2023/05/02

A Guide to Resistance 저항안내서 - 스스로 생각하라

think for yourself. A Guide to Resistance by Harald Welzer | Goodreads


think for yourself. A Guide to Resistance
Harald Welzer
3.94
392 ratings29 reviews

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How did we actually lose the future? What was the question again that progress and growth should be an answer to? And: How can the future become a promise again instead of a threat? Harald Welzer's book provides answers to these questions. It fathoms the abysses of the overwhelming consumer mania and political illusion theater and shows how many concrete and attractive possibilities for a resistant and good life there are. The first steps are very simple: finally take yourself seriously again, think for yourself, act for yourself.

336 pages, Hardcover

First published January 1, 2013
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About the author
Profile Image for Harald Welzer.
Harald Welzer
72 books45 followers

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Harald Welzer is director of the Center for Interdisciplinary Memory Research at the Institute for Advanced Study in the Humanities in Essen and research professor for social psychology at the University of Witten/Herdecke.
In August 2007, "Der Spiegel" introduced him to a broad audience as a "productive lateral spirit" in its series of outstanding scientists.
(Burb information from "Climate Wars" 2008)

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3.94

Daniel
92 reviews · 41 followers

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February 11, 2019
I have to admit that it has been a long time since I had such a frustrating read in my hands as Harald Welzer's "Thinking for yourself: Instructions for resistance".

On the one hand, Welzer always has good thoughts (individual action creates realities, formation of resilience societies, ineffectiveness of state intervention, etc.), but his conclusions from these findings are often outrageous, contradictory and mostly testify to a greatly simplified or limited understanding of complex processes and systems.

Welzer cannot separate criticism of consumption from criticism of capitalism, does not understand the implications of a Keynesian economic order (especially with regard to his Hayekian alternative) and reduces this to a supposedly fixed expansive concept of capitalism which he attacks. His mental shortness of breath leads to regressive, anti-progressive, almost neo-Luddite ideas

In doing so, he makes all sorts of claims, which he mostly just backs up with anecdotal evidence instead of backing them up with tangible data, numbers or facts with reference to serious studies, etc. Many of these claims are simply abstruse, some are simply wrong and others are so naively justified or derived that the inclined reader regularly slaps his forehead with his palm and wants to groan loudly.

Would you like a taste of nonsense?

1. Welzer claims: Lending is always a profitable business for the lender.
—> Welzer seems to have never heard of payment defaults for lenders. According to his logic, the economic crisis of 2008 would have been completely impossible.

2. Welzer claims: Human cooperation cannot be explained with rational choice theory.
—> I had actually always assumed that Axelrod's game-theoretical investigations into the prisoner's dilemma and the resulting connections between rational decision-making and cooperation were widely known. Here, too, Mr. Welzer seems to have glaring deficits.

3. Welzer claims: With an unconditional basic income, work and leisure time have the same value.
—> This is of course complete nonsense. Productivity and the creation of benefits are systematically devalued, the use of resources in the form of labor is even given a negative factor (e.g. when financing a basic income (about which Welzer naturally does not say a word) through a negative income tax) vs. Leisure time.

Welzer constantly blows utopias such as a basic income into the room, but never goes into concrete aspects of feasibility, financing or potential medium-term effects on incentives and productivity as well as the importance for pricing and market signals.

This is made even more difficult by the fact that Welzer's book has no common thread and he is apparently unable to present his arguments with even the slightest stringency. He jumps from one thing to another and back again, he repeats himself and contradicts himself with a beautiful regularity. The whole thing is so frustrating to read that I yelled at the book several times as to what this shit was supposed to be about and whether any editor really noticed these glaring flaws.

All in all, Welzer's book cannot be taken seriously, not even as a popular non-fiction book. Welzer's dialectic is actually an insult to any sane person with an IQ above room temperature, and his condescending, arrogant style doesn't really fit in with the gigantic lack of knowledge about what he's writing about.

In short: This book is irrelevant and contributes nothing of value to the important debate about freedom, future and society. The size of Welzer's followers and the sales figures that his books regularly achieve are all the more frightening.
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/d.
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January 2, 2020
Actually a very nice book. Here are a few quotes and arguments worth reading, which - if not always watertight - can in any case provide good material for discussion (criticism and conclusion below): - "We know

of no society that would have understood itself outside of a generation-spanning historical relationship."

- How some companies - especially lifestyle brands - have turned consumers into their actual products by satisfying their "external needs" as consumers of completely superfluous products." (p.39)

- That we are dealing with a post-ideology in the 21st century that "tolerates all conceivable forms of government and state, as long as they operate capitalistically" and that any form of resistance can also be commercialized and subjected to the logic of the system . There are of course many examples of this, such as the depiction of resistance symbols on overpriced consumer goods or the commercialization and mainstreaming of contrary counter-movements such as the punk scene.

- The mental restructuring of the world into a mere process of manufacture, an operation (p.63), similar to Frederico Campagna in Technic and Magicargued. Welzer shares Campagna's analysis that the fundamental problem of modernity lies not in the details of any particular economic logic but in the "ALL ALWAYS" worldview. (p.66)
see also: "each technology is only as good or bad as the culture that brings it into use." (p.107)

- "The idea that one could plan and successfully implement a comprehensive transformation according to a master plan could not only be naïve but also politically momentous. Wherever something like this was carried out, it regularly ended in disaster - the Russian revolution was Yes, just as much an intentional transformation process as the National Socialist one."
A good argument that picks up on the criticism recently put forward by Canadian psychologist Jordan Peterson that one should be critical of people who try to change the world by changing others. (p.68)

- "consumer citizens can only react, not shape." (p.78)

Criticizing the eco-movement, Welzer wrote: "This far from utopia is linked to a blatant lack of reflectivity: when I focus primarily on the damage caused by fishing companies and chemical companies, I quickly lose sight of the fact that the fish are caught for a market and the Detergents are produced for a market that I myself appear in. This form of observation has the advantage that I can always identify problems exactly where I am not, which is why I can elegantly raise demands for the elimination of grievances without my own to bring position into play." (p. 103)

- The difference between "being against" and "taking on the role of being against" (p.105)

- Utopias are a great way to practice thinking and wishing.

- "The importance of such we and self-images for a culture of transformation cannot be overestimated." (p.184)

- "The voter turnout, which has been falling for years, and the rapidly declining number of members of parties and trade unions are not an expression of political disinterest, but rather reflect the widespread feeling that such organizations are no longer adequately represented. On the other hand, they show the structural change to the communicative and political public." (p. 193)

- "Social changes in which nothing is taken away from anyone, where no privileged person has to give anything away, which can get by without redistribution, which every outsider applauds, cannot be. Someone will then be deceived with certainty." (p.

- "The decoupling of knowledge and thinking" (p.245)

- "the principle of external supply forms the user interface of an unaccountable world in which there is no connection between production and consumption, except for the one that donates the money with which the product being paid for. But money itself is an abstraction." (p.244)

____________________

criticism

On page 74, Welzer denounces the moralizing and scandalizing of consumer decisions, since this does not "lead to political protest in the proper sense, but merely to a different, politically motivated consumer decision". About people who consume unsustainably (too much), Welzer writes (directly to the reader, i.e. me) on page 53: "You are no longer just cheating on others, somewhere out there in the world, but now also on your own People - your children, nieces, nephews, grandchildren and whoever else comes after you. And with that also yourself, because you never wanted to be so bad." If that's not moralizing and scandalizing, so completely contrary to the quote above, then I don't know what is.

On page 108 it says: "A culture that would not follow the expansive but a reductive paradigm would not be interested in increasing efficiency at all: it would decide what it needs for its idea of ​​a good life and then determine its use of resources. " (p.108) This is of course complete nonsense. Even a culture geared towards reduction would be interested in efficiency. Why use more when you could do with less. This argument simply makes no sense.

On page 147/8 comes this exaggerated criticism that Hollywood only deals with end-time scenarios or that sports like rock climbing or other "extreme sports" raise questions as to whether people "couldn't think of anything better." I do not get it. Do we now have to be against everything that does not correspond to political opposition?

And Welzer's description of the UBI is so incredibly simplified and removed from any - justified criticism - that it is difficult to properly deal with it at all.

On page 99, Welzer writes: I have learned that "political socialization does not primarily happen through content, but through the common experience in the process of being opposed."
That's a problem, because being against is the easy part, and when our political character is defined by that experience alone, it's a bad thing to be constructive about the future.
Yes, this book is a "Guide to Resistance." But resistance alone is not enough. Of course, Welzer presents his utopia - which he also names as such - but at the same time emphasizes how dangerous utopias can be in their simplification of complex facts. I liked the last chapters with vivid examples from real life of how the future could look like, but unfortunately there is no discussion of a comprehensive implementation of these examples.

Welzer succeeded in the instructions for resistance and in many points I initially felt strongly carried away by his polemics. The book has a lot of potential and is really thought-provoking if you are interested in feeling the core of some of his arguments from different angles through the polemics. After thinking about it for a long time and combing through the book a second time, I noticed a handful of the above-mentioned contradictions, incorrect formulations and general strong simplifications, which should be included in a conclusion. Despite the weaknesses mentioned, I liked the book because it definitely has something to contribute to the debate about the future of our society. /d.
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They are bad
54 reviews · 2 followers

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March 11, 2022
As up-to-date as ever. A great book on climate change, capitalism and activism.

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Daniel
173 reviews · 143 followers

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October 6, 2013
I found the criticism of the consumer society and the fixation on growth very interesting. But after a while the author just criticized everything, even environmental protection measures (at one point I thought the title of the book could have been "Everything is sh*t"). The repetitions also increased towards the middle of the book, which made me wonder why I should continue reading this at all. All that remains for him is renunciation of consumption - a view that is less developed than, for example, that of Ugo Bardi in his book "The Plundered Planet". For example, he suggests manufacturing electronic items from components that are easier to recycle and in which individual materials are found in higher concentrations.
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Dr. Tobias Christian Fischer
636 reviews · 34 followers

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November 30, 2020
Beautiful thoughts and what prevents us from thinking for ourselves. Incredibly good examples!

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Maria
38 reviews · 10 followers

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February 1, 2015
Really a guide to thinking for yourself. I thought there wasn't much new to say about the post-growth debate, but I read Harald Welzer's book straight through, it was so energizing and exhilarating. and of course full of food for thought.
Caution: The book makes you aggressive at times :-)

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Hanna
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July 28, 2016
Contrary to what the title suggests, this is not an anthology from the "Outraged" series. Even inspiring enough to do without one or the other coffee to go afterwards. But the constant digression… Kind of like people who want to tell you they went out for pizza on Friday night and it takes them two hours to do it.

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Jöran Muuß-merholz
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June 6, 2016
Often undifferentiated like last time with Rage against the machine. Sometimes false. Altogether arrogant, pretentious, high-school, know-it-all, privileged.

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Jenny on the way
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January 16, 2021
What I liked best was reflecting on my own behavior while reading. I could not or did not want to follow in all points, but it remains a good navel gazing in relation to one's own consumer behavior.

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Thorge
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October 25, 2022
Definitely read!!

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From other countries
C. Plicht
4.0 out of 5 stars Should everyone read
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 18 January 2022
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Great book, well written and easy to understand. A must these days!
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Proprietor
5.0 out of 5 stars We are in demand!
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 5 June 2013
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In contrast to the very theory-heavy "How much is enough?" by Robert and Edward Skidelsky, I can highly recommend Mr. Welzer's book.

His remarks make it clear that we all have to stop delegating responsibility for our lives, our society and our environment to "politics", "business" or whoever and hoping for change or solutions from this . Or to complain about it if nothing happens.

Welzer does not stop at superficial criticism of consumerism, but questions the current mechanisms of our economic system as a whole, including the notion that crises should be mastered with the recipe "More of the familiar".

To pick just one thing: Anyone who has ever broken up a household or even just moved knows how right the author is when he says that “the consumer does not consume”. Which means we've all bought things we don't use. Or as Welzer put it astutely: "The buyer (...) only acts as a depot to store the product for the period between production and disposal." Do we really want that?

Using different future scenarios, the author shows that each of us must ask ourselves the question: "How do we want to live? And how do we not want to live? What do we really need for a good life? And what not?"

