부과하 는 등 개혁에 역행하는 조치를 보여 준 바 있다.




포전담당제는 집단영농제에서 개별영농제로 전환하는 과정에서 나타나는 과도기적인 영농 형태로서 중국도 개혁 과정에서 이와 유사한 과정을 경험한 바 있다. 사회주의 체제의 농업개혁이 농업생산과 분배의 규모가 작으면 작을수록, 개인화되면 될수록 탈(脫)사회주의화 되는 것이라고 할 때, 포전 담당제 및 개인영농의 실시 여부는 향후 북한의 농업개혁을 진단할 수 있는 주요한 시금석이 된다.
관련 검색어편집
분조관리제
7.1 경제관리개선조치

Gaia’s Garden




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Toby Hemenway
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Gaia's Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture, 2nd Edition Kindle Edition
The first edition of Gaia’s Garden sparked the imagination of America’s home gardeners, introducing permaculture’s central message: Working with Nature, not against her, results in more beautiful, abundant, and forgiving gardens. This extensively revised and expanded second edition broadens the reach and depth of the permaculture approach for urban and suburban growers.

Many people mistakenly think that ecological gardening—which involves growing a wide range of edible and other useful plants—can take place only on a large, multiacre scale. As Hemenway demonstrates, it’s fun and easy to create a “backyard ecosystem” by assembling communities of plants that can work cooperatively and perform a variety of functions, including:
Building and maintaining soil fertility and structure
Catching and conserving water in the landscape
Providing habitat for beneficial insects, birds, and animals
Growing an edible “forest” that yields seasonal fruits, nuts, and other foods

This revised and updated edition also features a new chapter on urban permaculture, designed especially for people in cities and suburbs who have very limited growing space. Whatever size yard or garden you have to work with, you can apply basic permaculture principles to make it more diverse, more natural, more productive, and more beautiful. Best of all, once it’s established, an ecological garden will reduce or eliminate most of the backbreaking work that’s needed to maintain the typical lawn and garden.

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Editorial Reviews

Review




"Become a sustainable producer of resources instead of a wasteful consumer. This wonderful book shows you how by helping you create and enhance beautiful backyard ecosystems within the garden. Put this book into action, and you'll begin to live an example that positively shifts your own community and beyond. Best of all, doing so with this book is simple, juicy, and fun."--Brad Lancaster, author of Rainwater Harvesting for Drylands and Beyond and http://www.HarvestingRainwater.com



"Toby's fun, well-grounded, and engaging book is fast becoming a classic, and deservedly so. Practical yet visionary, broad-ranging yet focused on the basics one needs to know, this is a great place to start on the permaculture path. The new edition builds solidly on the success of the first. Congratulations!"--Dave Jacke, co-author of the two-volume Edible Forest Gardens





"The world didn't come with an operating manual, so it's a good thing that some wise people have from time to time written them. Gaia's Garden is one of the more important, a book that will be absolutely necessary in the world ahead."--Bill McKibben, author of Deep Economy and Hope, Human and Wild






"Permaculture gardens are no longer a thing of the future. They are here to stay and flourish. Gaia's Garden is enlightening and required reading for all people who desire to make their home's landscape healthy, sustainable, and healing."--Robert Kourik, author of Designing and Maintaining Your Edible Landscape--Naturally





"Gaia's Garden is simply the best permaculture book ever written, and is in the running for best gardening book ever written. No one should be without it."--Sharon Astyk, author of Depletion and Abundance: Life on the New Home Front



"Toby Hemenway's Gaia's Garden will be recorded in history as a milestone for gardeners and landscapers--a fusion of the practical and the visionary--using the natural intelligence of Earth's symbiotic communities to strengthen and sustain ecosystems in which humans are a partner, not a competitor. An amazing achievement showing how we can and must live in harmony with nature!"--Paul Stamets, author of Mycelium Running: How Mushrooms Can Help Save the World


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About the Author




Toby Hemenway was the author of the first major North American book on permaculture, Gaia’s Garden: A Guide to Home-Scale Permaculture, as well as The Permaculture City. After obtaining a degree in biology from Tufts University, Toby worked for many years as a researcher in genetics and immunology, first in academic laboratories at Harvard and the University of Washington in Seattle, and then at Immunex, a major medical biotech company. At about the time he was growing dissatisfied with the direction biotechnology was taking, he discovered permaculture, a design approach based on ecological principles that creates sustainable landscapes, homes, and workplaces. A career change followed, and Toby and his wife spent ten years creating a rural permaculture site in southern Oregon. He was associate editor of Permaculture Activist, a journal of ecological design and sustainable culture, from 1999 to 2004. He taught permaculture and consulted and lectured on ecological design throughout the country, and his writing appeared in magazines such as Whole Earth Review, Natural Home, and Kitchen Gardener. Toby passed away in 2016.

