2021/06/30

Quaker Basics | Quaker Learning Australia reflection: Kerry O’Regan, David Barry

Quaker Basics | Quaker Learning Australia

Introduction to Quaker Basics

Introduction to Quaker Basics

Posted on April 5, 2013 by admin

Quaker Basics (QB) is a course of study focussing on various aspects of Quaker life and practice. The basic materials for the course consist of a manual which is available online or as a hard copy publication. QB can be undertaken individually, with another Friend, or as a small group and will probably take several months to complete.

Experience suggests that the experience is richer when done as a pair or a group; the momentum is hard to maintain on your own.

There are readings and discussion questions associated with each topic, and many of these readings are reprinted in the manual. Other cores texts are:

British Yearly Meeting Quaker faith & practice and this we can say for (Advices & queries)

Silence: our eye on eternity by Dan Seeger, Pendle Hill Pamphlet #318, 1994

A light that is shining by Harvey Gilman, Quaker Home Service 1997

Four doors to meeting for worship by William Taber, Pendle Hill Pamphlet #306, 1992.

Testament of devotion by Thomas Kelly, Harper & Row, 1941.

Spiritual discernment by Patricia Loring, Pendle Hill Pamphlet #305, 199

These texts may be available from your Meeting library. QLA also has sets of them available for loan. To obtain these and/or purchase printed copies of the manual, contact qla@quakers.org.au.


An online version of the Quaker basics manual (pdf 1458kb) is also available for downloading.

http://www.qlau.quakers.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/QuakerBasics0.52.pdf

The QB course is made up of the following topics:

Session one Individual practiceCentring and meditation

                        The experience of silence


Session two Corporate practiceMeeting for worship

                        Vocal ministry


Session three Testimonies and concerns• Simplicity

                        • Peace

                        • Equality

                        • Ecological responsibility

                        • Integrity

                        • Community


Session four Reflections paper

Session five Taking action: a Quaker view of ministry
                        Organisational structures among Friends
                        International Quaker organisations

Session six Individual discernment / leadingsClearness process

Session seven Corporate discernment Friends business meetings

Session eight Membership

Quaker Basics reflections

Quaker Basics reflections

Posted on October 30, 2011 by admin

One of the activities in Quaker Basics invites participants to reflect on their experience of engaging with the QB course. Here are links to some of those reflections. If you have completed your reflections on QB and are willing to share them here, please forward them to qla@quakers.org.au.

Quaker Basics reflection: Kerry O’Regan
Posted on July 1, 2011 by admin

My experience of personal spiritual practice, Meeting for Worship & the testimonies – the influence of Quaker Basics

It is not easy to separate out the influence of one set of experiences during what has been a time of great change in my life. The best I can do is to reflect on experiences I have had over the past three months and assume that something of that relates to what I have experienced in Quaker Basics.

The Meeting for Learning retreat had a profound influence on me and I see my Quaker Basics (and my support group and other personal and interpersonal stuff) as being a continuation of that.

I went to the retreat with my prime goal being to clarify what I wanted to do with the next phase of my life – when I wanted to move on from paid employment, where I wanted to live, how being me and being a Quaker and being somehow part of a community would fit into that. And I left the retreat not having considered these things. How surprising. It seemed as though there were more immediate things that needed to be dealt with first; the spirituality of my life as it is rather than a consideration of life as it might become.

Entering deeply into the stillness, into the innerness, I encountered a way of being that I sensed could continue to be part of my life whatever the external circumstances of that life might be. A realisation of the sacredness of it all – of the trivial little experiences, of the heavy-duty people in my life as well as those that bring me immediate joy and wonder, of those things which cause me to sigh in exasperation as well as those which make me shriek with delight.

Then there is the God business. Both at the retreat and in QB, there have been ongoing references to God and I have come again to confront what that word means for me. Often as I settle into M for W I will recite over to myself, as a mantra, Be still and know that I am God. Be still, fair enough, but who is the I and what does it mean to be God – and for me to know that? I don’t know. I can’t imagine or experience a person with that name. But it did lead me back to Paul Tillich’s suggestion of ‘the ground and depth of our being’. Perhaps that is a nothing definition, but I can live with it; in fact it suits me very well.