The case studies in the back of the book are encouraging and show that - contrary to Adorno's view - there can be a right life in the wrong one. And that it is up to each and every one of us to move there.
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P from M
4.0 out of 5 stars "If everyone imitates it, it must be right, even if the future is at stake" (S130)
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 17 December 2018
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The book attempts the impossible: encourage independent thinking and provide guidance for doing so. However, this is a contradiction in terms. Unfortunately, that leads to the feeling that someone is raising their index finger and wanting to lecture something too often.
Putting that aside, the book is very valuable as it shows how everything is connected (e.g. in the case of climate change - "the perfectly unsolvable problem"). In some places one may have a different opinion (e.g. mindfulness: "...maxim for the path to reductive modernity" p.141; sorry, that's far too easy!)
One remains restless and worried. Something is going completely wrong, but even the proclaimed 'self-thinking' won't be able to change anything.
If you can deal well with uncomfortable representations and ideas and if you want to think about the future of the earth, you should read the book (otherwise choose a cookbook).
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Lodar
5.0 out of 5 stars Change starts with yourself.
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 4 April 2015
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It's painful. Harald Welzer summed it up. We made it easy in our comfort. We hope that the problems will be solved technically. But this is an illusion.

There are only two fundamentally natural infinite resources: human ingenuity and energy. We are in the process of changing the latter, but will this be enough? When other resources are converted en masse in such a way that it is at least very difficult to put them in a cycle. Economists will now probably object that if this resource becomes so scarce that it is worth recovering (and energy is not a problem), then it will be recovered. This hope is not wrong. But what about living resources (humans and animals) or water, soil and air. This economic view is not applicable here. The single living being is not recyclable either as an individual or as a species.

In short: the problems of this world cannot be solved technically. Is that pleasing? No. Because he says very clearly, without your (!) renunciation, it doesn't work.

I find the idea of ​​the future tense very nice (the past tense). Let's not just imagine the future, but imagine how our past was in the future - How will I have lived.

Some time ago I found a nice quote: Those who want to find ways, those who do not want to find reasons.

On that note, enough discussion.

An important book.
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tomboy
5.0 out of 5 stars food for thought
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 28 October 2022
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Welzer writes convincingly and fluently. A joy.
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Harry Stahl
1.0 out of 5 stars Sorry missed the topic
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 20 May 2013
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"Thinking for Yourself - Instructions for Resistance" I was hoping to get a suitable addition to the really recommendable titles by Mr. Dobelli, including "The Art of Clear Thinking" or "Fast Thinking, Slow Thinking" by Mr. Kahnemann .

Unfortunately, far from it and I am bitterly disappointed with the book.

The author neither points out comprehensible errors in reasoning nor offers methods to competently question established theses, nor does he give useful instructions for resistance (understood by me in the sense of creating problem awareness in a democratic and legally impeccable manner).

Unfortunately, Mr. Welzer only reflects his own thoughts, which can be summarized as the view of an eco-movement who castigates capitalism and in which the "apocalypse is already taking place". At the end of the book he even reveals that "only very few people will make it through the 21st century with capitalism. Maybe a billion people. Rather fewer". I'm just wondering, where does he get these numerically accurate insights from?

As a reader of the book, one is surprised to see a picture of users of a climbing forest, with the caption "Freizeitidiot", although in the book without the quotation marks. All kinds of leisure activities in which Mr. Welzer can see no sense (be it the climbing forest, Formula 1) are condemned.

"Formula 1" and "Red Bull" could almost be an invention of the devil, at least if you read Welzer on this: "

Companies of this type represent the highest level of development in consumer-driven growth economies. Their actual products are the consumers themselves, who use their external needs as Satisfying consumers of completely superfluous products. Beverage, race, magazine, etc. are the raw materials that are used to manufacture people suffering from chronic urinary incontinence."

In this context, the question arises whether it is really necessary to insult one's readership? Mr. Welzer emphasizes that he writes about us. Do you have to be "a manufactured person" who suffers from "chronic incompetence of needs" because you watch Formula 1 or do you have to be a "leisure idiot" because you go to a climbing forest?

It's interesting that he doesn't dare to criticize European or football world championships, because all the environmentally harmful CO2 emissions caused by travelers by car or plane can't be what Mr. Welzer intended, can they? Or the associated advertising for pointless products?

You feel really bad when you read "eating tuna is just not possible anymore." Unfortunately, there is no comprehensible explanation based on statistics as to why it is no longer possible, so there is no background information that tuna is overfished or threatened with extinction. One of many examples where Mr. Welzer only boldly reproduces certain beliefs without rationally justifying them.

Mr. Welzer castigates, for example, microcredits in developing countries indiscriminately and conceals the fact that a successful microcredit system (microcredit fund Germany) has been set up in Germany, incidentally with significant support from the GLS Bank, which he (rightly) praises as a sustainable business enterprise. This is of course very different from the system in developing countries, but one that works well.

It's also a pity that Mr. Welzer thinks that "Germany has no more history to tell". In his opinion, the following applies: "Everything stands strangely dispassionately in a mental space that is characterized by fears of economic decline, fear of the future and political indifference". That, too, is "a result of the economization of almost all areas of life. The colonization of thinking by neoliberalism has put economics in the forefront and declared everything else to be less important." And further: "The status insecurity of the Bonn Republic gave way to the latent cockiness of the Berlin Republic".

In the contexts cited, it is no longer surprising that one can read his enthusiasm about the "unconditional basic income".

This short list already shows that the book title is unfortunately totally wrong. A title like "Environmentally conscious and sustainable living - ways out of neoliberal capitalism" or something similar would have fitted better here.

To go into the content of the individual topics would go beyond the scope here. But I can say that most of what he writes is too one-sided and too pessimistic for me. He largely ignores improvements that have occurred in society and the environment.

In this respect, the one star I can award here is more than generous.
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PiRo70
5.0 out of 5 stars Save the world - read this book!
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 27 January 2014
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In this book, Welzer shows us how to save the world. He doesn't do it from the high horse on the basis of high-sounding theories. He does it far beyond the "one should" or "it has to be rethought". Welzer condenses the topic with logical coherence to such an extent that THE central starting point for all changes is necessarily oneself. You are not responsible for the world, but you can shape your personal environment. 3-5% of innovative people across society are enough to initiate new thinking and new practices. However, these innovations do not come from science or from the power elite, but from the heart of society. It also does not require any special analysis or knowledge, the magic phrase is simply: "I'll get started". expansion was yesterday Reduction is tomorrow. A pleasurable less with more personal responsibility, creative freedom and therefore more fun. It is well known that "buying in a coma" in "shopping gulags" does not make sense. It won't be easy, you have to get out of your comfort zone. Alternatively, the powerful will grab scarce resources and who can be sure of belonging? Conclusion: join the 3%!!
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Thomas Prisching
5.0 out of 5 stars I can really recommend this book to every open-minded person.
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 4 January 2022
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In my opinion, the book is a good introduction to a difficult social topic. Today, many people in our country are content with the circumstances without thinking about the future. Harald Welzer addresses many topics critically and gives food for thought to shape the future.
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Ciaxz, Anja
5.0 out of 5 stars Read this book, it will change you and your attitude towards politics, climate, life...
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 14 August 2014
Verified Purchase
Harald Welzer will always have a permanent place on my book table.
The university professor finally no longer leaves us readers alone with the
questions we constantly asked ourselves, "How can I live my LIFE better and
do things and not refrain from doing..."
Climate change, science, politics, consumption, so many topics and many more that
concern us all.
We forget too quickly and this book grabbed me personally, that you
wake up, that you fight back, that things can't go on like this in the IT world.
The chapters are short, seasoned, easy to read, understand and implement.
One chapter every day and reflect and act out immediately after this process.
Change is hard for some, but SELF THINKING shows here that we have forgotten it,
that should be different.

Read this book, take your time, a chapter each day and LIVE for
a good future with reason and self-determination.

Stay curious.
Your
Anja Ciaxz
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Industrial Park
1.0 out of 5 stars really bad
Reviewed in Germany 🇩🇪 on 12 February 2023
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Anyone looking for an answer here or even just an analysis of the current problems is very wrong.
The factual basis of his lousy thes-chen (we are nothing but green-colored consumers, capitalism even structures your subconscious, our answers to contemporary questions come from the 1960s, current global political problems such as the climate crisis obscure real environmental problems "through the discourse", etc.) is extremely poor, his examples and escapades silly, his answers even worse: "light" experimentation with alternative drafts, finally taking himself seriously, and of course resistance - against every tried-and-tested, workable method of solving the climate and energy crisis, such as renunciation, Science orientation, and sustainable solutions included.

Quite moderate. When will the profile-addicted German idiots finally stop trying to profit from crises in an opportunistic manner? With crap like "Think for yourself". As if we couldn't.
Please sabotage it.
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저항안내서 - 스스로 생각하라
하랄트 벨처 (지은이),원성철 (옮긴이)오롯2015-06-30원제 : Selbst denken: Eine Anleitung zum Widerstand













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절판 판권 소멸 등으로 더 이상 제작, 유통 계획이 없습니다.
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- 절판 확인일 : 2019-01-02






책소개
동의하지 않는 것에서 저항이 시작된다

약속이자 희망이었던 미래가 이제는 위협이 되어 버렸다. 정치는 상상력을 상실했고, 사회는 수동적으로 변했다. 우리는 어쩌다 미래를 잃어버리게 되었는가? 미래는 이제 더 이상 위협이 아니라 희망일 수는 없는가? 파멸에 대한 저항은 불가능한가?

하랄드 벨처는 우리가 미래를 되찾으려면 효율성과 소비, 성장에 기초한 삶에 저항하고, 삶의 기준을 행복과 지속가능성으로 바꿔야 한다고 주장한다. 그는 소비사회의 생활양식을 비판하며 새로운 생각과 행동양식을 제안한다.

그는 우리에게 곧바로 반란을 일으키라고 말하지 않는다. 특정 분야를 비방하지도 않는다. 그가 제안하는 저항의 방법은 매력적이며 어렵지도 않다. 스스로 생각하기. 그리고 스스로 행동하기. 그는 지금의 잘못된 성장지상주의와 소비주의 문화에서도 우리가 다르게 생각하고 다르게 행동할 수 있으며, 그러한 실천적 저항들의 결과로 새로운 문화가 나타날 것이라고 말한다.

이 책은 미래의 생존능력을 가진 사회, 다시 말해서 성장이 아니라 문명화를, 효율성이 아니라 신중함을, 외부로부터의 공급이 아니라 자립을, 소비가 아니라 행복을 추구하는 사회를 만들어가는 데 우리가 어떤 역할을 할 수 있는지를 창의적인 사례들로 보여준다.

이 책은 우리에게 수많은 구체적인 아이디어를 제공해주며, 변화를 시도할 의욕을 고취시킨다. 이 책에 소개된 대로라면 누구든 언제라도 변화를 시도할 수 있다.



목차


편집자 서문_ 미래가 언제나 지속되지는 않는다.

