Notes
Prelims
* As the names suggest, the so-called Period of Disunion as well as the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms are extremely complex and consist of many different dynasties. This also is true of the Song dynasty, which actually existed concurrently with three other “non-Chinese” dynasties: Khitan Liao, Tangut Xixia, and Jurchen Jin.
Chapter 1
1 My emphasis on Daoism as a religion requires reflection on the meaning of “religion, religions, religious” (see Smith 1998). On the most basic level, Daoism is a religion because it consists of adherents and communities orientating themselves towards the Dao, the sacred or ultimate concern of Daoists. We may also think of Daoism as a “symbol system” (Clifford Geertz) and in terms of the “seven dimensions of religion” (Ninian Smart), namely, doctrines, ethics, experiences, myths/narratives, practices, social organization, and materiality. In contrast to many presentations, the present account neither underemphasizes nor overemphasizes the importance of institution with respect to understanding the Daoist tradition.
Chapter 2
1 At the first appearance of Daoists’ names, I supply the Wade-Giles version of the name. In the case of ordained and lineage-based Daoists,
I also supply the most common religious name of the person. After Daoism became a fully organized tradition, most ordained Daoists had their family surname (xing), their family given name (ming), sometimes various style-names (zi ), and religious names (faming; daohao). For example, Sima Chengzhen’s Daoist name is Zhenyi (Perfect Unity).
2 Here we must recognize an omission, namely, what I would refer to as “Daoism-between-Daoism.” This term designates an unanswered question of what happened between the compilation of the Huainanzi (139 BCE) and the emergence of the Taiping (Great Peace) and Tianshi (Celestial Masters) movements in the mid-second century CE. That is, there is a missing period of roughly three hundred years of Chinese history in this and other accounts of Daoism.
Chapter 3
1 As discussed in Chapter 1, there has been much debate about the actual existence of Daoist communities during the Warring States period and Early Han. This includes a technical debate over the meaning of “school,” which is often used as a translation for jia. For some specialists, “school” implies a specific founder and disciples, associated text, sense of solidarity, and enduring social institution (Roth per. comm.; see also Roth 2003: 181-219). In the present book, the notion of classical Daoist “schools” is simply used to suggest social trends, intellectual tendencies, and soteriological trajectories. In the case of Daoism, there was an early religious community with a certain sense of solidarity.
2 If one were more daring, one might rather think of the Zhuangzi as a Daoist proto-hagiography.
3 Although the Zhang family has become nearly synonymous with Daoism, there have been other key and prominent families throughout Daoist history. In terms of early organized Daoism, some of these include the following: the Wei and Li families, also associated with the
Tianshi movement; the Ge family, associated with the Taiqing and Lingbao movements; the Xu and Tao families, associated with the Shangqing movement; and the Ge and Lu families, associated with the
Lingbao movement. Other, lesser-known early Daoist families include Bo, Kou, Li, Shen, Tian, Wang, Wei, and Yue (see also Mather 1979: 109). Michel Strickmann (1977: 40) has also reconstructed a genealogy of the Xu family based on the Zhen’gao (Declarations of the Perfected; DZ 1016).
4 In contrast, the contemporary Taiwanese Zhengyi ordination system consists of either seven or nine ranks. According to the Sanshan dixue pai (Lineage of the Three Mountains Blood Alliance), which is circulated in manuscript form, they are as follows: (1) Shangqing (highest); (2) and (3) Qingwei; (4) and (5) Zhengyi mengwei; and (6) and (7) Lingbao (see Saso 1972a: 106; 1978: 198; per. comm.). These various ranks have corresponding spirit registers (lu) and related to specific types of ritual training.
Chapter 4
1 Note also the existence of the text Liezi (Book of Master Lie; DZ 733), which incorporates material from the Zhuangzi and which most likely dates to around the third century CE.
2 Here guan (“abode”) is a different character than the later guan (“observatory”). The former is the earliest designation for Daoist “monasteries,” which were set up by rulers or local officials to house one or several hermits. The latter term is a monastery in a more strict sense (i.e. a place where celibate religious live).
Chapter 6
1 Developing Paul Unschuld’s typology of Chinese medical history (Unschuld 1985), one may identify a number of diverse approaches to illness and their related therapeutic responses in terms of distinct models. These include ancestral medicine, demonological medicine, naturalistic medicine, moralistic medicine, and soteriological medicine. Each one of these is associated with a particular cause of illness (ancestors, demons, climatic influences, moral transgression, suffering as an ontological given) and therapeutic response
(recognition/pacification, exorcism/ritualistic intervention, harmonization/purgation, confession/religious intervention, elimination/liberation). Such approaches emerged during specific moments of Chinese history and are often associated with particular religious “traditions”: Shang dynasty (ca. 1550-1030 BCE)/ancestor worship; Zhou dynasty (ca. 1030-222 BCE)/wu (“shaman”)-oriented communities and Fangshi (“formula master”; magico-religious practitioner) lineages; Early Han dynasty (202 BCE-9 CE)/Cosmologists and Ruists (“Confucians”); Later Han dynasty (25-221 CE)/early Daoism; and Six Dynasties (265-581)/Buddhism. Such a linear historical mapping may suggest progression, but these diverse approaches to illness continued to coexist throughout Chinese history.
2 Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is the contemporary form of Chinese medicine practiced in mainland China, other East Asian countries, and the West. It was created under the direction of the Chinese Communist government and attempts to “modernize” Chinese medicine to be more consistent with modern Western
(allopathic/scientific) views on disease and viable therapeutic approaches. Utilizing a Western scientific paradigm, this often includes combining pharmaceutical drugs with traditional Chinese herbs.
Chapter 7
1 This line is, in fact, more complex than my translation indicates. The line does not contain hun and po, but rather ying and po. There has been much debate about the meaning of ying. Although the contextual meaning remains obscure, in Chinese medicine ying (nutritive qi) is associated with hun and the liver, while wei (protective qi) is associated with po and the lungs. The point is to harmonize the ying and wei, the hun and po. The Heshang gong commentary also suggests that ying refers to hun, and this reading makes sense in terms of the notion of “embracing the One,” that is, maintaining unity.
2 Most of the so-called “Daoist sexual yoga practices” in circulation in the contemporary world are not Daoist. See Komjathy 2011b.
3 There has been some confusion in this regard concerning classical Daoist views, specifically with respect to the translation of shen. For example, in Chapter 13 of the Daode jing, we are told: “The reason why I have calamities is because I have a self (shen). If I did not have a self, what calamities would I have?” Although shen may mean body, here it more likely refers to a separate (constructed and habituated) self. We must avoid Hellenized Christian-influenced readings of shen as “body,” with the implication that there is a soul inside that physical shell.
Chapter 8
1 Other translations of de include “integrity,” “potency,” and “potentiality.” For some additional scholarly perspectives on the meaning of de see Waley 1958: 31–2; Mair 1990: 133–5. While both Waley and Mair point out that de may be “positive” or “negative,” and in the process conflate de with the Indian notion of karma, the foundational Daoist view is that de, in the context of and as an expression of successful Daoist practice, has particular qualities, qualities which exert beneficial and transformational influences on others. As such, Daoist de may challenge conventional morality and social norms, but actually may be more authentically “moral.” The key point is that de is rooted in Daoist practice and ways of being, not in habituation, intellectualism, and philosophical rumination.
Chapter 9
1 Many individuals have suggested that the category of “hallucinogen” be replaced with “entheogen” (lit., “god-spawning substance”), especially with respect to naturally occurring organic (not humanely synthesized) substances such as Peyote and Psilocybin mushrooms (see, e.g. Grof 2001; Smith 2003).
Chapter 10
1 The first line of the passage literally reads “to pant and puff, to hail and sip,” with the latter two characters generally used for exhaling and inhaling. These are probably four types of breathing. See Kohn 2008a: 56–8. I have left the characters untranslated in order to demonstrate the ways in which the passage anticipates the Six Sounds, which are discussed below.
Chapter 11
1 The first line of Chapter 10 of the Daode jing actually does not specifically refer to the ethereal soul (hun). I have followed the Heshang gong commentary in reading hun (“ethereal soul”) for ying (“encampment”). For the technical meaning of hun see Chapter 7 herein.