There is the whole question of what it means for me to be a Quaker. I have the sticker about the Quaker web site on my car and I am conscious when driving of the fact that I am constantly saying this is how Quakers drive. But it’s occurred to me recently that I carry a similar (if somewhat less obtrusive) sticker on myself which constantly says this is how Quakers live. Whether we want to or not, we are always letting our lives speak.

The Advices and Queries give us plenty of ideas about that and they have recurred fairly constantly throughout QB. I thought there’s no way I can remember all of them and some of them speak to me more insistently than others, so I made myself a special selection. Kerry’s advices and queries:

Think to know an inner stillness amid the activities of daily life.

Think it possible that you may be mistaken.

Seek to know one another in the things that are eternal.

Live adventurously.

Let your life speak.

Attend to what love requires of you, which may not be great busyness.

Search out whatever in your own way of life may contain the seeds of war.

Bear witness to the humanity of all people.

Try to live simply.

My increased awareness of the sacredness of things has led to a more respectful acceptance of people I have found difficult, of ministries I might have found off-putting. And I don’t think this is fairy-floss stuff. It doesn’t feel like that.

And without trying or struggling with it, I suddenly saw a way to proceed towards the next bit of my life, including the unlikely resolve to walk the Camino. However illusory it may turn out to be, that doesn’t matter, for now it means clarity and acceptance. And who could ask for more than that?

It bothers me sometimes that I’m not into changing the world. That’s part of our Quaker heritage and perhaps I should be. There’s stuff in QB about the inside and the outside. Though maybe it’s ok for us not all to be outside doing people. I do think, though, that our QB group are Marys rather than Marthas, so perhaps we don’t challenge each other in that regard. But the world mightn’t be such a bad place for us to be like that – living our lives as peaceably as we are able, supporting each other and respecting the earth and its inhabitants. I think that’s ok.

===

Quaker Basics reflection: David Barry
Posted on July 1, 2011 by admin

The Missing Piece
I have been struck twice recently by a jig-saw puzzle metaphor, I fear in any case that it is not original. Once when we were on retreat, and I am very content to use the collective pronoun here, then more recently at meeting for worship in North Adelaide. In both cases people have reported nearly completing a jig-saw puzzle but being unable to finish for the want of a missing piece.

One of the many attractive aspects of Quakerism for me is the acceptance of failures and the gentle focus on the positive aspects of trying to improve the next attempt. I feel that this is allowing me to be more content in the company of my own deficits. I know it would be wrong of me to look for perfection in another, and so I am coming to an understanding that expecting the same of myself is just as wrong. I have come to the possibly misguided opinion that things that are flawed are more interesting and more valuable as a consequence. The Japanese have beaten me to the concept with their term ‘awabe’ – that refers to the uniqueness conferred by a flaw in a mass-produced object.

Gerard Manly Hopkins I think is referring to the same concept when he coined the term ‘inscape’. Hopkins asserted that “The world is charged with the grandeur of God.” I am certain it is a very conscious use of language on his part, but ‘charged’ has multiple meanings, many of which encapsulate my understanding of Quakerism.

Charged with a responsibility for the glory of God
Charged in the judicial sense – guilty of expressing the glory…
Charged in the artillery sense – ie ready to explode with the glory…
Charged in the sense of a battery, ie, the world is a reservoir of the glory…
And most powerfully, charged in the sense of being electrified with the glory…
All of this ties in, in some unclear way with the idea we examined in Chinese art that much of the interest of a picture is in what is not depicted – in the absences, in the spaces between.

I found my way to meeting while on a search to create some sense of sacred in my life. Now I find myself being challenged by the idea that every aspect of my life is sacred. That the sacredness in my life is like the chocolate in a chocolate cake – it colours and flavours everything, but it is not the whole cake.

When I first came among Quakers, I was daunted by these ‘…good Quaker folk…”. Now I very much treasure a place where I can engage in gentle humour about Jesus seeming to grow younger day by day. A place where a well a respected member of the community has it in her heart to welcome a stray dog to the meeting. She further honoured the dog by suggesting that the meeting might find some lesson from the dog’s presence, and that he might gain some benefit from being amongst us. If these people have the generosity of spirit to welcome and honour a disregarded dog amongst them, then I can feel confident in my welcome too. Now it is a place too where my absence is felt.