시작하기_ 성공적인 저항을 위한 12가지 지침

1. 생존인가, 파멸인가
약속으로서의 미래 | 과거로서의 미래 | 미래를 되찾을 수 있을까 | 남획 중독 | 사회성 파괴 | 생존인가, 파멸인가

2. 소비주의와 성장의 신앙
환경아, 미안! | 포스트 이데올로기 | 우리는 왜 늘 달라지려고 하는 걸까? | 성장의 신앙

3. 학습된 욕망의 세계
내가 생각하는 것이 세계의 진짜 모습일까 | 세계와 나의 구성원리 | 내면의 산업화 | 정신적 인프라 | 문화의 굴레 | 학문

4. 소비자는 소비하지 않는다
시장의 윤리화 | 윤리적 소비 | 소비자는 소비하지 않는다 | 자발적인 금치산 | 녹색 금치산

5. 생태문제는 정치문제다
생태운동의 역사 속으로 떠나는 짧은 여행 | 항의 | 반유토피아 정치 | 역사의식 상실 | 녹색 푸딩의 기적 | 기후변화가 도대체 왜 그렇게 멋진 일일까? | 다시 정치적인 문제로

6. 지속가능한 세계로 가는 길
참다운 문명화를 위한 과제 | 스스로 생각하라 | 유토피아 | 신중함 | 마스터플랜 없이

7. 상상력을 회복하라
삶의 예술, 지금 당장 | 삶의 예술, 20년 후 | 2033년에서 온 그리 아름답지 않은 이야기 | 삶의 가능성

8. 미래 생존의 기본원칙들
시작하기의 생산력 | 윤리적인 경제 | 지역문화 | 실천공동체 | 탄력공동체와 공유

9. 미래의 생존능력을 학습하라
지속가능한 현대를 위해 필요한 것들 | 시간 | 절약 | 책임 | 죽음 | 수리하기, 혁신적인 소비 | 협동조합 | 연합

10. 불편함을 감수하라
행동으로 옮길 가능성의 공간 | 불편함 | 스스로를 진지하게 받아들이기 | 정치와 역사

11. 미래에 관한 새로운 이야기들
새로운 역사 | 본보기 | 슈타우딩거, 스스로 생각하다 | 슬라덱 부부, 스스로 생각하다 | 크리스티안 펠버, 스스로 생각하다 | GLS은행, 스스로 생각하다 | 코발스키, 스스로 생각하다 | 슈리데, 스스로 생각하다 | 파울만 부부, 스스로 생각하다 | 스위스연방철도, 스스로 생각하다 | 리미니 프로토콜, 스스로 생각하다 | 예스맨, 스스로 생각하다

맺음말_ 저항은 반대이자 창조이다

작가의 주 | 참고문헌 | 사진과 도표 | 찾아보기 | 글쓴이 소개
접기


책속에서


P. 34~35 오늘날의 전체주의가 하필이면 자유의 옷을 걸치고 등장했다는 사실은 의미심장하다. 파괴 과정도 쉽사리 눈에 띄지 않는다. 갖기를 원하는 것은 뭐든지 가질 수 있다고 우리를 부추기는 이 자유의 시스템에는 수용소에 갇힌 유대인도, 고문을 당하는 사람도 없다. 구글과 페이스북의 시대를 살고 있는 우리들은 자유롭게 원하는 정보를 만들고, 필요한 정보도 자유롭게 수집한다. 페이스북에서 파시즘을 떠올리는 것은 분명히 우스꽝스럽게 보인다. 게슈타포도 없고 체카도 없다. 조지 오웰이 『1984』에서 나타냈던 것과는 달리 오늘날의 전체주의는 사회구성원들의 욕망과 행동을 통제하는 감시자를 필요로 하지 않는다. 오직 하나, 충분한 시장이라는 이름의 제어장치가 있을 뿐이다. 접기
P. 42 이제는 선택해야 한다. 선택의 여지는 단 두 가지뿐이다. 하나는 삶의 공간이 점차 줄어들고, 자유와 민주주의ㆍ복지도 파괴되어가며, 결국에는 인류 문명이 파멸의 나락으로 떨어지는 것을 지켜만 보고 있는 것이다. 다른 하나는 아직 남아 있는 가능성과 기회를 찾아내 훼손된 자유와 민주주의를 치유하고, 줄어들 대로 줄어든 삶의 공간을 넓혀가는 것이다. 무엇을 선택할 것인가. 접기
P. 50 ‘아라벨리온’이라고 불리는 북아프리카와 중동의 민주화운동은 대체로 실업에 시달리고 있는 고학력 젊은이들이 주도하고 있다. 앞서 언급했던 나라들은 예외 없이 대졸자 실업률이 무척 높다는 공통점을 지닌다. 무엇보다도 고학력 실업자들의 대부분이 대학을 졸업한 뒤 아예 한 번도 취업을 해 본 적이 없다는 점에서 문제는 더욱 심각하다. … 사회의 주변부로 밀려나 버린 느낌, 미래가 사라져 버린 느낌, 희망으로부터 차단되어 버린 느낌, 자신의 삶을 자기가 원하는 대로 꾸려갈 수 있는 자유를 빼앗겨 버린 느낌, 아랍 젊은이들의 시위는 바로 이런 울분의 표현이다. 접기
P. 64~66 우리가 살고 있는 이 시대는 포스트 이데올로기의 시대이다. 박물관에나 있음직한 국가인 북한까지 포함해 이제 지구 위에 소비주의의 손길이 닿지 않는 곳은 없다. 소비주의의 깃발 아래에서 모든 사람은 평등하다. 소비가 내려주는 은총의 크기는 보이지 않는 위대한 손, 시장이 주재한다. 누구에게는 어마어마한 크기의 은총이 베풀어지고, 누구에게는 쥐꼬리만 한 은총조차 용납되지 않는다. 하지만 그것은 어디까지나 공급과 수요라는 신성하고도 영원한 시장의 섭리 때문이지, 점점 커져 가는 사회적 불평등이나 넘볼 수 없는 거대한 기득권, 극복하기 힘든 차별, 폭력과 억압 때문에 그런 것은 결코 아니다. 오히려 소비주의는 가난한 자들을 적으로 간주하지 않는다. 그들이야말로 미래의 소비자이자 잠재적인 소비자가 아닌가? 소비주의에 적은 존재하지 않는다. 소비주의는 모두를 포용한다. 소비주의는 바로 여기에 자신의 성공이 달려 있음을 누구보다도 잘 알고 있다. 소비주의는 결코 정치적이지 않다. 무능한 정부라도, 부패한 정부라도, 나약한 정부라도, 나태한 정부라도 상관없다. 접기
P. 70~71 유럽과 북미가 그들 자신의 산업화와 문명화를 위해 다른 대륙의 자원까지 남획하던 19세기와 20세기를 공간적인 갈취의 시대로 부를 수 있다면, 도도한 세계화의 물결을 타고 성장경제의 원칙이 지구 구석구석으로 퍼져나가고 있는 지금은 공간적인 갈취를 넘어서서 시간적인 갈취가 자행되고 있는 시대로 볼 수 있을 것이다. 우리들의 소비지상주의 문화가 우리 아이들의 미래까지 먹어치우고 있는 셈이다. 접기
더보기




저자 및 역자소개
하랄트 벨처 (Harald Welzer) (지은이)
저자파일
신간알리미 신청

1958년에 태어난 하랄트 벨처는 괴테 인스티투트가 ‘학문의 얼굴들’의 한 사람으로 선정한 독일의 대표적인 소장 사회심리학자이다. 현재 플렌스부르크 대학의 전환설계학 교수로 있으면서 베를린의 비영리단체인 ‘푸투어츠바이 재단(Futurzwei Stiftung)’의 책임자로도 활동하고 있다. 장크트갈렌 대학에서는 사회심리학을 가르친다.

‘전환설계학(Transformations design)’이란 지속가능한 미래로의 전환을 위해 개인과 사회의 변화 방향을 탐색하는 학문이다. 푸투어츠바이 재단은 인류의 미래 생존을 위해 소비주의와 ... 더보기

최근작 : <나치의 병사들>,<우리가 알던 세계의 종말>,<저항안내서> … 총 6종 (모두보기)

원성철 (옮긴이)
저자파일
신간알리미 신청

서강대학교에서 한국문학을, 독일 밤베르크대학교와 튀빙겐대학교에서 사회학과 종교학을 전공했다. 역서로 <이야기꾼> (쉘 요한손), <우리의 아름다운 새 옷> (잉고 슐체), <저항 안내서> (하랄트 벨처), <엔첸스베르거의 판옵티콘> (한스 마그누스 엔첸스베르거), <기본소득, 자유와 정의가 만나다> (다니엘 헤니, 필립 코브체) 등이 있다.




출판사 소개
오롯
도서 모두보기
신간알리미 신청






출판사 제공 책소개
오늘날 인류는 미래와 희망을 잃었다. 자원고갈과 기후변화 등 현재의 문명이 더 이상 존속될 수 없음을 알리는 경고들이 잇달아 나타나고 있으며, 금융위기와 심각한 양극화 등으로 현재의 사회ㆍ경제체제도 구조적 한계를 드러내고 있다. 그러나 우리를 더욱 절망에 빠뜨리는 것은 이러한 상황을 극복하기 위한 움직임은커녕 문제제기조차 제대로 시도되지 못하고 있다는 것이다. 그래서 나날이 상황이 악화되고 있음을 직접 체감하고 있지만, 우리 대부분은 무기력하게 상황 자체를 외면하거나 남의 일인 양 먼 산 불 보듯 하고 있을 뿐이다.

독일의 사회학자인 하랄트 벨처(Harald Welzer)는 파멸을 막으려면 이런 상황에 저항해야 한다고 역설한다. 미래를 되찾으려면 효율성과 소비, 성장에 기초한 지금의 삶의 방식에 저항하고, 행복과 지속가능성으로 삶의 기준을 바꿔가야 한다는 것이다. 그는 그 저항이 자본주의의 발흥과 함께 실현되었던 시민의 권리와 자유, 민주주의와 같은 문명의 수준을 지켜내기 위한 것이면서, 동시에 오늘날 자본주의에 의해 자행되고 있는 자원의 남획과 생태계 파괴에 대한 반대이기도 하다고 말한다.

이 책을 쓴 하랄트 벨처는 괴테 인스티투트(Goethe Insititut)에서 ‘학문의 얼굴들’의 한 사람으로 선정되기도 했던 독일의 대표적인 소장 사회심리학자이다. 그는 현재 플렌스부르크 대학에서 전환설계학(Transformations design) 교수로 있으면서 베를린의 비영리단체인 ‘푸투어츠바이 재단(Futurzwei Stiftung)’의 책임자로도 활동하고 있다. 전환설계학이란 지속가능한 미래로의 전환을 위해 개인과 사회의 변화 방향을 탐색하는 학문이며, 그가 책임자로 있는 푸투어츠바이 재단도 인류의 미래 생존을 위한 새로운 대안적 생활양식에 관한 연구와 보급을 목적으로 하는 곳이다. 이처럼 하랄트 벨처는 독일 언론 《슈피겔》이 ‘생산적인 통섭 정신’(produktiver Quergeist)이라고 지칭할 만큼 사회심리학이라는 분과학문에 머무르지 않고 다양한 학문 분야를 넘나들며 뛰어난 성과들을 발표해왔다. 한국에서도 기후변화에서 비롯된 사회변동을 다룬 《기후전쟁》, 《기후문화》(울리히 벡 등과의 공저) 등의 저작들이 소개되어 폭넓은 반향을 얻은 바 있다.


왜 저항이 필요한가

하랄트 벨처는 이제 인류는 자신과 미래에 관해 지금까지와는 다른 이야기와 역사를 시작해야 한다고 말한다. 냉전체제의 해체와 함께 전 세계에서 체제의 기본원리로 자리 잡은 자본주의적 팽창의 문화는 더 이상 인류 역사에 아무것도 가져다줄 수 없으며, 그것이 지금까지 이루어낸 성과들도 급격히 실패로 전환되고 있기 때문이다. 시장만을 전부로 여기는 신자유주의는 성장률과 이윤율을 위해 민주주의와 공동체의 복지와 같은 시장에 순응하지 않는 것을 모조리 파괴하고 있다. 그리고 세계화의 물결과 더불어 자본주의적 팽창의 문화가 지구 전체로 확산되면서 자원의 무분별한 사용과 생태계의 파괴도 보편화되어 이제 미래세대의 생존마저 위협할 정도가 되었다.

하랄트 벨처는 오늘날 인류가 놓인 상황에 대해 이렇게 말한다. “유럽과 북미가 그들 자신의 산업화와 문명화를 위해 다른 대륙의 자원까지 남획하던 19세기와 20세기를 공간적인 갈취의 시대로 부를 수 있다면, 도도한 세계화의 물결을 타고 성장경제의 원칙이 지구 구석구석으로 퍼져나가고 있는 지금은 공간적인 갈취를 넘어서서 시간적인 갈취가 자행되고 있는 시대로 볼 수 있을 것이다. 우리들의 소비지상주의 문화가 우리 아이들의 미래까지 먹어치우고 있는 셈이다.”

따라서 그는 이제 선택해야 할 때라고 말한다. “선택의 길은 단 두 가지뿐이다. 하나는 삶의 공간이 점차 줄어들고, 자유와 민주주의ㆍ복지도 파괴되어가며, 결국에는 인류 문명이 파멸의 나락으로 떨어지는 것을 지켜만 보고 있는 것이다. 다른 하나는 아직 남아 있는 가능성과 기회를 찾아내 훼손된 자유와 민주주의를 치유하고, 줄어들 대로 줄어들어 있는 삶의 공간을 넓혀가는 것이다. 무엇을 선택할 것인가.”


