Menno Simons
Menno Simons | |
|---|---|
 "Menno Simons from Friesland" 1608 engraving by Christoffel van Sichem | |
| Church | Mennonites |
| Personal details | |
| Born | 1496 |
| Died | 31 January 1561 (aged 64 or 65) |
| Buried | Bad Oldesloe |
| Denomination | Catholic (until 1536), Anabaptist (from 1536) |
| Spouse | Geertruydt Jansdochter |
| Children | Two daughters, one son |
| Profession | Catholic priest (until 1536), Anabaptist minister and author (from 1536) |
Menno Simons (Dutch: [ˈmɛnoː ˈsimɔns]; West Frisian: Minne Simens [ˈmɪnə ˈsimə̃ːs];[1] 1496 – 31 January 1561) was a Roman Catholic priest from the Friesland region of the Low Countries who was excommunicated from the Catholic Church and became an influential Anabaptist religious leader. Simons was a contemporary of the Protestant Reformers and it is from his name that his followers became known as Mennonites.
Biography
Early life
Menno Simons was born in 1496[2] in Witmarsum, Friesland, Holy Roman Empire. Very little is known concerning his childhood and family except that he grew up in a poor peasant environment. His father's name was Simon, Simons being a patronym, and he had a brother named Pieter.[3]
Simons grew up in a disillusioned war-torn country. Friesland was ravaged by war in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Landsknecht soldiers haunted the Frisian lands in the 1490s to force the 'Free' Frisians to accept the Duke of Saxony-Meissen as their head of state. The duke was the governor of the Netherlands for the Habsburg family. One of the archenemies of the Habsburgs, the Duke of Guelders, invaded Friesland in 1515 and conquered half of it. Saxony ceded the other half to the Habsburgs. The Frisians tried to regain their freedom but they were too weak and eventually accepted the imperial authority of the Habsburg emperor Charles V.[citation needed]
Simons learned Latin and some Greek, and he was taught about the Latin Church Fathers during his training to become a priest.[3] He had never read the Bible, either before or during his training for the priesthood, out of fear that he would be adversely influenced by it. When he later reflected upon this period in his life, he called himself stupid.[4]
Priesthood and brother's death
He was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest in 1515 or 1516[5] in Utrecht. He was then appointed chaplain in his father's village Pingjum (1524).
Around 1526 or 1527, questions surrounding the doctrine of transubstantiation caused Menno Simons to begin a serious and in-depth search of the Holy Scriptures, which he confessed he had not previously studied, despite being a priest. Menno was not satisfied with the inconsistent answers which he got from Martin Luther, Martin Bucer and Heinrich Bullinger; he resolved to rely on Scripture alone, and from this time describes his preaching as "evangelical", not "sacramental".[6]
Menno's first knowledge of the concept of "rebaptism", which he said "sounded very strange to me", came in 1531 after hearing of the beheading of Sicke Freerks Snijder at Leeuwarden for being "rebaptized" ("Snijder", meaning "tailor", was probably not the family name, since Freerks is the patronym form of Freerk and Sicke was, in fact, a tailor by trade). A renewed search of the scriptures left Menno Simons believing that infant baptism is not in the Bible. He discussed the issue with his pastor, searched the Church Fathers, and read the works of Martin Luther and Heinrich Bullinger. At some point, he also read some of Erasmus of Rotterdam's writings, which affected his views of Christian life and church.[7] While still pondering the issue, he was transferred to Witmarsum. Here he came into direct contact with Anabaptists, preaching and practicing "believer's baptism". Later, some of the Münsterite disciples came there as well. While he regarded them as misled and fanatical, he was drawn to their zeal and their views of the Bible, the Church, and discipleship.[citation needed]