2 Note that Burton Watson, in his highly influential and generally reliable rendering of the text, has mistranslated qi as “spirit.” In the texts of classical Daoism, it is clear that qi is central, although the contextual meaning of the term, whether subtle breath or physical respiration, is open to interpretation. Following Watson, most nonspecialists misinterpret the passage.
Chapter 13
1 In the passage, buxu refers to both approaching the altar and the recitation of the opening liturgical hymn chanted by the officiant or chief cantor (jingzhu).
Chapter 14
1 Interestingly, the Daqin (Roman) Pagoda, a seventh-century Nestorian Christian missionary site, is located about two miles west of Louguan tai and is visible from the surrounding landscape. Later, probably by the late eleventh century, the site was converted into a Buddhist temple.
Chapter 16
1 While Daoism, especially the Primitivist lineage of classical Daoism, clearly has some overlap with modern movements such as deep ecology, Neo-Primitivism, and “back-to-the-land” intentional communities, it is not completely anti-technological; Daoism is not a quasi-Luddite movement. Rather, generally speaking, Daoism has emphasized place-specific communities utilizing appropriate technology, that is, technology on a human scale and characterized by sufficiency. See, for example, Chapter 12 of the Zhuangzi, wherein a gardener responds to the offer of technological advance as follows: “Where there are machines, there are bound to be machine worries; where there are machine worries, there are bound to be machine heartminds.”
2 Here “family resemblance” and “recognizibility” refer to the degree to which the observed phenomenon resembles its source-tradition or source-community.
3 At present, it is unclear how the organizations calculate membership. Some seem to mean committed members and supporters. Others seem
to mean anyone who has some degree of association. In general, I have used the statistics supplied by the given organization.
====
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Index
180 Precepts see One Hundred and Eighty Precepts of Lord Lao
abstention 65, 166–7, 170–1, 176, 178–9, 220 abstention from grains see bigu accommodation 305
adaptation 305 see also innovation
Adept Lai 139
Adept Yu 139
adherence 40–49–67–72, 9, 159, 260, 265, 290, 312 adherents 3, 14, 40, 85, 225, 282, 317–18 aesthetics 72, 95, 249, 266, 279, 281–2, 297, 303, 305 affiliation 14, 39–60, 85, 146, 154, 227, 288, 312 affinity 43–4, 50, 72, 233, 252, 298 afterlife 138–42
agriculture 87, 170 see also grain
alchemy 12, 128, 131, 140, 176, 234, 267, 293 see also internal alchemy; external alchemy
alcohol 166, 172, 177, 179, 246, 249, 252 see also sobriety alignment 21, 43, 86, 99, 103, 146–8, 152–3, 208–10, 214–15, 227, 255
altars 96, 118, 121, 135, 247, 249, 254, 258, 266, 275–6, 293–4, 298, 328
“American Daoism” 315
American Taoist and Buddhist Association 153, 315 an see temples An Lushan 29 anatman 123, 137
ancestors 9, 44–5, 50, 56, 114, 126, 151, 167, 173, 245–6, 249, 258–60,
267, 273, 310, 327 ancestral halls 278 Andersen, Poul 307
animals 19, 64, 72, 87, 89–90, 99, 104, 113, 134, 150–1, 154, 159, 162,
166, 170, 175, 177, 179, 189, 197–8, 246 see also specific animals
animism 89, 110, 113–14
Anmo 187, 203 see also self-massage announcements 244, 248, 251–2, 256, 259, 294 Anqi Sheng 51 anthropocentrism 104, 127, 162 anthropology 7, 307, 312, 317 theological understandings of 93, 123, 125, 131, 317 see also ethnography
aphorisms 46, 232, 287
apophatic meditation 21, 48, 128, 149, 190, 205–11, 317, 319 benefits of 210–11
indigenous Chinese terms for 206 stages of 209–10
see also meditation; shouyi; xinzhai; zuowang
appropriation 9, 305, 312, 320 see also fabrication architecture 63, 67, 74, 105, 278, 295–8 art 281–6 artifacts 15, 281
asceticism 12, 21, 31, 39–40, 61, 64–7, 73, 124, 128–34, 168–73, 222, 251,
267, 269, 310 assimilation 305
Associación de Taoísmo de España 313 Association Française Daoïste 131 associations 31–2 see also xiehui Associazione Taoista d’Italia 313 astrology 126, 158–9 astronomy 85–6, 119, 126, 276 astrophysics 182 atonement 245, 248–9, 259
attunement 12, 18, 88, 92, 99, 113, 146, 149, 166, 172–3, 182, 184, 202,
241, 244, 321 audiences 70, 74, 96–7, 158, 249–51, 256, 294 auspicious sites 269, 274 auto-didacticism 95, 220 axes 90
Ba people 35, 44, 312 Baduan jin see Eight Brocades bagua see Eight Trigrams Bai Yuchan 121 baihe 175 Baihui 109
Baiwen pian 31
Baiyun guan 33, 35, 58, 136, 238, 250, 276–8, 289, 293, 296, 308, 313,
317, 319, 322 bamboo see material culture Bamboo Laozi see Guodian banality 303 baojuan see precious scrolls
Baopuzi see Ge Hong
Baopuzi neipian vi, 25, 50, 120, 174–7, 211–12, 234, 266, 270, 319 baoyi see shouyi bathing see hygiene Baudrillard, Jean 303 baxian see Eight Immortals Baxian gong 269, 277
bedchamber arts 77, 196, 220, 313, 327 being 91, 93, 99, 102, 116, 146–8, 169, 319, 328 Beizong see Quanzhen
belief see doctrine; values; worldview
bencao 174
bifurcated tradition 4–5
Big Bang 114
Big Dipper see Northern Dipper bigu 131, 171–2, 180 biocentrism 128, 162 bioregionalism 162, 167
birds 90 Bixia ci 273
Bixia yuanjun 33, 116, 119, 272–3 blessed lands see auspicious sites
blood 117, 246, 270
“Blue Mountains and Dragons” 285–6
Bo Juyi 283 Bo Ya 284–5
body 86, 97, 109, 113, 115, 124, 131–2, 134, 137, 141, 168, 173–4, 177,
184, 195, 208, 216–17, 219, 221–2, 327 see also self body maps 135, 297 body-beyond-the-body 97, 134, 216, 219 body-gods 124, 212–13, 245, 247, 256–7
Bohun Wuren 47–8 Bokwon kung 310 book printing 287–9
books see literature; manuscripts; texts
bowing 254, 294 Boxer Rebellion 238 Bozhou 28, 267, 278 breast massage 222
breathing 109, 188, 192–5, 210, 298, 328 see also respiratory techniques
British Taoist Association 314–15
Buddhism 226, 288, 308–9, 311 and Chinese court politics 70–1
Chinese sacred sites of 77, 269, 272–3, 276, 279
Daoist influence on 137 as foil to Daoism 6, 18 Han conversion to 137, 275 in People’s Republic of China 308
influence on Daoism 9, 26–9, 31, 44, 57, 67, 71, 73–4, 85, 98, 132, 137–