무엇에 저항해야 할 것인가?

이처럼 하랄트 벨처는 기후변화나 자원고갈과 같은 환경문제가 근본적으로 인류의 미래와 관련된 정치적 문제라고 단언한다. 따라서 미래를 파괴하는 것에 동의하지 않는 사람들은 자신의 생존을 위해 그 문제를 발생시켜왔던 것을 포기하지 않으려는 자들에게 저항해야만 한다는 것이다.

그러나 미래를 위한 정치적 저항은 억압으로부터의 해방이 중요했던 과거의 저항과는 다르다. 그것은 저항해야 할 궁극적 대상이 바로 우리가 매일 누리는 일상적인 삶들, 곧 우리가 먹는 것들, 이동하는 방식, 일하는 방식, 여가를 보내는 방식, 집을 짓고 사는 방식 등이기 때문이다.

따라서 하랄트 벨처는 “지난 두 세기가 계몽과 해방, 자유의 역사였다면 이제 우리 앞에 펼쳐질 시대는 자기 계몽의 시대여야 한다”고 말한다. 그리고 그러한 자기 계몽이 자리를 잡으려면 우리의 일상을 지배하고 있는 정보의 그물과 소비유혹에 맞서 싸워야 한다고 강조한다. 곧 “가질 수 있다고 판단되는 모든 것을 가지려는 욕망을 정당한 것으로 간주하는 문화”와 그러한 욕망을 끊임없이 부추기며 만들어내고 있는 매체들에 맞서 싸워야 한다는 것이다.


미래에 대한 상상력을 회복하라

하랄트 벨처는 오늘날 우리의 일상을 지배하는 성장과 경쟁, 소비의 문화에서 해방되려면 미래에 대한 상상력이 필요하다고 말한다. 그것은 자신이 소망하는 미래에 대한 상상이 없이는 현재의 소비사회에 대한 근본적인 비판이 불가능하기 때문이다. 우리가 어떻게 살기를 원하며 이 세계를 어떻게 만들어가고 싶은지를 구체적으로 상상하지 않고서는 미래로 나아가기 위해 무엇이 필요하고 무엇이 중요한지를 판단할 수 없다. 곧 지금 우리가 무엇을 해야 하는지에 대한 기준을 결정하는 것은 미래이며, 미래에 대한 상상에 기초해야 우리의 사고와 실천은 대안이 없다는 현실의 무력감에서 벗어나 가능성을 무한히 넓혀갈 수 있다는 것이다.

그가 ‘윤리적 상상력’이라고 부르는 이러한 상상력은 자신의 바람직하다고 생각하며 소망하는 미래의 어떤 시점의 상태를 상상해보는 것을 말한다. 그는 이것이 우리에게 현재의 상태를 여러 가능한 상태들 가운데 하나에 지나지 않는 것으로 인식할 수 있게 해주고, 공동체의 삶을 어떻게 하면 지금보다 낫게 만들 수 있을지 고민할 수 있게 해줄 것이라고 말한다. 그리고 상상하는 미래를 기준으로 그곳에 도달하기 위해 거쳐야 할 길들을 현실에서 재구성해보면서 현실에서 무엇이 필요하고 중요한지도 판단할 수 있다는 것이다.

하랄트 벨처는 생태운동을 비롯한 오늘날의 사회운동이 성장경제의 원칙을 따르지 않는 사회에 대한 상상력을 잃어버리면서 성장지상주의 문화의 극복이 아니라 오히려 그것의 유지에 기여하고 있다고 비판한다. 예컨대 근본적인 사회문화적인 전환이 아니라 당장의 실용적인 성과와 기술적 효용성에만 치우치면서 시장에 넘쳐나는 각종 ‘그린’ 상품들과 ‘친환경’ 인증제품들처럼 자원고갈과 생태계 파괴가 소비사회의 새로운 이윤획득 전략으로 활용되고 있으며, ‘녹색성장’이란 그럴듯한 이름으로 “기업이 부담해야 할 환경비용만 사회적 비용으로 떠넘겨지는” 현실을 낳는 데 일조하고 있다는 것이다.

이런 맥락에서 오늘날 사회적 기업의 모델로 칭송받고 있는 마이크로크레디트 운동에 대해서도 신랄하게 비판한다. 가난한 사람들에게 장사를 할 수 있는 밑천을 대출해주어 스스로 가난에서 벗어날 수 있도록 돕는 마이크로크레디트 운동도 자본주의적 성장경제를 극복하려는 것이 아니라 결국은 시장경제의 발전을 위해서 극빈층을 시장으로 끌어들이려는 금융시장의 새로운 사업모델일 뿐이라는 것이다.


지금 당장 다르게 생각하고 다르게 행동할 수 있다

따라서 하랄트 벨처는 오늘날 우리를 지배하고 있는 성장과 경쟁, 소비의 문화를 근본적으로 전환하려면 먼저 오늘날 우리가 사로잡혀 있는 맹목성을 치료해야 한다고 말한다. 맹목성이란 하랄트 벨처의 표현대로라면 “삶의 조건이 바뀌었는데도 인식의 영역에서나 실천의 영역에서 지난 경험에 근거한 방식들을 강화하는 것을 제외하고는 다른 어떤 방식도 거들떠보지 않는 것”을 말한다.

그는 바로 이러한 맹목성을 치료하는 데 이 책의 목적이 있다고 밝힌다. 그래서 그는 미래의 생존능력을 가진 사회를 만들어 가는 데 우리가 어떤 역할을 할 수 있는지를 보여주는 창의적인 사례들을 풍부히 소개한다.

예컨대 신발ㆍ가구 등을 생산하는 게아(GEA)나 협동조합 은행인 GLS은행 등은 기업이 어떻게 이윤 획득이 아니라 지속가능한 사회 발전을 목적으로 공동체의 복지를 위해 운영될 수 있는지를 보여준다.

바이오네이드라는 유기농 음료수를 개발한 독일의 양조업자인 코발스키 가족은 생산과정 자체를 지속가능한 것으로 전환한 사례의 성공과 실패의 교훈을 전해주며, 우르술라 슬라덱과 미하엘 슬라덱 부부가 설립한 에너지협동조합인 쇠나우전력회사(EWS)는 지역공동체의 에너지 자립의 가능성을 보여준다.

공공의 복지를 목표로 운영되어 대중교통수단의 이용증가라는 소비자의 행동양식의 변화를 가져온 스위스연방철도는 대중교통을 중심으로 한 지속가능한 교통체계의 가능성을 제시한다.

이 밖에 제품의 순환주기를 빠르게 만들려고 기업들이 노후화기술을 적용하는 것을 고발하는 웹사이트 열어 제품들이 지속가능한 품질로 만들어질 수 있도록 촉구하고 감시하는 활동을 하는 슈테판 슈리데, 기업들이 공동체의 복지에 얼마나 기여했는가 하는 기업의 공익성을 기업 활동의 새로운 평가기준으로 제시한 크리스티안 펠버, 자본주의 산업이 파괴한 전통적인 생활양식의 복원을 주도하고 후원하는 오케아노스 재단을 설립해 활동하는 파울만 부부, 현실에 대한 다른 정의와 이해를 보여주어 가능성의 공간을 열어주는 극단 리미니 프로토콜, 세계무역기구나 다우케미컬 등을 사칭하며 벌이는 기상천외한 행동으로 부조리한 현실을 풍자하여 그것에 구멍을 뚫는 예스맨 등 세계를 더 나은 것으로 만들기 위해 자신들만의 방식으로 실천적으로 저항한 다양한 사례들이 소개된다.

그는 우리 자신에게 미래 생존능력을 학습하는 역할을 부여해야 한다며, 관성에서 벗어나 다르게 생각하는 ‘스스로 생각하기’를 통해서 더 나은 세계를 위한 사회적이며 기술적인 능력들을 습득해가야 한다고 주장한다. 지속가능한 세계로 가는 길은 잘 짜인 계획이나 지식으로 실현되는 것이 아니라, 앞서의 사례들처럼 다른 상태에 도달하기를 꿈꾸며 시도하는 실천적 저항들을 통해서 그 윤곽을 드러내기 때문이다.

아울러 그는 우리가 성장지상주의와 소비주의 문화에서도 얼마든지 그것과 다르게 생각하고 행동할 수 있다며, 지금이라도 당장 지금까지와는 다른 행동양식을 연습해야 한다고 말한다. 그는 이와 관련해 독일의 사회학자인 귄터 안더스에게서 가져온 ‘윤리적 스트레칭’의 필요성을 강조한다. 윤리적 스트레칭이란 어떤 문제에 관한 지배적인 생각들에 대해 어떻게든 다르게 생각해 볼 여지는 없는지 스스로에게 질문을 던져보는 것이다. 그리고 익숙한 상상과 감정에서 벗어나 그것을 혁신적으로 확장해 자신의 시야를 더 대범하게 넓혀보는 것이다. 하랄트 벨처는 이러한 윤리적 스트레칭으로 우리의 동의하지 않는 능력이 빠른 속도로 향상되며, 그러면 전에는 볼 수 없었던 실천의 가능성도 찾을 수 있게 될 것이라고 말한다.


지금 당장 저항을 시작하라

이 책의 지적처럼 오늘날 현대 문명이 희망을 잃고 막다른 상황에 놓여 있다는 징후는 곳곳에서 나타난다. 대부분의 사람들이 현재의 연장으로 미래를 꿈꾸지 않거나, 현재와 같은 삶이 미래에도 계속되는 것을 끔찍한 악몽처럼 여긴다. 현대 사회에서는 이른바 문명화된 사회에 살고 있는 사람들일수록 그 문명의 시간과 공간에서 벗어난 삶을 갈망한다. 번잡한 도시와 숨 가쁘게 진행되는 시간의 흐름에서 벗어나 전원에서 유유자적한 삶을 살 수 있기를 꿈꾼다. 그래서 현재를 벗어나기 위해 더 열심히 현재에 살아야 한다는 모순이 시대를 지배한다.

그래선지 우리는 주변에서 미래의 파국을 경고하거나 변화를 촉구하는 내용을 드물지 않게 접할 수 있다. 하지만 기술적이고 실용적인 대안의 효용성을 강조하는 데 치우치거나 변화가 추상적인 담론 차원의 논의에 그치고 있는 것들이 대부분이다. 그렇다보니 우리에게 미래에 대한 희망을 제시해주거나 실천에 대한 의지를 북돋아주기에는 역부족인 경우가 많다. 아니면 반대로 우리를 잘못된 기대로 내몰거나 위기에 더 둔감하게 만들기도 한다.

이런 점에서 이 책의 의미와 가치가 드러난다. 하랄트 벨처는 사회와 문화, 경제체제의 근본적인 전환만이 올바른 길이라고 제시하여 우리를 기술에 대한 헛된 기대에서 벗어날 수 있게 해준다. 하지만 그러한 논의는 결코 추상적인 담론에 머물지 않는다. 그는 미래의 생존능력을 회복하기 위해 우리가 지금 당장 어떤 역할을 할 수 있는지를 다양한 창의적인 사례들을 통해 구체적으로 보여준다. 그래서 이 책은 변화에 대한 우리의 의지를 북돋으며 우리에게 수많은 실천의 아이디어를 제공해준다.

나아가 이 책은 사회만이 아니라 우리 자신의 모습을 성찰하게 만든다. 하랄트 벨처는 우리 자신, 곧 우리의 사고와 가치관, 취향과 욕망, 삶에 대한 이해와 방식 자체가 산업사회의 산물이라며, 우리 자신이 변화하지 않고서는 산업사회의 문제가 결코 해결되지 않는다고 강조한다. 그러면서 그는 우리가 지금과 어떻게 다르게 생각하고 다르게 행동할 수 있을지 수많은 가능성들을 보여주면서 그것들이 가져올 불편함을 두려워하지 말라고 촉구한다. 그래서 이 책은 우리가 지닌 인식과 행동 사이의 간극을 날카롭게 일깨워주며, 당장 일상의 삶에서 어떤 저항을 실천해야 하는지에 관한 구체적인 고민으로 우리를 이끌어준다. 접기




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Benedict de Spinoza - Association with Collegiants and Quakers | Britannica

Benedict de Spinoza - Association with Collegiants and Quakers | Britannica
Association with Collegiants and Quakers

By 1656 Spinoza had already made acquaintances among members of the Collegiants, a religious group in Amsterdam that resisted any formal creed or practice. Some scholars believe that Spinoza actually lived with the Collegiants after he left the Jewish community. Others think it more likely that he stayed with Franciscus van den Enden, a political radical and former Jesuit, and taught classes at the school that van den Enden had established in Amsterdam.