In 1535, his brother Pieter was among a group of Anabaptists killed near Bolsward because of his participation in the violent takeover of a Catholic monastery known as the Oldeklooster (or Bloemkamp Abbey). This monastery, near Bolsward in the Dutch province of Friesland, was seized on 30 March 1535 by about 300 Anabaptists of Friesland, both men and women, led by Jan van Geelen, an emissary of the Anabaptists of Münster. They thereby won a strong position and from here tried to conquer the entire province. The imperial stadholder Georg Schenck van Toutenburg was put in charge of capturing the old monastery from the Anabaptists. He supposed that he would be able to do so easily, but found himself compelled to conduct a regular siege. On 1 April he decided to bombard the monastery with heavy artillery and tried to storm it, leading his soldiers in four assaults. On the third they succeeded in taking several positions, although some of the fortifications and the church remained in Anabaptist possession. On 7 April the monastery was finally stormed after a severe battle. 300 Anabaptists were killed. Of the ones who did not lose their lives in the attack, 37 were then beheaded and 132, both men and women, taken to Leeuwarden, where another 55 were executed after a short trial. Jan van Geelen escaped.[citation needed]
After the death of his brother Pieter, Menno experienced a spiritual and mental crisis. He said he "prayed to God with sighs and tears that He would give to me, a sorrowing sinner, the gift of His grace, create within me a clean heart, and graciously through the merits of the crimson blood of Christ, He would graciously forgive my unclean walk and unprofitable life..."[8]
Anabaptists
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Menno Simons rejected the Catholic Church and the priesthood on 12 January 1536,[5] casting his lot with the Anabaptists. The exact date of his new baptism is unknown, but he was probably baptized not long after leaving Witmarsum in early 1536. By October 1536 his connection with Anabaptism was well known, because it was in that month that Herman and Gerryt Jansz were arrested, charged and beheaded for having lodged Simons. He was ordained around 1537 by Obbe Philips. Obbe and his brother, Dirk Philips, were among the peaceful disciples of Melchior Hoffman (the more radical of Hoffman's followers having participated in the Münster Rebellion). It was Hoffman who introduced the first self-sustaining Anabaptist congregation in the Netherlands, when he taught and practiced believers' baptism in Emden in East Frisia. Menno Simons rejected the violence advocated by the Münster movement, believing it was not Scriptural.[9] His theology was focused on separation from this world, and baptism by repentance symbolized this.[9]
— Menno Simons, Why I Do Not Cease Teaching and Writing, 1539
Menno evidently rose quickly to become a man of influence. Before 1540, David Joris, an Anabaptist of the "inspirationist" variety, had been the most influential leader in the Netherlands. By 1544, the term Mennonite or Mennist was used in a letter to refer to the Dutch Anabaptists.[10] Twenty-five years after his renunciation of Catholicism, Menno died on 31 January 1561 at Wüstenfelde, Holstein, and was buried in his garden.[3] He was married to a woman named Gertrude, and they had at least three children, two daughters and a son.[11] Only one daughter outlived him.[12]
Theology
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Menno Simons' influence on Anabaptism in the Low Countries was so great that Baptist historian William Estep suggested that their history be divided into three periods: "before Menno, under Menno, and after Menno". Menno is especially significant because of his coming to the Anabaptist movement in the north in its most troublesome days, and helping not only to sustain it, but also to establish it as a viable Radical Reformation movement.[citation needed]
Incarnation
Menno believed that Jesus had a "heavenly flesh" instead of taking on human flesh and blood from Mary.[13] He said that Christ was "conceived not of her womb but in her womb".[14] Menno appealed to scientific theory to bolster his arguments, although he lacked scientific training.[15]
Excommunication
Girolimon (1995) compares the teachings of Menno Simons with those of Protestant reformer John Calvin (1509–64), focusing on the issue of excommunication. This theological analysis stresses sharp contrasts between the two leaders on four basic principles: on procedures leading to excommunication, on the severity of sanctions on the excommunicant, on the restoration of a repentant individual, and on civil punishment. Calvin and Menno, each a leader of distinct wings of the Reformation, both believed this extreme form of discipline to be essential to the function of the church in society, agreeing on the basic grounds for excommunication as expressed in the New Testament. Menno, however, envisioned the application of reprimand as a process administered by the entire church body against any sin; Calvin reserved excommunication for especially severe transgressions as identified by the Company of Pastors and the Consistory. Among other disagreements, Calvin approved civil punishment for certain forms of unorthodoxy while Menno advocated strict church/state separation. They differed most profoundly in their views on why church discipline was necessary. Simons saw human perfectability as attainable after conversion, while Calvin stressed an Augustinian theology of human depravity.[16][17]
