2022/09/03

The Discoverers by Daniel J. Boorstin - Audiobook | Scribd

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The Discoverers: A History of Man's Search to Know His World and Himself

Written by Daniel J. Boorstin

Narrated by Christopher Cazenove

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In this wide-ranging, panoramic examination, former Librarian of Congress and esteemed historian Daniel J. Boorstin traces man's insatiable need to know. Boorstin also considers the obstacles to discovery and the illusion that knowledge can also put in our way—covering time, the earth, the seas, nature, and society. In this engaging, witty, and thought-provoking overview, Boorstin gathers and analyzes stories of man's profound quest to understand his world and the cosmos.

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The Discoverers is a vivid, sweeping and original history of man's greatest adventure: his search to discover the world around him - the relationship of the heavens to his own planet, the elusive and mysterious dimension of time, the vast and colorful range of plants and animals, the intricate workings of his own body, the surprising variety of human societies past and present. Boorstin's flair for the vivid anecdote, for fresh points of view, and for the dramatic relationship of ideas has made him the most readable of our eminent historians.

The story of our world is not the usual succession of battles and empires and political leaders, but a tale of discoveries and beginnings. The long human quest for what man does not yet know becomes a mystery story played by a vast cast on an ever-changing stage. The heroes of this saga are men with an insatiable hunger for knowledge and the courage to venture into the unknown.

Why didn't the Chinese discover America? Why were people so slow to learn the earth goes around the sun? How and why did we begin to think of "species" of plants and animals? How, when, and why did people begin digging in the earth to learn about the past? How did the study of economics begin? These are but a few of the fascinating questions answered by Dr. Boorstin, Librarian of Congress Emeritus.

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Product details

Listening Length 5 hours and 26 minutes

Author Daniel J. Boorstin

Narrator Christopher Cazenove

Audible.com.au Release Date 15 March 2002

Publisher The Publishing Mills

Program Type Audiobook

Version Abridged

Language English

ASIN B00NPBSJ04

Best Sellers Rank 73,786 in Audible Books & Originals (See Top 100 in Audible Books & Originals)

747 in World History (Audible Books & Originals)

2,022 in Social Sciences (Audible Books & Originals)

5,088 in World History (Books)

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Fergus

Nov 30, 2020Fergus rated it liked it

Life can be so Monstrously Problematic. But humankind is an inveterate problem-solver.

The ‘solutions’ of the Discoverers, however, have now opened yet new ethical aporias. Cans of worms.

Some are unforgivable, but our future discoveries may assuage the pain we feel over them, God willing… and so it goes.

This is quite a fine book about the Age of Discovery.

My Dad sent it to me one Christmas around 1983, when it first appeared. He had come to understand, I think, that in my own dumb way I was a SEEKER rather than a DOER - and so he wanted to feed my heuristic seeking. So I could find my answers.

All well and good - and it is a superb and factual book - but I wasn’t looking for FACTS. I was seeking answers to my own persistent questions.

At that time, a middle manager, I didn’t fit into a management mold. I was a dreamer.

And my questions were many. How could I be accepted for myself? What can I do to show my coworkers that my own way was viable? And, if the answers remained negative - and their brick wall to my questioning persisted - how could I change myself?

Of course, the only really constructive question of those three was the last.

I had to change - by finding a Bigger Container for my questions - and, once that container was reified, fit INTO that larger mold in my everyday actions.

And that’s exactly what happened. I needed more elbow room - as do all we present or former nine-to-fivers - real room to FREELY BE A REAL PERSON.

I found that elbow room in my growing compassion and faith, having visualized those concrete options in meditation as the only viable ones.

I had to be myself and not WORRY what others thought.

But I HAD to also be a hopeful, positive person.

And, you know, if you dream Real Dreams you can make them happen.

Reification is Key.

Now, of course, this whole story for me is ancient history...

But after joining GR in 2017 I saw legions of younger folks wrestling with similar problems. Problems of Identity and Character; questions about finding real Meaning in our Life and Putting it to Work for Ourself.

So I decided to join in & add my two cents’ worth -

In your dreams and your reading you have the key.

And you know you CAN find the answers you’re looking for.

You’re fully armed:

And NOW, unlike the historical period of The Discoverers -

Your own Discoveries will never end. (less)

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Charles Moody

Oct 26, 2012Charles Moody rated it it was amazing

If you were going on a yearlong cruise and could take only one book, this might be my recommendation. I cannot imagine where else you could find, in a single volume, such a wealth of history organized so lucidly and written so engagingly. The title might suggest that it is the story of Columbus, Magellan, etc., and in part it is, but it is far more. It describes the step-by-step advances in human knowledge in many areas, as societies began to measure time, became determined to explore and map the earth and seas, sought to catalog nature, encountered the need to record and transmit knowledge, and eventually recognized the importance of excavating and studying their own past. Even discoveries I thought I knew about became, in Boorstin’s telling, new and thrilling, because he so vividly explains and recaptures the illusions against which the particular discoverer was contending.

The book is divided into wonderfully concise chapters of about 5-8 pages, and in almost every one of them I became instantly interested in the protagonist, and awed by the courage or brilliance of his discovery. In a good number of them I either found the answer to some question I had always wondered about, or found intriguing discussion of something it had never really occurred to me to wonder about -- such as why there are seven days in a week, when nothing in nature dictates it. In whole or in parts, this book can be read and reread almost endlessly. (less)

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Todd N

Jun 10, 2009Todd N rated it it was amazing

It took me about six weeks to read this book because I wanted to take my time with it.

