2020/04/08

[김강기명 칼럼] 유럽이 한국으로부터 배울 수 없는 것 | 피렌체의 식탁



[김강기명 칼럼] 유럽이 한국으로부터 배울 수 없는 것 | 피렌체의 식탁

[김강기명 칼럼] 유럽이 한국으로부터 배울 수 없는 것

by 김강기명 | 2020년 4월 7일 | 국제, 정책




피렌체의 식탁은 독일의 문화비평지 <Merkur>의 온라인 블로그에 실린
김강기명 필자의 글 ‘WAS EUROPA VON SÜDKOREA NICHT LERNEN KANN’을 수정 번역해 전재합니다.
필자는 2011년 독일로 가서 베를린자유대학에서 스피노자의 정치철학에 관한 논문으로 박사과정을 밟고 있습니다.
이 글에 등장하는 농담들은 대부분 한국인보다 유럽인들을 향한 것이라고 필자는 설명했습니다. 예컨대 글 말미에 비속어가 들어가 있는데 ‘빌어먹을 틴에이저’라는 말은 독일어 본문에도 일부러 영어로 ‘goddamn bloody teenagers’라고 썼답니다.
마찬가지로 유럽 철학자들의 책 제목을 따와서 그들의 중심 주장들을 비틀고 풍자해 이들을 아는 사람을 향해 집어넣은 농담도 있습니다. <벌거벗은-생명의-비상사태>, <이것은-세계혁명의-기회 만트라>, <아직은-공산주의는-때가-아님>, <출입금지-민주주의의-위기> 등입니다. [편집자]


Was Europa von Südkorea nicht lernen kann



#국내외 언론, 한국식 코로나19 대책을
‘성공적인 민주적 모델’이라 연일 찬사


코로나19 위기 국면에서 개인적으로 가장 이상하게 느껴온 것은 남한이 서구사회의 상당한 주목과 칭찬을 받았다는 점이었다. 파이낸셜타임스 같은 보수 경제지뿐만 아니라 리버럴 미디어인 뉴욕타임스BBC, 좌파 신문인 디 타게스차이퉁(die taz) 등이 연일 앞 다퉈 코비드-19(Covid-19) 대규모 감염 사태를 다루고 있다.
그러면서 소위 한국식 대책을 우리 시대의 위기대응 교과서처럼 소개했고, 미국에서는 백악관 언론브리핑 때마다 “왜 한국처럼 하지 못하는가?”라는 질문이 단골 소재처럼 나왔다.

외국어에 능통한 젊은 한국인들은 한껏 부풀어 오른 자존감으로 이런 기사들을 빠르게 번역하고, 또 소셜미디어로 공유한다. 저녁시간에 TV 방송에선 프랑스 에마뉘엘 마크롱 대통령이나 스웨덴 스테판 뢰벤 총리가 위기대응을 위해 문재인 대통령과 상의했다는 뉴스를 연일 내보낸다.
또 동시에 같은 방송에선 사람들은 유럽 상황이 얼마나 지금 나빠지고 있는지를 보여주기 위해선지 지역 봉쇄에도 불구하고 파티를 즐기는 현지 사람들이나, 이탈리아 소도시에 줄지어 있는 관(棺)들을 영상으로 전달한다. 어떤 이들은 성마르게 “(가치 공동체 혹은 진보와 근대화의 상징 혹은 어떤 뜻이든) 유럽은 죽었다”라는 주장을 내놓기도 한다.



이런 한국인들의 국가적 자존감에는 분명 합당한 이유가 있을 것이다. 몇 달 전 독일에서 아시아인 커뮤니티들을 경악하게 만든 슈피겔지의 표지, ‘방호복을 입은 사람’ 이미지와 ‘made in china’라는 제목을 봤을 때만 해도 나는 지금의 상황을 전혀 예측할 수 없었다. 이런 식으로 아시아인들을 전염병의 숙주로서 타자화 하는 게 유럽 엘리트들의 (빌어먹을) 자신감을 보여주는 것 아닌가 하고 생각했기 때문이다.
그런데 누가 알았겠는가. 겨우 한 달도 안 돼 유럽인들이 자가 격리 중인 주택 발코니에서 작은 콘서트들을 열고 이를 인스타그램으로 스트리밍 하는 것 말고는 아무 것도 할 게 없는 상황이 올 거라고 말이다.

며칠 전에는 내가 사는 동네의 어떤 슈퍼마켓에서 사재기를 하는 현지 주민과 맞닥뜨렸다. 안타깝게도 슈퍼마켓 직원들이 매몰차게 제지했기 때문에 그녀는 빈손으로 돌아가야 했는데, 나를 놀래게 만든 것은 그가 매우 젊은 사람이라는 점이었다. 대체, 지금, 유럽에서 무슨 일이 벌어지고 있단 말인가?

매일 나는 유럽의 유명한 철학자들의 글을 읽고 있다. 대부분은 그들이 이전에 하던 이야기를 만트라처럼 반복하는 내용들이었다. 조르조 아감벤의 벌거벗은-생명의-비상사태, 슬라보예 지젝의 이것은-세계혁명의-기회, 알랭 바디우의 아직은-공산주의가-아님, 마르쿠스 가브리엘의 출입금지는-민주주의의-위기 등등. 내가 거기서 발견하고 있는 것은 그들이 크건 작건 그들의 증상을 즐기고 있다는 점뿐이었다. 그러니까, “실재의 사막에 오신 것을 환영합니다!” 한국인들은 아직 들어갈 필요가 없는, 그 실재.

#소위 ‘한국식 해법’의 5가지 요소
왜 서구에선 그렇게 대처 못할까?


그렇다. 한국식 시스템은 훌륭히 작동 중이다. 많은 전문가나 해외 언론들이 분석하고 있는 것처럼 소위 한국식 해법은 다섯 개 정도의 중요한 요소로 이뤄져 있다.
1. 중앙집권화 된 국민건강보험, 
2. 정부의 선제적인 개입, 
3. 빈번하고 광범위하고 확실한 검사, 
4. 보편적인 이동제한이 아닌 감염자들의 동선 추적과 선별적 격리, 
5. 중단 없는 정보공개와 투명한 감시가 그것이다.

이 5가지 요소들은 한국에서만 36명의 생명을 앗아간 2015년의 메르스 위기 이후 한국 정부가 발전시켜온 기술적 대책과 협력적 구조를 배경으로 하고 있다. 이런 해법들을 통해 한국인들은 여전히 폭넓은 이동의 자유를 누리고 있고, 감염률 역시 상대적으로 떨어졌다. 유럽에서의 출입금지령이나 접촉금지령, 중국에서 있었던 혹독한 지역봉쇄나 이동금지령 없이 말이다. 이것은 특히 서구의 많은 의료전문가나 정치인들로부터 (중국의 전체주의 모델과 비교되는) ‘민주적 모델’이라고 찬사를 받았다.

하지만 왜 서구 각국은 한국 정부나 한국인처럼 대처할 수 없는 것인가? 솔직히 나는 유럽 국가들은 한국적 대책의 핵심요소들을 애초부터 도입할 수 없었을 거라 생각한다. 거기에 사용된 기술 중 다수는 “고무장갑이나 귀 청소용 솔”(뉴욕타임스) 정도로 쉬운 기술임에도 불구하고 말이다.

뉴욕타임스의 기자 막스 피셔와 최상훈은 남한식 방역정책이 다른 나라에 도입되려면 두 가지 허들이 있다고 말한다. 
첫째는 엄중한 대책을 도입하려는 정치권의 의지가 약하다는 것, 
둘째는 사회적 신뢰가 부족하다는 것이다. 
그들은 “남한에서 사회구성원 간의 신뢰는 
극도의 대립과 포퓰리즘적 백래쉬(backlash·반발)에 시달리고 있는 서구 민주주의 국가들보다 더 높다”고 덧붙인다.

그러나 이 두 논거는 불충분하고, 사실 헛소리에 불과하다. 과연 프랑스의 외부출입 완전통제의 강도와 한국의 확진자 GPS 추적의 ‘엄중함’을 단순 비교할 수 있을까? 또한 한국에서도 사회적 신뢰의 상실이라든지 가짜뉴스를 비롯한 극우 백래쉬 현상은 한국 언론 뉴스의 단골 소재중 하나다. 아시아의 공동체문화 같은 것은 오리엔탈리즘의 전형적인 요소 중 하나일 뿐이다.
한국의 ‘민주주의’를 중국의 ‘전체주의’와 단순 비교하는 논거 역시 의심의 눈으로 볼 필요가 있다. 무엇보다 ‘무엇이 민주주의’인지 다시 좀 정의를 내려야 하지 않은가. 그러니까 외국 사람들은 지금 한국에 대해서 “전면감시사회의 민주주의적 형태” 같은 헛소리를 지껄이고 있는 것인가?

그럼에도 불구하고, 이 한국식 방역정책의 민주주의적 외양은, 그리고 적어도 겉으로 보기에는 매우 양식 있게 보이는 한국의 행정기관이나 시민들의 행동양식은 우리가 살고 있는 오늘날 세계에 관해 무언가를 이야기해주고 있다. 특히 서구적 근대의 생명정치적 통치성과 관련해서 말이다.
상세한 설명을 피하고 간략히 말하자면, 이 개념은 프랑스의 철학자 미셸 푸코가 소개한 것으로, ‘인구’ 혹은 ‘주민’(population)을 대상으로 한 근대의 통치 및 권력의 작동방식을 말한다.

