성화 (기독교)
성화(sanctification)란 기독교 신학에서 사용하는 신학적 용어인데, 성도가 일생을 살면서 그의 신앙적 삶이 거룩하게 되어가는 과정이나 행위를 말한다.[1] 그것은 하나님의 힘을 통하여 인간이 성결하게 되는 선물이다
기독교[편집]
성공회
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칼빈주의[편집]
칼빈개혁주의에서는 성화교리에 대하여 칭의교리의 다음에 나오는 이른바 구원의 순서를 중시하였다. 이 구원의 순서는 황금 사슬이라고 불리며, 그리스도와의 연합을 통하여 성도들이 어떻게 구원을 받는지에 대한 교리적인 질서를 갖게 되는 원칙으로, 교리적인 혼동을 막는 데 매우 중요한 역할을 하였다.
유효적 부르심,
중생,
회개,
칭의 ,
성화,
영화는 로마서 8장 28-30에 나오는 것이 아닌, 로마서 전체의 주제이기도 하다.
이러한 기독교 교리 전체를 성령의 사역으로 보는 것으로 유효한 부르심으로부터 성화의 시작으로 보는 것이 그리스도와의 연합을 통하여 이루어지는 유기적인 구원의 순서인 것이다. 개혁주의자들은 니코마코스 윤리학에 나오는 습관이라는 말을 로마 가톨릭의 주입된 은혜와 같이 사용하였으나 그것은 칭의와의 구별을 설명하기 위한 것이다.[2]
동방 정교회는 동방 정교회이다.[편집]
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루터란[편집]
성령 하나님의 사역으로 성화가 이루어지지만, 이 생애에서는 완전한 성화는 이룰수 없다고 본다.[3]
감리교[편집]
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로마 카톨릭교회[편집]
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관련서적[편집]
- 성화란 무엇인가 (이윤석지음, 부흥과 개혁사, 2017)
- 성화란 무엇인가 (싱클레어 퍼거슨외, 이미선 옮김, 부흥과 개혁사, 2010)
- 그리스도 안에 있는 구원과 성화 (김광열 지음, 총신대학교 출판부, 2000)
각주[편집]
- ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd ed.
- ↑ Fesko, J. V., 1970-. 《The theology of the Westminster standards : historical context and theological insights》. Wheaton, Illinois. 264쪽. ISBN 978-1-4335-3311-2.
- ↑ WELS Topical Q&A: Sanctification and Justification, by Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
Sanctification
Sanctification or in its verb form, sanctify, literally means "to set apart for special use or purpose", that is, to make holy or sacred (compare Latin: sanctus). Therefore, sanctification refers to the state or process of being set apart, i.e. "made holy", as a vessel, full of the Holy Spirit of God. The concept of sanctification is widespread among religions, including Judaism and especially Christianity. The term can be used to refer to objects which are set apart for special purposes, but the most common use within Christian theology is in reference to the change brought about by God in a believer, begun at the point of salvation and continuing throughout the life of the believer. Many forms of Christianity believe that this process will only be completed in Heaven, but some believe that complete holiness is possible in this life.
Judaism[edit source]
In rabbinic Judaism sanctification means sanctifying God's name by works of mercy and martyrdom, while desecration of God's name means committing sin.[1] This is based on the Jewish concept of God, whose holiness is pure goodness and is transmissible by sanctifying people and things.[2]
Christianity[edit source]
In the various branches of Christianity sanctification usually refers to a person becoming holy, with the details differing in different branches.[3]
Roman Catholicism[edit source]
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The Catholic Church upholds the doctrine of sanctification, teaching that:[4]
According to the Catholic Encyclopedia "sanctity"[5] differs for God, individual, and corporate body. For God, it is God's unique absolute moral perfection. For the individual, it is a close union with God and the resulting moral perfection. It is essentially of God, by a divine gift. For a society, it is the ability to produce and secure holiness in its members, who display a real, not merely nominal, holiness. The Church's holiness is beyond human power, beyond natural power.
Sanctity is regulated by established conventional standards.