8, 140, 152, 156, 178, 216, 232, 235, 237, 246, 248, 251, 319, 322 interactions with Daoism 73–4, 77, 269, 309 introduction to China 24
monastic dimensions of 73–4, 155–6, 178 as one of Three Teachings 33 and religious identity 41
as renunciant model 63, 67
Sinified expressions of 53, 67, 74, 116, 219, 232, 273, 275, 288, 322 worldview of 44, 71, 85, 88, 98, 123, 132, 137–8, 153, 237
Buddho-Daoist debates 71
Buliangyi 47
Bureau of Culture 306, 324
Bureau of Religious Affairs 75, 277, 306, 308, 323–4
Bureau of Tourism 277–8, 306, 324 burial see full-body interment
Cai Lun 287
calendrics 23, 202, 245, 248, 251, 296 see also twenty-four nodes calisthenics see Daoyin
calligraphy ix, 26, 56, 71, 95, 99, 226, 238, 251–2, 282–3, 286–9, 297, 318 Cambodia 308, 311 cantor 249, 252, 258, 292, 328 Cantos on Pacing the Void 283
Cao Can 51 Cao Cao 24, 69
carefree wandering 151, 285 Carpenter Shi 89
cavern-heavens see grotto-heavens
ce 238, 288
Celestial Drum 201, 203
Celestial Master (position) 23, 53, 68–70, 237, 307 Celestial Masters (movement) see Tianshi
celestial qi 103, 109
celibacy 32, 60, 71, 73, 99, 133, 154, 156, 179, 220, 222, 320, 326
Center of Traditional Taoist Studies 315
see Quanzhen Chan, Alan 51
Chang Tao-ling see Zhang Daoling
Changwuzi 47–8, 150 chanhui see atonement chanting see recitation charitable societies 309–10
charity 69, 154, 309 see also patronage
Chen Nan 121
Chen Rongsheng 307
Chen Tuan 121, 199, 202, 236, 272, 278–9
Chen Yingning 35, 308 Cheng-i see Zhengyi ch’i see qi Chi-hsia see Jixia
Ch’i-kung see Qigong
Chia, Mantak 285
Chifeng sui 199
China 10
Chinese (ethnicity) see Han (ethnicity)
Chinese (language) 4, 98, 226, 238, 251, 289, 304, 312, 317–18
Chinese Communist Party (CCP) 306
Chinese Daoism 3–4, 13, 41, 317–19, passim as source-tradition 304–5, 313, 315, 318–19
Chinese Daoist Association see Zhongguo daojiao xiehui
Chinese Daoist Seminary see Daojiao xueyuan
Chinese Healing Exercises 203
Chinese medicine 105, 108–9, 132–3, 166, 171, 174, 203, 216, 222, 285, 322, 327
Ching Chung Koon 309, 315
Ching Chung Taoist Association 315
Chinggis Qan 32
Chisongzi 197
Chongxu si 70
Chongxuan 29
Chongyang gong 15, 269, 278–9
Chongyang lijiao shiwu lun see Lijiao shiwu lun
Choson dynasty 311
Christianity 110, 252, 297, 308–9, 327, 329
Chu sanshi jiuchong jing 129–31
Ch’üan-chen see Quanzhen
Chuandao ji 31, 97, 120, 132, 153, 236
Chuang Chou see Zhuang Zhou Chuang-tzu see Zhuangzi chuanshou see ordination Chuanshou jingjie 27, 250 chuantong 17
chujia 42 see also monasticism
Chunyang guan 279
Chuzhen jie 59, 160–1, 236, 253–4, 291, 322 cibei 255 Cihui tang 79 cinnabar 132, 176
cinnabar fields see elixir fields
Clarity and Stillness Order see Daoist Foundation clarity and stillness 65, 93–4 classic see scripture
classical Daoism 7–9, 11–12, 14, 18–22, 45–50, 62, 98, 102, 110, 121, 167,
170, 193, 227, 231, 244, 251, 317–18 and foundational Daoist values 87–95, 125, 146–51 and lineage 7, 45–50 misunderstanding of 5
and organized Daoism 9, 21–2, 50, 94, 156
as origin of the Daoist tradition 6 practices of 62–3, 170, 180, 189–90, 206–11, 317 as religious community 6–7, 19, 50, 62, 190 textual corpus of 7, 19–20, 318
worldview of 24, 65, 84, 87–95, 106, 111–12, 125, 138–40, 146–51 see also inner cultivation lineages Cleary, Thomas 34, 172, 220, 236
clergy 14, 42–3, 50, 67, 96, 106, 117, 159, 191, 246, 252, 260, 290, 306, 312–13, 325 see also daoshi clothing 74, 161, 253–4, 258, 290–3,
304
cloud-wandering 266, 291 Cold Food Powder 177 colonialism 9, 294, 305, 320 commentary 98, 217, 225 as Daoist practice 240–2
commitment ix, 40, 43, 48, 50, 58, 64, 69, 72–3, 83, 96, 145–6, 154–6, 233,
237, 260, 265, 303, 309 community ix, 3, 6–10, 11–12, 14, 17, 39, 46, 61–99, 141, 151–4, 225, 229, 244, 246, 260, 265–6, 275, 289–90, 297, 304, 313, 318, 326 Companions of the Way 285, 291, 298
Complete Perfection see Quanzhen Complete Reality see Quanzhen
complexity 3, 5–7, 9–11, 39, 57, 76, 83, 117, 124, 128–9, 137, 146, 166, 181–2, 188, 192, 212, 216, 220–1, 233, 245, 249, 252, 258, 269,
279, 281, 285, 307, 315 compost 127–8
conduct guidelines 156–62 see also ethics
confession see atonement
Confucianism 18, 22, 33, 41, 71, 92, 105, 147, 226, 288, 309, 311, 319, 322
Confucius see Kongzi connection 14, 43–4, 52, 99, 109, 226, 266, 318 consciousness see heart-mind; psychology; spirit consecration 248, 251, 298
conservation 88, 90, 154, 162, 181, 195, 222, 255 conspiracy of ignorance 9 contemplative reading 159, 229, 240 continuous tradition 7–10, passim conversion 4, 43, 268, 310–11 Cook Ding 47, 63, 150 corporeal soul see po correlative cosmology see Five Phases cosmic renewal 244 see also jiao-offering cosmocentrism 104
cosmogony 91, 101–5, 112, 115, 317
cosmological integration 21, 91, 113, 128–9, 166–7, 173, 215, 241, 244, 251
Cosmologists see Yin-yang jia
cosmology 5, 12, 24, 101, 105–9, 133, 155, 157, 171, 173, 192, 194, 216,
245–6, 273, 317–18 see also Five Phases; yin-yang court protocol 247–8 Crane-Cry Mountain 23 creation see transformation
cremation 141 see also funeral practices
Crimson Dragon 181, 201, 222–3
Cui Hao 70
cultivation ix, 14, 20, 40, 86–8, 96, 99, 113, 136, 147, 150, 152, 162, 180, 189, 210, 241, 253, 260, 266, 283–4
Cultural Revolution 35, 304, 306, 308 culture 4, 298, 304, 312–13, 315, 318
Dadan zhizhi 132, 218
Dadong zhenjing 26, 226–7, 234, 234
Dahn Yoga 311 dan see elixirs
dance 243
dantian see elixir fields
Danyang yulu 65
Dao vi, ix, 3, 5, 8, 17–18, 43–5, 85, 88, 101–2, 110–16, 128, 140, 146, 206–
7, 212, 226, 296, 318, 321–2 as ancient Chinese concept 110 ancient Chinese pronunciation of 110 as Chinese character 110 and Daoism 3, 5, 110
as Daoist cosmological and theological concept 110
Daoist views of 112
daochang see enclosure of the Dao
Daode jing 19–20, 21, 23, 27, 29, 41, 43, 46, 65, 69, 73, 83–5, 87–8, 91, 94,
96, 98, 102–3, 111, 116, 125, 140, 147, 149, 156, 193, 226–9, 231,
234, 235, 240, 242, 278, 283, 287, 292, 310, 318–20, 327 and classical Daoism 14 Daoist interpretations of 240, 242 meditation according to 206–7 and “philosophical Daoism” 5 popular appropriations of 227, 236 in Tianshi 18, 21, 152 see also Laozi
Daode tianzun 85, 116 see also Laojun