생명정치적 통치성이란 오늘날 북반구의 세계 혹은 자유민주주의 국가들 사이에서 결코 동일한 모습으로 나타나지 않는다. 이 글에서 나는 ‘문명 간의 투쟁’이라든지 ‘문화상대주의’ 같은 도식을 반복하려는 게 아니다. 이런 거시적 도식 대신에 한국의 생명정치적 상황의 몇 가지 미시적인 특징들을 살펴보려 한다. 주지하다시피, 한국은 분명 문화적으로나, 경제적으로나, 제도적으로나, 외교적으로나 서구적 세계에 속한 나라다.
#한국 모델은 ‘민주’ 아닌 ‘모성적 돌봄’
꼼꼼한 추적, 미시적 통제로 확산 막아

내가 독일에 이주한 것은 2011년이었다. 그 이후로 나는 오직 한 번 한국을 다녀왔는데 그것은 독일생활 6년이 지났을 때였다. 이때의 여행은 나에게 상당히 큰 인상을 남겼다. 처음으로 내가 살았던 나라를 낯설게 느꼈기 때문이다.

서울에 도착하자마자 내가 처음으로 마주한 것은 모든 곳을 빽빽하게 채우고 있는 글자와 인포그래픽이었다. 관(官)에서 만든 것이건, 민간에서 만든 것이건 서울의 모든 공공장소마다 글자로 채워져 있었다. 지하철을 타고 이동할 때는 각종의 길 안내 표지물들이 사람들을 출구 앞 100m 앞에서부터 안내한다. 표지물 안내는 지하철을 타는 내내 이어진다. 화장실이 지하철역 어디에 있는지, 내가 어느 출구로 나가야 하는지 서울의 지하철시스템은 아주 친절하게 알려준다. ‘각종’이라고 말한 이유는 이게 그저 이를테면 화장실 표지판 하나를 말하는 게 아니라 거기까지 이어지는 바닥의 길안내 표지선이나, 모든 출구에 붙어 있는 번호들, 그리고 시각 및 청각적 안내물 등의 복합체이기 때문이다. (그리고 모든 글자가 엄청나게 컸다!)

지하철 플랫폼에 선 승객들은 하이테크 스크린 도어에 의해 보호를 받는데, 그 위에는 적절한 에티켓이라든지, 곧 도착하려는 열차의 구체적인 노선이라든지, 정부의 새로운 세금정책이라든지 하는 것들의 정보가 계속 지나간다. 물론 나는 열화(劣化)된 형식이긴 해도 베를린의 지하철에도 비슷한 게 있다는 것을 잘 알고 있다. (그리고 아마 유럽의 여러 대도시에서 지하철역 정도가 이런 정보들을 가장 많이 제공해주는 공공 공간일 것이다) 하지만 이것은 그저 시작에 불과하다.

서울 시내의 거리는 광고나 정보를 제공하기 위한 현수막으로 가득 차 있다. 그 중 상당수는 이런저런 국가기관이나 관청이 걸어놓은 것들이다. 한 번 생각해 보라. 베를린의 ‘칼 맑스 대로’의 나무들 사이에 현수막이 걸려 있고, 쉴 새 없이 우리에게 “소득공제 신청기간을 잊지 마세요!”라든가 “5월은 가정의 달입니다. 가족 간에 사람을 나눠요”라든가, “여기는 사고다발지역입니다. 조심하세요!”라든가 하는 내용을 상기시키는 장면을 말이다. (그곳에 현수막이 걸려 있다면 그건 그저 월세 인상에 반대하는 세입자들의 현수막뿐이다.)
한국의 공원을 가면 사람들은 구석구석마다 공원에서 취해야 할 올바른 행동을 안내하는 크고 작은 안내판을 만나게 된다. 거기엔 “선진국 시민으로 행동합시다”와 비슷한 슬로건이 붙어있을 때도 있다.

이 여행에서 나는 서울 옆의 성남시에서 운전면허증을 갱신했다. 서류를 접수한지 15분 만에 나는 새 면허증을 받고 집으로 운전을 해서 돌아갔다. 그날은 무려 ‘토요일’이었다. 국민건강보험은 (약간의 과장을 보태면) 전화 한 통 후에 나에게 보험수급자 자격을 다시 부여해 주었다. 내가 발급받은 면허증의 번역을 위해 필요한 서류는 다른 관청에서 발급받았는데, 예약을 할 필요도, 거기에 가서 오래 기다릴 필요도 없었다. 왜냐하면 대부분의 민원업무는 보통 인터넷으로 이뤄지기 때문이다. 베를린으로 돌아온 이후 나는 쇠네베르크 구(區)에서 독일 운전면허증을 신청했는데, 그걸 수령한 것은 12주가 지나서였다. (12시간도, 12일도 아님!)

성남시의 관청 건물 벽면에도 많은 현수막들이 붙어 있었는데, 하나는 시에서 새로 도입한 사회정책 안내를 담고 있었고, 또 다른 것은 구에서 열리는 스포츠행사 일정을 소개하고 있었다. 한국에 가서 만난 모든 공무원들은 믿을 수 없게 친절했고, 항상 웃고 있었는데, 이것은 당연히 그들의 본성에서 나온 건 아니다.
한국에선 공무원들에게도 항상 민간기업의 고객서비스 직원들처럼 행동해야 한다는 압력이 있다. “고객의 소리를 들어라!”는 남한 행정의 정언 명령이다. 이 모든 게 내가 독일에 와서 생활하기 전에는 그저 자연스러운 것으로 받아들였던 것이다.

물론 내가 여기서 말하는 것들이 한국과 유럽 사이의 절대적인 차이가 아니라 그저 조그마한 상대적인 차이들이긴 하지만, 이번 코로나19 위기에서 이 차이들은 분명하게 드러나고 있다. 유럽을 기준으로 한다면, 한국 시민들과 국가행정 사이의 거리는 지나치게 가깝다. 한국의 생명정치적 돌봄과 통제는 (근대 남성 부양자 핵가족 모델에서 나온 비유를 사용하는 것에 대한 용서를 미리 구한다. ) ‘모성적’이다.

중앙정부나 지자체는 주민들에게 매 시간마다, 때로는 매 분마다 SMS를 발송해서 코로나19와 관련된 현재 상황을 안내한다. 관청들은 페이스북 페이지에다가 확진자 1명이 이 구역에서 지나다닌 구체적인 경로를 올린다. 거기에는 교회, 카페, 레스토랑, 사무실 등의 이름과 주소가 들어가 있다.
방역당국은 심지어 사용자 동의 없이 스마트폰의 GPS 정보를 수집해서 감염자를 추적한다. 마치 10대 아들의 스마트폰이나 딸의 일기장을 훔쳐보고 지나치게 그들의 삶을 염려하는 걱정 많은 엄마처럼 말이다.
공무원들은 자가 격리를 하고 있는 감염자들을 위해 하루에 두 번 문을 두드리고, 생필품을 공급해 주고, 온갖 노력을 아끼지 않는다. 무엇보다 이 꼼꼼한 추적과 돌봄이야말로 전염병의 확산을 막는데 무척 효과적이었다.

#한국 행정에서 ‘표준 시민’은 아동?
유럽인, 국가통제 최대한 벗어나려 해

유럽 각국은 비상사태를 선포하고 외출·접촉 금지 같은 일단의 부권(父權)적 명령들을 내리고 있다. 철학자인 아감벤 같은 이들은 거기서 ‘삶’(bios, 삶의 형태)이 ‘목숨’(zoe, 벌거벗은 생명)으로 축소되어 취급된다고 본다.
반면에 한국식 대책은 이런 미시적 통제와 모성적 생명의 돌봄을 특징으로 한다. 21세기에 들어와 한국과 독일에서 각각 긴 시간을 살면서 양국의 관료제를 다 경험해 본 입장에서 조심스레 말해 보자면, 한국의 행정이나 사회문화적 환경 속에서 ‘표준 시민’은 ‘아동’이고, 반면에 유럽의 불친절하고 느린 행정에서는 ‘성인’으로 간주되고 있는 것처럼 느껴진다.

앞서 말했듯 나는 유럽 각국이 한국식 정책을 결코 수용하지 못했을 거라 생각한다. 이 모델이 아무리 ‘민주적’이란 이름으로 칭찬 받고 있다고 할지라도 말이다. 왜냐하면 한국 모델의 이 민주적 외양은 사실은 민주주의 체제가 아니라 통치성의 모성적 성격에서 비롯된 것이기 때문이다.
종종 가정에서도 엄마가 아빠보다 조금 더 민주적으로 느껴지듯 말이다. 사실 둘 모두 엄격한 의미의 민주주의와는 상관이 없다. 기껏해야 ‘엄마의 감시’ vs. ‘아빠의 금지’ 정도? 과연 자기 스스로를 (사실 여부를 떠나) 성인이고, 자율적이고, 독립적이고, 자유주의적이고 비판적이라고 생각하는 유럽의 ‘표준 시민’들이 이런 완전한 감시와 통제 정책을 받아들일 수 있을까?

