2020/09/13

윤회

 

윤회

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
(전생에서 넘어옴)
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윤회(輪廻, 산스크리트어संसार)는 다르마 계통 종교들의 주요 교리로서, 해탈의 경지에 도달하지 못한 사람은 그 깨달음경지 또는 구원된 상태에 도달할 때까지 계속하여 이 세상으로 재탄생한다는 내용의 교리이다. 이 세상에서 겪는 삶의 경험이 자신의 발전에 더 이상 필요치 않는 상태 또는 경지에 도달할 때 비로소 이 세상으로의 윤회가 끝난다.

힌두교 · 자이나교 · 불교 · 시크교 등 주로 인도계 종교들에서 윤회를 믿으며 중요한 교의 중의 하나로 여기고 있다. 서양의 경우, 고대 이집트 종교 · 피타고라스 학파 · 영지주의 · 헤르메스주의 등에서 윤회를 믿었거나 믿고 있다.

힌두교와 불교에 따르면, 윤회를 부정하는 것은 인과응보 또는 원인과 결과의 인과법칙을 부정하는 것으로, 인과법칙을 부정하게 되면 인간이 도덕적 행위를 해야 하는 근거가 무너진다고 본다.[1][2] 힌두교의 윤회의 교의에 따르면, 탄생은 영혼이 육체 · 감각 기관 · 마음과 연결되는 것으로, 따라서 탄생은 새로운 무언가가 생겨나는 것이 아니라 새로운 연결을 맺는 것이며, 그리고 죽음은 완전한 소멸 또는 파괴가 아니라 영혼이 육체와 분리되는 것.[2] 힌두교에서는 이러한 윤회의 교의를 부정하는 것은 모든 사람이 카르마에 따라 정당한 과보를 받아 자신의 삶의 모습을 벌어들이게 된다는 도덕적 법칙을 부정 또는 무시하는 것이라고 본다.[2] 또한 윤회를 부정하는 것은 세상에 존재하였던 여러 위대한 성인들의 가르침을 무의미한 헛된 일로 치부하는 것이라고 본다.[2]

각 종교별 윤회[편집]

힌두교[편집]

힌두교의 교리에 의하면 해탈에 도달하지 못한 자들은 우주 안에서 끊임없이 낳고 죽기를 반복하며 윤회한다. 인간이라 하더라도 다음 생애에는 짐승으로 태어 나기도 하며 신으로 태어나기도 한다. 이러한 수없이 많은 윤회의 과정에서 사람은 한 인생을 살면서 쌓은 카르마에 의해 다음 생애가 결정된다. 다르마에 따른 삶을 살다 죽으면 다음 생애에는 보다 존귀한 카스트 출신으로 태어나지만 다르마에 어긋나는 삶을 살면 다음 생애에는 더 비천한 카스트 출신으로 태어나게 된다.

자이나교[편집]

불교[편집]

불교에 따르면, 부처의 지위("열반")에 도달하지 못한 사람의 삶은 여기에서 저기로 혹은 이곳에서 저곳으로 돌아가며 윤회를 거듭하게 된다.

윤회(輪廻)는 산스크리트어 삼사라(Samsāra: "계속된 흐름 · Continuous flow")를 뜻에 따라 번역한 것으로 윤회전생(輪廻轉生) 또는 생사유전(生死流轉)이라고도 한다.[3] 마치 수레바퀴가 회전하여 멎지 않는 것처럼 중생이 번뇌와 (業)으로 인하여 "길 잃은 세계"(미계 · 迷界), 즉 3계(三界: 욕계 · 색계 · 무색계6도(六道: 지옥도 · 아귀도 · 축생도 · 수라도 · 인간도 · 천신도)에 다시 태어나고 죽는 것이 끝없는 것을 말한다.[3] 이 괴로운 존재에서 벗어나는 경지가 열반(涅槃)이다.[3] 윤회 사상은 인도 사상의 현저한 특색이었으며, 불교 역시 이 사상을 가졌다.[3] 윤회를 반복하는 깨닫지 못한 사람들의 삶의 모습은 "있는 모습"(Bhava · 有)이라고 부르기도 한다.