Daode zhenjing guangsheng yi 30
Daode yuan 79
Daofa huiyuan 248
Daohui si 75
Daoism 3, 41, 45 318, passim and art 282
beyond the Chinese cultural sphere 313–15 as bifurcated tradition 4–5 in the Chinese cultural sphere 308–12 in contemporary China 305–8 as continuous tradition 7–10, passim
Daoist views of 13–15
as daotong 319
definitional parameters of 4–10 as family 7–8 female participation in 42, 75–9 as global religion ix, 11, 35, 39, 303–15 historical origins of 4–10 historical periodization of 10–12 indigenous Chinese names for 4–10 interpretive frameworks for understanding 10–13, 305 metaphors for understanding ix, 12, 14–15, 83, 304
in the modern world 303–15
popular constructions of 5, 9, 14, 41, 88, 220, 304, 311, 313, 320 revitalization of 11, 34, 304, 306, 310, 315 as state orthodoxy 28 as truncated tradition 6–7 as “world religion” 35
see also Chinese Daoism; global Daoism
Daoism Handbook xii, 36
Daoist 54, 85, 282, 285 as adherent of Daoism 14, 40–1 indigenous Chinese terms for 41–2, 76 see also specific technical terms
Daoist Canon see Daozang
Daoist Foundation xii, 257, 315
Daoist Gate Wudang Arts 315
Daoist Studies 4, 6, 11, 15, 33, 50, 237–8, 252, 289, 307–8, 310, 318–19 Daoji si 75
daojia 5–7, 9, 14, 19, 22, 41, 49, 51, 318–19
daojiao 5–6, 9, 14, 41, 318–19 Daojiao xueyuan 308, 317 daojing see scripture Daolu si 75 daoqi 109, 113, 184, 194 daoqi changcun 255 daoren 42, 317
daoshi 29, 42–3, 50, 191, 246, 251–2, 291, 317–18 see also clergy
Daoshi jushan xiulian ke 191 daoshu 8
Daoshu shier zhong 33, 236, 240
daotan see altars daotong 319
Daoyin 187, 189, 272, 310–11, 314 see also self-massage
Daoyin jing 194, 197–8 Daoyin tu 188–9
daoyou see Companions of the Way
Daozang 27, 33, 94, 159, 233, 237–40, 268, 288–9, 307, 319 numbering systems for 238–9
Daozang jinghua lu 239
Daozang jinghua 239
Daozang jiyao 239, 289 Daozang xubian 239
daozhang 42, 255, 317 see also clergy Daozheng si 75
de 19, 57, 86, 91–2, 145–51, 190, 195, 210, 244, 319, 327–8 Dean, Kenneth 244
death 63–4, 126–7, 138–42, 174–5, 217, 227, 258, 273
Debord, Guy 303
decomposition 92, 124, 126–7, 138, 140
deities see gods demon soldiers 68–9 demonology 131, 151, 201, 327 demons 106, 114, 132, 294 Deng Xiaoping 11, 35, 306 desire 88–9, 94, 111, 137–8, 153–5, 196 devotionalism 32 72, 117, 121, 205, 277, 281, 284, 310 Di 127
dietetics 13, 95, 131, 161, 165–84, 195, 220 alchemical approaches to 173–8 and food intake 165–8 and qi ingestion 179–84 ascetic approaches to 168–73 monastic approaches to 169, 178–9
differentiation 102–4, 113, 317 see also Taiji; yin-yang
Dipper Mother see Doumu discourse records 236, 284 disease see sickness dissipation 138, 140
diversity ix, 3–4, 7, 9–10, 11–14, 18, 35, 39, 43, 46, 49, 57, 61, 70–1, 83, 86–7, 101, 105, 115, 124, 135, 148, 151, 162, 166, 173, 205, 210,
216, 230, 237–8, 244, 269, 274, 279, 304, 318–19, 326–7 Diyi zunjun 213
doctrine 84, 87, 124, 145 see also values; worldview dogs 113 Donghua dijun 121 dongtian see cavern-heavens Dongtian fudi yuedu mingshan ji 273
door-sills 295
Doumu 33, 116, 259
Dragon Gate see Longmen
Dragon-Tiger Mountain see Longhu shan
Dragon’s Mouth 315 dreams 89–90, 131, 193, 285 drugs 173, 177, 328 see also herbology
Du Fu 283
Du Guangting 29, 77, 240, 246–7, 273
Du’e rangzai jing 259 dujiang see cantor Dunhuang 239, 247, 283
Duren jing 118, 228–9, 235, 241
Dyer, Wayne 236 see also Popular Western Taoism
dying 138–42
dynasties xiii, 10, 34
early organized Daoism 22–8, 146, 151, 156
earth gods see locality gods East Asia 34, 166, 308, 327 Eastern Orthodox Christianity 43
eating see dietetics
ecology 89, 127, 135, 146, 162, 171, 182, 329 egret 86
Eight Brocades 198–203
Eight Extraordinary Vessels 133, 188, 204, 218–19, 286
Eight Immortals 121, 200, 221, 277 Eight Trigrams 76, 217, 285, 292–3 ejaculation see semen; sex
elders 22, 42–3, 47–9, 69, 84–5, 95, 148, 159, 218, 255, 317, 319, 321–2 elixir fields 85, 109, 130, 134, 136, 172, 181, 200, 203, 211–12
Elixir Flower Formula 177 elixirs 25, 129, 132, 181
embodiment 15, 43, 85, 87, 91, 94–9, 105, 109, 113, 135, 146–8, 151, 153, 159, 173, 193, 195, 209, 221, 231, 243–4, 248, 281, 303, 321 see also self
embryonic respiration 173, 192–94, 222 emotionality 67, 92–3, 132, 149, 167, 172, 197, 206, 209, 218, 204
Emperor Gaozu (Tang) 310
Emperor Huizong (Song) 30
Emperor Ruizong (Tang) 76
Emperor Shenzong (Ming) 237
Emperor Taiwu (Toba-Wei) 70
Emperor Taizong (Song) 30
Emperor Taizu (Ming) 75
Emperor Wen (Han) 51
Emperor Wu (Han) 19
Emperor Wu (Liang) 73, 267 Emperor Xuanzong (Tang) 29 emperors 10 see also specific emperors emptiness 21, 24 30, 91, 133, 150, 160–1, 190, 206, 209, 218, 231, 294, 317, 231
enclosure of the Dao 256 Encyclopedia of Taoism xii, 36 energy see qi environmentalism see ecology epistemology 95, 112, 319
eremiticism 21, 27–8, 61–7, 71–3, 79, 84, 170, 251, 267, 269, 273, 278–9, 283, 326
Erxian an 276
establishing the foundations 153–4 ethereal soul see hun
ethics 13, 24, 32, 67, 74, 85, 92, 106, 145–62, 191, 217, 222, 233, 244, 251, 305, 328 see also de; precepts ethnicity 4, 35, 43–4, 69, 304, 312–13, 315, 318 see also specific ethnicities ethnocentrism 13 see also Orientalism; Sinocentrism ethnography 15, 41, 290, 307, 318 see also anthropology eunuchs 34, 136, 221 Europe 294, 313–15 evolution 113 excrescences 169, 171, 175, 177 exegesis see commentary; hermeneutics
exorcism 32, 69, 119, 151, 173, 187, 201, 248–9, 252, 294, 312, 327 experience 87, 94–9, 113, 192, 260 experiential confirmation 97–8
external alchemy 25, 27, 30, 129, 168–9, 173, 176, 216, 319
fabrication 305 see also appropriation
“facts” 3
Fafu kejie wen 161 Fajia see Legalism
family 5, 7, 9–10, 17, 40, 46, 52, 61, 67, 71–2, 141, 288, 307–9, 326 see also householders; specific families Family of the Dao see daojia family resemblances 194, 313, 329 Fangshi 21, 25, 50–1, 64, 129, 250–1, 327
fangshu 8 faqi see implements fascicles see ce fashi 32
Fashi jinjie jing 161, 168–9
fasting 166, 169–70, 172–3, 245, 249, 252 fasting of the heart-mind see xinzhai female alchemy 76, 79, 205–6, 220–3
femininity 76, 94, 107, 149 see also gender; women
Feng Xiangu 79
Feng Xingzhao 314
Fengdao kejie 57, 250