한국인들은 기꺼이 그것을 받아들인다. 그들은 공공서비스와의 이 가까운 거리를 그들의 시민적 권리로 인식한다. 아마도 유럽인들은 국가 통제로부터 최대한 벗어나는 걸 그들의 자유권이라고 생각할 것이다. 한국인들은 미디어나 관청의 캠페인이나, 혹은 소셜미디어를 통해 동료 시민으로서 적절하게 행동하는 법을 서로 배우고 가르친다. 때로 그들은 정부가 발표한 정보를 보고 위기대응정책을 따르지 않는 동료 시민들을 직접 비난하기도 한다.

한국의 위기대응 속에서 우리는 21세기의 기술을 통해 가능해진 비(非)동시적인 권력양식들의 동시적 공존을 발견한다. 18세기의 훈육권력, 19세기의 생명권력, 그리고 20세기의 신자유주의적 통치성이 21세기 하이테크를 기반으로 함께 작동하고 있는 것이다. (물론 이것은 철저히 유럽 중심주의적인 서술이다)
나는 이것이 오로지 한국에서만 발견된다고 생각하진 않는다. 유럽과 북미 바깥의 많은 후발 산업국가들에서 우리는 비슷한 경향을 찾을 수 있다.

#한국, 민주화 과정 아닌 정답에만 몰두
주권의식 높지만 ‘일상 민주주의’ 부족


내전(內戰)으로 산산히 부서진 나라였던 한국에서 서구적 근대는 최대한 빨리 도달해야 할 모델이었다. 아시아·아프리카의 다른 개발도상국과 마찬가지로 한국인들은 급속한 발전이 필요했다. 서구 사회의 약 300년간 이어진 민주화·산업화의 긴 과정은 불필요한 것이었다. 지름길을 위해 필요한 것은 과정이 아니라 오직 ‘정답’이었다. 그들은 열심히 서구적 근대가 제공하는 정답을 공부했다.
한국의 중고등학생들은 늦은 저녁까지 학교에 머물고, 그 다음에는 또 학원에 간다. 거기서 그들은 5지 선다형으로 만들어진 시험지 답안을 찾는데 몰두한다. 1987년의 민주대항쟁 이후에도 이런 교육시스템이나 학습 문화는 크게 달라지지 않았다. 정답을 공부하는 한국 학생들이 학교에서 배울 수 없는 것은 수사학, 연설, 산문쓰기, 의심하기, 비판적인 의견, 자율적 정치 실천 같은 것들이다.

그럼에도 불구하고 한국인은 민주주의의 열성적 지지자들이다. 하지만 여기서 주로 이야기되는 것은 대통령직이나 몇 가지 헌정적 이슈들이다. 그들은 종종 100만 명 넘는 거대한 시위를 통해 현직 대통령들을 끌어내리고 그들의 주권과 시민적 용기를 자랑한 바 있다. 말하자면, 그들은 민주주의란 이름으로 그들의 상징적 아버지들을 즐겨 살해한다.

하지만 엄마­자식 관계란 훨씬 복잡하고, 더 가까운 법이다. 한국인들은 (일본인과 더불어) 시민 에티켓 분야의 세계 챔피언이라 할 수 있는데, 심지어 전술한 대규모 시위 속에서도 그들이 학교에서 배운 올바른 시민의식을 결코 잃지 않을 정도다. 도시에 방화하는 블랙블록이나 아나키스트들의 자리는 어디에도 없다.

한국의 민주주의관에서 부족한 것이 있다면 그것은 학교나 회사, 대학에서 이뤄져야 할 민주적인 일상생활이다. 또한 비판적이고 자율적인, 성숙한 개인들을 기초단위로 하는 의회주의 문화도 종종 과소평가 되는 요소 중 하나다.
그 대신에 한국사회를 지배하는 것은 초(超)서구적인 문화와 태도, 기술 같은 것들이다. 한국은 또한 인터넷 속도 면에서 세계 챔피언이기도 하다. 값비싼 비용이 들어가고, 유럽에서 수백 년간의 계급투쟁에 의해 형성된 복지국가 모델 대신 한국과 비슷한 많은 개발도상국들은 저비용-고효율의 돌봄 국가들을 만들어가고 있다. 코로나 방역에서 성공했다는 남한 정부가 시민들의 경제 지원을 위해 지출하는 금액은 쥐꼬리만한 액수에 불과하다.

앞서 말한 바와 같이 한국 사회에서는 이 모성적인 거버넌스가 편재하고 있다. 코로나19 위기 대응이란 한국에서는 일상적 상태의 조금 더 과격한 연장일 뿐이다.
다르게 말하면 그것은 ‘탈근대 경찰국가’가 조금 더 분명한 형태를 보여주고 있는 것이라 할 수 있다. 발터 벤야민은 <폭력 비판을 위하여>(1929)에서 ‘안전을 이유로’ 행사되는 경찰권력에 대해 “문명화된 국가들의 삶에서 결코 파악 불가능한, 모든 곳에 퍼져 있는 유령적인 현상처럼 형상 없는 권력”이라 말한 바 있다.

탈근대의 경찰국가는 여전히 미시 주권 권력의 모든 곳에 퍼져 있는 현상형태(Erscheinungsform)를 가지고 있다. 하지만 더 이상 ‘유령적’이지 않다. 그보다는 ‘모성적’이다. 시민들은 기꺼이 그들의 어머니 국가의 감시, 통제 그리고 돌봄을 수용한다. 그것은 그들이 가진 ‘시민권’의 중요 요소다. 이것이 바로 한국적 대책이 가지고 있는 민주적 외양의 진짜 얼굴이다.

#민주적인 삶-의-형태란 무엇인가

남한 모델은 21세기의 후발 혹은 초근대화 국가들에서 발전하여 이미 오래 전부터 자칭타칭 “성인된 세계”(디트리히 본회퍼)였던 유럽의 체제와 새롭게 경쟁하는 여러 모델 중 하나일 뿐이다. 하필이면 이번 대규모의 팬데믹에서 유럽은 시민들의 생명(zoe)을 지키는데 있어서 그들 시스템의 열등함을 보여주었다.
어쩌면 유럽인들은 그럼에도 불구하고 성숙한 사람들이라서, 이 비상사태와 목숨을 위협하는 상황 속에서도 그들의 발코니 콘서트 등을 통해 “삶-의-형태”(bios)를 지속하고 있는 건지도 모르겠다. 혹은, 이런 전체적이고 모성적인 경찰국가의 돌봄과 통제를 받아들이기에는 ‘너무’ 성숙한 것일 수도 있다.

우선은 이 격리 상태를 함께 즐기자. 그러고 나서 우리가(내가 이 인칭대명사를 사용하는 것을 용납해주길 바란다.) 만들어야 할 새로운, 민주적인 삶-의-형태가 무엇인지 토론을 시작해 보도록 하자. 하지만 우리가 잊지 말아야 할 사실은 ‘표준시민’이란 보통 전 세계 어디서나 비슷하게 빌어먹을 틴에이저(goddamn bloody teenagers)들이란 사실이다.

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김강기명 필자

인권사회운동 분야에서 활동하면서 한국사회의 종교(기독교), 정치 및 사회이론에 관한 글을 주로 썼다. 2011년부터 독일 베를린자유대학에서 스피노자의 정치철학에 대한 논문으로 박사과정을 밟고 있다. 주요 저서 및 번역서로 <잉여의 시선으로 본 공공성의 인문학>(공저), <새로운 자본 읽기> (미하엘 하인리히) 등이 있다.

2020/04/07

Viruses, Plagues and History by Michael B.A. Oldstone | Goodreads



Viruses, Plagues and History by Michael B.A. Oldstone | Goodreads







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Viruses, Plagues and History

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Michael B.A. Oldstone
3.83 · Rating details · 596 ratings · 38 reviews


The story of viruses and the story of humanity have been intertwined since the dawn of history. The first small cities formed not only the cradle of civilization, but the spawning ground for the earliest viral epidemics, the first opportunity for viruses to find a home in the human herd. This is a story of fear and ignorance, as everything from demons and the wrath of the gods to minority groups have been blamed for epidemics from smallpox to yellow fever to AIDS. It is a story of grief and heartbreak, as hundreds of thousands, sometimes millions, are wiped out in a single year. And it is a story of great bravery and sacrifice, as doctors and nurses put themselves in harm's way to combat yellow fever in Memphis and Ebola in Zaire, and as researchers risk their own lives to test theories of vaccines and the transmission of disease. 


Now, in Viruses, Plagues, and History, Michael B. A. Oldstone tells all these stories as he illuminates the history of the devastating diseases that have tormented humanity.

Oldstone focuses his tale on a few of the most famous viruses humanity has battled, beginning with some we have effectively defeated, such as smallpox, polio, and measles. Nearly 300 million people were killed by smallpox in this century alone -- more than were killed in all the wars of the twentieth century combined. The author presents a vivid account of the long campaign against the virus, the insightful work of Edward Jenner, who created the smallpox vaccine from cowpox virus in 1796, and the monumental efforts of D. A. Henderson and an army of W.H.O. health care workers to finally eradicate smallpox. The smallpox virus remains the only organism that we have deliberately pushed to complete extinction in the wild.