Bride of Christ
Menno Simons drew heavily from Biblical images of the bride of Christ when envisioning a new church. He found in the Biblical Song of Solomon a description of the relationship between a purified church and Christ that not only applied to a reformed church but also to the earthly marriage between man and woman. Like the bride in the songs, the woman must come in total love and devotion and will be cleansed of her natural evil by contact with her husband. He did not alter the conventional view of relations between men and women but idealized the woman's subordinate and asexual status.[18]
Infant baptism
The Anabaptists insisted on believer's (normally adult) baptism. By contrast, Martin Luther defended infant baptism; his belief in it stemmed from his view of the church as ideally an inclusive reality in a Christian society. Menno Simons based his rejection of infant baptism on the concept of the church as a disciplined group of individuals who have voluntarily committed their lives to Christ. He viewed sanctification as a lifelong process that does not completely rid the presence of sin from one's life.[19]
Peace
Although some Anabaptists in Amsterdam and Münster in the 16th century engaged in violence and murder, Dutch Mennonites generally became pious and peaceful. In his 1539 Christian Baptism Menno Simons stated his reluctance to engage in disputes, which may have stemmed from his reluctance for years to announce his true convictions.[20] Simons' relationships with the radical Münsterites and peaceful Melchiorites may offer additional clues.
Asceticism
Menno Simons rejected asceticism in terms of its traditional practices of social withdrawal, mortification, and self-denial. Historical theologian Richard Valantasis, however, has suggested that asceticism should not be defined as these physical practices but as a group of activities designed to re-establish social relations between the individual and the dominant social environment through a new subjectivity, different social relations, and an alternative symbolic universe. Simons' theology is ascetic by Valantasis's definition since it used these methods to restructure Anabaptists' relationship with 'worldly' society.[21]
Works
- Van de Geestlijke Verrijsenisse (ca. 1536; The Spiritual Resurrection)
- De nieuwe Creatuere (ca. 1537; The New Birth)
- Christelycke leringhen op den 25. Psalm (ca. 1538; Meditation on the Twenty-Fifth Psalm)
- Why I Do Not Cease Teaching and Writing (1539)
- Dat Fundament des Christelycken leers (1539–40; Foundation of Christian Doctrine)[22]
Notes
- Hendrik Twerda, Fan Fryslâns Forline, Bolsward, 1968 (Utjowerij A.J. Osinga), p. 128.
- Menno's life. Menno Simons.net. Retrieved on 15 April 2009.
- Menno Simons (1496–1561). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
- (in Dutch) Menno Simons' uitgang uit het Pausdom.. Digital library for Dutch literature. Retrieved on 20 April 2009.
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- Gordon, Alexander (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 132.
- Friesen, Leonard (2022). Mennonites in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union - Through Much Tribulation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 24, 47–8. ISBN 9781487505677.
- "Menno Simon's Renunciation of the Church of Rome". Archived from the original on 19 May 2007. Retrieved 13 April 2007.
- Gonzalez, J. (1975). A History of Christian Thought. Abingdon Press. p. 96.
- Friesen, Leonard G. (27 October 2022). Mennonites in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union: Through Much Tribulation. Toronto; Buffalo; London: University of Toronto Press. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4875-0551-6.
- Geertruydt (16th century). Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online. Retrieved on 26 October 2012.
- Dosker, Henry E. (1 January 1921). The Dutch Anabaptists. University of Michigan Library. p. 170.