Eastern Orthodoxy[edit source]
Orthodox Christianity teaches the doctrine of theosis, whereby humans take on divine properties, and in a particular sense, participate in the being of God. A key scripture supporting this is 2 Peter 1:4. In the 4th century, Athanasius of Alexandria taught that God became Man that man might become God.[6] Essentially, man does not become divine, but in Christ can partake of divine nature. This Church's version of salvation restores God's image in man.[7] One such theme is release from mortality caused by desires of the world.[8]
Lutheranism[edit source]
Martin Luther taught in his Large Catechism that Sanctification is only caused by the Holy Spirit through the powerful Word of God. The Holy Spirit uses churches to gather Christians together for the teaching and preaching of the Word of God.[9]
Luther also viewed the Ten Commandments as means by which the Holy Spirit sanctifies.
Pietistic Lutheranism heavily emphasizes the "biblical divine commands of believers to live a holy life and to strive for holy living, or sanctification."[12]
Anglicanism[edit source]
A 2002 Anglican publishing house book states that “there is no explicit teaching on sanctification in the Anglican formularies”.[13] A glossary of the Episcopal Church (USA) gives some teaching: “Anglican formularies have tended to speak of sanctification as the process of God's work within us by means of which we grow into the fullness of the redeemed life.”[14] Outside official formularies sanctification has been an issue in the Anglican Communion since its inception.
The 16th century Anglican theologian Richard Hooker (1554-1600) distinguished between the “righteousness of justification” that is imputed by God and the “righteousness of sanctification” that comprises the works one does as an “inevitable” result of being justified.[15]
Jeremy Taylor (1613-1667) argued that justification and sanctification cannot be separated; they are “two steps in a long process”.[16]
A 19th century Church of England work agreed with Jeremy Taylor that justification and sanctification are “inseparable”. However, they are not the same thing. Justification is “found in Christ’s work alone”. “Sanctification is the work of the Holy Spirit in us, and is a progressive work.”[17]
Reformed[edit source]
Calvinist theologians interpret sanctification as the process of being made holy only through the merits and justification of Jesus Christ through the work of the Holy Spirit that are then reflected in humanity. Sanctification cannot be attained by any works-based process, but only through the works and power of the divine.[18] When a person is unregenerate, it is their essence that sins and does evil. But when a person is justified through Christ, it is no longer the person (in their essence) that sins, but the person is acting outside of their character. In other words, the person is not being themself, they are not being true to who they are.[19]
Methodist[edit source]
In Wesleyan theology, which is upheld by the Methodist Church (inclusive of the Holiness movement), "sanctification, the beginning of holiness, begins at the new birth".[20] With the Grace of God, Methodists "do works of piety and mercy, and these works reflect the power of sanctification".[21] Examples of these means of grace (works of piety and works of mercy) that aid with sanctification include frequent reception of the sacrament of Holy Communion (work of piety),[22] and visiting the sick and those in prison (work of mercy).[23] Wesleyan covenant theology also emphasizes that an important aspect of sanctification is the keeping of the moral law contained in the Ten Commandments.[24] As such, in "sanctification one grows to be more like Christ."[25] This process of sanctification that begins at the new birth (first work of grace) has its goal as Christian perfection, also known as entire sanctification (second work of grace),[20][26] which John Wesley, the progenitor of the Methodist faith, described as a heart "habitually filled with the love of God and neighbor" and as "having the mind of Christ and walking as he walked".[27] To John Wesley the work of entire sanctification was distinctly separate from regeneration,[28] and was "wrought instantaneously, though it may be approached by slow and gradual steps."[28] A more complete statement of Wesley's position goes like this:
This is the doctrine that by the power of God's sanctifying grace and attention upon the means of grace may cleanse a Christian of the corrupting influence of original sin in this life. It is expounded upon in the Methodist Articles of Religion:[30]
Justification is seen as an initial step of acknowledging God's holiness, with sanctification as, through the grace and power of God, entering into it. A key scripture is Hebrews 12:14: "Follow after...holiness, without which no one shall see the Lord." The Wesleyan Church (formerly known as the Wesleyan Methodist Church) states that sanctification has three components—initial, progressive, and entire:[31]