Spice up your life
Simplicity Not wishing to sound complacently ‘saved’ but simplicity is not a challenging testimony for me. Although the concept of a testimony is – but I will leave that to another time. I have always had plain tastes – strong flavours and colours but in simple arrangements. In the past I have wondered whether this was an attempt to hide myself, now I am of the opinion that it is simply my aesthetic. 
Living simply – I have moved beyond the stage in life where I need to have things – life has been quite generous in delivering that particular lesson. In some ways for me it is much simpler to appreciate the beauty in an object without having to worry about its preservation. There is something too about ephemerality that intensifies worth – perhaps because it puts a value on time. Maybe I have just found a workable justification for parsimoniousness. If anything I need to be aware of denying myself too much. I am trying to work with the concept that if I am prepared to do something for someone else, then I should be prepared to do no less for myself.

The first time I thought that I might have the makings of a Quaker, was during a conversation while on retreat when I drew a distinction between simplicity and ease. Tessa was kind enough to comment “That is a profound thought Friend.” It gave me a sense that I was in a right place for me.

Peace Tick. At the start of Quaker Basics I thought this will be a meaty topic for me – it is the one by which I feel most challenged. In my life I think I manage pretty well to hold the peace, and while it has not happened for a very long time that I have been directly threatened, I am fairly certain that I could hold the peace line for longer than most. However, if a third party was threatened I would feel the burden much more keenly and am much less certain of my resolve. I look forward to a conversation about the extent to which I have a responsibility to protect myself from harm and how that balances against the testimony of peace. 
More acutely, I am now actively looking for an alternate job here in Adelaide. While South Australia may be “The Festival State’ and ‘The Wine State’ it is also ‘The Defence State’. It is not that long ago that the British Ministry of Defence was more accurately known as the Ministry of War. Does a peace testimony preclude me working in one of the few technically advanced industries in the state? How deep is my conviction?

Having said that, the issue has arisen previously in my career, and I have always rejected any suggestion of working on defence projects. The local pool is much smaller now though.

Integrity Tick. I have long been of the mind that there is only one (albeit subjective) truth, and that my word is my bond. My signature conveys not a whit of additional protection. The only grey area I am aware of is that of lying by omission. I tend to apply the rule of thumb, who would benefit by the disclosure of information I might hold? If there is no benefit, and a real possibility of a detriment then I am inclined to hold my own counsel. Claiming integrity seems to be tempting providence, prideful even.
Community I am acutely aware of my need for and my responsibilities to community. I try to weave the threads where I can, and I do go out of my way to assist others. I think the most important lesson for me was being obliged to ask for assistance from others. My requests for help have always been met with kindness. On reflection there have been many people who offered help spontaneously in the gentlest and kindest way they could. I try to do the same.
Equality When I first read that ‘good’ scions of industry could be recognized because they know the name of the person who cleans the office floor and empties the waste, and that for a regular period they will take on one of the ‘menial’ roles, I was shocked. I had apparently naively assumed that everyone knew Anna, and was prepared to pick up litter. I am wiser now. I suffer from my own ‘isms’ but they are not many and are reducing. But I am also aware that this is an area that is pregnant with the possibility for multiple blind-spots.
Language is leaving me
If I have a creative gift then it is with language, written rather than spoken. The first time I bumped my head on a philosophical conundrum – not that I knew it as such at the time – was when someone posed the following question. Is it possible to have a thought prior to a language concept to express it? I thought not, and so designated all non-verbal life as non-thinking as well.

Later I stumbled into those little anomalies in English, that we all step over without really noticing. As far as I know there is no verb to describe the action of providing a drink to a human. With food, I can say, that I feed you. With drink if I say I drink you, that conveys a very different meaning to my intended one. The best I can muster is ‘I give you a drink’.

Then as my confidence with language grew I became aware of important concepts that exist in other languages that simply don’t get a look-in in English; enuii, jejeune and zeitgeist as examples. While I can approximate a translation of these, it is not possible to really capture their essential meaning in English. That came as rather a shock. Perhaps dogs had found the whole notion of language as jejune and rejected it early in evolution?

Eventually I came across someone with whom I could not meaningfully communicate particular feelings. I wanted to use words and they wanted to use colours, shapes and textures. At the time I thought they were just being perverse – now I am less certain.

More recently I was privy to a conversation about music – while I deeply appreciate music – I am musically ‘illiterate’ – is there a more correct term? The conversation progressed around me using words that were well known to me, but the concepts they were addressing were alien. I knew the words but not the sense. I have sometimes experienced the same phenomenon with weighty academic texts.