A few months after his excommunication, Spinoza was introduced to the leader of a Quaker proselytizing mission to Amsterdam. The Quakers, though not as radical as the Collegiants, also rejected traditional religious practices and ceremonies. There is some reason to believe that Spinoza became involved for a while in a project to translate one or more Quaker pamphlets into Hebrew. In this he would have been aided by Samuel Fisher, a member of the Quaker mission who had studied Hebrew at the University of Oxford. Fisher, it seems, shared Spinoza’s skepticism of the historical accuracy of the Bible. In 1660 he published a book in English of more than 700 pages, Rusticus ad Academicos; or, The Country Correcting the University and Clergy, in which he raised almost every point of biblical criticism that Spinoza was later to make in the Tractatus.

In 1661 Spinoza was visited by a former Collegiant, Pieter Balling, who belonged to a philosophical group in Amsterdam that was very interested in Spinoza’s ideas. Shortly after his visit, Balling published a pamphlet, Het licht op den kandelar (Dutch: “Light on the Candlestick”), that attempted to justify the tenets of Quakerism. The work, which eventually became a standard piece of Quaker theology, contains a fair amount of terminology that Spinoza later employed, which suggests that Spinoza helped to formulate this basic statement of Quaker doctrine.

The 4 stories we tell ourselves about death | Stephen Cave 15 min



Stephen Cave - Immortality 52 min







Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How It Drives Civilization : Cave Sir, Stephen, Shermer, Michael: Amazon.com.au: Books

Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How It Drives Civilization : Cave Sir, Stephen, Shermer, Michael: Amazon.com.au: Books

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Immortality by Stephen Cave - Reading Guide 4 pages

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Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How It Drives Civilization Paperback – 2 May 2017
by Stephen Cave Sir (Author), Michael Shermer (Foreword)
4.4 out of 5 stars 178 ratings

Hardcover $44.51
Paperback $41.00


"A fascinating history of man's greatest obsession and poses a stunning theory of society."--The Daily Beast

"A must-read exploration of what spurs human ingenuity.... Has changed my view of the driving force of civilization as much as Jared Diamond did years ago with his brilliant book Guns, Germs and Steel."--New Scientist magazine

A fascinating work of popular philosophy and history that both enlightens and entertains, Stephen Cave's Immortality investigates whether it just might be possible to live forever and whether we should want to. But it also makes a powerful argument, which is that it's our very preoccupation with defying mortality that drives civilization.

In drawing back the curtain on what compels humans to "keep on keeping on," Cave engages the reader in a number of mind-bending thought experiments. He teases out the implications of each immortality gambit, asking, for example, how long a person would live if they did manage to acquire a perfectly disease-free body. Or what would happen if a super-being tried to round up the atomic constituents of all who've died in order to resurrect them. Or what our loved ones would really be doing in heaven if it does exist. Or what part of us actually lives in a work of art, and how long that work of art can survive.

Toward the book's end, we're confronted with a series of brain-rattling questions: What would happen if tomorrow humanity discovered that there is no life but this one? Would people continue to care about their favorite sports team, please their boss, vie for the title of Year's Best Salesman? Would three-hundred-year projects still get started?
Immortality is a deeply satisfying book, as optimistic about the human condition as it is insightful about the true arc of history.


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Review

"Cave has produced a strikingly original and compelling exploration of the age-old conundrum: Can we live forever, and do we really want to?"
--John Horgan, science journalist and author of The End of War
"Immortality is a fascinating history of man's greatest obsession and poses a stunning theory of society."
--The Daily Beast
"In Immortality Stephen Cave tells wonderful stories about one of humanity's oldest desires and comes to a wise conclusion."
--Stefan Klein, author of The Science of Happiness and The Secret Pulse of Time
"A beautifully clear and entertaining look at life after death. Cave does not shrink from the hard questions. Bold and thought-provoking."
--Eric Olson, author of The Human Animal and What Are We?
"A must-read exploration of what spurs human ingenuity. Every once in a while a book comes along that catches me by surprise and provides me with an entirely new lens through which to view the world. . . . Such is the case with Stephen Cave's book Immortality. . . . Cave presents an extremely compelling case--one that has changed my view of the driving force of civilization as much as Jared Diamond did years ago with his brilliant book Guns, Germs and Steel."
--S. Jay Olshanksy, New Scientist magazine
"Informed and metaphysically nuanced. . . . Cave presents his arguments in a brisk, engaging style, and draws effectively upon a wide-ranging stock of religious, philosophical, and scientific sources, both ancient and contemporary."
--Weekly Standard
"In his survey of the subject, Stephen Cave, a British philosopher, argues that man's various tales of immortality can be boiled down into four basic "narratives". . . . For the aspiring undying, Mr Cave unfortunately concludes that immortality is a mirage. But his demolition project is fascinating in its own right. . . . If anything, readers might want more of Mr. Cave's crisp conversational prose."
--The Economist
"Cave explains how the seeking of immortality is the foundation of human achievement, the wellspring of art, religion and civilization. . . . .The author is rangy and recondite, searching the byways of elixirs, the surprises of alchemy, the faith in engineering and all the wonder to be found in discussions of life and death. . . . Luminous."
--Kirkus Reviews
"A dramatic and frequently surprising story of the pursuit of immortality and its effects on human history."
--Booklist
"Cave is smart, lucid, elegant and original. Immortality is an engaging read about our oldest obsession, and how that obsession propels some of our greatest accomplishments."
--Greg Critser, author of Eternity Soup
"An epic inquiry into the human desire to defy death--and how to overcome it. Cave traces the histories of each of his four immortality narratives through the world's great religions, heroes, leaders, thinkers and stories. It's an epic tale of human folly, featuring a cast of characters including Gilgamesh, Dante, Frankenstein, the King of Qin, Alexander the Great and the Dalai Lama. Cave, a Berlin-based writer and former diplomat, is an admirably clear elucidator, stripping down arguments to their essences and recounting them without any unnecessary jargon."
--The Financial Times
"Immortality plumbs the depths of the human mind and ties the quest for the infinite prolongation of life into the very nature of civilization itself. Cave reveals remarkable depth and breadth of learning, yet is always a breeze to read. I thoroughly enjoyed his book--it's a really intriguing study."
--David Boyd Haycock, author of Mortal Coil and A Crisis of Brilliance
"[Cave's] sort of nonfiction writing is exciting. It gets the juices flowing and draws one into the material. What Cave does so well throughout Immortality is to take the reader by the hand and carefully guide her or him through each concept, ensuring understanding before exploring assorted variations and difficulties. He's writing for searchers, not people collecting knock 'em-dead refutations of positions they've already rejected. And his appeal is to intellectual curiosity."
--The Humanist
"I loved this. Cave has set himself an enormous task and accomplished it--in spades. Establishing a four-level subject matter, he has stuck to his guns and never let up. As he left one level and went to the next, I was always a little worried: Would he be able to pull it off? This was especially true as he approached the end. There is a sense in which each level, as he left it smoking in the road, looked easy as he started the next. In fact, the last level, while it is the most difficult, is the best, the most satisfying. I am happy to live in the world Cave describes."
--Charles Van Doren, author of A History of Knowledge
"This book by Stephen Cave offers a helpful framework for understanding the various different kinds of immortality. Cave employs this framework to analyze these types of immortality and to argue that the quest for immortality is misguided. Cave's insights throughout the book are deep, and his argumentation is compelling and well-informed by all of the relevant literature. It is also a beautifully written and highly accessible book. I recommend it highly."
--John Martin Fischer leader of the Templeton Foundation's Immortality Project, and author of Near-Death Experiences
About the Author
Michael Shermer is the publisher of Skeptic magazine, a monthly columnist for Scientific American, and a presidential fellow at Chapman University. His books include: Why People Believe Weird Things, The Science of Good and Evil, Why Darwin Matters, The Believing Brain, and The Moral Arc. His next book is Heavens on Earth: The Quest for Immortality and Perfectibility.


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Product details
Publisher ‏ : ‎ Skyhorse Publishing; Reprint edition (2 May 2017)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 344 pages


===


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Book Shark
5.0 out of 5 stars An Everlasting Book! Fantastic!
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 8 April 2012
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Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How it Drives Civilization by Stephen Cave


" Immortality" is the fascinating and thought-provoking book about life, death and civilization. It's about humankind's quest by one or a combination of four paths that promise immortality and whether any of these paths can deliver on that promise. Finally, with the newfound wisdom it's about following a philosophy of life that provides us with a meaningful existence. Stephen Cave holds a Ph.D. in philosophy from Cambridge University and a writer who skillfully provides the reader with a gem of a book that is enlightening and a joy to read. This 338-page book is broken out into four parts that correspond to the four narratives of immortality and a conclusion: Part I. Staying Alive, Part II. Resurrection, Part II. Soul, and Part IV. Legacy.


Positives:
1. A well written, accessible book for the masses.
2. A mesmerizing topic: immortality. The author treats the topic with utmost care and respect.
3. A fantastic format that follows logically with the author's overall thesis.
4. The four immortality narratives: Staying Alive, Resurrection, Soul, and Legacy. The entire book revolves around these four main paths.
5. The author clearly presents three main goals upfront and thoroughly succeeds in achieving them.
6. Each chapter begins with an interesting historical vignette in which the author highlights the main topic of the chapter.
7. In the first path of immortality the author goes through a number of examples that clearly show how the determination to stay alive and reproduce is one thing that all life forms have in common.
8. The Morality Paradox. The immortality narratives were created to resolve the paradox.
9. Great use of secular, religious and scientific viewpoints to go through all the arguments. Great stuff!
10. Thought-provoking quotes and ideas: "These psychologists were testing the hypothesis that we have developed our cultural worldviews in order to protect ourselves from the fear of death". Interesting.
11. The author goes through various and diverse civilizations to explain his thesis. Thus keeping the book fresh and interesting. "Civilization is built on the promise of immortality".
12. Attempts to engineer immortality. The Engineering Approach to immortality. Transhumanists...
13. The significance of resurrection and the three major problems with it.
14. The impact of Paul to Christianity.
15. The importance of rituals, "This is the function of religion at its grandest: enabling mere mortals to attain cosmic significance, to become one with their gods and so to attain immortality."
16. Cryonics, interesting stuff.
17. My favorite section of the book, the thorough debunking of the soul.
18. The idea of the soul, its claims and the implications.
19. The history and evolution of the concept of the soul. From soul to self...
20. The argument from neuroscience against the existence of the soul.
21. The concepts of heaven.
22. Scientific and religious looks at the soul. Eastern and Western religions.
23. Legacy what it means and how it is achieved. Great examples.
24. Great quotes, "Jean Rostand wrote in 1939, "Kill one man, and you are a murderer. Kill millions of men, and you are a conqueror. Kill them all, and you are a god."
25. Fascinating facts, " By spring 2011, Facebook, had over 600 million active users and counting."
26. The "bundle theory" of the self and the problems associated with it.
27. Nation's myth of common ancestry.
28. Planet Earth, the biggest superorganism, Gaia. Global consciousness.
29. The author does a wonderful job of summarizing his finding into a satisfying conclusion.
30. A positive, secular outlook to death. The Wisdom Narrative.
31. Some great closing thoughts that will stick with me, " This is no doubt why medieval European rulers found Christianity so useful--it taught their exploited subjects to avert their eyes from the horror of their daily lives and dream instead of a future paradise."
32. How these narratives contribute to what our civilizations are.
33. A look at the impact of infinity. Enlightening.
34. The three virtues on our view of life and death.
35. A page turner of a book.


Negatives:
1. No formal bibliography.
2. A notes section was provided but it was not linked to the body of the book.
3. The author overstays his welcome a tad with the last chapter. That is, it was too long and started becoming preachy but if that's the worst thing I can find about this book well you know you got yourself a gem.
4. Charts and illustrations would have added value. For example, a chart illustrating the worldview on immortality would have been welcomed.