Fengshui 295–6, 322 Fenli shihua ji 78 feudal superstition 34 firewood-gatherers 64 fish 90, 93, 151 fish-drum 254, 258, 294, 298 fishermen 64
Five Aggregates 124, 137
Five Animal Frolics 189, 198
Five Elements see Five Phases Five Emperors 118, 184, 235 five flavors 165–7
Five Lingbao Talismans see Lingbao wufu xu
Five Marchmounts 118, 184, 268–73
Five Patriarchs 31, 121, 259
Five Phases 105, 107–8, 157, 165, 292, 296, 318, 322 see also cosmology five precepts 156–7, 160
Five Qi 172 Five Sprouts 182 five strong-smelling vegetables 166–7, 178–9 Five Thousand Character Classic see Daode jing folios see ce folk religion 33 folklore 90, 230
food see dietetics foot-binding 34, 221 four divisions of Daoism 11–12 Four Hindrances 153
Four Modernizations 11, 35, 306 Four Supplements 238 freedom 90, 155
French Daoist Association see Association Française Daoïste friendship 8, 67, 139, 158, 259, 284–5 see also Companions of the Way Fu Yuantian 308
fudi see auspicious sites Fukuoka, Masanobu 167
fuling 170
full-body interment 128, 141 see also funeral practices
funeral practices 128, 141, 248 Fung Loy Kok 297, 309, 315 Fung Ying Seen Koon 309 fuqi see qi ingestion Fuqi jingyi lun 183–4, 190–1
gancao 175 Ganying pian 160 gaogong see officiant “Gaoshan” 285
Gaoshi zhuan 51
Ge Chaofu 26, 234–5, 319
Ge family 51, 288
Ge Hong vi, 18, 25, 50, 120–1, 171, 174, 176, 211, 234–5, 266, 319
Ge Xuan 25–6, 50–1, 234, 319 Geertz, Clifford 83, 325
gender 76, 105–6, 113, 149, 207, 220, 222 genealogy see ancestors; lineage Genghis Khan see Chinggis Qan Gengsang Chu 7, 47, 63, 151 gengshen 171, 310 geomancy see Fengshui
ghosts 106, 114, 294
Gingko 175 Ginseng 175
global Daoism 4, 11–12, 13, 303–15, 319
spectrum of 305
globalization 11–12, 35, 304 God of Literature see Wenchang
God of Medicine see Yaowang God of Thunder see Leigong
goddesses 76, 116 see also specific goddesses
gods 96, 114, 115–21, 124, 212, 216, 227, 234, 244–6, 251, 257, 282, 293 see also pantheon; specific gods
“going with the flow” 155, 322, 324
Goji berries see gouqizi gong see temples gongde see requiem gongke see liturgy gouqizi 170 Graham, A. C. 46
grain 69, 172, 176, 245 see also agriculture
Great Clarity see Taiqing
Great Inception see Taichu
Great Peace (concept) 23, 30, 234
Great Peace (movement) see Taiping Great Ultimate see Taiji grotto-heavens 269, 273–4, 276 guan see observation; temples Guangcheng 47, 50–1, 116, 150
Guangcheng yizhi 248
Guanyin 116, 119
Guanzi 20, 149, 167, 207, 209 guarding the One see shouyi
guigen 44, 91–2, 105, 113, 126, 151, 207, 227
Guo Xiang 46, 323 Guodian 46, 239, 287 guqin see qin
Gushe mountain 180, 266 gymnastics see Daoyin
Haedong sonp’a 311
hagiography 50, 62, 77, 121, 171, 225, 235, 326
hair see topknots hair-pinning ceremony 250 hairpins 250, 253, 290
Han (ethnicity) 35, 69, 71, 297, 304–5, 313
Han dynasty 6–7, 9, 10, 18, 22, 50–1, 68, 105, 116, 129, 147, 151, 180, 188, 228, 271, 275, 287, 319, 326 Hangu Pass 20, 267
hanshisan see Cold Food Powder
Hanzhong 51
Hao Datong 31, 199, 236, 278–9
hats 253, 258, 290 He Dejin 66
He Longxiang 222
He Xiangu 121, 221 He Zhizhen 279
healing 22–3, 32, 55, 68–9, 119, 152, 166, 188, 191, 194–5, 197, 203–4, 220, 310, 326–7 Healing Tao 285, 313 health 24, 152, 165–7, 187–92
heart-mind 21, 65, 88, 91, 93, 97, 124, 131, 141, 147–50, 179, 206–11, 222, 232, 254–5, 258, 317, 329 see also psychology heche see Waterwheel heel breathing 192–3
Heming shan 23, 54, 268, 275, 277, 323
Hengshan 56, 77, 79, 271–2 herbology 131, 165–6, 169, 173–5, 327 see also specific herbs hermeneutics 13, 98, 240 see also commentary; scripture study hermits see eremiticism
Heshang gong 21, 50–1, 240, 327–8
heshouwu 175 hexagrams 217 Highest Clarity see Shangqing
Hinduism 125
Historical Companion to the Daozang xii, 239
Hong Kong 35, 79, 272, 297, 305–6, 308–10 Hong Kong Taoist Association 309 horses 90 Hourne Farm 314
householders 12, 27, 39, 42, 53, 58, 67–72, 146, 306, 318 see also householders
Hsien Yuen 153–4
Hsüan-hsüeh see Xuanxue
Hu Fuchen 306
Hua Tuo 198
Huainanzi 9, 20, 50, 102–3, 209, 240–1, 273, 325 huandu see meditation enclosure
Huang Shizhen 314
Huang Shunshen 32
Huang-Lao 11, 22, 51, 283
Huang-Lao boshu 209
Huangdi 11, 22, 197
Huangdi neijing 285
Huangjin 23 see also Taiping
Huanglu dazhai yi 247
Huanglu zhai yi 247
Huangting jing 26, 134, 212–13, 228, 234, 236, 240, 283
Huashan 99, 121, 199, 236, 266, 269, 272–3, 277, 279, 308
Huashan shier shuigong zongjue 199
Huayang guan 71
Huiming jing 218–19
Huizi 92 hun 114, 125–6, 141, 206, 217, 259, 327–8 huo siren mu see Tomb for Reviving the Dead huoju 42
Huxian 15, 65–6, 269 Huzi 47, 62, 150
hybrid spirituality 9, 305, 311, 313, 320–1
hygiene 162, 195, 245, 249, 252–3
Hyunmoon Kim 311
Hyunoong Sunim 311
I Ching Dao 286 I-ching see Yijing iconography 116, 118–20, 286 ideas see doctrine; philosophy; worldview
identity 14, 40–4, 98, 154, 304, 312 see also self-identification illness see sickness immortal bones 72
immortal embryo 30, 134, 216, 218–19 Immortal Sisters 220
immortality 18, 30, 65, 77, 95, 115, 118, 129, 131–2, 138, 140, 168, 171–2, 175, 181, 192, 203, 219, 222, 231, 234, 255, 283, 320 immortals 42, 76, 96, 113–15, 120–1, 153, 197–8, 217, 235, 266, 270, 292–3, 323 types of 120–1
imperial examinations 29, 75 implements 74, 293–4 incense 255, 294 incense burner 135, 247, 249, 256–7 inclusion 10, 14, 39–40, 57, 72, 76 Indonesia 308, 311 initiation 29, 69, 244–5, 260 innate nature 45, 88, 90–3, 138, 147, 149, 153, 175, 210, 241, 255, 324 inner cultivation lineages 5–6, 7–8, 11–12, 17, 19, 46–50, 62, 91, 98, 110,128, 147, 150–1, 189, 227, 244, 317–19 see also classical Daoism inner observation 86, 135, 205 inner power see de
innovation 305 see also adaptation
institution 6, 11–12, 24, 28, 39–44, 52, 57–8, 62, 67, 70, 73, 75, 83, 246, 275, 306, 309–10, 312, 325 instruments see implements; material culture; music
intact culture ix, 15, 307 interiority 62
internal alchemy 11–12, 129, 137–8, 187, 193, 199–201, 205, 212, 234, 254, 284, 286, 306, 309–11, 319–20 history of 11, 28, 30, 32–3, 172 influences on 28, 30 lineages of 30–1, 121, 200, 218 practice of 65, 132–4, 152–3, 180–2, 216–23 and ritual 260 worldview of 91, 97, 106–7, 109, 124, 132–4