불교의 교의에 따르면, 삼계 중 이 세상인 욕계에 태어난 중생(衆生 · Sattva)은 여기에서 한 일(業)에 따라서 지옥 · 아귀 · 축생 · 아수 · 인간 · 천신의 여섯 가지 삶의 모습 가운데 하나를 취하여 저곳에서 돌아 넘어가게 된다. 이들 중 뒤의 세 가지 삶은 좋은 업을 이룬 이들이 돌아가는 길("삼선도 · 三善道")라 부르며, 앞의 세 가지 삶은 나쁜 업을 이룬 이들이 지나가야 할 길("삼악도 · 三惡道")라 부른다. 또한 깨달음을 성취해 감에 따라, 욕계를 벗어나 삼계(三界)의 다른 두 계인 색계 또는 무색계에 이르게 되며, 부처의 지위("열반")에 도달하면 삼계 속에 윤회하는 일이 그치게 된다. 불교의 교의에 따르면, 삼계육도(三界六道)는 우주가 욕계 · 색계 · 무색계의 삼계(三界)로 이루어져 있고, 이 중에서 욕계는 다시 지옥 · 아귀 · 축생 · 아수라 · 인간 · 천신의 육도(六道)로 이루어져 있는데, 아직 부처의 지위에 도달하지 못한 중생들이 끊임없이 벗어나지 못하고 죽고 태어나고를 무한히 반복하는 곳이다.

영지주의[편집]

많은 영지주의자들이 정통파 기독교인들과는 달리 윤회를 믿었다. 정통파 기독교의 교부로 알렉산드리아파를 대표하였던 오리겐에 따르면, 유력한 영지주의 분파 중의 하나였던 바실리데스파의 창시자인 바실리데스는 사람이 구원을 성취하지 못하고 죽었을 때 받는 유일한 은 이 세상으로 다시 태어나는 것이라고 가르쳤다.[4] 또한 오리겐은, 바실리데스가 가르친 윤회의 교의로 인해, 악한 행위를 하면 죽어서 지옥에 가게 된다는 두려움을 가지게 하여 결과적으로 사람들로 하여금 선한 행위를 하게 만드는 "유익한 두려움"이 사라져 버리게 되었다고 불만을 제기하였다.[4]

같이 보기[편집]

각주[편집]

참고 문헌[편집]

Australia On getting to zero | Quarterly Essay

On getting to zero | Quarterly Essay



ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Alan Finkel was appointed Australia’s chief scientist in 2016. He is a neuroscientist, engineer and entrepreneur. He led the 2017 National Electricity Market Review and the 2019 development of the National Hydrogen Strategy, and chaired the 2020 panel developing the low-emissions technology roadmap.

Australia The Coal Curse | Quarterly Essay



The Coal Curse | Quarterly Essay



QE78 - June 2020

JUDITH BRETT

The Coal Curse

Resources, Climate and Australia’s Future


Australia is a wealthy nation with the economic profile of a developing country – heavy on raw materials, and low on innovation and skilled manufacturing. Once we rode on the sheep’s back for our overseas trade; today we rely on cartloads of coal and tankers of LNG. So must we double down on fossil fuels, now that COVID-19 has halted the flow of international students and tourists? Or is there a better way forward, which supports renewable energy and local manufacturing?

Judith Brett traces the unusual history of Australia’s economy and the “resource curse” that has shaped our politics. She shows how the mining industry learned to run fear campaigns, and how the Coalition became dominated by fossil-fuel interests to the exclusion of other voices. In this insightful essay about leadership, vision and history, she looks at the costs of Australia’s coal addiction and asks, where will we be if the world stops buying it?