In summary, I really enjoyed this book. First of all, this is philosophy at its best. It asks the big questions and it follows a path that is logical and reasonable. It tackles fascinating topics surrounding immortality and it ends with a satisfying conclusion. My favorite part of this book was Part III. The Soul; finally, an author who spends some time addressing the soul in a comprehensive manner. This book was a real treat for me, treat yourself and get it! I highly recommend it.


Further suggestions: " Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100 " by Michio Kaku, " Paranormality: Why we see what isn't there " by Richard Wiseman, " Scientific Paranormal Investigation: How to Solve Unexplained Mysteries " by Benjamin Radford, " The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark " by Carl Sagan, " The Believing Brain: From Ghosts and Gods to Politics and Conspiracies---How We Construct Beliefs and Reinforce Them as Truths " and " Why People Believe Weird Things: Pseudoscience, Superstition, and Other Confusions of Our Time " by Michael Shermer, " The Problem Of The Soul: Two Visions Of Mind And How To Reconcile Them " by Owen Flanagan, " God Soul Mind Brain: A Neuroscientist's Reflections on the Spirit World (LeapSci) " by Michael S. A. Graziano, " The Brain and the Meaning of Life " by Paul Thagard, and " The Belief Instinct: The Psychology of Souls, Destiny, and the Meaning of Life " by Jesse Bering.
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T. Fort, PhD
4.0 out of 5 stars Like any other unprovable assumption
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 1 September 2014
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Stephen Cave's book on Immortality deserves to be read and digested by anyone who sincerely wonders about the possibility of a post-death existence. According to Cave, that would be nearly all of us. Those who have already drawn a conclusion based on whatever belief system they have should stay away, given that they want to preserve their belief system. Cave methodically picks apart then discards each of the four major immortality narratives one by one.


However, he may be wrong. His scientific biases show up throughout the book and his materialism assumption is ever-present. I would have preferred an upfront admission of his underlying premise that scientific materialism is the only valid source of knowledge. Like any other unprovable assumption, regardless of how rational it may feel, it requires a large measure of faith in it to move forward with whatever argument one is weaving.


While Cave does a nice job of presenting each immortality narrative, at the end it seems that he set up four strawmen in order to knock them down and to present his fifth narrative, the Wisdom Narrative, as the champion. He may not be entirely wrong but it's a bit transparent.


That said, it is easy to agree with Cave that the Resurrection Narrative has exhausted any currency it may have once had in our collective cultures. Likewise, it is not difficult to accept the Legacy Narrative as a poor proxy for immortality. However, it is a bit surprising that he so easily dismisses the Staying Alive narrative, since it is fundamentally based on scientific materialism and perhaps offers the greatest hope for the possibility of immortality, if not at least a sufficient extension of life to make it feel like one could be immortal and perhaps even have the ultimate freedom - the choice to decide when to die.


This seems to be the Achilles Heel of the book, as the inconsistency is apparent. On one hand, he acknowledges the progress that science has made to extend life and as noted earlier, much of his positioning is based on scientific materialism. And he encourages the researchers to continue trying to "buy us a few more years." Yet, he also states that while science is allowing humans to live longer, they then only suffer from the diseases associated with old age. Does science have nothing to say or do regarding the eradication of these diseases much like other diseases that have been eradicated? Does science have nothing to say or do about increasing our understanding of the aging process?


It seems somewhat arrogant to assert that the "longevity escape velocity" (living long enough to be able to live forever once science has it figured out) is rubbish, given today's science. Who knows what we will discover in another 200 years regarding life extension, eradication of diseases, and reversing the aging process. Technology advances apace.


Finally, the Soul Narrative is quickly dismissed perhaps because it simply does not fit with a scientific materialism assumption. There is good rationale to assert that brain equals mind from the neuroscience literature. It seems correct that mind (and thus, personality) cannot live on because it is dependent on brain for functionality. But the claim that there can be no more, does not logically follow.


The idea of a life force, or energy source, or Qi, has been around for millennia. The first law of thermodynamics is the Law of Conservation of Energy, which clearly states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but it can change form. At death where does that life energy go? Does it change form? The animus that energizes each life must transform into something else if the Law of Conservation of Energy is correct.


The acquisition of knowledge is not single-threaded. Science is not the only source of knowledge; experience produces knowledge for each of us each day. Experience is the most immediate source of knowledge and is as valid to the scientist as the data he receives and interprets from research. For those who have experienced the sight of a dead person (e.g., at a wake or open-casket funeral), it is abundantly clear that the energy that gave life to that same living person is now gone. Wherefore did it go? Who knows? But if the Law of Conservation of Energy is correct, it was not simply destroyed at death. This side of the Soul Narrative argument is missing from Dr. Cave's analysis but that may be because it did not serve his larger purpose.


That purpose is to put forward a Wisdom Narrative in which he admonishes us to quit worrying about death and immortality and instead start cultivating gratitude, mindfulness, and collectivism as life principles. These ideas are not new and philosophers have been telling us how to live the good life since Socrates. It is hard to deny that living life more gratefully, in the present moment, and in greater connection with others is a good thing.


I recommend Cave's book because it creates an interesting dialogue and makes one contemplate what the future holds for each of us. Will science allow me to live long enough to have more choices about my health and ultimately my death? What really does happen at that moment when the me that I have always known extinguishes? Personal answers to these existential questions will depend on the unprovable assumptions we hold and the degree of faith we have in those assumptions.
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Show-Me Skeptic
4.0 out of 5 stars The author presents very good arguments showing there is no soul
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 23 January 2015
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A very well-written book. The author presents very good arguments showing there is no soul, no reincarnation and no immortality.


For example, Chapter 7: “The Lost Soul”
Pages 186-187.


If your optic nerves in your brain are sufficiently badly damaged, you will no longer be able to see –- you will go blind. This tells us very clearly that the faculty of sight is dependent upon functioning optic nerves. Yet curiously, when many people imagine their soul leaving their body, they imagine being able to see -– they imagine, for example, looking down on their own corpse or on their own funeral procession. They believe, therefore, that their immaterial soul has the faculty of sight. But if the soul can see when the entire brain and body have stopped working, why can’t it see when only the optic nerves have stopped working? In other words, if blind people have a soul that can see, why are they blind?


This question has no satisfactory answer, and indeed some thoughtful theologians, such as Thomas Aquinas, have accepted that a soul without a body cannot see -– seeing is something that is done by a body and brain with eyes and optic nerves in working order.


But we now know that, just as damage to the optic nerve can destroy the faculty of sight, so damage to other parts of the brain can destroy faculties like memory and reason. Increasingly, evidence suggests that all aspects of the mind and personality are in this way dependent on the brain. So, paralleling our question about the blind person, we can ask about someone with brain damage who is unable to think rationally or feel emotions:
“If they actually have a soul that is able to think rationally or feel emotions, why can’t they think rationally or feel emotions? Why would localized brain damage stand in the way when destruction of the whole brain and body does not?”
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GDP
3.0 out of 5 stars Wisdom Literature?
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 13 June 2012
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'Immortality' by Stephen Cave is an okay book that most thoughtful people should enjoy and benefit from reading assuming they accept the author's caveat in the preface, "it was my intention to keep the book short and succinct" and where he admits to "simplifications of complex debates." This warning spares us the quibbles and objections inevitably arising from a 288-page gloss of "life, death and civilization."


Presumably a reader will come to the text with some preconceived beliefs and may therefore take exception to Cave's rather abrupt dismissal of any notion of immortality.


Believers in a faith that includes a form of resurrection (largely all the Abrahamic religions) may become uneasy with his blithe association of resurrection with Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein', and all of which are discarded by Cave by means of 'the Cannibal Problem', 'the Transformation Problem' or 'the Duplication Problem'. (Nobody knows the problems he's seen.)


On the other hand believers that the ultimate salvation is available through technology and science (see Deutsch's The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World ) may cringe at his quick dismissal of that prospect for immortality. (Personally, I was relieved to learn I would not be subjected to watching a 1,030 year old Bruce Springsteen perform at halftime of Super Bowl MXIV.)


The existence of souls and immortality through achievement receive similar shrift. Essentially all belief in immortality is subjected to the treatment we have come to expect from smug, secular British intellectuals for whom life holds no mystery.


All is not lost, however, as Cave proposes a basis for a rewarding life by relying upon ancient Wisdom Literature as a guide. You know, like the Book of Job, "On earth there is not his like, a creature without fear. He sees everything that is high; he is king over all the sons of pride." (Job 41: 33-34), or the Book of Isaiah, "Woe to those who are wise in their own eyes, and shrewd in their own sight!" (Isaiah 5: 21). Cave's suggestion to use Wisdom Literature as a guide to living is an example of the 'Confused Author Problem' (call him Ishmael).


This is a worthwhile book to read if you have some spare time, even if (or particularly IF) you disagree with the author. Unexamined or unchallenged faith hardly counts as faith at all.
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Marc E. Nicholson
5.0 out of 5 stars Reality about mortality...and a bit of comfort about it
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 3 January 2022
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The author carefully defines the several different versions/visions of immortality which humans have imagined in a millennial-long effort to defeat death, and he effectively by logic demolishes all of them. In the last chapter he gives reason for us to accept mortality and to be grateful for the lives we have had, brief though they may be. It's an uncomfortable book for those who ardently cling to the hope of an afterlife, but it's also a very humane book for those who do not share that hope or who at least have doubts. A brilliantly written book....not by a theologian or philosopher, but by a former diplomat...i.e. a practical man of the world.
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Mark Limke
5.0 out of 5 stars Terrific book, but the Kindle version is screwed up
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 10 March 2020
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I am just finishing the library's copy of this book, and I want to own it, it is so good. I literally NEED to highlight it and mull parts of it over.


I was pleased to find the Kindle version for $8, so I bought it. Then tragedy struck.


I thought I'd read the last five or ten "pages" on Kindle, despite still having the hard copy in hand. I was SO disappointed to find the same section, I think it was The Wisdom Narrative, repeated at least three times, but in varying ways.


I checked hard copy, and it's only there once. And it's not just that section, it's the part before it. The word "finitude" kind of sticks out at the end of the prior section, so it's hard to miss.


With this bad luck, i just returned the eBook for a refund. I'll look for it at Half-Price Books or waiting until it goes on sale here. I like it but not enough to pay full price. I"m very disappointed more effort wasn't put into proofing the eBook. You're still charging money for it.
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Karen
5.0 out of 5 stars Great read!
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 27 April 2022
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I’ve always doubted the existence of an afterlife. This book affirmed my doubts & I thoroughly enjoyed all the history Mr. Cave provides. Humans are an interesting species, that’s for sure!
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Robert
4.0 out of 5 stars How religion and governments have exploited the desire for immotality--'which has also advanced civilization
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 2 January 2018
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If you ponder the cosmos and universe, the book will confirm what you should think about your mortality------and religion, which it slams for exploiting the fear of death. It is irrational to appreciate the universe and think we are important.


I fault the author for not considering the ethical questions arising from reproducing when he notes how risky life is to make his points on not fearing death. He concedes that we are gene carriers which only care that we live long enough to reproduce more genes and that the drive to reproduce is not just bad for the world but just as irrational as the fear of death. If we are born to die, are there ethical factors in creating new life? He ignores this while admitting having children for immortality is a self delusion, therefore ethically questionable.
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Anthony Pierri
4.0 out of 5 stars The four immortality narratives vs. the wisdom narrative
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 19 January 2018
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The basic argument of the book is that there are four narratives that we use to deal with the mortality paradox (e.g. we know objectively that we are going to die, but subjectively we don't believe it) and that none of these narratives can make us immortal or effectively help us deal with our own impending doom. The four narratives are 1. Staying alive 2. Bodily resurrection 3. The soul 4. Legacy. The author suggests we instead follow the "wisdom narrative" that tells us 1. we need not fear death because we will not "experience" it at all and 2. eternal life would actually be a curse. Living as a mortal gives us a scarcity mentality that allows us to enjoy and value our lives. We should therefore spend our time thinking less of ourselves, helping others, and practicing gratitude.
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Velho
5.0 out of 5 stars Speaking personally, a great book
Reviewed in the United States 🇺🇸 on 17 May 2013
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I'm not a professional book reviewer and usually make no attempt to review the many books I read. But this book compels me to write a brief review. Sixty years ago my grandmother, after the loss of her mate of 60+ years, told me she had had twice read the Bible from cover to cover and then she said to me that she had given almost constant thought to what death was. And her conclusion, after four years of study and thought, was that "when you're dead, you're dead." This is the same premise and conclusion that Stephen Cave starts with and concludes in this book. But in developing this premise and arriving at this conclusion, he entertains the reader by developing tightly-reasoned arguments to support the premise and conclusion. If you are an Atheist, an Agnostic, you will likely greatly enjoy this book. If you are dogmatically religious, you might as well not buy/read the book because you will reject the premise and the conclusion from the outset and likely toss the book in the trash. Speaking personally, I think it is great book.
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April 9, 2012
Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How it Drives Civilization by Stephen Cave


" Immortality" is the fascinating and thought-provoking book about life, death and civilization. It's about humankind's quest by one or a combination of four paths that promise immortality and whether any of these paths can deliver on that promise. Finally, with the newfound wisdom it's about following a philosophy of life that provides us with a meaningful existence. Stephen Cave holds a Ph.D. in philosophy from Cambridge University and a writer who skillfully provides the reader with a gem of a book that is enlightening and a joy to read. This 338-page book is broken out into four parts that correspond to the four narratives of immortality and a conclusion: Part I. Staying Alive, Part II. Resurrection, Part II. Soul, and Part IV. Legacy.