- Kaufman, Douglas (1 August 2014). "What Menno got wrong and the difference it makes". The Mennonite. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- Grislis, Egil (1990). "The Doctrine of Incarnation According to Menno Simons". Journal of Mennonite Studies. 8: 19. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- Irwin, Joyce (1978). "Embryology and the Incarnation: A Sixteenth-Century Debate". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 9 (3): 93–104. doi:10.2307/2539448. JSTOR 2539448. S2CID 166076085. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
- Michael Thomas Girolimon, "John Calvin and Menno Simons on Religious Discipline: A Difference in Degree and Kind," Fides et Historia 1995 27(1): 5–29
- Charles Wiley, "'Hand this Man over to Satan': A Comparison of John Calvin and Menno Simons on Excommunication," Fides et Historia 1993 25(3): 16–32
- Beth Kreitzer, "Menno Simons and the Bride of Christ," Mennonite Quarterly Review 1996 70(3): 299–318
- Egil Grislis, "Martin Luther and Menno Simons on Infant Baptism," Journal of Mennonite Studies 1994 12: 7–25
- Abraham Friesen, "Present at the Inception: Menno Simons and the Beginnings of Dutch Anabaptism," Mennonite Quarterly Review 1998 72(3): 351–388
- Lawrence J. Altepeter, "The Asceticism of Menno Simons," Mennonite Quarterly Review 1998 72(1): 69–83
- Menno's Foundation-Book. Menno Simons.net. Retrieved on 15 April 2009.
References
- Dutch Anabaptism: Origin, Spread, Life and Thought (1450–1600), by Cornelius Krahn
- The Anabaptist Story: An Introduction to Sixteenth-Century Anabaptism, by William Roscoe Estep ISBN 0-8028-0886-7
- The Complete Writings of Menno Simons…, transl. by Leonard Verduin and ed. by John C. Wenger, with a biography by Harold S. Bender ISBN 0-8361-1353-5
- The Dutch Anabaptists, by Henry Dosker
External links
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Data from Wikidata
- Menno Simons in Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online
- Prints Bibliotheca Mennonitica Amsterdam: Doopsgezinde prenten
- Menno Simons. Life, writings, images and links
- Menno Simons Biography from the Church of the Brethren.net
- Dr Victor Shepherd (2001). "Chapter 10: Menno Simons (1496–1561)". Witnesses to the Word. Toronto: Clements Pub. ISBN 189466700X. Archived from the original on 5 February 2007.
- A Foundation and Plain Instruction of the Saving Doctrine of Our Lord Jesus Christ
- 1496 births
- 1561 deaths
- Christian humanists
- Dutch Christian pacifists
- Dutch Protestant ministers and clergy
- Dutch Protestant theologians
- Dutch Mennonites
- Founders of new religious movements
- Mennonite ministers
- Mennonite theologians
- Mennonite writers
- Mennonitism
- People from Wûnseradiel
- People of the Protestant Reformation
- Protestant mystics
- 16th-century Protestant theologians
- 16th-century Christian mystics
- Christian radicals
- 16th-century Anabaptist ministers
==
메노 시몬스
메노 시몬스 Menno Simons | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 본명 | Minne Simens |
| 출생 | 1496년 네덜란드 비트마르숨 |
| 사망 | 1561년 1월 31일 |
| 성별 | 남성 |
| 국적 | 네덜란드 |
| 경력 | 로마 가톨릭 사제 |
| 직업 | 종교 개혁가 |
| 소속 | 메노나이트 교회 |
메노 시몬스(네덜란드어: Menno Simons, 서프리슬란트어: Minne Simens 미너 시먼스, 1496년 ~ 1561년 1월 31일)는 급진 종교 개혁가로 1496년 네덜란드 비트마르숨에서 출생하였다. 원래 프리스랜드 지역의 로마 가톨릭 사제였다. 후에 네덜란드 재세례파의 온건파 초기지도자이며, 그의 추종자들이 메노나이트 교회(Mennonite Church)를 세웠다.