Visit his web site at www.patternliteracy.com




SemioticLabyrinth

5.0 out of 5 starsShows how to leverage the power of natural ecosystems to make gardening easy!June 11, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

There is a lot to absorb from this book. After having spent the last two months reading it and applying tips from it, I wish I'd read the last chapter first since it summarizes everything. It takes the mountain of overwhelming knowledge and gives a simple path forward.

Since reading this book, I have a more holistic view of my yard. I can see I've already made some mistakes in my yard, but it is exciting to begin to see results already. Instead of following the usual route of planting rows of veggies, I've started working on symbiotic blends of nitrogen fixers, vines, and other roles.

Today I picked up a cheap bird feeder and post from a hardware store and put up a quick bird feeder over a dry, weedy patch in the back. I look forward to seeing how well the author's claim that doing this will lead to passive, ongoing returns in the form of birds' fertilizing the barren area with their poop and their weeding the area as some scratch around the ground looking for fallen seeds.

His urban ideas are incredible, too. Don't miss out on that chapter, even though it's tucked in just before the end. He has a few pages devoted to what you can do with the "hell strip" between the road and sidewalk (usually just used for a mailbox and cable tv lines).

Don't skip the observation step he gives in an incredible several pages and sidebar. While we did some of this work, I wish we'd done even more extensive up-front observation. It turned out we had to overhaul our plans once the people came out and marked the utility lines. They weren't where we thought they were originally. But I'm so glad this book showed us how to find out these things early on. It would be a shame to plant an expensive tree and pour water and resources into it only to have it uprooted later on.

If there is one reason to buy this book, it's because it will shift your perspective away from seeing gardening as a chore with unending maintenance. Instead, by working with nature instead of against it, problems can become signals, temporary obstacles, or just part of the normal flow. The book is pragmatic, realistic, backed with science and research, and a lot of fun. Get it, read it, and try it out.
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106 people found this helpful
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Beka P

5.0 out of 5 starsInfo overload...and I love itMarch 13, 2014
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

I have been wanting this book for ages and I waited until I had a house and an acre of land to work with to buy it. That was a big mistake. There is so much information here that is so well presented...I should have started reading and absorbing this years ago. This is an ok problem to have, I think! I've got huge plans for our property and everything in this book resonates so perfectly with me and our vision. If you want simple, neat rows of veggies and flowers...there are other books for you. If you want a thriving, healthy, bio-diverse landscape (no matter how much room you have) get this book and start reading.

25 people found this helpful
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Sean Dixon-Sullivan

5.0 out of 5 starsUseful intro to PermacultureMarch 25, 2015
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

Hemenway really sells the idea of "ecological gardening." First the book explains how nature works, then how your garden can mimic it.

Why mimic nature? according to Hemenyway, the need for fertilizers, pesticides, tilling, weeding and watering can be greatly reduced or eliminated, while transforming one's yard into a potential source of fruit, veggies, medicinals, crafts, wildlife habitat and income.

The book draws heavily on permaculture, Bill Mollison's ecological design methodology, only Hemenway explains it in a much more user-friendly and enjoyable way than Bill's Designers Manual. For instance, he clearly and concisely explains the different roles of a plant within a plant community, such as fixing nitrogen, producing mulch, attracting beneficial insects, repelling harmful insects, accumulating deep-down nutrients, etc. Then he suggests multiple species for each function, conveniently laid out in charts.

I found the explanations of natural processes very enlightening, and the species charts very useful. I'd recommend this book to the laymen of ecology or anyone interested in gardening or organic food.
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14 people found this helpful
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Kara M. Morgan

5.0 out of 5 starsTruly Amazing BookFebruary 22, 2010
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase

I knew literally nothing about Permaculture gardening when I bought this book - my mother mentioned it to me and said to check it out, so I came to Amazon where the description intrigued me......fast forward 3 weeks later and my front water guzzling lawn has now been sheet mulched in preparation for a wonderful, sustainable, garden, and I have 5 baby chickens being delivered next week!

I'm not kidding when I say that this book was transformational in my views on gardening - I live in the city with very limited space, and our lawn was the best in the neighborhood. I have a raised bed for a garden in the back, and did produce some good veggies, but not near enough to eliminate buying any items at the grocery store. My first 10 minutes with this book I learned what I was doing wrong in my raised bed - and as I dug deeper it was one "Aha!" moment followed by another. I am a scientist, and I can't believe none of this had ever occurred to me!