The Discoverers is a history of our attempt to understand the world and our place in it. This story of science and exploration is divided into these four books:

1. Time - how attempts to measure hours and years led to examination of the sky and development of increasingly complex machines

2. The Earth And The Seas - exploration of the globe over land and sea; the discovery of New World

3. Nature - Copernican system; telescope and microscope; medicine; The Royal Society; Newtonian physics

4. Society - Books, manuscript and printed; History, prehistory, and archeology; Economics and sociology; Post-Newtonian physics from atoms to electromagnetism

The Discoverers covers a lot of different topics, but they are arranged in a way that the concepts and events build throughout the book. For example, long ocean voyages aren't practical until the clock is perfected. Also, a theory of evolution isn't possible until geology extends the age of the Earth far beyond the traditional age of a few thousand years.

The focus is mainly on The West, meaning Europe and America, but there are also sections explaining how other cultures (mainly China and Islam) were an influence on events or why what was happening in the West wasn't happening there. I just noticed that this book was published in 1983, which I think is before the emphasis on multiculturalism was mainstream, so it might disappoint (or even offend the more delicate) people who expect a more multicultural and global focus from a historical overview.

So much is covered in this book that it would be impossible to summarize. The stories that I was already familiar with -- Newton, Galileo, Darwin -- are already covered here. More interesting are the lesser known or even anonymous people who worked to illuminate our world. Looking back on this book, I noticed three interesting themes.

1. Being right isn't really necessary to push back the frontiers of knowledge. Columbus didn't understand what he discovered. Newton spent the last years of his life trying to create a chronology for the events in antiquity, including Greek legends. He wasn't successful, but his idea of using astronomy to date events eventually led to a chronology being created. Schliemann didn't find the city of Troy or Agamemnon's grave, but dramatic reports of his attempts almost singlehandedly popularized the new field of archeology.

2. The biggest obstacle to knowledge in a field is not ignorance but the existence of an already widely held understanding in that field. The influence of the ancient Greek physician Galen on anatomy is the most striking example. It turns out that Galen based his anatomy on inferences drawn from dissection of monkeys because dissection of human cadavers was forbidden. But his texts were authoritative for over fourteen centuries. Ptolemy has a similar influence on cartography and astronomy. Aristotle, of course, influences just about everything else. And then of course there is The Church. Even when not actively blocking progress, it still provides such a complete structure for the mind that it is almost like a mental prison that very few are able to escape from.

3. Lack of formal education doesn't preclude one from making significant contributions. It may even be advantageous to be an outsider. Paraclesus, who laid the foundation for disease theory, didn't have a medical degree. Faraday's insights into electromagnetism were probably possible because he wasn't formally trained in the math of Newtonian physics. Thomsen's was able to discern separate Stone, Iron, and Bronze ages because his mind wasn't influenced by the inaccurate academic theories of the day. However, everyone mentioned in the book -- credentialed or not -- read and worked constantly.

I was also happy to finally learn the name for the mythical creatures who had faces in their abdomens: Blemmyae. I saw an illustration of one of these a long time ago in a history book but was unable to find a picture again. But now I have twenty or so drawings to use as an avatar.

If you are curious about how we know what we know I would recommend reading this book.

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Max

Jul 11, 2016Max rated it it was amazing

Shelves: world-history

This theme based history of how the modern world came to be is so much more engaging than the typical geopolitical event based history. Rather than learning about battles, kings and politicians we learn how ideas pursued by innovators shaped our culture. Boorstin shows us how these creative thinkers were helped or more often held back by political, religious and cultural forces and in turn how their ideas changed these forces. This wide ranging book begins with man’s first discovery, time, and from there goes on to man’s discovery of the earth, nature and the functioning of human society. Boorstin takes us right up to the start of the twentieth century and along the way treats us to captivating vignettes of visionaries who radically altered our perceptions, many of whom I learned about for the first time or in a new way. The notes below touch on some of the topics I found most interesting.

Since the dawn of civilization, man has depended on his understanding of the seasons. Boorstin takes us from the first primitive calendars to the invention of the mechanical clock in the 14th century. Now people could live from hour to hour. This also led to the idea of a clockwork universe. With the 17th century invention of the pendulum clock we could live from minute to minute. The 18th century invention of the chronometer which kept accurate time on pitching and rolling ships meant longitude could be accurately calculated. Now we knew where we were even in the middle of the ocean. The first steps on the path to our current hectic lives had been taken.

In the second century the great Ptolemy provided the first scientific maps of the known world even estimating the earth’s circumference and the Asian landmass. He underestimated the circumference by 15% and extended Asia way too far east which would delude Columbus when Ptolemy’s geography reappeared in the West in the fifteenth century. With the Middle Ages came maps that relied on myths and bible references rather than ancient knowledge or actual experience. Thus in Christian Europe exploration beyond known bounds was considered dangerous as some evil would be lurking. Boorstin points out, “The great obstacle to discovering the shape of the earth, the continents, and the ocean was not ignorance but the illusion of knowledge.” As he notes, “More appealing than knowledge itself is the feeling of knowing.” Christian Europe was in the Great Interruption lasting from the fourth to the fourteenth century.