“Faced with the crisis of a global pandemic, for the first time in more than a decade Australia has had evidence-based, bipartisan policy-making. Politicians have listened to the scientists and … put ideology and the protection of vested interests aside and behaved like adults. Can they do the same to commit to fast and effective action to try to save our children’s and grandchildren’s future, to prevent the catastrophic fires and heatwaves the scientists predict, the species extinction and the famines?”—Judith Brett, The Coal Curse


ABOUT THE AUTHOR


Judith Brett is emeritus professor of politics at La Trobe University. A former editor of Meanjin and columnist for The Age, she won the National Biography Award in 2018 for The Enigmatic Mr Deakin. She is the author of four Quarterly Essays: Relaxed and Comfortable, Exit Right, Fair Share and The Coal Curse. Her other books include From Secret Ballot to Democracy Sausage, Robert Menzies’ Forgotten People and Australian Liberals and the Moral Middle Class.


READ AN EXTRACT
In 2018–19, Australia’s top exports were iron ore, coal, natural gas, international education and tourism, in that order.

New to Buddhism? - FPMT

New to Buddhism? - FPMT



New to Buddhism?



New to Buddhism? Want to see what Buddhism is all about or just use its teachings to improve your daily life? FPMT’s introductory programs are short courses that allow students to try out some meditation techniques and learn the basics of Tibetan Buddhism.


Buddhist Meditation 101

Buddhist Meditation 101 is an introductory course that presents basic Buddhist meditation techniques for complete beginners. It is also suitable for people who are already familiar with meditation in other traditions but would like to know more about how meditation is practiced in Tibetan Buddhism.

The course teaches meditations that can be used by anyone to create more peace and happiness in their daily life. It includes an explanation of:
what meditation actually is and what it is for

meditation postures
various kinds of meditation paraphernalia
setting up a place for meditation
the kinds of skills, such as concentration and mindfulness, developed in meditation

It provides an overview of meditation in general as well as specific meditation techniques including:

breathing meditations, such as counting the breath and nine-round breathing
mindfulness meditations, such as bare attention, mind like the sky, and mind like the ocean
visualization meditations, such as body of light and purification with light
analytical meditations, such as meditation on equanimity and transforming negative experiences into positive ones

Students are also introduced to the Buddhist understanding of mind as a nonphysical entity that is a stream of constantly changing moments of consciousness. Because it is possible to change the mind through meditation, harmful mental habits can be eliminated and positive ones developed and strengthened. Students learn the various obstacles that can prevent the mind from remaining focused and methods for counteracting these obstacles. They also learn how to structure a meditation session and how to establish a long-term meditation practice.

This course includes ten guided meditations.

This course is available in some FPMT centers and as an online course through the FPMT Online Learning Center.

Buddhism in a Nutshell

Buddhism in a Nutshell is an introductory course that provides an overview of Tibetan Buddhist concepts and practice for complete beginners. It is also suitable for people who have heard or read some Buddhist teachings but would like a more structured approach to understanding the path to enlightenment as taught by Shakyamuni Buddha.

It begins with an introduction to the life of Shakyamuni Buddha and then discusses the Buddha’s first teaching on “the four noble truths”—the truths of suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering, and the path to the cessation of suffering. This teaching is common to all Buddhist traditions and forms the cornerstone for all the other teachings given by the Buddha.

It also provides an overview of Tibetan Buddhism based on the three principal aspects of the path to enlightenment—renunciation, bodhichitta, and the right view of emptiness—as taught in the stages of the path (lamrim) teachings and based here on the short text Foundation of All Good Qualities by Lama Tsongkhapa.

The course also provides a brief presentation of meditation and five guided meditations suitable for beginners.

The course book, Buddhism in a Nutshell: Essentials for Practice and Study, includes teachings by Lama Zopa Rinpoche and Lama Thubten Yeshe.

This course is available in some FPMT centers and as an online course through the FPMT Online Learning Center.

Doing Time, Doing Vipassana | Film Review | Spirituality & Practice

Doing Time, Doing Vipassana | Film Review | Spirituality & Practice




Doing Time, Doing Vipassana
Directed by Ayelet Menahemi, Eilona Ariel
An extraordinary documentary about the transformations brought about in prisoners after they practiced meditation in India's Tihar Prison.

Film Review by Frederic and Mary Ann Brussat
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Imagine the largest prison in India with 10,000 inmates. Out of this number, 9,000 are awaiting trials. A young man caught on the streets as a pickpocket could wait as long as six years for a trial and sentencing.

