은송
3개의 언어 버전
출처 : 무료 백과 사전 "Wikipedia (Wikipedia)"
페이 포워드 는 이 항목으로 전송 됩니다. 기업에 대해서는 페이포워드(기업)를 참조하십시오.
은송 (온송)이란 누군가로부터 받은 은을 직접 그 사람에게 돌려주는 것이 아니라 다른 사람에게 보내는 것 [1] .
개요 [ 편집 ]
「은송」이라는 말은 에도시대의 문헌에서 이미 사용되고 있지만, 그 의미는 「온가에시(恩返し)」와 동일하다고 한다[2 ] .
그러나 이노우에 히사시 는 '은송'이지만 누군가로부터 받은 은을 자신은 다른 사람에게 보낸다. 그리고 그 보내진 사람이 또 다른 사람에게 건네준다. 그렇게 '은'이 세상을 빙빙 돌아가는 것을 가리키고 있다고 했다 [1] . 이 의미에서의 '은송'은 친절을 해준 당인에게 친절을 돌려보내도 적절한 방법이 없는 경우에 제3자에게 은혜를 '보낸다'. 은혜를 돌려주는 상대가 한정되지 않고, 비교적 짧은 기간에 선의를 구체화할 수 있다.
이러한 용례에서의 「은송」도 에도시대부터 존재하고 있었다 [1] . 사실 ' 스가와라 전수 수습감 '에는 다음과 같은 설명이 있다.
「(략) 이구한 놈, 훌륭한 놈, 건강한 8개나 9개로, 부모를 대신해 은송. 도움이 되는 것은 효행자 , ... 의 단 [3] ”)
또 '은송'과 의미가 상당히 겹치는 또 다른 표현이 예로부터 일본인에게는 확실히 정착하고 있다. 「정은 사람을 위해서는 안된다」라고 하는 것이다. "정치는 사람을 위해서는 안된다"는 것은 "정치(=친절)는, 어느 쪽은 돌아다니며(다른 것도 아니다) 자신에게 좋은 것이 돌아온다[4](그러니까, 한 사람에게 친절하게 해 두었다 쪽이 좋다)」라는 의미의 표현이다. 「은송」이나 「정은 사람을 위해서는 안된다」라고 하는 모랄・상식은, 각지의 인간 사회가 옛부터 가지고 있는 양식의 하나.
유사한 사고방식은 일본 이외의 나라들, 다양한 나라·공동체에서도 볼 수 있다 [5] . 영어에서는 A kindness is never lost (친절은 결코 잃지 않기 때문에 실행하자)라고 표현하고 있다. 다만, 현대의 선진국 등에서는 사람들이 이러한 양식이나 모랄을 잊어버리기 쉽고, 극단적으로 이기적이고 근시안적이 되는 경향이 있는 것이나, 그것이 사회적으로 보면 다양한 해를 일으키고 있다 일은 종종 지적되고있다 [ 누구에 의해? ] .
이러한 상황 속에서 최근 영어권에서는 '은송'에 해당하는 개념이 Pay it forward (페이 잇 포워드)의 표현으로 재인식되게 되었다.Pay it forward or paying it forward refers to repaying the good deeds one has received by doing good things for other unrelated people.
이 "Pay it forward"를 테마로 소설 ' 페이 포워드 가능 왕국 '이 쓰여졌으며, 이 책의 아이디어를 바탕으로 페이 잇 포워드 재단이 설립되었다. 이 재단은 학교 학생, 부모, 교사에게 이 Pay it forward 의 사고방식을 전파하는 활동을 하고 있다.
일본에서도 최근, '은송'이라는 사고방식을 언급하고 있는 책은 다수 있다 [6] .
각주 [ 편집 ]↑ a b c 이노우에 히사시 “이노우에 히사시와 141명의 동료들의 작문 교실”
↑ “ 정선판 일본국어 대사전 “은송”의 해설 ”. 코트뱅크 . 2021년 9월 2일 열람.