Oldstone then describes the fascinating viruses that have captured headlines in more recent years: Ebola and other hemorrhagic fevers, which literally turn their victims' organs to a bloody pulp; the Hantavirus outbreaks in the southwestern United States and elsewhere; mad cow disease, a frightening illness made worse by government mishandling and secrecy; and, of course, AIDS, often called "the plague of our time." And he tells us of the many scientists watching and waiting even now for the next great plague, monitoring influenza strains to see whether the deadly variant from 1918 -- a viral strain that killed over 20 million people in 1918-1919, more than twice the military and civilian casualties of the First World War -- will make a comeback.


Viruses have enormous power. They have wiped out cities, brought down dynasties, and helped destroy civilizations. But, as Michael Oldstone reveals, scientific research has given us the power to tame many of these viruses as well. Viruses, Plagues, and History shows us the panorama of humanity's long-standing conflict with our unseen viral enemies, from our successes to our continuing struggles. Oldstone's book is a vivid history of a fascinating field, and a highly reliable dispatch from a worker on the frontiers of this ongoing campaign. (less)
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Paperback, 240 pages
Published April 20th 2000 by Oxford University Press, USA (first published January 1st 1998)
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Nov 16, 2012Mike rated it liked it · review of another edition
Recommends it for: Anyone


This is an educational book through-and-through. Yes, it’s true that I read a lot of what can be considered “educational” or popular science. I like science and its various branches (chemistry, physics, biology, cosmology, etc.) and math. I also like history and medicine. The author references more than one book that I remember reading when I was young and aspirations ruled the universe. For example, “The Microbe Hunters” by Paul de Kruif or books about Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. (My middle-high school (BLS) is on Ave Louis Pasteur in Boston – just down the street from Harvard Medical School.) I also imagined it might have some overlap with the outstanding “Guns, Germs, and Steel” (which it does).

For the most part this was an interesting and enjoyable book to read. There are several “dry spots” that the casual reader (i.e. one who doesn’t give a rat’s derriere about the actual science of infection and virology) will probably skip over. To his credit, the author suggests this strategy in the opening. Being of sound mind and body (very argumentative proposition, I know) I read it cover-to-cover. Normally I would have read through such a book fairly quickly, but I put it aside for a 3-day business trip in favor of the lighter (and slimmer) “Almost Transparent Blue” by Ryu Murakami.

For the casual reader, this book offers a great retelling of various important plagues/epidemics that afflicted mankind for decades or centuries. You will cower at the human misery and cheer for the triumphs of elimination or near-elimination of various scourges. (I exaggerate only a little. There’s some but not quite so much drama in this book.) For the science-friendly there are discussions about how viruses infect us, how our bodies try (and sometimes fail) to combat these fiends, and how we have created methods to protect ourselves from them.

There is repetition in several places; it is often about a specific disease, but can also be about a person or historical development. Before my “break” I was beginning to get annoyed with the author by this. When I resumed reading, I found more occurrences (and recalled the earlier ones) but reacted less strongly to it. Was it necessary to make each chapter (topic) standalone? Was that the reason or goal? Don’t know and I still think it could have been done with less, but I’m not going to whack him on points too much for it.

This is a great book if you have even a passing interest in medicine and how and who helped keep us from dying like flies in the last 50-100 years. The author is an established and published researcher in his own right, so you are getting the insider’s view of this material. Although I already knew it, his treatment of how humans “game” things (to the exclusion of researchers from prizes that they rightly should have been jointly awarded) is well done and may open a few eyes.

I read the updated (2010) edition of this book. It has new material and is probably improved in other ways, also. The original was published a while back. “3.5” stars, which means a “3” for the GR ranking system.


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Oct 06, 2014Cadie Sommer rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Shelves: non-fiction, favorites, highly-rated


I really enjoyed this book. It gave interesting insights into the world of viruses and their history. I have always been an advocate for vaccinations and this book helped to solidify my opinion. I really get disheartened when people say that they are not going to vaccinate because their immune system is strong enough to combat diseases or that vaccines make the immune response of the body weak. Vaccines are the only thing keeping the planet protected from horrible pandemics that have frequently happened. Additionally, vaccines are only protect the whole world population when 80% or more people have received the vaccination and current trends have shown that the actual amount of vaccinate people in the United States is somewhere around 50%. Shocking!!!!

I will leave this description by saying that people rightly believe that immunizations are so important that war torn countries have actually ceased-fire for a few days to offer vaccinations to their population. CEASED-FIRE FOR VACCINATIONS. Chew on that anti-vaccinators! (less)


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Nov 07, 2010Steven Belanger rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Very well-written, for a scientist. Though there were some very unreadable passages, these were not a distraction, but only made the reader want to challenge himself to read and comprehend, which I didn't completely succeed at. Very exact and detailed in the history of the illnesses; very comprehensive, yet specific; very scary in its descriptions and predictions. I read this for research for an as-yet-untitled novel about plagues or viruses.
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Sep 11, 2019Megan rated it really liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: standalone, nonfiction, dnf, audiobook, history, academic, normal-people-books, science, overdrive-tbd
3 stars for enjoyment, 5 stars for quality.

A excellent survey of the history of various plagues through out history and how the science of treatment has evolved. This was clearly never meant for light pleasure reading, it's more an academic resource. That said, it was easy to follow and take the couldn't finish tag with grains of salt; I got what I wanted from this book and I'm satisfied.
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May 15, 2014Dan rated it it was ok
Shelves: 2014
Oldstone certainly has a command of the science, and he writes clearly. It's a good survey of various viruses, in that sense. But a few things stand out that prevent me from recommending this book:

1. The book repeats itself constantly, even in the same section. It could have used a more assertive editor.
2. I could have done with a bit less scientific triumphalism and moralizing. I know, vaccine-deniers are horrible (they are). But it just got to be a little much, and it sort of drowned out the story.
3. There were periodic historical inaccuracies throughout the book that I just found galling.

This may have just not been a match for what I was looking for: I wanted more on plagues and history, but this was mainly a survey of viruses, and a lot of present-day stuff. (less)
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Jun 03, 2012Betsy Curlin rated it it was amazing
This is one of the best books I've read on the subject of viruses. It covers the major viral outbreaks in recent history, including the 1918 - 1919 influenza epidemic and HIV. Concise and intelligently written this is an informative and enjoyable read.
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Jan 03, 2017Irena Feng rated it liked it · review of another edition
Fascinating topic, very detailed analysis as well; this book was stuffed to the brim with information on all aspects of a wide variety of subjects, giving many examples and backing them up with references. For the most part, this book was a great read; there were some sections that dragged a bit and were a little difficult to plow through for the more casual reader. For a casual reader, this book provides a great opportunity to learn about the broad strokes made by viruses and plagues throughout history; for the more scientifically inclined, Oldstone also manages to weave in some of the science that developed along with human understanding and knowledge. (less)
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Jul 12, 2009Awallens rated it it was ok
this book examines viruses such as yellow fever, measles and polio which have been eradicated or nearly so. It examines how these viruses changed history and how viruses such as AIDS and how a flu epidemic may change history. It has a few chapters dedicated to viruses, how they form, what they do to the body, etc. Those chapters were a bit repetative, and overall I was left relieved I had finished the book. It was an OK read, but a bit to heavy and out-of-date for me.
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Jun 30, 2010Diana rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Ever wondered about measles, polio, yellow fever, ebola, lassa fever, hanta, or H1N1? This is the book to read. Accessible to readers of most levels though it does get a somewhat technical with viral natural history but still very interesting and kind'a scary! Ignorance is bliss but I don't think I want to be part of that group.
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Oct 27, 2010Virginia rated it really liked it
Shelves: 2005books, nonfiction
Nothing I hadn't read before - Jared Diamond used the same logic - but there was an interesting section at the end, about present and future challenges.
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Aug 22, 2019Dennis Littrell rated it liked it
Don't give up on this one too soon

This is an good book that unfortunately starts out in a very forbidding manner with a difficult (at least for me) introduction to the principles of virology in Chapter 1 followed by the principles of immunology in Chapter 2, but then gets very readable. The material on smallpox and yellow fever is fascinating. Oldstone leaves it unclear whether mad cow disease is caused by a miss-manufactured prion protein or by a virus: Others books, including Richard Rhodes' Deadly Feasts: Tracking the Secrets of a Terrifying New Plague (1997), clearly cite the cause as being faulty prion protein production in the brain.

This is not for the squeamish. I confess that there were twenty or so pages on polio that I skipped, not wanting to relive that sadness, although of course the defeat of polio is one of the great triumphs in the history of medicine. Incidentally, the title owes something to the classic Rats, Lice and History, by Hans Zinsser, first published in 1934, a book that has enjoyed a well-deserved and remarkable commercial success not easily duplicated.