Tihar Prison had a reputation for being a breeding ground for crime with its unhealthy mix of overcrowding, corruption, violent criminals, and petty offenders. Then Kiran Bedi, an enthusiastic and idealistic inspector general of prisons in New Delhi, arrived to take charge of things. She wanted to make her mark on the system by changing how criminals were treated and finding ways to rehabilitate them so they would not be inclined to return to crime when they left prison.

This remarkable documentary directed by Eilona Ariel and Ayelet Menahemi, two Israeli filmmakers, deals with Bedi's reforms brought about by meditation programs for prisoners. This film includes interviews with inmates and jail officials, the inspector general, and Buddhist meditation masters who taught Vipassana.

According to Kyabje Kalu in Luminous Minds, meditation practice fosters mental stabilization: "In order to develop a stable mind, it is necessary to begin by abandoning attachment to sense objects and distracting activities. To do this, we enter into retreat, restraining our desires and learning to be satisfied with what we have. We sit down in the meditation posture and observe perfect silence; this way the mind can learn to abide in single-pointed concentration." While searching for a tool that would help bring about a transformation in the prisoners' lives, Bedi was told by a guard about Vipassana, which had been tried years ago in some Indian prisons. She brought in S. N. Goenka, a meditation teacher, to try it with a small group of inmates. The results were more positive than anyone expected. In interviews, those most affected by the 10-day Vipassana session talk about the challenges to stay focused, the experience of peace that came over them, the subsiding of anger, and the feelings of compassion for those they had wronged.

In April 1994, one thousand prisoners at Tihar took part in an 11-day Vipassana course: it was the largest event of this kind in history. This was followed by the establishment of a special center offering regular meditation for inmates. An Englishman serving a sentence for drug trafficking describes how his life was changed by participating in the program at the center. Can making your mind a clear pool change your life? Yes, it can as proven in Doing Time, Doing Vipassana.

Doing Time, Doing Vipassana - Wikipedia

Doing Time, Doing Vipassana - Wikipedia


Doing Time, Doing Vipassana
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Doing Time, Doing Vipassana

theatrical poster
Directed by

Ayelet Menahemi
Eilona Ariel
Produced by Eilona Ariel
Starring Kiran Bedi
Narrated by Paul Samson
Music by

Ady Cohen
Ari Frankel
Cinematography Ayelet Menahemi
Edited by Ayelet Menahemi

Production
company
Karuna Films
Distributed by Immediate Pictures
(2005 theatrical)

Release date 1997

Running time 52 minutes
Country

India
Israel
Language English


Doing Time, Doing Vipassana is a 1997 Israeli independent documentary film project by two women filmmakers from Israel: Ayelet Menahemi and Eilona Ariel. The film is about the application of the vipassana meditation technique taught by S. N. Goenka to prisoner rehabilitation at Tihar Jail in India[1] (which was reputed to be an exceptionally harsh prison).[2] The film inspired other correctional facilities such as the North Rehabilitation Facility in Seattle to use Vipassana as a means of rehabilitation.[3]

Kiran Bedi, former Inspector General of Prisons for New Delhi, appears in the film.


Contents
1Reception
1.1Awards and nominations
2See also
3References
4External links
Reception[edit source]

Doing Time, Doing Vipassana received an average score of 64 based on eight critics at Metacritic.[4] It received a 71% rating based on 14 reviews at Rotten Tomatoes.[5]

The San Francisco Chronicle wrote of the film winning the Golden Spire Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival when noting its 2005 theatrical release. They praised the film, writing it had "distinct virtues: It tells a fascinating story. It makes a strong case for an alternative approach to incarcerated criminals. And it provides an attractive introduction to Vipassana meditation." [6]

Slant Magazine gave the film two out of five stars, and generally panned the film, stating that the directors "fail to really get inside the heads of their subjects and to seriously convey the extent to which violence plays a role in their daily lives, choosing instead to follow the process with which Vipassana comes to the prison community and holds its prisoners in rapture." They felt the film's repeated use of "hyperbolic narration....strains to summon a sense of spiritual gravitas" and that the filmmakers brevity and informational tone made the film "something akin to an Epcot Center attraction." [7]