↑ 데라코야의 단 [ 링크 끊어짐 ]
↑ 『광사원』 제2판 1656쪽
^ en:Pay it forward 에도, 옛부터의 언급에 관한 설명이 있다.
^ 예를 들면, 다음과 같은 책.
나카무라 후미아키 『비상식력. 엄청난 것을 생각하는 멋있는 어른이 될 수 있어!」(PHP 연구소, 2007)
시가 우치 야스히로의 '매일이 즐거워지는 17 이야기 : 환영합니다 '마음의 삼투성 레스토랑'에 '2009 등등.『비상식력. 엄청난 것을 생각하는 멋있는 어른이 되라! '에는 ''은행'보다 '은송''이라는 장이 있고 (p.72-74), 거기에는 다음과 같은 주지가 적혀있다. 있습니다.
『(은사등으로부터) 받은 은을 돌려준다니, 그렇게 할 수 있는 일이 아니다. 하지만 받은 은혜를 또 다른 사람에게 전해 갈 수는 있다. 이것을 '은송'이라고 하는 거야 (...)받은 은에 비하면, 자신은 몇 분의 1도 돌려줄 수 없는데 은혜를 보자 등과는 어색할지도 모른다. 하지만, 은송이라면, 작은 일로부터 조금씩, 할 수 있는 일을 하면 좋고, 그것 밖에 할 수 없을 것이다」
관련 항목 [ 편집 ]페이 포워드 가능한 왕국
관련서 [ 편집 ]해바라기 '은송' 일본문학관, 2011 ISBN 4776531127
외부 링크 [ 편집 ]Pay It Forward Foundation (페이 잇 포워드 재단)
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恩送り
出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
「ペイフォワード」はこの項目へ転送されています。企業については「ペイフォワード (企業)」をご覧ください。恩送り（おんおくり）とは、誰かから受けた恩を、直接その人に返すのではなく、別の人に送ること[1]。
概要[編集]
「恩送」という言葉は江戸時代の文献ですでに使用されているが、その意味は「おんがえし（恩返）」と同一だとされる[2]。
しかし、井上ひさしは「恩送り」が、誰かから受けた恩を、自分は別の人に送る。そしてその送られた人がさらに別の人に渡す。そうして「恩」が世の中をぐるぐる回ってゆくことを指しているとした[1]。この意味での「恩送り」は、親切をしてくれた当人へ親切を返そうにも適切な方法が無い場合に第三者へと恩を「送る」。恩を返す相手が限定されず、比較的短い期間で善意を具体化することができる。
こうした用例での「恩送り」も江戸時代から存在していた[1]。事実、『菅原伝授手習鑑』には次のような記述がある。
「（略）利口な奴、立派な奴、健気な八つや九つで、親に代つて恩送り。お役に立つは孝行者、...（略）」 （出典『菅原伝授手習鑑』「寺子屋の段[3]」）
また、「恩送り」と意味が相当程度に重なる別の表現が古くから日本人にはしっかり定着している。「情けは人の為ならず」というものである。「情けは人の為ならず」とは「情け（=親切）は、いずれは巡り巡って（他でもない）自分に良いことが返ってくる[4]（だから、ひとに親切にしておいた方が良い）」という意味の表現である。「恩送り」や「情けは人のためならず」といったモラル・常識は、各地の人間社会が古くから持っている良識のひとつ。
類似した考え方は、日本以外の国々、様々な国・共同体にも見られる[5]。英語ではA kindness is never lost（親切は決して失われないので実行しよう）と表現している。ただし、現代の先進国などでは人々が、こうした良識やモラルを忘れがちになり、極端に利己的で近視眼的になる傾向があることや、それが社会的に見ると様々な害を引き起こしていることはたびたび指摘されている[誰によって?]。
そのような状況の中、近年、英語圏では「恩送り」に相当する概念が、Pay it forward(ペイ・イット・フォーワード)の表現で再認識されるようになった。Pay it forward or paying it forward refers to repaying the good deeds one has received by doing good things for other unrelated people.