Positives:
1. A well written, accessible book for the masses.
2. A mesmerizing topic: immortality. The author treats the topic with utmost care and respect.
3. A fantastic format that follows logically with the author's overall thesis.
4. The four immortality narratives: Staying Alive, Resurrection, Soul, and Legacy. The entire book revolves around these four main paths.
5. The author clearly presents three main goals upfront and thoroughly succeeds in achieving them.
6. Each chapter begins with an interesting historical vignette in which the author highlights the main topic of the chapter.
7. In the first path of immortality the author goes through a number of examples that clearly show how the determination to stay alive and reproduce is one thing that all life forms have in common.
8. The Morality Paradox. The immortality narratives were created to resolve the paradox.
9. Great use of secular, religious and scientific viewpoints to go through all the arguments. Great stuff!
10. Thought-provoking quotes and ideas: "These psychologists were testing the hypothesis that we have developed our cultural worldviews in order to protect ourselves from the fear of death". Interesting.
11. The author goes through various and diverse civilizations to explain his thesis. Thus keeping the book fresh and interesting. "Civilization is built on the promise of immortality".
12. Attempts to engineer immortality. The Engineering Approach to immortality. Transhumanists...
13. The significance of resurrection and the three major problems with it.
14. The impact of Paul to Christianity.
15. The importance of rituals, "This is the function of religion at its grandest: enabling mere mortals to attain cosmic significance, to become one with their gods and so to attain immortality."
16. Cryonics, interesting stuff.
17. My favorite section of the book, the thorough debunking of the soul.
18. The idea of the soul, its claims and the implications.
19. The history and evolution of the concept of the soul. From soul to self...
20. The argument from neuroscience against the existence of the soul.
21. The concepts of heaven.
22. Scientific and religious looks at the soul. Eastern and Western religions.
23. Legacy what it means and how it is achieved. Great examples.
24. Great quotes, "Jean Rostand wrote in 1939, “Kill one man, and you are a murderer. Kill millions of men, and you are a conqueror. Kill them all, and you are a god.”
25. Fascinating facts, " By spring 2011, Facebook, had over 600 million active users and counting."
26. The "bundle theory" of the self and the problems associated with it.
27. Nation's myth of common ancestry.
28. Planet Earth, the biggest superorganism, Gaia. Global consciousness.
29. The author does a wonderful job of summarizing his finding into a satisfying conclusion.
30. A positive, secular outlook to death. The Wisdom Narrative.
31. Some great closing thoughts that will stick with me, " This is no doubt why medieval European rulers found Christianity so useful—it taught their exploited subjects to avert their eyes from the horror of their daily lives and dream instead of a future paradise."
32. How these narratives contribute to what our civilizations are.
33. A look at the impact of infinity. Enlightening.
34. The three virtues on our view of life and death.
35. A page turner of a book.


Negatives:
1. No formal bibliography.
2. A notes section was provided but it was not linked to the body of the book.
3. The author overstays his welcome a tad with the last chapter. That is, it was too long and started becoming preachy but if that's the worst thing I can find about this book well you know you got yourself a gem.
4. Charts and illustrations would have added value. For example, a chart illustrating the worldview on immortality would have been welcomed.


In summary, I really enjoyed this book. First of all, this is philosophy at its best. It asks the big questions and it follows a path that is logical and reasonable. It tackles fascinating topics surrounding immortality and it ends with a satisfying conclusion. My favorite part of this book was Part III. The Soul; finally, an author who spends some time addressing the soul in a comprehensive manner. This book was a real treat for me, treat yourself and get it! I highly recommend it.


Further suggestions: "Physics of the Future" by Michio Kaku, "Paranormality" by Richard Wiseman, "Scientific Paranormal Investigation" by Benjamin Radford, "Demon-Haunted Word" by Carl Sagan, "The Believing Brain" and "Why People Believe Weird Things" by Michael Shermer, "The Problem of the Soul" by Owen Flanagan, "God Soul Mind Brain" by Michael S. A. Graziano, "The Brain and the Meaning of Life" by Paul Thagard, "The Belief Instinct" by Jesse Bering, and "Human" by Michael S. Gazzaniga.
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Andrés Astudillo
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February 17, 2023
One of those books you won't forget. Cave explains four narratives that are wide spread in every mythos throughout the history of mankind, the four narratives are: Staying alive, Resurrection, Soul and Legacy. All of them are mentioned in every myth, from Gilgamesh to Buddhism, from Islam to Zoroastrism, and they all are a by product of our (in Ernest Becker's words) "fear of death". We all are a product of evolution, and we are the descendants of people who managed to -stay alive- (even though they all died) by being anxious of the future, and by fearing death.
However, the world today, is not the same as it was one hundred thousand years ago.


We are the first ones to actually understand nature, in every aspect: we can explain childbirth, love, the universe, and genetics, and for the first time ever, we live longer as we've never had.


He proposes a fifth narrative, "Wisdom narrative", based on science and deeply stoic, recommends each and every one of three ways to apply it: identify with others, focus on the present, and gratitude.
The most lovely thing about this, is that it is not a -new age- kinda thing; it is the way in which we can appreciate life, and not just human life, but any life. I have a son, a little dog. There were times in which I thought about him living no more than 20 years, and I couldnt stop crying. After reading this, I have those emotions still around, but at the same time I just cherish every moment with him; instead of sitting and reading, I take the book, put it aside, and just lie beside him and tell him that I love him. I want him to remember, and I want to remember that after he's gone someday, I told him that I really loved him. We keep lives that are gone alive by remembering them.




The book gave my tattoo "memento mori" an even more powerful meaning.
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Audrey

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July 8, 2014
Finally, someone has put in context my existential angst (which I have written about on my blog).


Beyond that, Stephen Cave has provided hope to those of us who simply cannot buy into any of what he calls the four "immortality narratives:" staying alive, resurrection, soul, and legacy.


The book leads the reader on a fascinating journey through the history of philosophical thought as it relates to death and our quest for immortality. Cave uses stories--mostly of history and mythology--to bring his points alive and keep the book moving. Every major religion, he argues, from Taoism to Christianity, can be seen as a vehicle for one or more immortality narratives. He also looks at what modern biology and neuroscience have contributed to the discussion. His central idea is that while individuals' quest for immortality has driven much of civilization's progress, it has also resulted in enormous harm, causing many to focus on the preservation of self at the expense of others and giving rise to the fatalistic view that the circumstances of our lives on earth are predetermined or not worth attending to (since they are only a sliver of the eternity we will experience).


If this were the only thing the book accomplished, that would be a lot. But for someone like me, who has found herself on more than one occasion smack up against the pure terror of contemplating her own end--without the succor of religious belief to ease my anxiety--Cave does more. He offers a pathway to those who know in their hearts that immortality is impossible and yet still suffer the very human fear of death. Although the path he describes is reached through the intellect and not through the senses, it leads to some very concrete daily actions that can alleviate this suffering. And I was gratified to know that this path, which he calls the "wisdom narrative," is awfully close to the one I arrived at intuitively and which he sums up neatly at the book's end: "All we can ever know is life, and by accepting that it is finite, we can also know how to treasure it."


In short, this is a wonderful read if you enjoy pondering the big questions.


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Andrew

23 books · 50 followers


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June 17, 2012
It is nature, after all, that decrees that we must die—that causes our joints to seize up, our skin to wrinkle and cancer to strike. In order to live forever, we must, like the gods, rise above these natural limits. This therefore is the grand project of science, its answer to the Mortality Paradox: death and disease might be what nature intends for us, but we can master nature and thwart her plans. The founding fathers of the scientific method were quite explicit about this. René Descartes, for example, talked openly of seeking knowledge that would “render ourselves the lords and possessors of nature” and was considered by his contemporaries to be obsessed with the extension of life. And Francis Bacon pursued what he considered this “most noble goal” of life extension to his death—in 1626 from pneumonia, which he contracted when experimenting with the use of snow to preserve corpses. Throughout its history, science has sought to make life unending and death reversible.


***


As unjustifiably fearful as we are of the differences between us—the different colours of our skins, differences of religion, of politics, of sexuality and attraction—we, as humans, are most fearful of the one thing, the only thing, that all of us have in common: we are going to die. We don’t like it, we certainly don’t look forward to it, and given the gluttonous amount of late-night infomercials peddling stay-young-and-fit skin creams and homeopathic remedies, we’ll leap at any opportunity—no matter how deep into the red it spikes our bullshit radars—to cheat our way out of an early grave. Kevin Trudeau has made a living off of this fear (and several get-rich-quick schemes), as have so many doctors, scientists, philosophers, and religious leaders. Author Stephen Cave, however, wants you to understand both sides to the immortality coin.


Cave’s Immortality: The Quest to Live Forever and How it Drives Civilization is a surprisingly modest analysis of the myths, legends, and facts surrounding immortality and how the ambition to live forever has crossed all historical and cultural barriers.


By modest I don’t mean bereft of detail, rather that Cave recites his thesis without unnecessary hyperbole, presenting his topic with an academic’s attention to detail. Divided into four sections for the four families of thought regarding immortality—Staying Alive, Resurrection, Soul, and Legacy—Cave employs a wide breadth of examples—from the Egyptians, Alexander the Great, and The Epic of Gilgamesh, to more recent pioneers in the quest for immortality like Aubrey de Grey and Ray Kurzweil—to bridge the fact-fiction gap.


The strength of Immortality is Cave’s willingness to present the dark reality to the search for humanity’s literal Holy Grail. The yearning one feels to live forever is a desire born of ignorance; because forever isn’t several lifetimes, or a few dozen, even. It’s all of them. It’s billions and billions of years, until the heat death of the universe or the Big Crunch or something equally disastrous and capable of annihilating all life on Earth and every other life-sustaining rock in the universe comes to pass.


The pursuit of immortality has given rise to entire industries and religious sects, but the advancements of thought and faith and science represented therein are born from the carrot on a stick that will most likely never be within our reach. The mummification of bodies, the Christ resurrection myths, and so many similar folktales and established belief structures have promised a life beyond this one, or a continuation thereof, but we remain, to this day, without proof. In fact, only the Legacy branch of the quest for immortality holds any weight, as evidenced by the stories still told of Alexander the Great, past Presidents of the United States, of celebrities and figures of some notoriety that have lived on in narrative if not in flesh. Though arguably a form of immortality, it’s difficult, when all is said and done, to see where the benefit lies for the dead who, despite the lasting impact they’ve had on the world, are still very much worm food. And like such legacies, immortality is a story beyond tangibility.


But what of the future? Of digitally mapping the mind, uploading one’s consciousness into a clone or a synthetic avatar of some kind? That presupposes that the mind and what makes us human are memories and thought patterns. Even if that were the case, death would still inevitably take each and every one of us—a mind could theoretically be copied and mapped to the body of another, but the original, soul or no soul, would still have ceased operating and thus moved on to whatever’s next, or nothing at all.