The Mongols opened the West’s eyes to the East in the thirteenth century. When their empire faded, the Turks and Arabs blocked the way. Thus Europe was shut out of Asian trade until the Portuguese in the fifteenth century found their way around Africa launching the age of discovery. The Portuguese efforts were methodical whereas Columbus’ voyage was a crapshoot. Grossly underestimating the distance to Asia, he was lucky America was there. Columbus never got past the prevailing religious, mythical and Ptolemaic preconceptions about the earth’s geography. After many voyages to the New World he never recognized it as such, still thinking he had found islands off the Asian coast. Amerigo Vespucci who explored most of the east coast of South America, did realize he had found a fourth continent and documented it. He not only saw through the errors of current maps but noted the vast numbers of new species. He reasoned that Noah could not have gotten them all on the ark becoming a heretic. After Amerigo Vespucci’s early death from malaria, a subsequent map independently published based on his notes named the continent after him.

Just as with the discovery of new lands, the discovery of the macro and microscopic realms were inhibited by the doctrinaire Church, the widespread presumption of already knowing, and reliance on intuition. Thus when the telescope and the microscope came along to expose new dimensions their revelations were challenged. Most notably was Galileo’s inquisition and imprisonment for advocating heliocentrism. Galileo’s observations supported Copernicus’ model of the solar system. However, it took Kepler in the early seventeenth century to lay the foundation for modern astronomy with his laws that explained the planet’s orbits.

Galen and Dioscorides developed new ideas about medicine in the first and second centuries but even into the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries medical students simply took these ancient writings as bible rather than develop new ideas themselves. Paracelsus in the early sixteenth century would lead in new ways of thinking about medicine, embracing chemistry and exploring new mineral and botanical remedies. Later that century Santorio Santorio would use a new strategy, measurement. He crafted devices to measure pulse and temperature. He even weighed everything that went into and out of the body, initiating the study of metabolism. In the early seventeenth century William Harvey overturning Galen correctly identified the functioning of the circulatory system. Completing Harvey’s work was Malphigi who used the microscope to discover capillaries. By the seventeenth century medicine was no longer bound by the notions of the ancients.

The seventeenth century was also the turning point in physics and mathematics. Newton, perhaps the greatest scientist of all time, was adulated for his discoveries rather than imprisoned like Galileo who died the year Newton was born. Scientists were fighting each other as often as the Church, the intense conflict between Leibniz and Newton being a case in point. To avoid state and church censorship and establish authorship, the Royal Society under Henry Oldenburg began accepting letters documenting discoveries and publishing them in journals. He initiated peer review and the organized sharing of scientific information.

In the eighteenth century biology stepped forward with the classification of plants and animals by Carl Linnaeus who created taxonomy and John Ray who was the first to scientifically define the term species. Also that century the Comte de Buffon gave credibility to the idea that the earth was far older than 6,000 years. Meanwhile Edward Tyson founded comparative anatomy and showed that a man and chimpanzee had more in common than a chimpanzee and a monkey. Such discoveries paved the way for Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace to revolutionize man’s view of himself. Throughout the book Boorstin shows that the breakthroughs of eminent scientists like Darwin usually are the culmination of the contributions of many predecessors.

Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press not only spread knowledge but changed how language itself was used. From manuscripts numbering in the thousands before Gutenberg printed his bible, within 50 years there were ten million books in print. Prior to Guttenberg, scholarly texts were written in Latin. Universities across Europe conducted classes in Latin. The general populace spoke local dialects. There were no national languages in Germany, France, England, Italy or anywhere else. An Englishman from Kent could no more understand one from London than a Frenchman from Paris. Books printed in vernaculars became instrumental in establishing the dialect that would become each nation’s formal language which in turn would help form a national identity.

The art of history was rediscovered in the Renaissance. For the first time since Herodotus the idea emerged that history should be built from independent facts not simply reported in terms of religious dogma. Then in the 18th century came the concept of prehistory, that there was human life before the 6,000 years presented in the Bible. This discovery enabled a new idea, the idea of human progress. In the sixteenth century Francis Bacon formulated empiricism and the idea of scientific progress. But it waited until the nineteenth century for the concept of cultural progress to be explored: Heinrich Schliemann and Johann Winckelmann established archeology; Christian Thomsen and Jens Jacob Worsaae created the concept of prehistoric time periods (stone, iron, etc.); Lewis Henry Morgan pioneered anthropology; Edward Tylor founded cultural anthropology taking on Christianity’s traditional characterization of indigenous peoples as degenerate; Adam Smith founded modern economics with the idea that wealth was more than just gold and silver; Karl Marx established the revolutionary idea of material progress.

All of the above may seem like too much to cover in one volume, but it is well done and thoroughly enjoyable. We see the connections, each new idea leading to others often in different fields. We see how our modern conception of the world came to be. We see the vast scope of our knowledge base. We see how after being repressed for over a thousand years, there was a furious explosion of scientific discovery. We see how human society remained stuck in place through the illusion of knowledge and how recent is the image of the world we have today. If you find these topics appealing, this is the book. Highly recommended for those interested in a comprehensive history Western discovery and innovation.

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Jlawrence

Feb 18, 2010Jlawrence rated it really liked it

Good LORD it took me a long time to finish this book. Not because of the writing - Boorstin's good at relating history though clear, lively anecdotes. And it's long, but the delay was mostly because of the *size* - I have the 'deluxe illustrated edition' which is two hardback volumes filled with beautiful illustrations. I recommend this edition for the fantastic visual context it gives for the huge sweeps of history Boorstin surveys. I do not recommend this edition for its size & bulk, which is not anything you can comfortably read in bed or easily cart around with you. I finally finished because I broke down and lugged it on my commute (my main reading time).