この"Pay it forward"をテーマに小説『ペイ・フォワード 可能の王国』が書かれ、この本のアイディアをもとにペイ・イット・フォーワード財団が設立された。この財団は学校の生徒、親、教師に、このPay it forwardの考え方を広める活動をしている。
日本でも近年、「恩送り」という考え方に言及している本はいくつもある[6]。
脚注[編集]^ a b c 井上ひさし『井上ひさしと141人の仲間たちの作文教室』
^ “精選版 日本国語大辞典「恩送」の解説”. コトバンク. 2021年9月2日閲覧。
^ 寺子屋の段[リンク切れ]
^ 『広辞苑』第2版1656頁
^ en:Pay it forwardにも、古くからの言及に関する説明あり。
^ 例えば、次のような本。
中村文昭著『非常識力。でっかいことを考える、カッコいい大人になれ! 』（PHP研究所、2007）
志賀内泰弘著『毎日が楽しくなる17の物語：ようこそ「心の三ツ星レストラン」へ』2009、等々等々。『非常識力。でっかいことを考える、カッコいい大人になれ! 』には『「恩返し」よりも「恩送り」』という章があり（p.72-74）、そこには次のような主旨のことが書かれている。
『（恩師などから）受けた恩を返すなんて、とてもできることじゃない。でも受けた恩をまた別の人に送り伝えてゆくことはできるんだ。そのことを「恩送り」というんだ (...）受けた恩に比べたら、自分は何分の一も返せないのに恩返ししようなどとはおこがましいかもしれない。だが、恩送りなら、小さなことから少しずつ、できることをやればよいし、それしかできないだろう』
関連項目[編集]ペイ・フォワード 可能の王国
関連書[編集]ひまわり『恩送り』日本文学館、2011 ISBN 4776531127
外部リンク[編集]Pay It Forward Foundation (ペイ・イット・フォーワード財団(英語)
カテゴリ: 社会
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向前支付
维基百科，自由的百科全书
向前支付 描述雪中送炭提供善行给受益人，而受益人不是直接对原来的恩人回报，而是在自己能力允许的时候，向未来碰到困难的第三人提供善行，并不断循环。
本傑明·富蘭克林在1784年4月25日给本杰明韦伯的信中描述了这个概念： [1]
我不假装这个钱是给你的；我只借给你。当你哪天遇到另一个同样需要的诚实人时，你需要把这笔钱借给他来回报我，让他在有能力并且遇到相似机会的时候通过类似的方式来偿还债务。我希望这个循环在遇到一个阻止其继续的无赖之前，可以经过许多人的手。这是我用一点钱做很多好事的办法。
Franklin, Benjamin. Autobiography. Macmillan. 1917: 241 [24 November 2017].
앞으로 지불
앞으로 갚는다는 것은 수혜자에게 필요할 때 친절을 베푸는 것을 의미하며, 수혜자가 원래의 은인에게 직접 갚는 것이 아니라, 자신의 능력이 허락하면 앞으로 어려움에 처할 제3자에게 친절을 베푸는 순환이 계속된다.
벤저민 프랭클린(Benjamin Franklin)은 1784년 4월 25일 벤자민 웹(Benjamin Webb)에게 보낸 편지 에서 이 개념을 설명했습니다 . [1]
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Pay it forward
3 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the philosophy. For other uses, see Pay it forward (disambiguation).
Pay it forward is an expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying the kindness to others rather than paying it back to the original benefactor.
The concept is old, but the particular phrase may have been coined by Lily Hardy Hammond in her 1916 book In the Garden of Delight.[1] Robert Heinlein's 1951 novel Between Planets helped popularize the phrase.[2]
"Pay it forward" is implemented in contract law of loans in the concept of third party beneficiaries. Specifically, the creditor offers the debtor the option of paying the debt forward by lending it to a third person instead of paying it back to the original creditor. This contract may include the provision that the debtor may repay the debt in kind, lending the same amount to a similarly disadvantaged party once they have the means, and under the same conditions. Debt and payments can be monetary or by good deeds. A related type of transaction, which starts with a gift instead of a loan, is alternative giving.
3 languages
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the philosophy. For other uses, see Pay it forward (disambiguation).