--Dennis Littrell, author of “The World Is Not as We Think It Is”
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Jan 21, 2018Monical rated it did not like it
I used a textbook co-authored by Oldstone in my college classes, so I shouldn't have been surprised at the boring academic tone of this book. Oldstone just couldn't wean himself from his scientific writing expertise. Even though I know a fair amount about the topics he addresses in this book, I found it turgid, boring and in places not exactly accurate. I also was surprised at the amount of hero worship he demonstrates for some scientists, with a complete lack of critical view (Bob Gallo and HIV comes to mind, but Oldstone spends a lot of time on yellow fever where Reed and his colleagues did a lot of human experimentation-- without comment on the ethics and consent or not that was involved). He also fails to explain some topics-- for example, use of live (!) smallpox virus in variolation-- why didn't that kill people? I haven't been as disappointed in a scientific book since the books that promoted the theory that the black death was caused by anthrax (recently totally disproven!). Oldstone claims that the book "Microbe Hunters" was an inspiration for his own efforts-- maybe once I have recovered from this book I'll give that one a try. (less)
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Mar 25, 2018Rogue Reader rated it really liked it
Shelves: medicine
Dense and technical at times, a good and detailed overview of man's most dangerous and persistent enemies, though now dates as written in 199. Chapters on Smallpox, Yellow Fever, Measles, Poliomyelitis, viral plagues including hemorrhagic fevers, HIV, influenza and others. Anti-vaxxers need to read the facts of history, not the propaganda.
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Jun 16, 2018Sian Bradshaw rated it really liked it
This book is a very interesting read for those with expert knowledge. Had I tried to read this before my recent studies, a lot of it would have gone over my head. It was a good read and the historical context of smallpox and yellow fever was new to me.
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Nov 18, 2019Jenny rated it really liked it
Shelves: 2019
Pretty out of date by now, but I still found it fascinating.
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Jan 10, 2020WheeldonHS rated it liked it
Shelves: stem, 2020-non-fiction, 2020-kel
Far more US-centric than I expected it to be.
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Apr 05, 2020Adam rated it liked it
However...
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Aug 04, 2019Robert & Kelly Cooney rated it it was amazing · review of another edition
Excellent read

Great book. Informative and clear on the devastation uncontrolled microbes can have on humanity. Well worth reading and learning from events where microbes shaped our history.
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Mar 28, 2020Alexander Anderson rated it really liked it
It’s a bit dry. The author is a Virologist, not a historian or storyteller, do not expect a seat-of-your pants drama or unputdownable comprehensive historical narrative.

The most relevant information is covered with the material on the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 and the various SARS family of viruses. The information on Polio will probably only be of interest to anyone over 50 who still remembers his school vaccinations against it.

As a little relevant reading for an education about viruses and how they are spread, as well as a startling accurate prediction of the of the possibility of a crises like the current COViD-19 epidemic, it is certainly worth your time. Especially, if you have recently found yourself with extra time on your hands due to the current COViD-19 crises. (less)
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Nov 15, 2009Tippy Jackson rated it liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: disease, science-history, medicine, health
This was not my favorite general pathology book. It really wasn't very memorable. It's a little outdated. To be fair, I've studied/read about a lot of this stuff already. Still, that's because I find it fascinating and this book wasn't fascinating. It was really too short to explore everything the title suggests. If you're looking for a slightly out of date, but extraordinarily interesting pathology book, I recommend "The coming plague" instead. Good stuff there and even though some of the knowledge of HIV is deficient, the history of this disease is still incredibly relevant. (less)
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Jan 26, 2015Stephie Williams rated it liked it · review of another edition
A good book, but not great. The book was pretty informative overall. It start with what seemed such promising beginning. However, I quickly discovered the dryness of Oldstone's prose—I was continually thirsty throughout. It just was not a gripping narative. For example: Spillover: Animal Infections and the Next Human Pandemic by David Quammen. (less)
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Nov 25, 2008Sarah rated it liked it
Shelves: medical, non-fiction, 2009, free-library
this was a fascinating book, but VERY poorly edited. i would have given it four stars if it weren't for the crap editing.

and, of course, the book is 10 years old, so some of the information was out of date.

however, it was still a good read for someone as intrigued by infectious disease as i am.
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Nov 11, 2015Jean Brandenburg rated it liked it
Shelves: jean-has-read-these
I picked up this book for a quarter at the library sale. While there were pages of dry, technical boring stuff in every chapter, there was also lots of interesting stuff in every chapter. Each chapter was a different disease, like smallpox, polio, yellow fever, hanta virus, measles etc.
I learned a lot, and it's also sort of scary, though virus hunters are still working on cures.
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Jul 21, 2012RJ rated it liked it · review of another edition
Shelves: public-health-related
solid descriptions of the histories and fights against "old world" diseases, but the emerging infection info is a little sparse (understandable for an older book). this is definitely not a pop sci read, but if you're very interested in the topic it's worth a shot. be warned - it's dense. not really for the casual reader, i think, but if you're into virology or public health overall, go ahead.
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Oct 07, 2008Jamie is currently reading it
Ultimately unsatisfying, due to a style that doesn't achieve the excitement of The Microbe Hunters (as the author had attempted, based on his own words in the intro), and in fact doesn't really do much in terms of the history or the science.
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Aug 31, 2009Franziska rated it really liked it
Shelves: health-literature, non-fiction
This was a pretty well-written book on some of the major infectious diseases we've had/have and how we've conquered them. I thought it was a neat book, and it made me feel better about vaccinating my kids.
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May 24, 2014Susan Olesen rated it it was ok
Not bad, lots of history, but not always dates when you want them. And so out of date they were still arguing over prion vs. virus for CFJ/Mad Cow. Interesting without bogging down, but there are now much more up-to-date books out there.
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Apr 05, 2013Chris Pederson rated it really liked it
Shelves: non-fiction
Interesting read... gives a summary of how the immune system works and how we have discovered/combated diseases like small pox, yellow fever, polio, measles... too bad anti-vaxxers are making some of these come back.
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Mar 01, 2012Pancha rated it it was ok
Shelves: science, medicine
Basic info on viruses, what they are, how they infect. Also includes brief histories of diseases we've eradicated or severely limited (smallpox, measles, polio) and recently emergent viruses (AIDS, Ebola, Lassa, Hanta). Good if you're looking for a quick overview.
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Feb 22, 2010Karen rated it liked it
This book discusses several very interesting subjects. It would have gotten four stars except that, as it is over ten years old, some of the information is out of date. It's still worth reading if the subject matter interests you.
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eview
"Readable books about viruses by experts are not plentiful enough, and the point of this essay is to recommend a recent arrival by the American virologist Michael Oldstone. In 17 chapters, the author gives the non-specialist reader a complete account of viruses and virus-caused plagues such as smallpox, yellow fever, measles, polio, hemorrhagic fever, Lassa fever, ebola, hantavirus, SARS, West Nile Virus, mad cow disease, and influenza...Read this book (available now)--it's a treat." --Dan Agin, Huffington Post "...marvelously clear to lay readers, yet detailed enough to please and fascinate the professional."--Doody's

Product Description
The story of viruses and humanity is a story of fear and ignorance, of grief and heartbreak, and of great bravery and sacrifice. Michael Oldstone tells all these stories as he illuminates the history of the devastating diseases that have tormented humanity, focusing mostly on the most famous viruses.
Oldstone begins with smallpox, polio, and measles. Nearly 300 million people were killed by smallpox in this century alone and the author presents a vivid account of the long campaign to eradicate this lethal killer. Oldstone then describes the fascinating viruses that have captured headlines in more recent years: Ebola, Hantavirus, mad cow disease (a frightening illness made worse by government mishandling and secrecy), and, of course, AIDS. And he tells us of the many scientists watching and waiting even now for the next great plague, monitoring influenza strains to see whether the deadly variant from 1918--a viral strain that killed over 20 million people in 1918-1919--will make a comeback. For this revised edition, Oldstone includes discussions of new viruses like SARS, bird flu, virally caused cancers, chronic wasting disease, and West Nile, and fully updates the original text with new findings on particular viruses.
Viruses, Plagues, and History paints a sweeping portrait of humanity's long-standing conflict with our unseen viral enemies. Oldstone's book is a vivid history of a fascinating field, and a highly reliable dispatch from an eminent researcher on the front line of this ongoing campaign.

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Photoguy41

4.0 out of 5 stars First two chapters may be too academic for lay persons.Reviewed in the United States on May 4, 2018
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
I am a retired microbiologist and do enjoy reading history books on science. The first two chapters had a pretty good review of how the immune system works. But, just a caution, might be too technical for many. However, just skip over to the first chapter on Smallpox and all is well. Well-researched; explanations are good, especially all of the history. Lots of sourcess.

18 people found this helpful

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Susan Martin

5.0 out of 5 stars Love Love Love this bookReviewed in the United States on March 13, 2020
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
I highly recommend purchasing this book. It is very difficult to put it down when you start reading it. This writer has done an excellent job documenting in detail many of the killer viruses that have affected the world and how politics and religion impeded the success of diagnosing and treating the patients who suffered. It was intriguing to read the stories of people throughout history who treated these patients and the many personal accounts of people and events that explain in interesting detail about the ones who lived and the ones who died. You will have a much better understanding of killer viruses and become versed on the history of the diagnoses and treatment. Don’t hesitate purchasing this book if it is available. You will be pleased and it will greatly expand your knowledge if you are in the medical profession or not. It is very easy to read and understand for anyone despite their background.

5 people found this helpful

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Kayla

5.0 out of 5 stars FantasticReviewed in the United States on May 22, 2018
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
I haven't finished this book yet (it is my daily metro-commute read) but I am extremely pleased with the writing and subjects. Although I am not a virologist, I have always found biology, epidemiology, and medical history to be interesting and this book hits all those points and then some. I would not recommend it to the casual, non-medical reader, but I would definitely recommend it to anyone interested in medical history and science.