The book itself is an ambitious survey of advances that lead to greater and greater precision of describing the world in scientific terms, divided somewhat arbitrarily into four sections - "Time", "The Earth and Seas", "Nature" and "Society." Boorstin illustrates this progress through colorful biographical sketches of individuals who contributed to these advances, with some asides for analysis and historical what-if questions.

There's much to criticize. It's certainly Eurocentric (but not absolutely - for instance, there's some very interesting stuff about the religious and cultural tolerance of Genghis Khan's Mongol empire, despite its 'barbarian' reputation). Boorstin's reliance on biographic sketches of 'men of genius' sometimes neglects the broader social context that lead to the discoveries, and sometimes neglects detailing previous advances a particular discoverer was drawing upon. It ends abruptly, with only a tiny gesture towards the huge & complex advances of the 20th century.

I also suspect the more one knows of the history of science, and especially the more one knows about a particular field/individual discussed here, the more one might be annoyed with Boorstin's summaries. So as an overall history of 'discovery', it probably ranks as three stars. But since there was *much* I did not know that was here, I was happily bookmarking many pages, and thankful for the huge list of references and suggested further reading at the end. (less)

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Jennifer (formerly Eccentric Muse)

Jan 06, 2009Jennifer (formerly Eccentric Muse) rated it really liked it

Three-and-a-half stars for the book itself, which presents the history of human thought in chapters that detail the world's greatest discoveries, scientists and thinkers from astronomy to geography to psychology to religion and dozens of other points in between.

I round my review up to four for the fact that my copy is dog-eared and falling apart because it was my late father's favourite book. He was an armchair traveller and pursuer of knowledge who was curtailed only by his life's circumstances from being an adventurer and discoverer himself.

Dated now, and certainly not as high-falutin' as some other scientific treatises out there--but as erudite as it is accessible; expansive in scope but still a user-friendly introduction to what can often be intimidating subjects. (less)

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Eric

Sep 16, 2007Eric rated it it was amazing

Recommends it for: people who want perspective.

Shelves: history

I had no idea this Boorstin guy was well known when I stole the beat up old book from my family's bookshelf for my own perusal. I was pleasantly surprised the entire time, amazed that what I thought was a run of the mill shelf filler would be so consistently interesting an engaging. It's a neat book, one worth reading - it's been a while now and I don't remember most of what is in there, but I can tell you that I'll never think of clocks the same way again. (less)

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Ross

Nov 09, 2009Ross rated it it was amazing

One of my all-time favorite books. I bought it as an ‘airport’ book for a long flight in about 1985 and could not put it down. My old paper back , dog eared and extensively annotated finally fell apart earlier this year so I bought a second hand hard cover and went on annotating. I have read it three times from cover to cover and several more times in bits and pieces.

Boorstin documents in wonderful conversational and personal prose the historical process of discovery of the heavens , earth and man - of himself and his place in the cosmos . The focus is on this process in the west mostly through science and technology , with some passing reference to philosophy and religion. ( He addresses themes such as philosophy and art in the companion volumes The Seekers and The Creators. )

The author has been crtitcised for his concentration on the west . I feel this misses the point that it was Boorstin’s aim to tell the story from the western perspective and that is what he has done. Not that he ignores other major cultures with many references to Islam , India and China.

It can also be argued that the book takes on too much and consequently has to leave out too much. However , this is not a conventional history but a sweeping view across more than 2000 years with many of the authors personal opinions and areas of interest providing the necessary stimulating examples to carry this multi layered narrative forward . This is not comprehensive history but a well balanced narrative. You might debate over what he has or has not included but the theme of discovery and progress rolls on.

If it was possible I’d certainly give it more than 5 stars.

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Sarah

Jun 08, 2017Sarah rated it liked it

Shelves: history

I feel divided on this book. I really enjoyed large chunks of it, and really appreciate the depth of knowledge and information found here. I also feel the overall tone and context in which it is presented is narrowly eurocentric and limiting. It looks at the history of the world through the lens of white european men and their accomplishments. It related almost everything to them. It sees colonialism as progress, slavery and subjugation, although evils, as ways toward new discoveries. Women are almost entirely absent from its pages. Florence Nightingale is mentioned briefly as someone who took up the science of statistics, but nothing is said of her. With a lens such as this, I found it hard to read at times. The content of the information was wonderful and he makes some very good observations, but others I found very problematic.

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Ali Naderzad

Nov 19, 2021Ali Naderzad rated it it was amazing

Reading this book in chunks. It’s intensely rich in facts. Basically if you want to know about mankind and the world, read this book. The part about clocks is awesome. Water clocks, at trials in the antiquity to limit lawyers’ speaking times, other types of clocks. You find out that measuring time was not easy and yet it was essential to the affairs of men. I’ll update this space when I’m finished with the book.

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Erik Graff

Nov 25, 2009Erik Graff rated it liked it · review of another edition

Recommends it for: history of science fans

Recommended to Erik by: no one

Shelves: history

Neither deep nor systematic, this popular history of human discovery is still a fun, albeit anecdotal, read.

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Paulcbry

Sep 30, 2021Paulcbry rated it it was amazing

An extremely interesting book which covers a lot of ground. It starts out with the Roman calendar and ends with a discussion of Faraday.