Now I have been introduced to the Quaker concept of silence. A silence that is not simply the absence of speech or words, but has an eloquence, a communication of its own. All those great certainties of life seem to be dropping away from under my feet much like the cartoon character Wylee Coyote when in pursuit of the frankly irritating roadrunner.

It does seem that less is more.

MfL project: Heather Herbert | Quaker Learning Australia

MfL project: Heather Herbert | Quaker Learning Australia

MfL project: Heather Herbert

As is usual, I had a local support group encouraging and questioning me with my project about the Conversations with God books. At one point they wanted to know what I believed that made me so interested in that series. If you have tried to spell out what you believe, you’d know it’s not easy. When the meeting closed, I said to my husband – ‘Perhaps I could tell my grandchildren!’ – meaning I think that I certainly didn’t feel up to compiling anything weighty. When I woke in the morning I found it more or less compiled in my head. Obviously my grandchildren were young at the time – eight, four and three! – but I did get some thoughtful responses.

Letter to my Grandchildren

Dear Wywandy, Burraga, and Tully,

I was there to say ‘Hello and welcome!’ when each of you came out of your mother’s tummy and into this world — and who knows, you might be there to say ‘Goodbye’ to me when I leave it. But there’s no knowing for sure when any of us will leave it — so what do I want to say to you while I can?

I love you, love you, love you! and I’m very proud of each of you for how well you manage in not very easy situations — and how you care about and look after each of your parents, and other people.

All of you are lucky because you have parents who know that there’s a spiritual world around us as real as the physical one we see and touch every day, and who let that spiritual world help them to love you better.

We see this beautiful and wonderful physical world, and we can hear and taste and smell and touch it with our five senses. We can measure it, and use it, and eat it, and swim in it, and enjoy it in all manner of ways, and we are part of it. We can help keep it going well, or damage it in ways we don’t always realise.

Because all kinds of people explore and study and photograph it, we are getting to know more and more about this earth we live on all the time. Your encyclopaedias and other books tell you all sorts of things that have been learned about it.

With different kinds of telescopes and space ships we are also finding out more about what’s out there in the sky we look into at night — and how enormous and wonderful and mysterious the physical universe is. You might have seen photos of glorious looking galaxies, and of the millions of them there are. If you haven’t, Duncan could show you some.

Some people, like your cousin Robert, are studying the very tiny bits of energy inside atoms that are inside everything. We are getting to know more and more, and as we do, we are realising there are more and more things we don’t know. That’s how knowledge works:

You might notice that there are many different kinds of spider’s webs. That could make you wonder which kind of spider spins which web, or how they look after their babies. You could see about 50 baby spiders hatching out from a web ball, which might make you wonder what those babies eat until they are big enough to spin their own webs. Different people wonder about different things.

Also we each have a sixth sense inside us (intuition), that sometimes knows when someone’s coming, or knows that someone is sad or lonely or frightened and needs helping. It seems to operate out of our heart more than our eyes and ears. Sometimes we can feel our guiding spirits help us to be brave or kind or OK when things are hard. This world we know in our hearts is just as real as the outside world, and it’s what helps us to be gentle and peaceful and wise.

The great power that made all the universe and keeps it going (we call it God; other people have other names they use) is wisdom and energy and love itself — and made all the universe out of itself (because that is all there is) — so we are made of wisdom and energy and love, too.

We are made of that spirit stuff, and we have bodies to help us learn how to use it — how all of us spirits in bodies can best live together and enjoy this life, and relate to all the creatures on the earth and help it to flourish with us.

When our body wears out, or is killed by something, we go back into the spirit world where our guides live —and we learn more about everything from where they are, which is a bit nearer to God at the centre of things. We might become a guiding, helping spirit ourselves, or perhaps we might decide to go into another baby body and have another turn down here on earth some other time. Sometimes people remember things that happened when they were here before.

That all sounds pretty good, but you know that people aren’t always kind and gentle, and some horrible things happen to children and to all sorts of people, and to all sorts of creatures, and sometimes we ourselves do things that aren’t so kind, too.

We can understand better the horrible things other people do if we think about what’s happening when we do horrible things. We are hurt or scared or hungry or wanting something, or angry because someone we love is hurt, and we forget that the spirit inside us wants to help us, and their spirit wants to help the person who is hurting us — and that things will work out better the sooner one of us remembers, and shows the other how things can be.