Pay it forward is an expression for describing the beneficiary of a good deed repaying the kindness to others rather than paying it back to the original benefactor.
The concept is old, but the particular phrase may have been coined by Lily Hardy Hammond in her 1916 book In the Garden of Delight.[1] Robert Heinlein's 1951 novel Between Planets helped popularize the phrase.[2]
"Pay it forward" is implemented in contract law of loans in the concept of third party beneficiaries. Specifically, the creditor offers the debtor the option of paying the debt forward by lending it to a third person instead of paying it back to the original creditor. This contract may include the provision that the debtor may repay the debt in kind, lending the same amount to a similarly disadvantaged party once they have the means, and under the same conditions. Debt and payments can be monetary or by good deeds. A related type of transaction, which starts with a gift instead of a loan, is alternative giving.
History
Paying forward was used as a key plot element in the denouement of a New Comedy play by Menander, Dyskolos (the title can be translated as "The Grouch"), a prizewinning play in ancient Athens in 317 BC.
The oldest, and perhaps most basic pattern of this concept, is the inter-generational devotion of parents to their children, re-enacting what their own parents did for them. In her 1916 book In the Garden of Delight, Lily Hardy Hammond reflects, "I never repaid Great-aunt Letitia's love to her, any more than she repaid her mother's. You don't pay love back; you pay it forward."[1]
American author and former war correspondent Richard Harding Davis, had already published a popular short story in The Metropolitan Magazine (dated March, 1914) entitled "The Boy Scout," that also dealt directly with the same concept. In it, a young "Scout" does a "good deed" that eventually reverberates world-wide.
Regarding money, the concept was described by Benjamin Franklin, in a letter to Benjamin Webb dated April 25, 1784:[3]
I do not pretend to give such a deed; I only lend it to you. When you [...] meet with another honest Man in similar Distress, you must pay me by lending this Sum to him; enjoining him to discharge the Debt by a like operation, when he shall be able, and shall meet with another opportunity. I hope it may thus go thro' many hands, before it meets with a Knave that will stop its Progress. This is a trick of mine for doing a deal of good with a little money.
In Ecclesiastes 11:1, it is written: Cast your bread upon the waters, for you will find it after many days.
Jesus taught in Matthew 18:21–35, that paying it forward is a requirement for those who have received God's forgiveness. He told a parable of a man who had been forgiven a huge debt by the king, because the debtor had begged for mercy. However, after being freed from the debt, he found a fellow who owed him a very small debt, by comparison. Although he had been shown a great mercy, he refused the same consideration to his fellow who had pled for more time to pay. When the king found this out, he was angry, and threw the original debtor into prison until he paid the entire debt. Jesus summarized the story by saying, "So likewise shall my heavenly Father do also unto you, if ye from your hearts forgive not every one his brother their trespasses."
Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his 1841 essay "Compensation",[4] wrote: "In the order of nature we cannot render benefits to those from whom we receive them, or only seldom. But the benefit we receive must be rendered again, line for line, deed for deed, cent for cent, to somebody." Woody Hayes (1913 – 1987), winner of five national titles as football coach at Ohio State University, misquoted Emerson as having said "You can pay back only seldom. You can always pay forward, and you must pay line for line, deed for deed, and cent for cent." He also shortened the (mis)quotation into "You can never pay back; but you can always pay forward" and variants.[5][6]
The 1929 novel, Magnificent Obsession, by Lloyd C. Douglas, also espoused this philosophy, in combination with the concept that good deeds should be performed in confidence.
An anonymous spokesman for Alcoholics Anonymous said in The Christian Science Monitor in 1944, "You can't pay anyone back for what has happened to you, so you try to find someone you can pay forward."[7]
Also in 1944, the first steps were taken in the development of what became the Heifer Project, one of whose core strategies is "Passing on the Gift".[8]
In Robert Heinlein's 1951 novel Between Planets, the circumstances of war place the protagonist in a country where it is illegal to spend his foreign money. He is hungry and a stranger gives him enough to pay for lunch:
The banker reached into the folds of his gown, pulled out a single credit note. "But eat first—a full belly steadies the judgment. Do me the honor of accepting this as our welcome to the newcomer."