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Marfita

May 23, 2016Marfita rated it liked it

Shelves: history-or-something

Well, phew. This only took me 6 weeks. Mostly because, as much as I was enjoying it, the material is pretty dense and requires thought, digestion - who'm I kidding? I'm lazy. Shogun was 1200 pages and I read it in six days.

But I really did enjoy it. The section on Time was really eye-opening. You have to invent Time to invent a watch. It's a process. And to need a watch, you need a reason for Time to be cut up in those pieces. This is of particular interest to me for dealing with the watchmaker analogy/thingie. If there is a watch, there must be a watchmaker. No. The workings of a watch are based on previous technology - metallurgy, mechanisms, and, so it turns out, even the need for a flippin' watch!

What this book does is show that everything evolves. All knowledge is built on the sugar cube blocks of what is known before. And sometimes someone comes along with a brick, and you have to redo from start and use bricks. There's no real point to going back to sugar cubes after you've used bricks, but the cubes are still interesting. Of course, something better than bricks may come along as well.

From Time, the book moves on to Geography, and more than just if the world is flat, round, or riding on the backs of four elephants on the back of a giant tortoise. Then there is Nature - if you want to discuss a particular plant or animal, how do you know you are discussing the same ones someone half the globe away is? Again, a need arises and it eventually leads to heresy. Oh dear. The last section is on Society: writing/printing, history, and the grab-bag of evaluating the present. I got bogged down in the last bit. I had already read a history of newspapers and an expansion on that was fine. I have read Herodotus and Thucydides in my halcyon youth (haha!) when I should have been more involved with sexual experimentation probably. The parts on economics should have interested me more, but by this time I was tired of the book and looking forward to the "Some Reference Notes" which turned out to be a chatty and enthusiastic bibliography. Great, just what I need: more reading that will make me sexually unattractive ... again. (less)

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Stuart Lutzenhiser

Aug 22, 2011Stuart Lutzenhiser rated it liked it

Shelves: non-fiction

The Discoverers by Daniel Boorstin, published in 1985, is a solid, thoroughly researched and well documented series of 82 essays on the history of human discovery. Some of these discoveries are physical, such as the New World or the trade route around Africa. Some of the discoveries are scientific such as the Calculus, the atom, or Evolution. For me, the book has two aspects that set it well above similar works on scientific history. That is, an exploration of how we discovered things that one m ...more

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M.G. Bianco

Jan 05, 2013M.G. Bianco rated it it was amazing

Shelves: non-fiction

Classical Conversations, for whom I tutor, uses this text for its 12th grade (Challenge IV program). There are two things I really like about this book.

1. It tells the history of scientists and discoverers in the form of a story. It draws you into the story and develops the same spirit of inquiry the discoverers themselves would have experienced as they set out to discover.

2. It is biased. I am so weary of history books that pretend to be unbiased when they aren't. This books is unabashedly biased, but you know he is biased and you know what that bias is. You don't have some author trying to pretend he isn't biased, which really means he is trying to subtly teach you his bias. This bias is in your face. It isn't always a bias I agree with, but you know its there and you deal with it as it comes.

Boorstin writes about world history in an interesting and engaging way. I love the fact that he loves humanity for its passion to discover, and attempts to pass that passion on to his readers. I thoroughly enjoyed reading and teaching from this book. (less)

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Basic Economics THOMAS SOWELL— On My Walk

Basic Economics — On My Walk

BASIC ECONOMICS

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BY THOMAS SOWELL

At a beefy 700 pages, it seems a misnomer to characterize Thomas Sowell's Basic Economics as "basic." This book is a beast! Dig into the fifth edition, however, and you will realize the book is large because the subject is vast. It doesn't take a full trip on this educational journey, however, to realize the author promises us "basic," not short or simplistic.

Sowell opens his book with a discussion, "What is economics?" The first line of the block quote is Dr. Sowell's steady drum beat throughout his text:

Economics is the study of the use of things which have alternative uses. It is about incremental tradeoffs, not about needs or solutions. (p. 36)

This is not a text on American economics, though the U.S. features prominently. It is a foray into the multifaceted warp and woof of economic systems and the factors which facilitate or hinder them.

A few of the words and ideas of Sowell that have impacted me:

On statistical data: Seldom do statistical data contain sufficiently detailed information on skills, experience, performance or absenteeism, much less work habits and attitudes to make possible comparison between truly comparable individuals from different groups. (P. 211 f)

On considering the implications: Less is demanded at a higher price than a lower price whether in goods and services or in the personnel behind them. Think rising minimum wage laws.

On wealth: "Physical wealth may be highly visible, but human capital, invisible inside people's heads, is often more crucial to the long-run prosperity of a nation or a people." (p. 546)

On prices: The most valuable economic role of prices is in conveying information about an underlying reality--while at the same time providing incentives to respond to that reality.

On the free market: A big advantage of the free market is that you don't have to convince anybody of anything. You simply compete with them in the market and let that be the test of what works best. (p. 98)

On spotting and avoiding categorical phrases: Oh those irresistible categorical phrases like "clean water."

On the importance of thinking things not words:"Quantitative easing" is simply "printing more money." (p. 426). Also consider the phrase, "income distribution" and others that are broad and sweeping, but usually emotionally charged. We must consider experience, skill, formal education, on the job training, season of life, maturity, and family.