International Daoism Day 313 internet xvii, 14, 41, 320 interpretive legacies 3–7 intoxicants see alcohol; drugs investiture see initiation; ordination
invocations 182–4, 192, 247–8, 253–4, 259, 271
“Inward Training” see “Neiye”
Italian Taoist Association see Associazione Taoista d’Italia
Jade Emperor see Yuhuang
Jade Nectar see saliva
Japan 294, 308, 310
Ji Kang 64, 285
Ji Xian 62
Jian Wu 48, 86
Jianfu gong 277
Jiang Weiqiao 219 Jiao sandong licheng yi 247 jiao-offering 247–50, 256–7, 309
Jie Yu 48, 86
Jieyuan bazui jing 259 jiji ru lüling 252 jijiu see libationers Jin zhenren yulu 96 jing see scripture jing see stillness jing see vital essence Jingming 32, 247 jingshi see pure chamber Jinguan yusuo jue 181 jingzuo 206, 314, 317 Jinlian 31
Jinlian xiangzhuan 66
Jinque dijun sanyuan zhenyi jing see Sanyuan zhenyi jing
Jinque dijun wudou sanyi tujue see Wudou sanyi tujue
Jinye jing 234 jiuchong see Nine Worms Jiudan jing 234 jiugong see Nine Palaces Jiuku bazui jing 259 Jiuku tianzun 119, 259 jiuxing see Nine Practices Jixia Academy 22, 51 juan 237, 288 Juquezi 48 Jurchens 31 jushi 42
kaiguang see consecration karma 44, 97–8, 137–8, 246, 328
Khubilai Khan see Qubilai Qan Kirkland, Russell 10 knots 88, 210 Ko Hung see Ge Hong
Koguryo 310
Kohn, Livia 188, 203
Kongzi 19–20, 48, 63
Korea 44, 308, 310–11
Koryo dynasty 310
Kōshin cult 310
Kou Qianzhi 25, 70, 73, 268
Kukson to 311
Kundao 42, 76, 220, 251
Kundao college 272
Kunlun 21, 115, 129, 134 Kuyu mountains 269
laboratory alchemy see external alchemy
Lady Wei see Wei Huacun Lagerwey, John 307
landscape ix, 12, 15, 72, 86, 99, 124, 134–5, 274, 279, 281, 304–5 language 44, 93, 111–12, 217, 229, 255, 287, 311–12, 317 see also Chinese (language)
Lao Dan 8, 20–21, 47, 63, 151, 319
Lao Tan see Lao Dan
Lao-tzu see Laozi
Lao-Zhuang 234 see also classical Daoism
Laogong, 204
Laojun 22–3, 25, 279, 43, 50–1, 54, 69–70, 115–17, 226, 267–8, 275, 318– 19, 322–3
Laojun jiejing 27, 74, 157
Laojun jinglü 24, 94, 156–7, 162
Laojun yinsong jiejing 25
Laos 308, 311
Laoshan 277
Laozi 18–20, 28, 43, 58, 71, 134–5, 278, 282, 318–20
“biography” of 19–20, 267 and the Daode jing 19–20, 22, 228 as Laojun 22–3, 28, 116 and Louguan 27, 73, 121, 231, 277 as pseudo-historical 19–20 in Quanzhen 121 and the Tang dynasty 246
transformation of 134, 140–1
transmission to Yin Xi 27, 73, 140–1, 231, 278
see also Lao Dan
Laozi 19–20, 22, 29, 46, 227, 287, 318 as multi-vocal anthology, 20, 46
see also Daode jing
Laozi bianhua jing 50
Laozi ming 23
Laozi shuo fashi jinjie jing see Fashi jinjie jing
Laozi xiang’er zhu 21, 24, 94, 115, 152, 156, 233
Laozi zhangju 51 Laozi zhigui 64 later organized Daoism 28–34 laypeople see householders
Le Guin, Ursula 236 see also Popular Western Taoism lead 176 Lee, IIchi 311
Lee Zhiwang 312
Legalism 18, 51, 147
Legge, James 4
Leggean view of Daoism 4–5 Leibu 32 leifa see thunder magic
Leigong 119, 259
Leigu tai 314
Lesser Celestial Cycle 133, 181, 218, 220
Li Boyang see Laozi
Li Daochun 236
Li Er see Laozi
Li family 28, 51, 246, 267
Li Hong 28
Li, Juan 285–6
Li Lingyang 66
Li Yuhang 308 Lian Shu 47–8 lianzi 170
libationers 24, 68, 151, 157, 245
Libu 75
Lie Yukou 47–8, 50, 62–3, 150
Liexian zhuan 171, 197
Liezi 50, 326 Liezi see Lie Yukou life-destiny 90–1, 155 light 97, 135, 182–3 Lijiao shiwu lun 232 Lin Lingsu 32
lineage 8–9, 17, 22, 39, 40, 42, 44–54, 57, 217, 233, 251, 307–8, 313, 323,
326 see also specific lineages lineage poems 53–4, 59–60, 260 ling 57 see also numinosity
Lingbao 6, 25, 50, 58, 83, 116–17, 182, 238, 271, 288, 319–20 and early organized Daoism 6, 11, 18, 25, 52, 83 history of 26–7, 138, 234 key scriptures of 235 ritual in 245–7, 256
worldview of 26–7, 116–17, 138, 228–9
Lingbao Catalogue 27, 235, 320
Lingbao tianzun 85, 116
Lingbao wufu xu 27, 131, 170, 175–6, 235, 256
Lingguang shengmu 76
Lingshu ziwen 234
Liquan 269
Lishi tongjian houji 79 literacy 229–30, 251
literature 225, 283–4, 318 see also specific genres
liturgy 257, 282 see also ritual
Liu Biangong 64–5
Liu Chengyin 136
Liu Chuxuan 31, 236, 240
Liu Haichan 121
Liu Huayang 218–19
Liu Tongwei 236
Liu Xiaogan 46, 306
Liu Yiming 33, 172, 236, 240
Liu Yongguang 247
Liu Yu 32
Liu-Song dynasty 71, 237, 247
Liujiang 66, 269
“Liushui” 285
Liuzi jue see Six Sounds livelihood see work locality gods 89, 259 Logicians see Mingjia longevity 131, 180, 187–92 longevity techniques see Yangsheng
Longhu shan 30, 34–5, 277–8, 307
Longmen 33, 35, 53, 58–60, 71, 136, 160, 236, 250–2, 277, 279, 291, 306,
308–9, 312–14, 319, 322 ordination ranks of 59 see also Quanzhen
Longmen dong 33, 278–9
Lord Lao see Laojun
Lord Sa 259
Louguan 27–8, 30, 73–4, 121, 157, 231, 267–8, 275–8, 295, 320, 329
Lü Dongbin 30, 53, 57, 115, 121, 200, 216, 259, 268, 282, 309–10, 322
Lu family 288
Lu Xiujing 6, 18, 27, 71, 83, 121, 235, 237, 245, 247, 268, 319–20
Luofu zhinan 309
Luotian 292–3 Luoyang 79 lushi 42
Lüshi chunqiu 20, 209, 284–5
Lüzu see Lü Dongbin
Ma Xigong 51 Ma Yu 31, 65–7, 78
macrobiotics see dietetics
magic 244 Mahāvairocana 26
Mair, Victor 46, 328
Malaysia 308, 311
Manchus 31 Mandate of Heaven 69
manuscripts 7, 20, 46, 188, 226, 238, 283, 286–90 see also specific manuscripts
Mao brothers 268, 277
Mao Xuanhan 199
Mao Zedong 35, 306
Maoshan 26, 30, 71–3, 75, 268, 276–8, 307, 321
maps ix, xviii, 15, 88, 92, 106, 124, 129, 132, 135, 213, 216
martial arts 34, 119, 322 Marxism 34 massage see Anmo
material culture 46, 63, 74, 238, 281–8, 306, 308, 318 see also specific types
Mawangdui 46, 180, 188, 239, 283, 287
Mazu 33
meat see slaughtered animal flesh medicine see Chinese medicine; healing
meditation 13, 21, 29, 47, 65, 74, 112, 135, 145, 154, 176, 180, 197–200,203, 205–23, 244, 255, 266, 276, 294, 320 indigenous Chinese terms for 205–6 Daoist types of 205–6 see also specific methods
meditation enclosure 63–7, 276
mediumship 12, 26, 54–5, 62, 182, 309
memorials see petitions menopause 223
menstruation 133, 221–3 see also vital essence
mercury 176
meridians see organ-meridian system
metaphors ix, 12, 14–15, 17, 83, 86–7, 105, 127, 135, 281, 304
metaphysics see cosmology; theology
Method of Mist Absorption 182