As a natural extension of itself, of the severe longing at its unobtainable core, the pursuit of immortality is indeed a tragic one. Cave, who holds a Ph.D. in Philosophy, makes no attempts to lessen the oft-neglected gravity of the search and the likely impossibility of actually achieving immortality. In the end, he suggests the pursuit of immortality is a life-wasting quest in more ways than one. Yes, the time and energy spent on such a quest is in and of itself a waste, but there remains the possibility, far reaching though it may be, that the impossible may one day become a reality. If that were to happen, our lives would slow, grinding to a halt, because it is the fear of death, the “dread that, on our deathbed, we might look back on a wasted life” that pushes us ever forward, to realizing our true potential. “The clock that steals a second of our lives with every tick reminds us that the time to act is now. In other words: death is the source of all our deadlines.”


Immortality is never weighted down by the magnitude of its central topic, or by the almost universally faith-based set of ideologies that form the basis of Cave’s thesis. Instead, it offers a reasoned, sober series of conversations, both debunking the myths and legends of the immortality quest, and encouraging new thoughts and ideas to be brought to the forefront. Though it is likely a search for the impossible, and though our attempts to discover the key to our immortal souls remains a mystery, it’s the nature of the search that will invariably push us to one day realize our full potential—to extend our temporary, tangible lives as far into the future as possible.


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Louise Armstrong

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January 11, 2016
This was an interesting read - he divided up our desire to live for ever (despite not knowing what to do with ourselves on a rainy Sunday afternoon) into 4 segments: Staying Alive keep taking the vitamins and jog so fast Death can't catch you; Resurrection, believe the body will rise again; have a Soul that lives forever; commit Famous Deeds that will live forever. He also shows how the Egyptians were a fascinating culture because they practised all four.


He tries to suggest that a fifth way of wisdom is emerging, and that we won't mind being dead because we won't be there. Trouble is, no matter how persuasive his arguments, and I found them very persuasive for say, resurrection of the body, which I've never believed in, even though I was taught by nuns who did, he didn't move me on my belief in the soul. I agree it's a mystery, but I persist in believing that my mind functions like a mobile phone or computer, and it's something else that animates it.


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Clark Hays

16 books · 130 followers


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April 14, 2012
Spoiler alert: We're all gonna die.


It's a given. There's an expiration date stamped in barely legible ink somewhere on our persons. Even though we can’t see it, we can feel it. We know it’s there. And yet as a species, we humans go to great lengths to convince ourselves it doesn’t apply. The tension that exists between the reality of this and the mental contortions we go through to create imaginary escape routes to avoid acceptance, according to author Stephen Cave, is the engine that powers civilization, literature, art, science and everything in between.


Cave, a philosopher and all around man of letters, ambles through history — focused primarily on the ancient Greeks and ancient Christians, with a little Gilgamesh thrown in for good measure — to examine what he considers the four most common strategies, or narratives, humans have devised to cheat death. He carefully explains each, then just carefully disassembles them, exposing the logical fallacies that should be enough to give any rational person pause.


It's a fun and fast-reading romp filled with interesting asides, great quotes from brilliant minds and swirling eddies of thought that never forces the reader to dive too deep. That's a shame, because I really wanted it too. I wanted more analysis of some of the almost casual asides that I found so powerful. Civilization as a by-product of death avoidance? Yes please, can I have some more?


The long build up and dismissal of the four traditional paths — a full three quarters of the book — eventually leads readers to a fifth way, as described by the author. Getting to that fifth way was the reason I kept reading, only to find it was explained in one short chapter. It was decent enough philosophic foreplay but an unsatisfying climax. The fifth way deserved an equally detailed compiling of anecdotal evidence, a deeper explanation of how it might work and examples from history that could bring it to life.


Still, I liked this book, though occasionally grew frustrated at the surface treatment only to get pulled deeper on subsequent pages, sometimes unintentionally. I read it to try and better understand immortality as it applies to the vampire mythos (for my own writing) and actually enjoyed it well beyond research. I only hope the author comes out with a companion book that spends as much time and care on a method of living fully, meaningfully and thoughtfully without worrying about death.


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Raed
245 reviews · 56 followers


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July 20, 2021
My name is Ozymandias, king of kings:
Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!”
Nothing beside remains: round the decay
Of that colossal wreck, boundless and bare ,
The lone and level sands stretch far away


No matter how great our glory, it could only ever be a postponement of oblivion ...


This book will do three things: First, it will show that beneath the apparent diversity of stories about how immortality is to be attained. there are just four basic forms :
* Simply Staying Alive
* The Resurrection
* The Soul
* The Legacy


The second aim of this book is to show how the efforts to clear these four paths and prepare for the ascent up the Mount of the Immortals have thrown up what we know as civilization—the institutions, rituals and beliefs that make human existence what it is.


The third thing this book will do is draw on new insights to examine which of these four narratives have a real prospect of taking us to where we might live forever.


Can there be progress, justice and culture if we know that all our efforts will end in dust? This is the main question of the author.


I think that everyone seeks the eternity should take the advice of the Young woman, maker of wine in the Epic of Gilgamesh :
-“What’s up, stranger?” she asked, handing him a beer
-“I was a king,” he said... “I seek the one who survived the flood, Utnapishtim, the one they say is
immortal, that I might learn his secret. Tell me, where can I find him?”
-“Then you must be Gilgamesh,” replied the barmaid. “But don’t you see, immortality is not for the likes of us.


The life that you seek you never will find:
when the gods created mankind ,
death they dispensed to mankind ,
life they kept for themselves .
But you, Gilgamesh, let your belly be full ,
enjoy yourself always by day and by night!
Make merry each day ,
dance and play day and night!
Let your clothes be clean ,
let your head be washed, may you bathe in water!
Gaze on the child who holds your hand ,
let your wife enjoy your repeated embrace!”


Really an interesting read


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Shawn
227 reviews · 20 followers


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December 27, 2012
I would have to characterize the majority of this book as the juvenile philosophical ravings of an apparent atheist, intent upon elevating the limited physical perceptions of modern humanity into universal truths. This author seems caught in the same quagmire that binds many atheists: that being an inability to understand that the five human senses are capable of perceiving only a minute portion of all that is. Hence, confining ones religious sensibilities to only what has been revealed by science leaves one … well … “confined”.


This book explores four aspects of humanity that the author perceives as “strivings for immortality”, they are: (1) trying to stay alive, (2) physical resurrection, (3) belief in the soul, and (4) establishing a legacy. While this book offers some entertaining insight into each one of these human endeavors, the overall theme is callous and ultimately pessimistic.


Under the first of the authors perceptions, that of trying to stay alive, he expounds upon how civilization succeeds in perpetuating human existence and discusses the development of an immortality elixir, drug, or potion that would extend life indefinitely. But the question then becomes: how do you avoid overpopulation and how would you determine who to immortalize and who not? Here I think this author misses the perfect parallel to the religious question. If we had such an elixir, would we immortalize fools and evil people? It is quite reasonable to expect that such an elixir would be reserved for those who love life so much as to believe in refraining from those actions, or sins, that diminish it. The author quotes the novelist Susan Ertz in saying: “Millions long for immortality who don’t know what to do with themselves on a rainy Sunday afternoon”.


Under the second perception, that of resurrection, the author explores the nature of physical resurrection, citing as an example the disciple “doubting Thomas”, to whom Jesus invited to put his finger into his nail wounds or the wound in his side; and the report that Jesus actually ate after being resurrected. Here the author has an atheistic heyday in citing all the reasons why it is untenable to believe in physical resurrection because a physical body will deteriorate. In my opinion, this author fails to recognize that, even while we are alive, the atoms that compose us are constantly changing. Cells are constantly dying and new ones grown. We are not the exact same physical self that we were a year ago, a month ago, or even yesterday. The contention that the physical self is somehow static is untenable and I do not believe widely held.


The author’s third perception is that of the soul, or that of continuing independent of the physical body, or that we transcend mere biology. Invariably, atheists such as this author, just can’t seem to remember that what humanity knows as science is but a minuscule percentage of all that can be known. To reject God and the afterlife on such a minuscule foundation is just plain foolish.


Yet, from the author’s ramblings, we are ultimately able to synthesize some things for ourselves. We must question that if a soul is indeed ultimately able to occupy any environment of its choosing, its ability to attain bliss is limited only by the range of its perceptions. A soul that has limited itself to worldly physical perceptions might limit itself to that particular realm because that is all it knows. It is not difficult to imagine that only a soul that has sought after the spiritual realm, and so perceived and embraced the perfection of God’s kingdom, would possess a sufficient range of perception to choose entry into a heavenly realm. To this end, it may be said that “The Kingdom” must be believed and desired to be seen. “The Kingdom” is the open manifestation of justice, compassion, kindness, truthfulness, and all elements of the Godhead, such that all souls able to perceive it will clearly select it as the environment of their ultimate destination and so converge together in it. Just as today one either despises or loves our feeble attempts to produce “The Kingdom” in our churches, so the freed soul will seek it out or reject it in eternity. Remarkably however, many exercise an open volitional choice for a physical hell.


The difficulty for this particular author to understand “The Kingdom” lies in his narrow-minded focus upon his own limited, organic existence. The totality of human knowledge is clearly an insufficient amount of knowledge to fully understand the afterlife through merely physical means. When one rejects a spiritual means of understanding (prayer, meditation, scripture, spiritually meaningful action), ones perception becomes so narrowed as to recede into the dark recesses of atheism.


This author ends with the pessimistic implication that it is only through legacy that we can leave any lasting imprint and even that will ultimately diminish over time. The author speaks of a process of proliferating oneself, which is essentially self-worship; and most certainly does not result in an afterlife. It is, quite frankly: total nonsense. This author demonstrates a deep difficulty in segregating the physical and spiritual worlds. This author cannot seem to grasp or understand that dimensions exist that he cannot see, just as he cannot see germs or hear sounds beyond the perception of his eyes and ears, unaided. The wholesale rejection of everything beyond the limited sensory capacity of human beings is narrow minded and juvenile. Clearly this author has never experienced the Holy Spirit as manifest in Godly work. This author would, in the end, leave us to feel like: “twitching blobs of biological protoplasm”.


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Baal Of
1,207 reviews · 40 followers


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December 8, 2019
Interesting book in which the author handily address the claims and ideas behind the various immortality narratives, as he calls them. He is at his best when taking on these claims directly, and showing where they fail. For example, when talking about how theologians tie themselves in knots attempting to describe heaven, as the possible locations for such a place get pushed further and further out of possibility, capped off with a quote from motherfucker Joseph Ratzinger, aka Pope Benedict XVI, making the meaningless statement that heaven is the new 'space' of the body of Christ. I think that the author occasionally overreaches on his argument for the quest for immortality being the driver of, well, everything humans do, without giving enough credit to other drivers such as selfishness and just plain stupidity (wrt procreation), but that is all a matter of degree.
The biggest problem I have with the book is over his use of the Mortality Paradox - the idea that we know we will die, but that we can not imagine the state of non-existence. I agree with the first part, but not the second. I know I stand in opposition to a raft-load of philosophers, that he has quoted, but I still don't buy it. The reason given is that even when trying to imagine the universe without, there is still an observer, and that observer is you, and thus you must, in the words of Freud, "in the unconscious [still be] convinced of his own immortality." I think this claim fails on several points.
1) It limits human imagination in an arbitrary manner. There is no acknowledgement that maybe I can imagine things without explicitly being the observer, i.e. as someone else. Or maybe even as an abstract observer, with no actual substance, which leads into the next point.
2) It fails to treat imagination as imagination. By their argument, if I try to imagine myself as someone else, observing something, I can't because I only my own experience to draw on. But that's the fucking point of imagination - to think about things that aren't necessarily so. I can draw on all kinds of experience to *imagine* things that I have actually never observed, and thus where I couldn't be the actual observer.
3) It fails to consistently apply the claim. Using the same argument as the mortality paradox, it must also be the case that I believe I have lived forever, since I can't possibly image the universe *before* I existed. But I can imagine it, and I don't believe that I've always existed. The same argument applies to anytime I imagine from a point of view I can't actually do, for example in the deep vacuum of space.
4) It makes an unwarranted leap from the claim that it is impossible to imagine non-existence (I still don't buy it), to the claim we must therefore believe in our own immortality. For the first, it might be possible to put forth testable propositions, but for the second, it comes down to philosophers telling me I don't believe what I think and say I do believe. Maybe they know my belief state better than I do, but there will need to be a lot stronger proof for me to accept that claim.
philosophy


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