Sometimes some people seem to be horrible a lot of the time, and that’s very sad, because usually they haven’t had much kindness, and they’ve forgotten we are all really spirit people made for helping each other. They can get all kinds of wrong ideas about how things work, and can make their world a miserable place.

We might have to stop them from hurting other people, or get someone to stop them hurting us, and keep them away until they remember the world works out better with respect and sharing. They’ll only remember that if we treat them that way, and that’s not always easy.

Sometimes people can get ill or hurt or killed because of the way nature works. We wouldn’t realise how good being well is if we weren’t sometimes sick, or what warm is if we weren’t sometimes cold, or what being brave is, if we weren’t sometimes frightened, and so on. We are learning all the time to understand more about nature — ours, as well as nature out there — and better ways to look after each other.

So life presents us with plenty of problems, and none of us is wise enough to solve them all. We have to put our heads and hearts and spirits together, and be very honest with each other — so we see what each problem is about as clearly as we can, to be able to do something about it. Then we have to use our spirit wisdom to be brave and strong to do it. It often won’t work out the way we hoped, and we have to keep thinking together truthfully to try again. It’s worth it — things do improve — and that kind of listening lovingly to each other is a big part of what life’s all about.

God is always loving us, and wanting to help us. She made all this universe and us, and wants to see it working well, and bringing us all joy. That is joy for her. God is not a person, but the great spirit that contains all the shes and hes and its — we just use ‘he’ or ‘she’ to talk about God more easily. God and the universe are really a long way too big for us to fully understand, but there are lots of clues to help us with this life we live.

In some parts of India some people greet one another by putting their hands together, bowing a little, and saying ‘Namaste’. It means ‘the God in me greets the God in you’.

So, Namaste, my dears.
I love you,
Heather

Searching for Truth: Friends in a ‘post-truth’ world - 2021 Backhouse Panel Presentation | Australia Yearly Meeting

Searching for Truth: Friends in a ‘post-truth’ world 
- 2021 Backhouse Panel Presentation | Australia Yearly Meeting

The 56th Annual Backhouse Panel presented by Australia Yearly Meeting

Searching for Truth: Friends in a ‘post-truth’ world

7.00-8.30pm (AEST), 5th July 2021 (9am GMT)

  • What does Truth mean to Friends today? 
  • How do we maintain our Integrity in a world where ‘alternative facts’ and ‘fake news’ appear to be driving the decision-making of those in power? 
  • How can we face up to the consequences of human injustice and environmental destruction without losing hope? 
  • How can the practices of Early Friends, and the processes they have handed down to us, help us to stay connected to our Divine purpose

In response to the extraordinary circumstances of 2020, the format of the Backhouse Lecture for 2021 will be given by a panel rather than a single Lecturer. The panel-presentation will be delivered by ZOOM and recorded for those unable to attend the presentation on the day. 

Panelists: Dorothy Broom, Gerry Fahey, Duncan Frewin, Pamela Leach

The James Backhouse Lecture, commonly known as the Backhouse Lecture, is a public lecture on contemporary issues delivered annually at the national gathering of Quakers in Australia. The lecture series was initiated by the Australia Yearly Meeting of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) on its establishment in 1964. The lecture is given in memory of James Backhouse, who walked around a great deal of eastern and southern Australia to inquire into the condition of the penal settlements in Australia and the welfare of the Aborigines and the free settlers. He had as his traveling companion George Washington Walker, and there is no doubt that the visit of these two Friends marked the beginning of the history of Friends in Australia.

To join this presentation by Zoom, please click on this https://us02web.zoom.us/j/84415021880?pwd=OFQ1eUtWaFJ0WWFzZlJSSzg5VlpyUT09

Or use the folloginw information:

Meeting ID: 844 1502 1880

Passcode: 159956.

Early Quaker women: general overview | Quaker Learning Australia

Early Quaker women: general overview | Quaker Learning Australia:

Early Quaker women: general overview

This article has been developed from notes provided by Dale Hess and draws on the book ‘Witnesses for Change: Quaker Women over Three Centuries’, edited by Elizabeth Potts Brown and Susan Mosher Stuard, and published in New Brunswick in 1989 by Rutgers University Press.