Microcosmic Orbit see Lesser Celestial Cycle millenarianism 28 millennialism 23 Min Yide 33 Min Zhiting 283, 308 minerology 166, 169, 176 ming see life-destiny
Ming dynasty 33, 75, 218, 220, 237, 239, 289, 319
Minghe yuyin 79, 220 Mingjia 92 mining site 15
Ministry of Rites see Libu missionization 14, 305, 320
Mitchell, Stephen 236 see also Popular Western Taoism
mixin see feudal superstition
models of practice 12–13, 21, 24, 27, 32, 72, 87, 90, 120, 145, 227, 275 see also specific models
modernity 303–15 monasteries see temples
monasticism 12, 24, 32, 34, 42, 62, 67, 71, 79, 132, 155, 169, 218, 220,278, 309, 318, 320, 322 in China 24 as Daoist social organization 53–4, 73–5 defining characteristics of 53–4, 99, 156, 320
history of Daoist forms 27–8, 32, 34, 54, 137, 157, 218, 267–8, 275 and ordination 57–60, 250, 252
practical dimensions of 60 74–5, 99, 159–61, 178–9, 222, 253–4, 257–60, 290–2 see also chujia Mongols 32 monism 110, 113 morality see ethics morality books 33
Mountain Flower Excrescence 178
mountains ix, 72, 86, 99, 113, 120, 135, 137, 170, 212, 265–6, 270, 275,285–6, 296, 308 see also specific mountains movement awareness see Daoyin; Yangsheng movement studies 243
movements 11, 17–18, 39, 45, 233 see also specific movements
Moy Lin-shin 309
Mui Ming-to 309 Muping 66, 78, 269 museums 15, 281–2, 294 mushrooms see excrescences music 249, 258, 284
Mysterious Warrior see Xuanwu
mysteriousness 93, 95, 99, 111–13, 115, 127, 226, 231, 241, 292, 296, 318, 321
Mystery see Dao
mystical experience 8, 40, 49, 56–7, 63, 94, 112, 128–9, 140, 182, 190, 192,194, 209, 219, 265, 268–9, 319 mysticism see mystical experience
names 53, 59, 111 Nanbo Zikui 47–8
Nanguo 47
Nanguo Ziqi 47–8
Nanhua 228, 323 see also Zhuang Zhou
Nanhua zhenjing 14, 29, 227–8, 323 see also Zhuangzi
Nanjing zuantu jujie 135–6
Nanyue see Hengshan
Nanyue furen see Wei Huacun
Nanzong 11, 31, 121, 216, 236, 259
Nationalists 11, 306–7 Naturalists see Yinyang jia naturalness see ziran
Nature 86, 101–2, 110, 113, 124, 244 neidan see internal alchemy Neidan jiyao 97
neiguan see inner observation
“Neijing tu” 135
Neijing tu 136–7
Neiwai gong tushuo jiyao 199, 202, 221
“Neiye” 148–9, 167–8, 207–11
Neo-Primitivism 329
Neo-Taoism (so-called) see Xuanxue
New Code 25, 70
“New Confucianism” 307
“New Daojia” 307
Nie Que 48
Nine Palaces 134
Nine Practices 94, 233
Nine Worms 129–31
Ningfengzi 197 Ninghai 66, 78 nirvana 137
Niwan 213–14, 216, 223, 253 non-action see wuwei non-contention 93 non-knowing 93, 112, 206 nonbeing 8, 30, 102, 108, 114, 231,
nondifferentiation 102–4, 113, 118, 149, 190, 231, 246, 317
North America 4, 6, 11, 35–6, 294, 313, 315
Northern Celestial Masters 25, 27, 70, 73, 157, 267
Northern Dipper 119, 214–15, 294
Northern School see Beizong Northern Zhou dynasty 74 novels 198
nüdan see female alchemy Nüdan hebian 222–3 nüguan 42, 76, 251
numinosity 18, 26, 57, 95, 109, 112, 135, 147, 160, 173, 184, 210, 223, 226,
251, 274, 283, 298, 319, 321 numinous abilities 94, 97–8, 121, 205, 212, 219
Numinous Treasure see Lingbao
Nüyu 47–8, 76, 150
observation 86, 90, 101, 111, 154, 171, 193, 241, 276 offerings 121, 255, 298 officiant 248–9, 252, 292, 294, 328
old growth forest ix, 15, 83
One see Dao
One Hundred and Eighty Precepts of Lord Lao 157–9 One Straw Revolution 167
ontology 95, 112, 146, 155, 169, 184, 217, 320
opening the radiance see consecration operational alchemy see external alchemy
orality 20, 98, 230, 287
“ordinary Daoists” 39, 41, 69, 76, 90, 96, 207, 306
ordination 28, 29, 39–40, 53–4, 57–60, 70, 74–6, 191, 227, 247–8, 250, 260, 287–8, 312–13 ranks of 58–9, 292
ordination certificates 60, 75, 251
organ-meridian system 97, 109, 133, 181, 184, 196, 202, 212, 218, 271 see also Eight Extraordinary Vessels
organicism 128, 162, 167, 328
organized Daoism 8–9, 11–12, 14, 46, 53, 228, 249, 268, 275, 318 see also early organized Daoism; later organized Daoism; specific movements
Orientalism 9, 13, 305, 321
orientation 29, 57, 73, 84–7, 159, 166, 169, 226, 265–6, 298 orienteering 86
Orthodox Daoism in America 315
Orthodox Judaism 43 Orthodox Unity see Zhengyi orthodoxy 22, 25, 28, 43, 83, 246, 260
painting see art; material culture Pan Shizheng 283
panenhenism 110, 113, 274 panentheism 110, 113, 274
pantheon 33, 78, 114, 115–21, 124, 246, 321 paper see material culture paraphernalia see implements parasitology 131, 172, 176 parishes 23, 68, 275
particiption 4, 10, 14, 24, 39–40, 43, 57, 61–2, 69, 75–9, 86, 93, 95, 99,140, 225, 244, 265, 290, 293
patriarchs 29–30, 74, 121, 190–1, 199–200, 226, 236, 273, 279, 283, 309,
320–1
patriarchy 76, 79, 132
patronage xxiii, 28, 34, 41, 70–1, 75, 237, 246, 248, 255, 267–8, 276, 297,306
peaches 22, 115, 255 Peng-bird 151
Penglai 21, 97, 129
Pengzu 189, 196, 197
Pengzu lun 196
People’s Republic of China 34, 75, 277–8, 304, 306 five official religions of 306, 324
Perfect Warrior see Zhenwu
Perfected 54–5, 76–8, 96–7, 107, 114, 120–1, 215, 229, 234, 273, 292, 323 performance studies 243 perplexity 3, 5, 12, 101, 140, 285
personhood 93, 95, 123, 125, 180, 216, 288, 303, 317 see also self petitions 24, 121, 244, 246, 248, 255, 293, 298 pharmacology see herbology; minerology
Philippines 308, 311
“philosophical Daoism” (so-called) 5–6, 9, 19, 41, 318, 320 see also classical Daoism
philosophy 5–6, 93, 95, 112, 145, 159, 306, 328 see also epistemology; ontology
physicality see embodiment
pilgrimage 72, 75, 121, 146, 265–6, 272, 291, 295
pine trees 89, 170–1
place ix, 43, 61, 64, 67, 98–9, 161, 265–9, 293, 303 see also sacred sites; specific places
po 114, 125–6, 141, 206, 217, 327–8 poetry 53, 59, 62, 65, 225, 235–6, 241, 283–4 poke root see shanglu
politics 28, 32, 70–1, 75, 87, 117, 246, 270, 275–6, 278, 305, 310–11
polytheism 110, 113–14
popular culture 5, 9, 14, 41, 88, 117, 227, 236, 304, 309
Popular Western Taoism 227, 236, 320
postcolonialism 13–15 postmodernism 13–15 postnatal qi, 109
posture 181, 188, 194, 196–8, 203 205 208–9, 210, 215, 221, 254 practice 8, 87, 93, 94–9, 140, 145–261, 265–266 see also specific practices Prajñāpāramitā 24 prayer see meditation; ritual prayer-bell 254, 258, 294, 298
precepts 94, 146, 152, 155–62, 178, 191, 225, 233, 236, 241, 245, 250–1,