11 people found this helpful

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Teresa Rich

4.0 out of 5 stars Michael Oldstone covers the material very well. As a ...Reviewed in the United States on June 6, 2016
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
Michael Oldstone covers the material very well. As a virologist, I found it interesting and enlightening and I learned some things that I didn't pick up in my immunology courses. Parts of the book are at a college reading level, which may be too detailed for the casual reader, but the sections on the history of various viral diseases is very readable.

16 people found this helpful

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Marissa

5.0 out of 5 stars Must readReviewed in the United States on August 6, 2018
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
This book is very informative. It not only goes into the history of all these viruses but it also gives you an overview on how viruses and vaccines work. The author explains everything very well and in ways anyone can understand. I believe everyone should read this. Especially those who are against vaccines.

5 people found this helpful

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Ann Julia

4.0 out of 5 stars I love learing about diseasesReviewed in the United States on May 20, 2018
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
I have been searching for a book dedicated to telling the story of measles forever, and this one does. I love learing about diseases, so this was right up my alley.

6 people found this helpful

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Nico Vela

5.0 out of 5 stars Good Book on Disease.Reviewed in the United States on October 7, 2019
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
A great book that showcases how disease has, at times, shaped our history.

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Dr. MonkeyBrainsBob

5.0 out of 5 stars Fascinating Scientific Detective StoryReviewed in the United States on November 21, 2014
Format: PaperbackVerified Purchase
This second edition is a fascinating view of history based on the powerful influence of plagues and viruses, not human politics. It also details the investigative work of pioneers in biology in discovering agents we take for granted today. In light of ebola (and possibly other future epidemics/pandemics), the book offers insight into containment and management. Overall, an exciting reading experience.

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Nick
4.0 out of 5 stars Very readable, but you may wish to miss out some of the first few chaptersReviewed in the United Kingdom on December 30, 2013
Verified Purchase
This is a good read if you are interested in viruses. The early chapters are a bit technical in describing how viruses work and how the body defends (or otherwise) itself. But this can be skimmed if you are not scientific as there are some good summary paragraphs in the text.

The descriptions of each virus and how it affects and has affected human and non human life and history are top class.

For example, how smallpox has been indicated in human life since antiquity, through the affect on American Civil war to modern terror worries. How Lincoln survived the disease, Edward Jenner and Cowpox, variolation and vaccination, and anti viral treatment example, eradication of the disease and so on. I am glad to say that these chapters are not too detailed nor too scientific (I am an ex-scientist) and provide marvellous high level reading.

Recommended if you take an interest in how viruses work, how we defend ourselves and how they have affected the world.

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jc

The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age by Nathan Wolfe | Goodreads



The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age by Nathan Wolfe | Goodreads








The Viral Storm: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age

by
Nathan Wolfe

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In The Viral Storm award-winning biologist Nathan Wolfe - known as 'the Indiana Jones of virus hunters' for his work in jungles and rain forests across the world - shows the threat of a global pandemic is greater than we have ever imagined.
The Viral Storm examines how viruses like HIV, swine flu, and bird flu have almost wiped us out in the past - and may do so in the future. It explores why modern life makes us so vulnerable to global pandemics, and what new technologies can do to prevent them. Wolfe's provocative vision may leave you feeling distinctly uncomfortable - but it will reveal exactly what it is we are up against.
Nathan Wolfe is the Lorry I. Lokey Visiting Professor in Human Biology at Stanford University and Director of Global Viral Forecasting, a pandemic early warning system which monitors the spillover of novel infectious agents from animals into humans. Wolfe has been published in or profiled by NatureScienceThe New York TimesThe New YorkerThe EconomistForbes and many others. Wolfe was the recipient of a Fulbright fellowship in 1997 and was awarded the National Institutes of Health (NIH) International Research Scientist Development Award in 1999 and the prestigious NIH Director's Pioneer Award in 2005.
Reviews:
'An excellent piece of scientific gothic, rich in descriptions of the threat we face from emerging viruses' Nature
'Part autobiography, part warning ... enthralling' BBC Focus
'Quietly terrifying ... It's hard not to feel a bit feverish at times while reading' Boston Globe
'Wolfe has an important story to tell and as a virologist at the forefront of pandemic forecasting, he is the perfect person to tell it. He explains the science clearly and never stoops to sensationalism - the evidence of our increasing vulnerability to pandemics speaks for itself' Guardian
'The plague-ridden future imagined by this authoritative, measured, yet gripping book is extremely alarming' Sunday Times
'Nathan Wolfe is saving the world from near-inevitable pandemic ... a kick-ass book' Mary Roach, author of Stiff
'The world's most prominent virus hunter' New Yorker
'A good place to start preparing for what might come' New Humanist
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3.77 · Rating details · 1,846 ratings · 200 reviews
Dynamic young Stanford biologist Nathan Wolfe reveals the surprising origins of the world's most deadly viruses, and how we can overcome catastrophic pandemics.

In The Viral Storm, award-winning biologist Nathan Wolfe tells the story of how viruses and human beings have evolved side by side through history; how deadly viruses like HIV, swine flu, and bird flu almost wiped ...more

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Hardcover, 320 pages
Published October 11th 2011 by Times Books (first published October 1st 2011)
ISBN
0805091947 (ISBN13: 9780805091946)
Edition Language
English
Literary Awards
Royal Society Science Book Prize Nominee for Science Books (2012)

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Mar 24, 2013Kate rated it did not like it
An oversimplified view of infectious disease that lacked new information for anyone even moderately well-read in the field, I was disappointed by Nathan Wolfe's book. Wolfe attempted to follow the pattern so often used by infectious disease literature - open with a case study of a real person infected by the disease before transitioning into more depth information on the microbe. However, the opening anecdotes frequently ended up being unconnected to the rest of the chapter. Wolfe then failed to offer any in-depth information on whatever subject he was attempting to cover, relying instead on sweeping generalizations that failed to demonstrate any real understanding of infectious disease. I am not an expert in epidemiology; however, by merely being interested in the topic and having read other books in the field, Wolfe managed to provide me with absolutely no unique information.

Also detracting from this book was the frequent name-dropping of scientists that Wolfe has worked with. At time, the book read more like an autobiography/CV than an actual non-fiction work. I, as the reader, never learned about the research these people were doing, nor how it impacted the field (although I did learn things such as the name of their pets and how Wolfe met them).

If you're looking for a good book about disease, this isn't it. Try someone like Laurie Garret, who demonstrates a thorough understanding of the field of infectious disease AND has strong writing ability. Wolfe apparently lacks both.

Not worth the money or the time. (less)
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Feb 23, 2012Jenny Brown rated it did not like it
It sounds like Wolfe has done some interesting research and is working hard to prevent a new viral pandemic, but if you want the details you'll have to look elsewhere, because this poorly edited, badly written book won't give them to you.

Most chapters start with a punchy description of some poor schnook dying of a viral disease, but we learn almost nothing else about that disease and the rest of the chapter gives us only vague dumbed down overview of some topic that, if you have read anything published in the popular science press about infection over the past five years you've already read about in far more detail elsewhere.

The author drops the names of supposedly important researchers he's worked with around the world, without giving us any substantive description of those researchers or their research. Many are described as "incredibly" this or that. The flatness of the prose kept reminding me of freshman college papers I'd graded years ago.

But this wasn't a paper by an inarticulate college freshman. It was an expensive book by someone who is hyped to the skies on the cover flap so I expected to learn something. Alas, with each chapter I read my frustration grew, as Wolfe introduced topic after topic that I would have liked to learn something about, only to drop it after a few paragraphs so he could introduce some other topic he'd drop latter.

The only positive thing I can say about this book is that it is really clear that, unlike many books by science notables, it clearly wasn't ghosted. There is no trace that a professional writer had any hand in writing this dull, repetitive, uninformative book.

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Feb 14, 2020Ericka Clouther rated it really liked it
Shelves: nonfiction, science, history, health, medicine, biology, 2010s, author-male, pandemic, 0-borrowed
It's a bit disorganized for me, and considering how interested (read: worried) I am in this topic, I found it a bit dull. However, the tidbits I learned here and there about pandemic viruses in general and specific viruses in particular, I think it was well worth my time to read. The book had some particularly interesting facts regarding the AIDS virus and the Nipah virus (from bats to pigs to people). The connection between pandemics and eating meat, in general, is interesting. I've read before about Toxoplasma Gondii, but it's so crazy, it never disappoints, and I was interested in the new hypothesis about cat hoarders potentially being infected- why is that so hard to find out for sure though? I've read before about helpful bacteria, particularly gut bacteria, but this is the first I've heard of potentially helpful viruses. Finally, I thought it was interesting that Nathan Wolfe's data collection dreams (for preventing pandemics) are precisely Edward Snowden's nightmares. There seem to be many sides to the data debate, not just two. (less)
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Sep 19, 2016Donna rated it liked it
Shelves: non-fiction
I wanted to read this because it seemed relevant considering recent headlines. When I started this book, I thought this was not for me.....it was way too scientific and even though I like research, it just wasn't meaning anything to me. It reminded me of a bad college lecture. But once I settled into the rigor of this book, I actually started thinking that it was interesting. I enjoyed the connections the author was making as he linked so many things to viruses, their development and the spreading of them .... urbanization being the fastest way of sharing illness. I may be a book geek, but I am by no means a science geek, so overall, I liked this. 3 stars. (less)
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Jan 19, 2012Andy rated it did not like it
This is alarmist baloney. The author either doesn't know what he's talking about or else is deliberately misleading the reader.