His pride said no; his stomach said YES! Don took it and said, "Uh, thanks! That's awfully kind of you. I'll pay it back, first chance."
"Instead, pay it forward to some other brother who needs it."[2]
The mathematician Paul Erdős heard about a promising math student unable to enroll in Harvard University for financial reasons. Erdős contributed enough to allow the young man to register. Years later, the man offered to return the entire amount to Erdős, but Erdős insisted that the man rather find another student in his situation, and give the money to him.[9]
It is also possible for the original beneficiary to become part of the later chain of kindness. Some time in 1980, a sixteen-page supplemental Marvel comic appeared in the Chicago Tribune entitled “What Price a Life?” and was subsequently reprinted as the backup story in Marvel Team-Up #126 dated February 1983. This was a team-up between Spider-Man and The Incredible Hulk, in which Spider-Man helps the Hulk escape from police who mistakenly thought that he was attacking them. Afterwards, they meet in their secret identities, with Peter Parker warning Bruce Banner to leave town because of the Hulk's seeming attack on police. But Banner is flat broke, and cannot afford even bus fare. As a result, Parker gives Banner his last $5 bill, saying that someone had given him money when he was down on his luck, and this was how he was repaying that debt. Later, in Chicago, the Hulk confronts muggers who had just robbed an elderly retired man of his pension money, all the money he had. After corralling the muggers, the Hulk turns towards the victim. The retiree thinks that the Hulk is about to attack him as well, but instead, the Hulk gives him the $5 bill. It transpires that the very same old man had earlier given a down-on-his-luck Peter Parker a $5 bill.[10]
"Pay it Forward Chains" in fast food stores has become somewhat common, where people pay for the drink or food items in front of them. Starbucks, for example, frequently has long chains, including one of 378 customers at a Florida Starbucks.[11] There has, however, been some controversy around them, as Baristas who experience them complain about mixed up orders [12] while other customers have found themselves stuck with significantly larger payments than the cost of their food and potential confrontations as a result.[13] The concept of setting up a "Pay It Forward chain" in order to profit from a massive order was lampooned in an episode of the Netflix series, I Think You Should Leave with Tim Robinson. This resulted in an internet meme based on the order he placed, "55 Burgers, 55 Fries, 55 Tacos, 55 Pies, 55 Cokes, 100 Tater Tots, 100 Pizzas, 100 Chicken Tenders, 100 Meatballs, 100 Coffees, 55 Wings, 55 Shakes, 55 Pancakes, 55 Pastas, 55 Peppers, and 155 Taters, totaling $680" which was sold on its own t-shirt.[14]
1999 novel, film and subsequent projects
In 1999, Catherine Ryan Hyde's novel Pay It Forward was published and then adapted in 2000 into a film of the same name, distributed by Warner Bros. and starring Kevin Spacey, Helen Hunt and Haley Joel Osment. In Ryan Hyde's book and movie, it is described as an obligation to do three good deeds for others in response to a good deed that one receives. Such good deeds should accomplish things that the other person cannot accomplish on their own. In this way, the practice of helping one another can spread geometrically through society, at a ratio of three to one, creating a social movement with an impact of making the world a better place.
The Pay it Forward Movement and Foundation[15] was founded in the USA helping start a ripple effect of kindness acts around the world. The newly appointed president of the foundation, Charley Johnson, had an idea for encouraging kindness acts by having a Pay it Forward Bracelet[16] that could be worn as a reminder. Since then, over a million Pay it Forward bracelets have been distributed in over 100 countries sparking acts of kindness. Few bracelets remain with their original recipients, however, as they circulate in the spirit of the reciprocal or generalized altruism.
In 2007, International Pay It Forward Day[17] was founded in Australia by Blake Beattie. It has now spread to 70 countries with over 50 state and city proclamations. It is estimated that it has inspired over five million acts of kindness and has featured on 7, 9, 10, ABC, NBC, Fox 5, Fox 8 and Global News in Canada.