Traditionally, women have occupied a very subservient place within Christianity. Martin Luther, for example, identified woman as a creature created by God, but who was different from man by being far weaker in intellect. John Calvin wanted women to be wives subordinated to their husbands. The Dominican monks, when identifying witches, assumed that woman, characterized as left and evil, was more susceptible to the wiles of the devil than man, characterized as right and good. But this was not always the case. For example, the Abbess Hild of Whitby was a noted teacher and a woman of influence in the 7th century, but by the 13th and 14th centuries, women, such as Julian of Norwich, had moved away from powerful institutional roles and turned to individualistic piety. By the 17th century, public expression was denied to women in society generally as well as within the church. The Puritans understood that the ministry was a vocational calling open to males only. Women were active within groups such the Levellers and Ranters, but were later marginalized when the rebellious religious groups became more institutionalized. It was “unnatural” and “unladylike” for women to take a leading public role, and the elimination of women preachers was thought to be a small price to pay for religious toleration. Quaker women, however, were from the start preachers and prophets; in the 18th century they consolidated their power in Women’s Meetings for Business, by preaching abroad, and by joining the movement to abolish slavery; in the 19th century they participated in and led the movements for women’s rights and participation in the public sphere; in the 20th century they helped found, and remained in the vanguard of, the movement for world peace. These women set themselves the task of transforming society as their faith directed. Quaker women recovered roles for women as religious teachers and leaders that had existed earlier, but had disappeared.

Quakers practiced a form of group mysticism, subtracting all rituals and outward arrangements from their worship; they had no ecclesiastical hierarchy. This created a climate of acceptance of women and Quakerism took a clear stand for women’s full and equal participation within the community. The Quaker doctrines of perfection and feminine spiritual symbolism enhanced women’s confidence as interpreters of the divine will. However, a more discriminatory gender ideology was deeply entrenched within the culture, and Quaker men were forced to rethink the gender roles and choose between the way of the Spirit and the traditional theological position. Friends chose to reject orthodox doctrine and developed a fundamentally new social position. The gender definitions were loosened and thus women and men could speak and act with the traditional attributes of both sexes. It liberated men to use the verbal and body language of femininity and infancy, and women to use the verbal and body language of masculine authority to address magistrates, clergymen and monarchs. Women, who in the private arena appreciated the spiritual motherhood of Margaret Fell, in the public arena presented themselves as angry biblical prophets. Margaret Fell and George Fox asserted that women had every right to testify to God’s Word. Fox in his personal witness took terms associated with women and linked them to the soul. Fox and Fell advocated the Women’s Meeting to enhance the opportunities for women’s participation in charity and ministry. Fell and her daughters provided instruction for Women’s Meetings and theological justification for women speaking and acting. Friends maintained women’s prominent role as a radical practice, and this subjected them to censure and persecution.

The use of language was particularly telling. The wider society used highly gendered language reflecting the respective social roles of men and women: transgression was expressed in metaphors of wifely infidelity, antisocial crime was female witchcraft, the pinnacle of social harmony was the king or familial patriarch. In this atmosphere it would not have been possible to communicate the Quaker meaning of living in the Light or the warnings of an angry God without using the language of both masculine and feminine.

The authority for a Quaker woman to preach was that when she preached she was not woman, but was God’s bride and being obedient to God. A Quaker woman in the Light had transcended her womanhood. The maleness and femaleness must die in order for the soul to flourish. The meaning of Womanhood held a negative abstraction for Quakers, but, for sanctified women, the individual description was rejected. Thus they justified female prophets in a patriarchal world. The self-transcendence of male Quakers was analogous to his own gendered individuality, but for women it was a total rejection of self.

Leading Quaker women combined preaching with child rearing, charity work, reaching out to Friends in prison, petitioning Parliament and negotiating with magistrates. The name for this archetypal female Quaker, who preached in the streets or in meetings and then came home to nurse babies and serve supper, was “Mother in Israel.” They included Margaret Fell, Elizabeth Hooton, Ann Downer, Rebecca Travers, Margaret Newby and many others. Male Quakers tended to be zealots wholly given to preaching as a vocation. Far from being excessively hysterical and undisciplined, women in the early Quaker movement held the movement together.