The book is very in depth and gives wonderful examples with specific plants (not just general concepts) - the only thing I would have liked to see more of was pictures of actual permaculture gardens. I'm a very visual person and like to have something to imitate when designing my own project, so I'm still searching for design examples to incorporate (once again with specific plants).

Just know that if you get this book you're going to be inspired to make some drastic changes in your landscape - as evidenced by my "Bomb Proof Sheet Mulched" lawn - the recipe in the book for this was extremely helpful! I will admit that my first initial thought upon opening the book was - oh no, this is too in depth and not being a professional gardener, I'm never going to understand - trust me when I say, pick a chapter that sounds interesting to you and start there - that is what I did, and it migrated to many of the other chapters and just kept going!

2018/11/24

A feminist reading list for men — Quartz



A feminist reading list for men — Quartz



LIBERATION FOR ALL
A reading list for men who care about feminism
By Leah FesslerNovember 16, 2018


I often fantasize of a world in which male friends casually chat about bell hooks or Audre Lorde, as my female friends and I do. That fantasy recently became reality, when I met Wade Davis, the former NFL player turned feminist activist who is on a mission to teach men about gender equality and healthy masculinity.

Davis, who frequently writes and speaks about men’s role in feminism, educates pro and college athletes and executives at companies like Google about sexism, racism, and homophobia. He’s the NFL’s first LGBT-inclusion consultant, a UN Women Global Champion for Innovation, and creator of the #BlackMenAndFeminism campaign.



Outside of boardrooms and locker rooms, Davis is eager to help men find texts that will get them excited about feminism. His educational approach is fundamentally humble, as he said when we met at a gender-equality conference:


If you met me 10 years ago, you’d dismiss me as a total jerk. I used to be the person who would say ‘”Not all men.” I really think the key for me, and a lot of men, is that we actually have no clue what your lives are like. To be honest, we have no idea. We think about how to attract you—I’m a gay man but I spend enough time with straight men, and I know that straight men think about how to attract you but they’re rarely deeply invested in actually learning what your lives are like. So when I started reading books written by women about women I was like, “Oh shit, they are talking about me. Literally this is me!” And I’m a gay man!

As an outspoken feminist who frequently fields criticism from men who don’t understand sexism, Davis’ evaluation hits the nail on the head. So how do we get more men to admit their ignorance and actively seek a feminist education?

Thankfully, many men are interested in such a pursuit. Almost daily, I receive messages from men—friends, acquaintances, strangers—asking me what they should read to be better feminists. I do my part by sending each man who messages me How We’ll Win, Quartz’s year-long project on the fight for gender equality—especially the fourth edition, which is a collection of interviews with 50 industry-leading men on masculinity, insecurities, and feminism.



But if I’ve learned anything from interviewing many powerful men, it’s that men need to hold one another accountable. Davis just did men worldwide a favor, sharing the top books he recommends for male feminists on Instagram. Below, you can find Davis’ reading list, supplemented by the books and essays Mukoma Wa Ngugi, the Cornell English professor, poet, and feminist activist, recommends, which he recently shared on interview with Quartz. And then you’ll see some recommendations of my own.
Davis’ reading list:

The Origins of Others by Toni Morrison

Invisible Man, Got the Whole World Watching, by Mychal Denzel

The Bluest Eye by Toni Morrison

The Will to Change: Men, Masculinity, and Love by bell hooks

Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center by bell hooks
Ngugi’s reading list:

Women, Race, and Class by Angela Davis

Woman at Point Zero by Nawal El Saadawi

Kindred by Octavia Butler

Sister Outsider by Audre Lorde

Assata: An Autobiography by Assata Shakur

This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color edited by Gloria E. Anzaldúa and Cherríe L. Moraga

“The Women’s Liberation and Gay Liberation Movements” by Huey P. Newton

“Sexual Assault: When You’re on the Margins: Can We All Say #MeToo?” by Collier Meyerson

“The Emancipation of Women” by Thomas Sankara

https://www.msafropolitan.com – an African global feminism blog written by Minna Salami (and watch for her forthcoming book in 2019, Sensuous Knowledge: A Radical Black Feminist Approach For Everyone)
My two cents:

Beyond the brilliant texts listed above (Sister Outsider by Audre Lorde is my absolute favorite), I’d also recommend:

Good and Mad: The Revolutionary Power of Women’s Anger by Rebecca Traister (note: also anything written by Traister)

So you want to talk about race? by Ijeoma Oluo

Men Explain Things to Me by Rebecca Solnit

Amateur: A True Story of What Makes a Man by Thomas Page McBee

Redefining Realness by Janet Mock

Teaching to Transgress by bell hooks

Feminism is for Everybody by bell hooks


racism, feminism, sexism, #metoo, how we'll win
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