Awards and nominations[edit source]



1998, winner of 'Golden Spire Award' at the San Francisco International Film Festival [6][8]
1998, winner of NCCD Pass Award from the American National Council on Crime and Delinquency[9]
2000, winner of 'Gold Illumination Award' at Crested Butte Film Festival
2000, winner of 'Silver Award' for best documentary at Crested Butte Reel Fest



See also[edit source]
The Dhamma Brothers (2007)



References[edit source]


  1. ^ Holden, Stephen (8 July 2005). "Prisoners Finding New Hope in the Art of Spiritual Bliss". The New York Times. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  2. ^ King, Sallie B. (2009). Socially Engaged Buddhism. University of Hawaii Press. p. 152. ISBN 082483335X.
  3. ^ Zook, Kristal Brent (2006). Black women's lives : stories of power and pain. New York: Nation Books. pp. 239–240. ISBN 1560257903.
  4. ^ "Doing Time, Doing Vipassana". Metacritic. 5 July 2005. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  5. ^ "Doing Time, Doing Vipassana (1997)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b LaSalle, Mick (27 May 2005). "Also opening Friday". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  7. ^ Gonzales, Ed (6 July 2005). "review: Doing Time, Doing Vipassana". Slant Magazine. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
  8. ^ Its Always Possible: Transforming One of the Largest Prisons in the World. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 2005. p. 307. ISBN 8120728866.
  9. ^ staff (24 March 1999). "Award-winning video to be presented". Juneau Empire. Retrieved 29 September 2013.



External links[edit source]



Official website
Doing Time, Doing Vipassana on IMDb
Categories:
English-language films
Israeli documentary films
Israeli films
1997 films
Documentary films about psychology
Films shot in Delhi
Documentary films about the penal system
Documentary films about India
Penal system in India
Prison religion
1997 documentary films



2020/09/12

Insight Meditation Australia Secular Buddhism


Teachings
buddha

---

The Freedom of the UnknownWill James

We are all very comfortable with the familiar and a little uncomfortable with the unknown or uncertain.

We have this habitual tendency to interpret the present with the constructs we have built up from the past. We carry over our impressions and overlay them onto what is happening now, thus interfering with the natural spontaneous flow of life. In looking for the familiar there is a tendency to distort the present experience, for the ideas and concepts of the known, which are always carried over from past experience, cloud the mind and limit the openness to any new experience.

We also bring from the past experience our fears and anxieties. This inhibits and restricts our willingness to be open to new experiences. We narrow and fence ourselves into a restricted area of the familiar by imagining all the possible harmful outcomes that may arise. We are talking here about the psychological fears and anxieties, our imagining what might happen and the uncertainty that goes with that. We are not talking about the learnt survival responses that protect us from physical harm.

Facing the present moment afresh is a challenge for all of us, can we recognize the uncertainty of each and every moment and still remain open to each new experience.

All these behavioural patterns arise as some form of protection mechanism for the self, for the construct that needs continual reinforcement and affirmation. The self is inherently insecure for the very reason that it exists as a separate solid thing only in our imagination. The more fears and anxieties we have the stronger our sense of a separate self and also the more restricted and controlled we become.

Is it possible to live free of this conditioning, this construction?

We don’t need to practice extreme sports or to be constantly putting ourselves into dangerous situations, actually every situation is uncertain and at any time anything could happen.

Are we taking each moment for granted, feeling a false security that today will be just like yesterday? Can we be open to whatever arises without feeling we need to be prepared or protected by our knowledge and our concepts.

With the understanding of the fear of uncertainty comes a freedom that is not imprisoned or restricted by the known and opens the unlimited possibilities of the unknown, the full expression of just this unfolding life.


top of page
Simplicity
Will James

Our modern society can appear incredibly complex and brutal and often motivated by greed. We only have to look at the recent financial crises to see this insensitivity and exploitation at work. This insensitivity, confusion and complexity is contributing to alarming levels of stress and anxiety on man as well as pressure upon society and the environment on which he depends. Young couples are trapped in mortgage and financial pressure, anxious about the security of their jobs and hence their ability to finance their loans.