On April 5, 2012, WBRZ-TV, the American Broadcasting Company affiliate for the city of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, did a story on The Newton Project,[18] a 501(c)(3) outreach organization created to demonstrate that regardless of how big the problems of the world may seem, each person can make a difference simply by taking the time to show love, appreciation and kindness to the people around them. It is based on the classic pay-it-forward concept, but demonstrates the impact of each act on the world by tracking each wristband with a unique ID number and quantifying the lives each has touched. The Newton Project's attempt to quantify the benefits of a Pay It Forward type system can be viewed by the general public at their website.
Economic model
Main article: Gift economy
.jpg)
A "pay it forward" chalkboard in a coffee shop, where patrons pay in advance for drinks to be given to others
Several firms have adopted the pay it forward approach as an economic model. These include Karma Kitchen, where patrons' meals have already been paid for by previous customers, and customers are then encouraged to contribute toward future patrons' meals.[19] Heifer Project International pioneered the approach in sustainable development, and it has been utilized by microfinance lenders.[20] Some authors advocate the pay it forward approach be utilized as the primary means of economic transaction.[21]
Experiments and explanations
Several experiments document that individuals pay forward in the sense that they pass on a behavior that they have experienced. Individuals who are given more money are, for example, more likely to donate to a stranger.[22] Individuals who are assigned easy tasks are more like to assign someone else to an easy tasks.[23] Finally, drivers who experience that others are insisting on their right of way are more likely to insist on their right of way.[24]
Two explanations for the observed paying-it-forward have been considered. Evolutionary biologists and psychologists argue that being helped or harmed leads to an emotional reaction such as gratitude or anger, which in turn trigger the respective behavior.[25] [26] Being given an annoying task renders an individual angry and this is why she assigns an annoying task to the next person. Alternatively, individuals may learn from their experience what seems to be appropriate behavior (social learning theory). Being given an annoying task indicates to the individual that this assignment is adequate in this context. This then leads the individual to assign the annoying task to the next person.
Schnedler (2020) finds that individuals no longer pay forward if behavior cannot be directly imitated. This suggests that at least in the experiments so far paying forward is driven by social learning rather than emotions.[27]
Several firms have adopted the pay it forward approach as an economic model. These include Karma Kitchen, where patrons' meals have already been paid for by previous customers, and customers are then encouraged to contribute toward future patrons' meals.[19] Heifer Project International pioneered the approach in sustainable development, and it has been utilized by microfinance lenders.[20] Some authors advocate the pay it forward approach be utilized as the primary means of economic transaction.[21]
Experiments and explanations
Several experiments document that individuals pay forward in the sense that they pass on a behavior that they have experienced. Individuals who are given more money are, for example, more likely to donate to a stranger.[22] Individuals who are assigned easy tasks are more like to assign someone else to an easy tasks.[23] Finally, drivers who experience that others are insisting on their right of way are more likely to insist on their right of way.[24]
Two explanations for the observed paying-it-forward have been considered. Evolutionary biologists and psychologists argue that being helped or harmed leads to an emotional reaction such as gratitude or anger, which in turn trigger the respective behavior.[25] [26] Being given an annoying task renders an individual angry and this is why she assigns an annoying task to the next person. Alternatively, individuals may learn from their experience what seems to be appropriate behavior (social learning theory). Being given an annoying task indicates to the individual that this assignment is adequate in this context. This then leads the individual to assign the annoying task to the next person.
Schnedler (2020) finds that individuals no longer pay forward if behavior cannot be directly imitated. This suggests that at least in the experiments so far paying forward is driven by social learning rather than emotions.[27]
See also
Cool To Be Kind
Eleemosynary
Feed the Deed
Free Money Day
Gift economy
Random act of kindness
Reciprocity (social psychology)
Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
Six degrees of separation
Social business
Social responsibility
Suspended coffee
Eleemosynary
Feed the Deed
Free Money Day
Gift economy
Random act of kindness
Reciprocity (social psychology)
Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
Six degrees of separation
Social business
Social responsibility
Suspended coffee
References
- ^ Jump up to:a b Hammond, Lily Hardy (1916). In the Garden of Delight. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co. p. 209. Archived from the original on October 7, 2012.