Right from the start, for example, on page 9, he writes "H5N1 is important because it kills remarkably effectively. The virus's case fatality rate, or the percentage of infected individuals that die, is around 60 percent. For a microbe, that's incredibly deadly."

The reason this statement is so incredible is because it's not true.

First of all, he has the wrong definition of "case fatality rate." Case fatality generally refers to how many people die among those who are sick in the hospital. It is not the same thing as the "percentage of infected individuals that die" because not everyone infected gets sick, let alone sick enough to be in the hospital. The first number is like looking at how many deaths there are on a cruise ship that has crashed and sunk. The second is like looking at how likely you are to die if you ever go on a cruise.

The percentage of infected individuals that die from H5N1 is nowhere near 60%. In fact, it is not known because no one has ever published the necessary studies, but based on the best available data from the CDC it is closer to 0% than to 60%. If you look up the most cited paper on the topic (available free at http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/N...) you can see that it says "The frequencies of human infection have not been determined, and seroprevalence studies are urgently needed." The international experts writing the paper make a clear distinction between case fatality and death-to-infection-ratio.

If this guy messes up the most basic concepts and facts about infectious diseases, I don't think he should be considered an expert on the topic of pandemics. (less)
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Oct 02, 2014Betsy Ashton rated it really liked it
Nathan Wolfe's The Viral Storm should be required reading for everyone talking or worrying hysterically about the current Ebola outbreak. An internationally recognized expert in the fields of viral forecasting, immunology, infectious diseases and human biology, Dr. Wolfe's book reads like a primer rather than a text book. His language is approachable for all readers.

He breaks down how viruses, both good and evil, developed alongside humans. He tracks the history of viruses that are benign. We need them in our bodies to process food and protect us from the evil viruses.

His discussions on how deadly viruses move from animal hosts to human hosts are the stuff of thrillers. Some, he points out, infect an individual and kill it, thereby stopping the transmission. Others, like HIV, swine flu and bird flu, are transmitted from human to human. Some,like Ebola and HIV, can only be transmitted through contact with bodily fluids. Others, swine and bird flu, are actually more dangerous because they easily pass through the human population by droplets in the air.

I bought this book for research for a mystery I'm writing. The book works on that dimension. More importantly, it works as an educational work that takes the hysteria out of pandemics by talking calmly about what these viruses are, how they are transmitted and how they can be forecast at the beginning of an outbreak before it becomes an epidemic or, worse, a pandemic.

I urge anyone interested in learning about illnesses to read this book. You will be better informed. Dr. Wolfe's journey is mankind's. (less)
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Nov 14, 2011Molly rated it really liked it
This is a good, easy to read overview of the science of viruses - it doesn't match the page-turning quality of Richard Preston's the Hot Zone, but what does? Nathan Wolf focuses on the science, rather than the stories, of tracking viruses and viral diseases and gives you the basics: what viruses are, how they infect humans (by way of birds and mammals), how viruses extend their range and how he and other scientists are working to catch the next viral epidemic before it wreaks havoc. That section was particularly interesting - the use of cell phones, twitter, and our digital habits to pin point when illnesses break out. But it's all fascinating and the book is a page-turner in its own way. I was never bored. (less)
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Feb 01, 2012Meg rated it it was amazing
Shelves: adult
This is one of the best non-fiction science books I have read. Nathan Wolfe, a biologist, though I think virologist would be more accurate, takes us into the world of viruses and their implications for humanity. His steady pace and even-handed way of presenting the facts makes this a very readable book for a novice such as myself. His explanations of how viruses function, react to one another, mutate, and harness the will of their hosts are easily understandable without being overly simplistic. It was totally engrossing from start to finish. (less)
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Jan 09, 2012Betsy Curlin rated it it was ok
This book seemed more focused on singing the praises of the author and his organization than on actually discussing viruses and their potential consequences.
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Sep 30, 2014Gary Beauregard Bottomley rated it liked it · review of another edition
The author gives a fairly good look at how Virologist think and see the world. He'll explain in general terms how they see the world and what kind of work they do. I would strongly recommend this book for anyone who thinks they might want to enter the field or for those who have not read any other books on similar topics.

It's obvious to me that the author knows a whole lot more about the subject, but in order to keep the book interesting for the widest possible audience he usually only explains the field in the most general terms.

For me, I wish the author would have written a more detailed book and my expectations weren't met. (less)
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Jan 14, 2012Amy rated it it was ok
Shelves: non-fiction, health-and-wellness
Less provocative than the title would lead you to believe, this book basically is a primer for the microbial world and how viruses jump from one species to another and within species. Probably more fun than your microbiology textbook, laced with anecdotes about chimp research in Africa, etc., but not for those looking for an exciting read about why bird flu will kill us all.
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Aug 10, 2014Rossdavidh rated it liked it
Shelves: black
Subtitle: The Dawn of a New Pandemic Age.

So, sometimes I am a bit concerned about the fact that I've been reading a bunch of books about disease and plague lately. But, you know, they're good, and part of why is that the history of disease is a kind of shadow history of the humans who harbor them. Just as the Black Death couldn't have happened if there hadn't been links (economic, cultural, and military) between Asia and Europe, and the conquest of the New World by the Old couldn't have happened if the germ arsenals on either side had been more evenly matched, the study of the new pandemics that threaten us is a good way of viewing the modern world. The perspective it offers is the right balance of familiar and unfamiliar, to be both interesting and disturbing.

The author of this book, Nathan Wolfe, has a dream, and this book is essentially his attempt to transfer that vision to the reader. Oh, yes, there's lots of science and history thrown in there, but that's mostly just because he's stuffed his brain full of so much of it that he can hardly avoid talking about it. No, what really drove him to write this book, I think, is the desire to will into existence a sort of pandemic Distant Early Warning system. He cannot do this alone, knowledgeable as he is, so he must convince enough of the rest of the world to give him the resources to do it.

To explain what such as system would look like, and why it would look that way, he has to give us some background. What is a pandemic? Where do they come from? How do they get from there to here? How can they be detected? What good would having an early warning do? Each of these questions takes some background, and some exposition, and we are fortunate that Wolfe is a skilled enough writer and storyteller to give us all of this in the right size pieces, packaged the right way, so that the very real human toll of disease isn't lost in a mass of numbers and proclamations of impending doom.

So, for example, when he tells us about where H5N1 (aka "bird flu") was first detected, he tells us that the first victim was a six-year old boy in Thailand, but he also tells us that he "loved riding his bicycle, climbing trees, and playing with his plastic toy Dalmatian that pulled three puppies in tiny brown wagons as it barked mechanically." He tells us about the farm that the boy, Kaptan, lived on, his father's payment of $35 (a large sum for a rice farmer in Thailand) to get an ambulance to transfer him to Bangkok in the hope that he could get better care there, and includes a picture of Kaptan's older brother at the funeral, holding his picture. Wolfe puts details like this throughout the book, about not only the early victims, but also the researchers he works with who go into remote areas in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere to collect information on the movements of the enemy.

And that, in essence, is what modern pandemics have to teach us about the modern world. It is easy to get the impression that the world we live in is one in which the action is in North America, western Europe, and a few other relatively wealthy areas like Japan, plus a few hot spots like the Middle East with the right combination of political unrest and natural resources to get and keep our attention. This book reminds us that when the desparately poor of inland sub-saharan Africa use new logging roads (paid for in order to get lumber for the west, mostly), to find and butcher chimpanzees, we may not hear about it but that doesn't mean it won't affect us (see HIV, Ebola, etc.). If live animal markets in southeast Asia keep different species in close contact, one cage stacked atop another so that they pass microbes along with their feces from one layer down to the next, we may not like to hear about it but the influenza viruses that pass from chicken to pig to human will find us wherever on the globe we are.

Globalization isn't just a way to exchange western goods for lumber and rare earth metals; it's also a way to quickly and efficiently pass microbes of any sort that can live in humans, from that economic periphery back to New York, Tokyo, and London. We are, as a species, almost perfectly designed to suffer from pandemics, and Wolfe shows us many of the reasons why:

1) for reason or reasons still debated, our species experienced (tens of thousands of years ago) a "bottleneck", where our total population was as little as several thousand individuals. With it, we lost a great deal of the microbial diversity that lived inside us as a species. Like the Native Americans learned to their sorrow when the (more microbially diverse) Europeans showed up, if you live with fewer kinds of microbes, your immune system is relatively naive.
2) we, as a species, just love getting close to other animal species. Whether as pets, farm labor, or food sources, we put ourselves in a position to be exposed to the blood (and microbes) of a great variety of other species. Occasionally, those microbes will hit on a way of jumping the gap, and living in us as well.
3) the last few hundred years has seen an ever-accelerating expansion of humans into every corner of the globe, and every ecosystem, finding every possible source of alien (to our species) microbes we can. The people we send to do the dirty work are usually poor, without the money or time for modern hygiene or medical care, and this gives those microbes that jump the gap a relatively hospitable environment in which to acclimate to our species.
4) in the last fifty years, air travel has knit us together in one vast network. The bubonic plague reached Europe by boat, and took months to spread from country to country thereafter, but if such a plague came today, it would reach every continent on the planet within 72 hours or less.