More than two hundred Quaker women prophesied in the early years of the movement and their audiences were impressed by their extraordinary zeal and audacity. The youngest and oldest Quaker public preachers in the 1650s were female. Elizabeth Fletcher, age 16, was among the first missionaries to Ireland; Mary Fisher and Anne Austin were the first missionaries to America; Mary Fisher was the first and only missionary to Turkey; Mary Fell, age 8, told the local Anglican priest that the plagues of God would fall upon him; Elizabeth Hooton, aged about 70, admonished the king.

Visiting women ministers from both sides of the Atlantic visited the Quaker communities in Philadelphia and Providence, Rhode Island. These visits enabled women to learn from and inspire one another, and gave a respite from the isolation that plagued women’s lives. The success and prosperity of the Quaker communities on both sides of the Atlantic gave women the opportunity to initiate reforms and build welfare institutions as they identified the needs.

One such woman was Elizabeth Hooton. She was already a Baptist teacher when she encountered George Fox and it was she, not her husband Oliver, who became the first convert and a leader in Quakerism. She was thrown into prison, but seemed to have no fear of any worldly authority, and became an aggressive agitator against the corruption of the clergy and magistrates. After her husband died she undertook a missionary journey to New England, where she confronted magistrates and ministers, time and again, in spite of being stripped and whipped from town to town and abandoned in the forests to die. She returned to England and harangued Charles II with such intensity that some said she was a witch.

She made use of vicious anti-female metaphors, for example in her address to Boston and Cambridge: “by your unrighteous decrees hatched at Cambridge and made at Boston you are the two breasts of New England where all cruelty is nursed up…” She urged Friends to suffer continually. She was an ascetic, yet also protective of her possessions. A formidable and contradictory women.

Elizabeth Hooton and other early Quaker women displayed singular personal qualities. After verbal confrontations with clergy and magistrates, they submitted to the inevitable persecution with physical restraint, even before pacifism became the official policy. Women like Elizabeth Hooton were champions of heroic endurance. Not only did they attempt more exotic journeys than their male counterparts, but they suffered more theatrically than men, e.g. when they were stripped to the waist, bound and whipped, while clasping a baby to their chest. Quaker women departed from the conventions of acceptable feminine behaviour far more radically than other women visionaries. Quaker women were like Old Testament prophets and their duty was to initiate direct encounters, teach hard truths, condemn moral decadence and social injustice, and to warn sinners “that God may justified in his judgments”. These women denied class and status differences, they refused to use verbal or body language of deference, they denied gender differences.

Some commentators have criticized their behaviour as being a form of emotional catharsis and a symptom of psychic instability. This assumes that the women were expressing non-religious needs, based on aggression and emotion. Quakers viewed all human drives as superficial. The deepest and most authentic aspect of the self was divine love and God’s love was imbedded in the self in the Light or Seed. Unlike other visionaries the Quaker prophet was not in a trance when she preached. Preaching was an act of expressing the Light from the depth of the soul which catapulted the layers of appetite and habit, of social status and gender. The language of Elizabeth Hooton and others of her ilk was emotional and their voices were intense, but it was an expression of anguish over the state of the nation.

The nature and intensity of expression was not consistent throughout England. The women from the south tempered their writings by a gentler, more mystical and introspective tone. This was expressed in a greater emotional range and self-absorption often in feminine imagery. The behaviour of the northern women was more aggressive than their southern counterparts, and they endured more physical punishment. Northern women like Elizabeth Hooton did not acknowledge any difficulty in giving up the routine comforts of life, whereas southern women were painfully aware of the material and intellectual sacrifices that were required by their conversion. The most unsettled and emotional women came predominately from the south. The northern prophets came from a relatively isolated, rural, class-conscience and profoundly biblical culture. Many of these women had been part of Bible-study or Seeker groups. There was less cultural distance between their previous life experience and their new role as Old Testament prophets. The southern women came from a more complex, urbanised environment. They were exposed to many more forms of religious expression and to other female visionaries.

The women were not without their critics from within Quakers. Fifteen women, including Martha Simmonds, Jane Holmes, and Mildred Crouch, were criticized by Quaker leaders for unruly behaviour. But their behaviour was no more bizarre than that of Thomas Holme, Solomon Eccles, Richard Sale, Francis Howgill, or James Nayler.

Despite the criticism from within and without, and despite some extreme – even bizarre – forms of behaviour, in the finest moments of early Quakerism, both women and men were able to balance states of spiritual ecstasy with a real concern for the practical side of life.

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