참고 문헌
J.A. Brandsma, Menno Simons Van Witmarsum (1960), a biography containing a careful evaluation of stories and legends about Menno Simons; C.J. Dyck (ed.), A Legacy of Faith: The Heritage of Menno Simons (1962), a discussion of Dutch Anabaptism with three chapters devoted to Menno Simons; I.B. Horst, A Bibliography of Menno Simons, ca. 1496-1561(1962), the definitive bibliography of his writings; C. Krahn, "Menno Simons," Mennonite Encyclopedia, vol. 3 (1957), a major interpretive article by one of the foremost scholars of Dutch Anabaptism; F.H. Littell, A Tribute to Menno Simons (1961), a discussion of the significance of the theology of Menno Simons; H.W. Meihuizen, Menno Simons (1961), a biography giving particular attention to the place of Menno Simons in the life and culture of his time; Menno Simons, Opera Omnia Theologica (1681; The Complete Writings of Menno Simons, ed. by J.C. Wenger, 1956), the definitive English-language edition; K. Vos, Menno Simons, 1496-1561 (1914), the standard work (in Dutch).
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メノ・シモンズ
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メノ・シモンズ | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 生誕 | 1496年 オランダ、フリースラント |
| 死没 | 1561年1月31日 ホルシュタイン |
| 職業 | 元司祭、牧師、神学者 |
| アナバプテスト |
|---|
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| 関連記事 |
| 人物 |
フルドリッヒ・ツヴィングリ |
| 神学・運動 |
| 教派 |
| 連合体・諸集会 |
| その他関係項目 |
| キリスト教 ポータル |
メノ・シモンズ（Menno Simons、1496年 - 1561年1月31日）は、オランダ、フリースラント生まれのアナバプテストの指導者、元司祭、牧師。シモンズはプロテスタント宗教改革の時代の人物であり、彼の系統の教派はメノナイトとして知られている。
聖職叙階
シモンズの誕生の地は15世紀から16世紀にかけての戦争で破壊された。彼の両親と幼年期については全く知られていない。彼は貧しい農民出身であったので、彼がその時に受けた教育は聖職者になるためのものに限定される。1524年、ユトレヒトにおいてカトリックの司祭として叙階され、父の村の神父となる。
神学研究
1526年から1527年に化体説の教理に疑問を持ち、聖書の研究を始めた。そして福音的人道主義者（evangelical humanist）と呼ばれる立場に至った。シモンズは聖書を調べて幼児洗礼の根拠が聖書に無いと確信した。この問題について彼は教父の文書を研究し、マルティン・ルターとハインリヒ・ブリンガーの著書を読んだ。そして信仰者のバプテスマを教えるようになった。
1535年にアナバプテストのグループの中にいた彼の兄弟が殺害された事件が起こった時、彼は霊的、精神的な危機を経験した。「ため息と涙をもって神に祈る。主は私に与えてくださった。悲しむ罪人に。主の恵みの賜物は、私の中にきよい心をつくり、キリストの血の赤に染まる十字架のいさおしを通し、主の恵みは、私の罪に汚れた歩みと空しい行いを、赦して下さる」と言った。
1536年1月にカトリック教会とその聖職を拒み、アナバプテストに行った。バプテスマを受けた日付は判明していないが、1536年10月までには彼はアナバプテストとして有名であった。メノナイトの語はオランダのアナバプテストを指して使われた。
1561年1月31日にホルシュタインで召天し、遺体は庭に埋葬された。彼はゲルトルードという女性と結婚し、娘2人、息子1人をもうけた。