On politics and politicians: Politicians success does not hinge on learning the lessons of historical economics, but on going along with widely believed ideas by the public and media. (c.f. 160, 162) The government only needs to make superficial prima facie case, based on gross numbers to shift the burden of proof to the accused. (p. 164)

A brief overview: Basic Economics is divided into seven parts:

I - Prices and Markets -- Sowell is a proponent of price-driven (not price-controlled) economics. He will address the role of prices and price controls, helping to clear the fog by differentiating prices and costs. Despite promises to the contrary, politicians are not going to "bring down the cost of medical care." Rather, they usually mean "they will bring down the prices paid for medical care." As Sowell notes, on this single issue (but as he argues similarly in other places), "once the distinction between prices and cost are recognized, then it is not very surprising that price ceilings have the negative consequences that they do, because price ceilings mean a refusal to pay the full costs." (p. 82)

II - Industry and Commerce -- The author addresses business (and BIG business), profits and loss, regulation and anti-trust laws, market and non-market economies.

III - Work and Pay -- Of particular interest to me was his explanation of minimum wage laws (he is against them with very compelling reasons). He addresses other special problems in the labor markets, including private industry vs government controlled services.

IV - Time and Risk -- Here Sowell addresses investments; stocks, bonds, and insurance. Time and risk come into focus.

V - The National Economy -- I loved his discussion of national output as well as his explanations of money and the banking system. He provided an insightful look at the Great Depression. He also discussed how national output is measured (GDP and GNP) and the problematic nature of the "starting year" when it comes to statistical reporting.National wealth is not the total of paper money, but the real goods and services that money can by.

VI - The International Economy -- He addresses trade, transfers of wealth and issues of international discrepancies relative to wealth. "When it comes to international trade and international transfers of wealth, the things are relatively straightforward, but the words are often slippery and misleading." Hence, it is necessary to, as Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes admonished, to "think things instead of words." 502

VII - Special Economic Issues -- I especially appreciated his summary of the history of economics. Sowell gave a brief summary of the Mercantilists and then discussed Classical Economics, including Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Says Law. As to Modern Economics, he addresses Equilibrium Theory, Keynesian Economics, and Post-Keynesian Economics

Quotes:

1. Interdependence: "We couldn't live a day without depending on everybody." Will Rogers (p. 33)

2. Education: "We need education in the obvious more than investigation of the obscure." Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes (p. 64)

3. Poverty: "The real problem of poverty is not a problem of 'distribution' but of production. The poor are poor not because something is being withheld from them, but because, for whatever reason, they are not producing enough." Henry Hazlitt, Economist (p. 261)

4. Demagoguery: "Demagoguery beats data in making public policy." Congressman Dick Armey (p. 454)

5. Legal tender: "There is no record of prolonged war or a great social upheaval which has not been accompanied by a change in the legal tender, but an almost unbroken chronicle in every country which has a history, back to the earliest dawn of economic record, of a progressive deterioration in the real value of the successive legal tenders which have represented money." John Maynard Keynes (p. 370)

6. Dishonesty: "Those who create incentives toward widespread dishonesty by promoting laws which make honest behavior financially impossible are often among the most indignant at the dishonesty--and the least likely to regard themselves as in any way responsible for it." Thomas Sowell (p. 408)

7. Elections: "Speculation is just one aspect of a market economy but it is the essence of elections." Thomas Sowell (p. 455)

8. Facts: "Facts are stubborn things; and whatever may be our wishes, our inclinations, or the dictates of our passions, they cannot alter the state of facts and evidence." John Adams (p. 475)

9. Thinking: "Think things instead of words." Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes (p. 502 et al)

10. Arrogance: "This little poem is an obvious spoof on the famous scholar Benjamin Jowett, master of Balliol College at Oxford: My name if Benjamin Jowett. If it's knowledge, I know it. I am th master of this college, What I don't know isn't knowledge."

11. Goals: "Nothing is easier than to proclaim a wonderful goal." Sowell (p. 629)

12. History: "We shall not grow wiser before we learn that much that we have done was very foolish." F.A. Hayek (p. 626)

Two of the books Sowell referenced:

Keynes, John Maynard. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. 1936
Sowell, Thomas. A Conflict of Visions: Ideological Origins of Political Struggles. 2007

This is gold:
A tourist in New York's Greenwich Village decided to have his portrait sketched by a sidewalk artist. He received a very fine sketch, for which he was charged $100. "That's expensive," he said to the artist, "but I'll pay it, because it's a great sketch. But, really, it took you only five minutes."

"Twenty-five years and five minutes," the artist replied. (p. 269)

More gold:
Wealth gained hastily will dwindle, but whoever gathers little by little will increase it. Proverbs 13:11 CSB

Discrimination & Disparities — On My Walk

DISCRIMINATION & DISPARITIES

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BY THOMAS SOWELL

In a world of superheroes, perhaps none is more potent than the Invincible Fallacy. This is the heart-felt, emotionally driven, fact-devoid, un-caped crusader standing vigilant over political and ideological visions that take as axiomatic "only human biases create inequalities." Sowell is going to expose this "hero" as enemy.

Warning: If you do not want to think, DO NOT read this book. Thomas Sowell is not out to soothe emotional anger or promote a social vision. He is not interested in entering a shouting match, nor is he out to take the moral high ground over those who hold opposing views. He does not deny real discrimination occurs. He does, however, want you to look deeper. Open the pages of Discrimination and Disparities only if you are willing to take that look.