The importance of "growth in grace", according to Methodist doctrine, is important before and after entire sanctification:[32]
In the same vein, in addition to entire sanctification, the Kentucky Mountain Holiness Association affirms a belief in "the progressive growth in grace toward Christian maturity through a consistent Christian life of faith and good works."[33] Methodist theology teaches that the state of entire sanctification can be lost through willful sin:[34]
If a person backslides but later decides to return to God, he or she must confess his or her sins and be entirely sanctified again (see conditional security).[35][36][37]
John Wesley taught outward holiness as an expression of "inward transformation" and theologians in the Wesleyan-Arminian tradition have noted that the observance of standards of dress and behaviour should follow the New Birth as an act of obedience to God.[38][39]
Pentecostalism[edit source]
There are two Pentecostal positions on sanctification, entire sanctification and progressive sanctification.[40]
Entire sanctification as a second work of grace, is the position of Pentecostal denominations that originally had their roots in Wesleyan-Arminian theology, such as the International Pentecostal Holiness Church, Church of God (Cleveland), and the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel.[41] These denominations differ from the Methodist Churches (inclusive of the Holiness Movement) in that they teach the possibility of a third work of grace—glossolalia.[42]
Progressive sanctification is the work of sanctification of the believer through grace and the decisions of the believer after the new birth.[43] This is the position of other Pentecostal denominations, such as the Assemblies of God.[44][45]
Quakerism[edit source]
George Fox, the founder of Quakerism, taught Christian perfection, also known in the Friends tradition as "Perfectionism", in which the Christian believer could be made free from sin.[46][47] In his Some Principles of the Elect People of God Who in Scorn are called Quakers, for all the People throughout all Christendome to Read over, and thereby their own States to Consider, he writes in section "XVI. Concerning Perfection":[46]
The early Quakers, following Fox, taught that as a result of the New Birth through the power of the Holy Spirit, man could be free from actual sinning if he continued to rely on the inward light and "focus on the cross of Christ as the center of faith".[48] George Fox emphasized "personal responsibility for faith and emancipation from sin" in his teaching on perfectionism.[48] For the Christian, "perfectionism and freedom from sin were possible in this world".[47]
Some Quaker denominations were founded to emphasize this teaching, such as the Central Yearly Meeting of Friends.[49]
Keswickianism[edit source]
Keswickian theology, which emerged in the Higher Life Movement, teaches a second work of grace that occurs through "surrender and faith", in which God keeps an individual from sin.[50] Keswickian denominations, such as the Christian and Missionary Alliance, differ from the Wesleyan-Holiness movement in that the Christian and Missionary Alliance does not see entire sanctification as cleansing one from original sin, whereas holiness denominations espousing the Wesleyan-Arminian theology affirm this belief.[51][52]
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints[edit source]
In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, sanctification is viewed as a process and gift from God which makes every willing member holy, according to their repentance and righteous efforts, through the Savior Jesus Christ's matchless grace.[53] To become Sanctified, or Holy, one must do all that he can to live as Christ lived, according to the teachings of Christ. One must strive to live a holy life to truly be considered Holy.[54] In the Church's scriptural canon, one reference to sanctification appears in Helaman 3:35, in the Book of Mormon:
Elder Dallin H. Oaks, then of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, also expounded on the meaning of sanctity.[56]
Islam[edit source]
In Islam, sanctification is termed as tazkiah, other similarly used words to the term are Islah-i qalb (reform of the heart), Ihsan (beautification), taharat (purification), Ikhlas (purity), qalb-is-salim (pure/safe/undamaged heart). Tasawuf (Sufism), basically an ideology rather than a term, is mostly misinterpreted as the idea of sanctification in Islam and it is used to pray about saints, especially among Sufis, in whom it is common to say "that God sanctifies his secret" ("qaddasa Llahou Sirruhu"), and that the Saint is alive or dead.[57]