Wolfe's idea, which he has begun to make into a reality, is to look for microbes where they come from, in the places where they are most likely to jump from the species we hunt, to the poorest Third World hunters and farmers who will catch them. Then, by identifying quickly which ones have the potential to wreak havoc worldwide, we could in theory send healthcare resources to the origin, helping the people there survive the incipient pandemic, so that it never evolves the ability to spread further.

I don't know if Wolfe's vision is one that can realistically be achieved. In many ways it sounds like climate change, terrorism, and other modern threats, caused by events in so many different parts of the world that we would need the ability to coordinate globally in order to deal with the problem. Our track record on that is not great, and I wonder if the problem is not so much in our inability to act with a united front, as in our inability to see that globalization is putting us at risk of dangers which we have no mechanisms for facing.

Wolfe, however, is nothing if not an optimist. He is a believer in the power of science, technology, and medicine to find a way. He writes with a clear sympathy for the many poor people who stand first in the path of the oncoming "viral storm", and has an obvious desire to be given the resources to help them (and thus help us). Whether you share his optimism or not, his analysis of the dangers we face is clearly written, informative, and carries enough personal passion to make the reader care. Wolfe is like the best teacher you had in high school, who taught his or her topic with such sincere enthusiasm for it that you loved the class whether you cared about that topic when you began it or not. Wolfe is a writer, thinker, and scientist to watch; we will hear from him again. Let's hope it's for his next book, instead of him testifying before Congress that if they would only fund science properly, maybe next time it could help protect us. (less)
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Dec 12, 2011Tessa in North Florida rated it it was amazing
Shelves: nonfiction, disease, nature-science
Not all scientists can write. Stanford visiting professor Nathan Wolfe can and does a superb job. Concepts which have been difficult for others to explain flow easily from Wolfe's pen. He brings us up-to-date and shares fascinating situations which show just how complex our world has become.
One of the most important concepts to take away from the book is that there is probably no single disease host or reservoir for any particular disease, as was previously thought. Rather, all species have a ...more
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Jun 14, 2017Jami rated it liked it
Shelves: audible-books, non-fiction
This book was easy to follow and understand, so it is good for its intended general audience. I do have to say it was dry in some spots, though. Many reviewers who already have knowledge in this field have panned the book for its simplicity and lack of new information, but that is not the target audience. There needs to be books at this level for people like me, who want a general understanding of the subject matter; the experts can get their information from peer reviewed articles in scientific journals.

As for the book itself, there were some interesting parts. I never thought much about viruses other than they are pesky things that make people sick. However, I was fascinated to learn that viruses actually time their release (hence the reason they lie dormant at times) and transmission passage to enhance their success at continuing its life cycle and ensure the success of their offspring. Its actually a bit chilling to think of them in that way, like little villains living in your body going "aha, the perfect time for spreading myself around is here!" The symptoms of some viruses, such as coughing, sneezing, etc., are designed to make sure that they are spread and continue to survive.

The most chilling part of this book for me was when the author talks about microbes that keep him awake at night. This is a case of knowing too much; ignorance can be bliss at times. He knows what potential there is for new viruses to emerge, as well as bio terror or bio error, and I imagine that knowledge can be pretty darn scary.

The last section was fascinating in terms of using cell phone data to pinpoint where natural disaster events are occurring as well as internet search terms to determine if pandemics are going to be occurring. The prospect of a pandemic of these new super bugs is scary, but maybe with the forecasting techniques the author describes, it can be controlled. (less)
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Oct 18, 2012Eric Jay Sonnenschein rated it really liked it
The Viral Storm is a fast, informative overview of the human interaction with microbes and infectious diseases. It is a good book to start with if you are interested in epidemiology and the scary possibility of pandemics. Anyone who has kept abreast of the various outbreaks in the past quarter-century will be familiar with much of this information, eg. HIV, Ebola, Avian flu, SARS, etc. but there is also much that is new and interesting, for instance, the appearance of Monkeypox in the remote forests of central Africa.

Nathan Wolfe is a biologist with extensive experience in virology. He is the medical counterpart of the tornado chasers. While he is not a physician, he has a passion for pandemics and has been in many "hot spots" tracking contagions we should be grateful to know little about. Wolfe writes in an anecdotal and personal style. His writing is not particularly "tight." It is full of obvious repetitions, and autobiographical asides, which can be annoying because the eager reader senses that the pages could be better filled with more detailed information about the subject.

Within the genre of non-fiction narrative about the pathogenesis and social impact of contagious diseases, Jared Diamond's book, Guns, Germs and Steel is much better written. However, Diamond is more interested in the historical impact of diseases and specifically to how they contributed to conquest than to how these microbes "jump" from one species to another and spread.

Because microbes and diseases still seem so alien to us, and are so potentially lethal, they hold the same power over our magination as monsters and dangerous animals. For this reason, medical narratives (but not clinical journal articles on which they are based, which are too technical to be accessible to most readers), will continue to entertain readers.

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Feb 04, 2018Nikki rated it liked it
Shelves: non-fiction, science-fact
If you’re already familiar with pop science books about diseases, this isn’t really going to surprise you any. It’s competently written, though at times the statistics are a little off (as another reviewer pointed out). I don’t agree that he’s too unduly alarmist, though; our current environmental and social conditions are just about perfect for a pandemic (viral or otherwise) to sweep through the world’s population. If you doubt it, The Great Influenza by John M. Barry should disabuse you of that notion, rapidly. And our world is more interconnected now, not less.

I hoped that this might be a little more in depth, given Wolfe being a biologist and all, but there’s nothing that really elevates it above other pop science books available. It’s honestly rather forgettable.

Reviewed for The Bibliophibian. (less)
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Feb 01, 2019Michelle rated it liked it
Shelves: 3-stars-or-less, insightful-read, read-in-2019
For those of us who are concerned about infectious diseases, pandemics, and their possible impact on the future, but don’t have a degree in virology, the author provides information in an easily understood manner. And while the name-dropping and personal accomplishments woven throughout may come across as a little braggy, they can also serve as reminders to the reader of the author’s first-hand experience and qualifications on the subject that garnered him invitations to work with so many experts in the field. (less)
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May 21, 2016Dawn rated it really liked it
Get our your Germ-X because there is a Viral Storm coming and we're all toast!



This book details how viruses evolve and adapt to overcome our fragile immune systems. The author posits it is only a matter of time before the ultimate virus comes along that will wipe out millions of people worldwide. Cheery thought, huh? The book is very interesting and does make for compelling, if not euphoric, reading. So go wash your hands and read up!
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Oct 15, 2012Tim rated it it was amazing
Loved this book, how it combined the science and the investigations of the diseases. While there is definitely a scary part of this story, there is also a promising part too. A dedicated core of health professionals worldwide is working 24/7 to protect us. They are learning more about past and future diseases and how they transfer between humans and animals.
The writing was engaging and the scientific explanation clear and help progress the story. Great pace.

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Oct 18, 2011Ben rated it it was amazing
While it does paint a scary picture of our modern situation as a species, it's not a fear-mongering book. It's respectable on how it covers and weighs the various possible sources of epidemic novelties, and does a good job of showing that reliance on bush meat due to poverty is the key enemy in regions of most-likely-origin, not culture.

Included a nice 101 on the viral nature of humanity, the bulk of mute/defunct viruses our DNA includes.


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Nov 06, 2012James Neve rated it really liked it
This book is currently scaring me to death.... I finally finished it. Thought-provoking... My only random question is why he makes little or no reference to sea-mammals and marine life in terms of bacteria and viruses... Maybe I forgot a chapter, or maybe that's another branch of research.....? I may visit his blog/website and ask.
Great book!
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Reviewed in Australia on 21 January 2015
Format: Kindle Edition
The simplistic language used in this book, makes it an easy read and accessible to everybody with an interest in virology. I found it a great springboard and starting point when writing my novel. As come reviewers have noted, it reads similarly to an autobiography as opposed to a textbook. For this reason I thoroughly enjoyed reading it.

Top international reviews

AReader
5.0 out of 5 stars Full of fascinating information
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 18 March 2020
Verified Purchase
I am reviewing this during the coronavirus epidemic in 2020. It is extremely informative and full of information which is still relevant. I have also read Spillover, and this is not as much of a thriller, but it is well written and absolutely riveting.

9 people found this helpful

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Del
3.0 out of 5 stars A vision for the future
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 19 May 2014
Verified Purchase
I enjoyed this, although it wasn't quite what I expected.
The examination of how pandemics occur, and how little stands between us and the next, was fascinating, and I applaud the author's vision of a future in which, by using modern technology and advanced disease surveillance in animals and humans, we are able to predict, and stop, such outbreaks before they take hold.
Surely that is something public health should be striving for!

2 people found this helpful

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Kindler
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 3 April 2020
Verified Purchase
Excellent read

One person found this helpful

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therese collie
4.0 out of 5 stars We were warned
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 5 April 2020
Verified Purchase
Interesting and accessible read on microbes and pandemic preparedness. Hopefully his wish for this global “control room” might happen sooner than later.

One person found this helpful

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Mr. R. G. A. Thomas
4.0 out of 5 stars Excellently informative
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 19 April 2013
Verified Purchase
Absolutely chock full of new information. A page turner ... from the start it builds and keeps you going to find out the ultimate truth, the really important information about viruses and humans .... but in the end .... peters out.

5 people found this helpful

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