- ^ Jump up to:a b Heinlein, Robert A. (1951). Between Planets. Charles Scribner's Sons.
- ^ Franklin, Benjamin (1917). Autobiography. Macmillan Publishers. p. 241. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ Ralph Waldo Emerson, "Compensation", 1841 (text of Emerson essay)
- ^ Greene, Bob (3 January 1995). "You can always pay forward". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
- ^ "Woody Hayes: Sport Motivational Advice from the Commencement Speech at Ohio State University". GraduationWisdom.com. Retrieved 25 November 2017.
- ^ "Group to Combat Alcoholism Grows Apace in Anonymity" The Christian Science Monitor, January 8, 1944; p. 3
- ^ "Heifer International – Charity Ending Hunger And Poverty". Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Hoffman, Paul (1998). The Man Who Loved Only Numbers. Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1-85702-829-4.
- ^ Sjoerdsma, Al. "Review of 'What Price a Life?'". SpiderFan.org. Archived from the original on 21 November 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
- ^ Lane, Justin. "'378 Customers Pay It Forward to Strangers at Florida Starbucks.'". NBC News. Retrieved 19 Aug 2023.
- ^ Lamour, Joseph. "'Why so many Starbucks Baristas hate pay-it-forward lines'". Today. Retrieved 19 Aug 2023.
- ^ Moore, Courtney. "'Taco Bell Customer Claims Pay-It-Forward Scam led to confrontation that left her scared'". Fox News. Retrieved 19 Aug 2023.
- ^ Curtis, Charles. "'The 55 Burgers 55 Fries Sketch from I Think You Should Leave Season 3 is a hilarious meme.'". USA Today. Retrieved 19 Aug 2023.
- ^ "HOME". Pay It Forward Foundation. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ "Web hosting provider – Bluehost.com – domain hosting – PHP Hosting – cheap web hosting – Frontpage Hosting E-Commerce Web Hosting Bluehost". Retrieved 14 July 2016.
- ^ Pay It Forward Day
- ^ "The Newton Project". Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2018-01-31.
- ^ "About Karma Kitchen". Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ Nikolau, Lisa (11 April 2016). "Pay-it-forward model shows potential for microfinance in developing nations". Humanosphere. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ Boyle, Mark (2013). The Moneyless Manifesto. Permanent Publications. ISBN 978-1856231015. Retrieved 12 January 2017.
- ^ Dufwenberg, Martin; Gneezy, Uri; Güth, Werner; Van Damme, Eric (2001). "Direct vs. Indirect Reciprocity: an experiment" (PDF). Homo Economicus (18): 19–30.
- ^ Gray, Kurt; Ward, Adrian F.; Norton, Michael J. (2014). "Paying it forward: generalized reciprocity: an experiment". Journal of Experimental Psychology. 143 (1): 247–254. doi:10.1037/a0031047. PMID 23244034. S2CID 15080631.
- ^ Mujcic, Redzo; Leibbrandt, Andreas (2017). "Indirect Reciprocity and Prosocial Behavior: Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment" (PDF). Economic Journal. 128 (611): 1683–1699. doi:10.1111/ecoj.12474. S2CID 151414316.
- ^ Nowak, Martin A.; Sigmund, Karl (2005). "Evolution of indirect Reciprocity" (PDF). Nature. 437 (7063): 1291–1298. Bibcode:2005Natur.437.1291N. doi:10.1038/nature04131. PMID 16251955. S2CID 3153895.
- ^ Bartlett, Moinca Y.; DeSteno, David (2006). "Gratitude and Prosocial Behavior: Helping when it costs you". Psychological Science. 17 (4): 319–325. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01705.x. PMID 16623689. S2CID 6491264.
- ^ Schnedler, Wendelin (November 2020). "The broken chain: Evidence against emotionally driven upstream indirect reciprocity". Games and Economic Behavior. 136: 542–558. doi:10.1016/j.geb.2022.10.008.
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