For some a response to this confusion and entrapment can be to try and simplify their situation; to try and live a less complicated life. For many however this is not an option as many are slaves to the system of debt and repayment.

Many of us of a certain age are familiar with this situation; some actually remember the seventies. Many believed that by simplifying their lives they would bring about a radical change and awaken some understanding of the human condition. Simplicity however is not merely imitating others or withdrawing from society or adopting some belief however noble.
Simplicity that is fundamental and real can only come about by an inner understanding and cannot be enforced outwardly. From this inner understanding outer simplicity becomes a natural outward expression.

Life is becoming more and more complex, change is occurring faster and faster and the answer to this is not necessarily to withdraw from society. How to find that simplicity of mind that enables one to be more sensitive to our own needs and to the needs of others and society?

It is this inner simplicity that is so essential because simplicity creates sensitivity and receptivity. A mind that is not open, that is caught up in its own superiority and desires can never be sensitive or receptive to life. When all our attention is caught in our thoughts, anxieties, views and opinions then we are self obsessed and isolated from the world around us.

We can only be inwardly simple by being aware of the complexities that we are caught up in and consequently being aware of that which obstructs and blocks sensitivity and an open receptivity to life.

What is it that impedes our direct experience? Surely it is our accumulation of beliefs, ideas, views and fears that we cling to. We are prisoners to our ideas, our desires and our views from the past. Simplicity cannot be found unless there is a letting go or freedom from the accumulated constructions of the past.

The mind is full of past impressions and sometimes we feel that the answer is simply to get rid of all the excess mental junk. We think we need a garage sale of the mind, boxes of secondhand fears, used ideas, worn out theories etc. need to be discarded and that we need professional de – clutterers sometimes called Dharma Teachers to help us.

We could spend the rest of our lives trying to simplify our inner life and in doing so only make our minds more complex. This process would be made even more difficult because we would continue in the meantime to acquire more mental impressions.

The only answer to this dilemma is to instantly see the whole process of complication and in the very seeing free ourselves from the habit of accumulation.

When we look into the relationship between our inner and outer world, we see that they are intimately connected.

We see the suffering, the conflict and pain that is present and by facing these truths openly and honestly, the pathways to inner simplicity open.

The Buddha understood this connection, hence the eightfold path, which focuses on giving attention to both the inner and outer areas of our life.

It is also through inner simplicity that creativity is possible. What becomes possible is a life of improvisation, where each experience is fresh and new, undistorted by the past and met with a sense of innocence and wonder.

Our problems, social, environmental, political and spiritual appear so complex that we think we need ever more complex solutions. The mind that is so full of facts borrowed from other people, a mind that clings rigidly to concepts and ideas; that mind is incapable of simple direct experience and it is through the simple direct experience that the truth is revealed and solutions are found.

A simple, unobstructed mind is free of the whole concept of becoming, free of being caught in the prison of time.

When we see our desire to become some idea of who we think we should be, we realize that this is only adding more complexity. We see it as a movement away from simplicity therefore we let go of all forms of “becoming”. Can we totally let go of trying to change ourselves for the better? For surely in trying to change there is only tension, suffering and disappointment.
The natural expression of inner simplicity is a loss of infatuation with oneself and one’s own needs and a greater sensitivity to the needs of others.

True simplicity is not something you can pursue, it is not something you can achieve or an experience you can have, but rather it is a quality of mind. Simplicity is like grace or like a flower that simply opens when the time is right.

It is a mind free of reaction, free of fear and paranoia, it is that innocent mind of wonder and love, it is always already present if we only step aside and allow it to blossom. All that is needed for this blossoming to unfold is a deep trust and the courage to face life honestly, directly and openly.

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Insight teachers hold the intention to:

Share the wise, compassionate and liberating teachings of the Buddha Dharma

Provide teachings that offer healing of the body, heart and mind of the individual and wider community

Embody the teachings and integrate them into our daily lives

Hold a vision of sustainability and healing for our planet


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