Sowell believes the Invincible Fallacy and non sequiturs are propping up a prevailing social view of our times, namely that "statistical disparities in socioeconomic outcomes imply either biased treatment of the less fortunate or genetic deficiencies in the less fortunate." p. vii He notes:

"Such searching, re-examinations of opposing views have become all to rare in politics, in the media and even in academia, where the proud claim was once made that 'We are here to teach you how to think, not what to think.'" p. vii

I love this book. My appreciation runs deep because Sowell's thinking runs deep. His propositions and arguments are backed by fifty pages of sourced reference notes. This is important in a day of sound bites, emotional-driven outrage, and the stampede of rhetoric.

Sowell is going to push us. He will eschew one-factor explanations for the inequities that confront us daily, especially with respect to cries of discrimination that are regularly trumpeted across airwaves, in classrooms, and in protests. Treating hypothesis as "sacred dogma" is dangerous, especially when the improved conditions do not materialize, but actually re-enforce the inequities they seek to alter.

Here is a brief chapter-by-chapter summary . . .

Chapter 1: "Disparities and Prerequisites" -- As economic historian David S. Landes said, "The world has never been a level playing field." (p18) Despite that, many who cry "Discrimination!" act or make discriminatory charges as if it were. Discrimination is viewed as the "one-factor" explanation for the seeming inequity, which often comes with heated emotions and the tenor of "moral high ground." Putting one's hypothesis forward as just that rather than sacred dogma would provide opportunities to examine observable factors that contribute to the disparities: IQ, family background, birth order, parent-child interactions, effort, etc... Sowell notes, "Here, as in other very different contexts, changes in the extent to which prerequisites are met completely can have dramatic effects on outcomes in a relatively short time, as history is measured." (p. 12)

Chapter 2: "Discrimination: Meanings and Costs" -- We appreciate those with discriminating tastes and we abhor those who indiscriminately dismiss others based on group identities and apart from individual merit. The great contribution of chapter two is Sowell's distinction between "Discrimination I" and "Discrimination II" (see below). Sowell, an economist, shows the costs of each type of Discrimination and, in the process, dispels the common myth that "the poor pay more." These matters are consequential. Sowell writes,

The difference between understanding the source of the higher prices and mistakenly blaming those who charged those prices is the difference between doing things to lessen the problem and doing things likely to make the problem worse by driving more much-needed business out of the neighborhood. The difference between Discrimination IB and Discrimination II is not just an academic distinction. (p. 36)

In the second portion of this chapter, Sowell will examine costs associated with discrimination, addressing matters such as disparities between men and women in engineering, Apartheid, minimum wage laws, and housing in Harlem.

Chapter 3: "Sorting and Unsorting People" -- The homogeneous principle impacts apparent social inequities. Sowell notes that people do tend to sort themselves with others who are like themselves (the homogeneous principle). He argues, "when people spontaneously sort themselves, the results are seldom even or random, and are often quite skewed." p. 58 Birds of a feather do flock together. 2016 data "showed that, while the top ten percent of white income earners had incomes nearly eight times that of the bottom ten percent of white income earners, the top ten percent of black income earners had incomes nearly ten times the income of the bottom ten percent of black income earners." p. 61 The disparities were not always or even normally based on Discrimination II, but on the similarities and disparities among groups. Such sorting has significant consequences for highlighting racial disparities and the type of discrimination underlying those disparities. His discussion of Southern black migration to the North and attitudes toward them by both blacks and whites is interesting and informative for understanding the power of sorting as it relates to discrimination . . . or not. See his interesting analysis of Dunbar High School on pages 73ff.

Chapter 4: "The World of Numbers" -- As Mark Twain famously quipped, "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lied, and statistics." Sowell will demonstrate how even accurate numbers (statistics), are hijacked and misused when the words that describe what the numbers are measuring are incorrect or misleading. The author's economic pedigree is helpful here as he breaks down matters such as household income (what it is and why it drops or rises); the effect of time and turnover on "the rich" and "the poor"; crime and arrest statistics; capital gains, minimum wage and more. Sterling A Brown said, "Kindness can kill as well as cruelty, and it can never take the place of genuine respect." Sowell helps the reader move toward respectful kindness. Sowell wants to help us move from simple good intentions to empirically-based change. In other words, the "kind" shapers of today's social vision need this.

Chapter 5: "The World of Words" -- The author's opening line provides sufficient summary here: "Numbers may deceive more comprehensively because of their apparent objectivity, but words can deceive more comprehensively because of their emotional appeals that numbers seldom have." (p 115) When words like "war," "racism," or "murder" override careful thought; when they become tools of manipulation to achieve a social vision and are not supported with evidence that substantiates connections of cause and effect, the result is well-intended people actually doing more harm than good. In Chapter 5, the author discusses "Emotions and Causation," the changing meaning of words such as "diversity,"and Ex Ante Words and Ex PostMeanings. Sowell writes, "The crucial point for us today is understanding the continuing ability of many intellectuals to ignore blatant realities which threaten their cherished vision. It has been an on-going triumph of words over demonstrable realities." (p. 136) This chapter is particularly relevant to our current political climate.