メノ・シモンズがアナバプテストに与えた影響は非常に大きいものであった。バプテストの歴史家ウィリアム・エステップ（William Estep）は、バプテストの歴史を3期に分けた。メノ・シモンズ以前、メノ・シモンズの下、メノ・シモンズ後である。彼は困難な時代にアナバプテストの働きを維持しただけでなく、根本的宗教改革を確立し促進させた人物として重要である。
外部リンク
- Menno Simons 世界アナバプテスト・メノナイト百科事典（英語）
- Menno Simons. Life, writings, images and links
- Menno Simons Biography from the Church of the Brethren.net
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070926213027/http://www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Heritage/menno.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20070205171059/http://www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Heritage/heritage.htm ISBN 189466700X
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메노 시몬스
|
메노 시몬스 | |
|---|---|
| |
| 탄생 | 1496년 네덜란드 , 프리슬란트 |
| 사망 | 1561년 1월 31일 홀슈타인 |
| 직업 | 전 사제 , 목사 , 신학자 |
| 아나밥 테스트 |
|---|
|
| 관련 기사 |
| 인물 |
| 신학 ·운동 |
| 교파 |
| 연합체·제집회 |
| 기타 관계 항목 |
| 기독교 포털 |
Meno Simons ( Menno Simons , 1496-1561 년 1 월 31 일 )는 네덜란드, 프리 슬란트 에서 태어난 아나 침례 지도자, 전 사제 , 목사 . 시몬스는 개신교 종교 개혁 의 시대 인물이며, 그의 계통의 교파는 메노나이트 로 알려져 있습니다.
성직서층
시몬스의 탄생지는 15세기부터 16세기에 이르는 전쟁에서 파괴되었다. 그의 부모와 어린 시절에 대해서는 전혀 알려지지 않았습니다. 그는 가난한 농민 출신이었기 때문에 그가 그 당시 받은 교육은 성직자가 되기 위한 것에 국한된다. 1524년 위트레흐트 에서 가톨릭 사제로 서계 되어 아버지 마을의 신부가 되었다.
신학 연구
1526년 부터 1527년 에 화체설 의 교리에 의문을 가지고 성경 연구를 시작했다. 그리고 복음적 인도주의자(evangelical humanist)라고 불리는 입장에 이르렀다. 시몬스는 성경을 조사해 유아세례 의 근거가 성경에 없다고 확신했다. 이 문제에 대해 그는 교부 의 문서를 연구하고 마틴 루터 와 하인리히 브링거의 저서를 읽었다. 그리고 신앙자의 침례 를 가르치게 되었다.
1535년 에 아나밥테스트 그룹 안에 있던 그의 형제가 살해당한 사건이 일어났을 때, 그는 영적, 정신적 위기를 경험했다. “한숨과 눈물로 하나님께 기도한다. 여호와께서는 내게 주셨다. 슬픔 죄인들에게.
1536년 1월 에 가톨릭 교회와 그 성직을 거부하고 아나밥 테스트에 갔다. 침례를 받은 날짜는 밝혀지지 않았지만, 1536년 10월 까지 그는 아나밥 테스트로 유명했다. 메노나이트의 말은 네덜란드의 아나밥 테스트를 가리키는 데 사용되었다.
1561년 1월 31일 에 홀슈타인 에서 소천 했고 시신은 정원에 묻혔다. 그는 게르트루드라는 여성과 결혼하여 딸 2명, 아들 1명을 벌었다.
메노 시몬스가 아나밥 테스트에 미치는 영향은 매우 컸다. 침례 의 역사가 윌리엄 에스테프(William Estep)는 침례의 역사를 3기로 나누었다. 메노 시몬스 이전, 메노 시몬스 아래, 메노 시몬스 후이다. 그는 어려운 시대에 아나밥 테스트의 일을 유지했을 뿐만 아니라 근본적인 종교 개혁 을 확립하고 촉진시킨 인물로서 중요하다.
외부 링크
- Menno Simons 세계 아나밥 테스트 메노나이트 백과 사전(영어)
- Menno Simons. Life, writings, images and links
- Menno Simons Biography from the Church of the Brethren.net
- https://web.archive.org/web/20070926213027/http://www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Heritage/menno.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20070205171059/http://www.victorshepherd.on.ca/Heritage/heritage
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