Chapter 6: "Social Visions and Human Consequences" -- Is causation always external? No! Here, Sowell demonstrates the attitudinal shift from a sense of duty to "do something for me." He writes, "Productivity is not the only concept that seems to have faded into the background among those with the prevailing social vision. While 'rights' have proliferated, creating a sense of 'entitlement' to what others have produced, duties have shrunk." (p. 184-5) This is an interesting chapter as Sowell attacks what he terms "verbal malpractice." As with other chapters, his counterpoint is thoughtful and level-headed. While the following serves only as an illustration, it highlights other disparities:

Even in a narrowly defined endeavor like professional football, where blacks are greatly 'over-represented,' especially among the star players, blacks have for decades been almost non-existent among football players who kick punts and field goals. Only the fact that the same people who hire running backs and quarterbacks also hire kickers keeps racial discrimination lawsuits from being filed and won, as they could be if these different categories of football players were hired by different people. But there is no reason whatever to arbitrarily exclude the possibility that blacks themselves may prefer doing one thing rather than another--or that any number of other groups are simply better at doing particular things." p. 156

Statistical disparities do not necessitate external causation. Multiple factors influence statistical disparities. For example, in education: the value of education, the value of education by ones peers, hours spent on homework, quality on instruction, and home life. In this case and others, disparities do not necessarily necessitate Discrimination II.

Chapter 7: "Fats, Assumptions and Goals" -- Sowell writes, "Determining particular reasons for particular differences at particular times and places requires the hard word of examination and analysis, rather than heady rhetoric and sweeping presuppositions." (p. 198) In Chapter seven he highlights the danger to an entire society of depicting "outcome differences as evidence or proof of malevolent actions that need to be counter-attacked or avenged." (p. 199) He will ask us to consider the meaning and prospects of equality, show us how other countries, such as Singapore, excel in a global market, not by highlighting its disparity with respect to language, but rather its acknowledgement of and willingness to assume that difference and work to overcome it; a feat noticeably absent in some residents of the U.S.

More on the distinction between Discrimination I and Discrimination II:

Sowell differentiates two kinds of discrimination. "Discrimination I" (the broad meaning of the word) refers to "an ability to discern differences in the qualities of people and things, and choosing accordingly." We don't' think ill of a person with discriminating tastes for cars or wine. In this case, like the word, "judgment," everyone "discriminates" or practices Discrimination I. As Sowell writes, "Ideally, Discrimination I, applied to people, would mean judging each person as an individual as a person, regardless of what group that person is a part of." "Discrimination II" is the more narrow use of the word to refer to "treating people negatively, based on arbitrary aversions or animosities to individuals of a particular race or sex." This is the kind that leads to anti-discrimination laws.

Sowell helps us see that discrimination is a nuanced term. Hence, he will sub-divide Discrimination I into Discrimination IA (judging each individual as an individual regardless) and Discrimination IB (judging by the empirical evidence on the group they are a part of). His discrimination ranking seems cumbersome, but as he notes the difference matters:

People who would never walk through a particular neighborhood at night, or perhaps even in broad daylight [Discrimination IB], may nevertheless be indignant at banks that engage in "redlining"--that is, putting a whole neighborhood off-limits as a place to invest their depositors' money. p. 31

As with all his work, Sowell clarifies the theoretical with practical examples, demonstrating how Discrimination IBdrives up prices in inner-city neighborhoods, causing some shop owners to be viewed as "greedy" when in reality they are not; and, in fact, may be barely hanging on. It is important to consider the differences between Discrimination IB and the more overt and arbitrary Discrimination II.

Good words to remember:

1. Equality: "In no society have all regions and all parts of the population developed equally." Fernand Braudel, French Historian (1902-1985), p. 22.

2. "We fight for and against not men and things as they are, but for and against the caricatures we make of them." J.A. Schumpeter, page 137.

3. "Taxation may be so high as to defeat its object." John Maynard Keynes, p. 138.

4. "Think things instead of words." Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, p. 152.

5. "You are entitled to your own opinion, but you're not entitled to your own facts." Daniel Patrick Moynihan

6. "A systemic analysis of markets cannot proceed as if there were no other factors involved besides what individual decision-makers happen to prefer." Thomas Sowell, p. 42.

7. "Intentions, whether good or bad, do not predestine outcomes." Thomas Sowell, p. 86.

8. "There are three kinds of lies: lies, damned lies, and statistics." Mark Twain

9. "Kindness can kill as well as cruelty, and it can never take the place of genuine respect." Sterling A. Brown, p. 96.

10. "There is no necessary correlation between what people say and what they do." Thomas Sowell, p. 102.

11. "We fight not for and against not men and things as they are, but for and against the caricatures we make of them." J.A. Schumpeter, p. 137.

12. "If students do not acquire systematic methods and standards for testing conflicting beliefs, this can be a major deficiency in their education, for nothing is more certain than that they will encounter conflicting beliefs on many subjects in the years after they have left the politically correct monoculture on many academic campuses." Thomas Sowell, p. 144.

13. The implications of a pervasive social vision can affect economic, educational and other social outcomes--including the shared norms that hold a society together." Thomas Sowell p 165.

14. "There has never been a shortage of people eager to draw up blueprints for running other people's lives." Thomas Sowell, p. 186.

15. When asked what would happen if all white people were to lose their racial prejudices overnight, W.E.B. Du Bois said with respect to the economic impact on most blacks, "some few would be promoted, some few would get new places" as a result of an end of racial discrimination, nevertheless, "the mass would remain as they are" until the younger generation began to "try harder" and the race "lost the omnipresent excuse for failure: prejudice." p. 198.

Sowell's recommendations to other books I'll be reading:
1. Adam Smith, The Wealth of Nations
2. Clearance Thomas, My Grandfather's Son
3. Walter Williams, Race and Economics
4. Thernstrom, America in Black and White
5. Pinker, The Better Angels Of Our Nature