319 see also conduct guidelines; specific precepts precious scrolls 33 prenatal qi 109
presence 91, 109–13, 193, 212, 227, 283, 298 priesthood see clergy
Primitivists 22, 46, 69, 84, 170, 304, 329 principles see values
Profound Learning see Xuanxue prostration see bowing
psychology 91, 93, 95, 128, 132–3, 137–8, 153, 156, 172, 197, 201, 209–10, 236 see also heart-mind pu 62, 88–9, 149 pudu see universal salvation pure chamber 24, 151, 176, 244, 276
purity 167, 173, 176, 227, 245, 249, 252, 258
qi 85, 102–3, 108–9, 114, 126, 133, 168, 172, 174, 179, 187, 192, 195, 201, 206–8, 218, 253, 273, 287, 320 see also specific types Qi (state) 51
qi ingestion 172, 180, 182, 187, 191, 196, 213, 234
qi of the Dao see daoqi
Qianjin yifang 177
Qigong 188, 198, 202, 212, 219, 285, 306, 322 see also Daoyin; Yangsheng qin 284
Qin dynasty 10, 18
Qing dynasty 10, 33–4, 71, 75, 218, 220, 239, 276, 289, 306, 309, 319
Qingcheng shan 268, 278
Qingdao 99
qingjing see clarity and stillness
Qingjing 79
Qingjing jing 111, 116, 235–6, 240, 259
Qingtan 234
Qingtian ge 241
Qingwei 32, 76, 248 Qingyang gong 276–7, 289 qipo see Seven Po
Qiu Chuji 31–3, 58, 236, 241, 259, 278, 282, 319–20
Qiuzi 51
qizhen see Seven Perfected
Quanzhen 17, 34–5, 41–2, 53–4, 56, 58, 76, 78–9, 121, 153, 199, 216, 220,
241, 267–8, 283–4, 289–91, 295, 306–8, 317, 319–20, 322 contemporary liturgy of 59, 109, 121, 257–60
history of 31–4, 57, 64, 71, 74 important modern sacred sites of 278 key scriptures of 235–6 and later organized Daoism 11 in the modern world 12, 79, 178, 252, 267, 275, 277, 279, 307–8 practices of 60, 64–7, 74–5, 153, 178–9, 181, 218, 253–4, 290, 320
worldview of 83, 153, 172, 232–3, 235–6
Quanzhen gongke 258
Quanzhen guan 279
Quanzhen ji 66
Quanzhen qinggui 74
Qubilai Qan 32
Queen Mother of the West see Xiwangmu
quiet sitting see jingzuo quietism 13
Rao Dongtian 32
reading see contemplative reading; scripture study realgar 176
“reality” 83–4, 93, 101, 103, 244
received views 5–6
recitation 231–2, 249–51, 257–8, 292, 328 recognizability 313, 329 reeducation 34
registers 42, 69, 97, 245, 247, 250 260 312 reincarnation 44, 137–8, 153, 246 religion 4, 6, 8, 34, 49, 226, 325 religious literacy 14, 305
“religious Daoism” (so-called) 5–6, 9, 318 see also organized Daoism
Religious Studies xi, 13, 318
Ren Farong 308, 320 Ren Ziyuan 237
renunciation 63, 65, 72, 78 see also asceticism
repentance see chanhui Republic of China 10, 34–5, 306 Republications see Nationalists
requiem 247–9
respiratory techniques 173, 192–5, 210, 311 indigenous Chinese names for 192
responsibility xii, 40, 42–43, 67, 69, 99, 146, 152, 154, 157, 159, 226, 255 returning to the Source see guigen
revelation 18, 23, 26, 40, 54–6, 76, 78, 226–7, 229, 235, 266, 268, 287, 319 see also specific revelations
reverting the radiance 135, 223 revisionist views 6–10, passim
revitalization 9, 11, 34–5, 304, 306, 310, 315 ritual studies 243
ritual 13, 23–4, 28–9, 32, 96, 117, 135, 145, 167, 176, 191, 200, 243–60,
266, 275, 283, 292, 308, 310–11, 317 daily 252–5, 313, 319 history of 244–8 implements for 294 in modern Daoism 256–60 types of 248–52 see also specific rituals
ritualization 243 River Cart see Waterwheel robes see clothing Robinet, Isabelle 184, 213
Robson, James 269
Roman Catholic Christianity 73
Roth, Harold 7, 19–20, 22, 45–6, 209–10, 319
Ruan Ji 64
Rujia see Confucianism
sacred 44, 54, 85, 90, 93, 99, 109, 112, 123, 212, 225–7, 265, 274, 283, 298,
317–18, 320–2 sacred sites ix, 4, 14–15, 40, 117, 265–9, 282, 293, 295, 304, 307
geographical schema for 269–75
see also specific sites
sages 22, 69, 86–7, 92, 150, 190, 230, 321 saliva 133, 180, 213, 217 saliva swallowing 172, 179, 203, 214
sanbao see Three Treasures sancai see Three Powers Sanchong zhongjing 130 sandong see Three Caverns Sandong jingshu mulu 27, 237 sanguan see Three Bureaus sanguan see Three Passes
Sanguo zhi 151–2, 198
Sanhuang 18, 238 Sanhuang wen 270 sanhun see Three Hun sanjiao see Three Teachings sanjiao heyi 33 sanpeng see Three Pengs
Sanqing 85, 97, 116–18, 216, 259, 279, 292–4, 297, 310, 319, 321
sanshi see Three Death-bringers santian see Three Heavens Santian neijie jing 233
Sanyuan zhenyi jing 214–15
Saso, Michael 257, 260, 289, 307
Schafer, Edward 283–4
Schipper, Kristofer 135, 239, 307 scholasticism 29, 240, 273 scripture 4, 14, 17–18, 29, 43, 56 85 98, 116, 158, 225–42, 250, 258–9, 286–90, 317–19
Daoist views concerning 226–9
see also literature; manuscripts; texts; specific scriptures
scripture study 159, 191, 225–42
importance of 229–33
scrolls see juan seals 248 seasonal attunement see cosmological integration seclusion 62–4, 66, 77, 135, 150, 176, 231, 249, 266, 276 secrecy 217 seed people 24, 68
self 45, 86, 95, 123–42, 175, 216, 258, 286, 293, 303, 327 ascetic and alchemical views of 128–34 Buddhist-influenced perspectives on 137–8 composite views of 125–8 inner landscape of 134–7
see also anthropology; body; embodiment; personhood
self-divinization 21–2, 97, 114, 120, 173–4, 181–2, 184, 205
self-identification 14, 24, 41, 59, 98, 202, 285, 290, 297
self-massage 197, 200, 203–4 semen 133, 154, 220 see also vital essence
sensory engagement 92
Seven Perfected 31, 53, 66, 78, 121, 220, 236, 259–60, 320–1 seven periods of Daoist history 10–12
Seven Po 129–31
Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 64, 177 see also specific members sex 77, 131, 133, 172, 196, 218, 220, 249, 252, 313, 327 see also celibacy sexual yoga see bedchamber arts shamanism 62, 89
shanglu 131, 170, 172–3, 175–6
Shangqing 17–18, 29–30, 41, 51–2, 54–6, 58, 71, 76–7, 85, 116, 210–14,226, 238, 246, 268, 272–3, 277, 283, 288, 321 and early organized Daoism 11, 17, 25, 52, 71 founding revelations of 55–6, 77 history of 25–6 key scriptures of 26, 234–5 practices of 28, 109, 182, 190–1, 212–16, 321 revelations of 25–6 worldview of 109, 124
Shangqing gong 277
Shangshang Taiyi 213 Shangyuan furen 77 shanshu see morality books
Shaolin Gongfu 202, 273 Shaolin Temple 273 shen see spirit shengdihuang 170 shengren see sages Shengtian dedao jing 259
Shennong 197
Shennong bencao jing 174
shenwai shen see body-beyond-the-body
Shenxian shiqi jin’gui miaolu 197
Shenxian zhuan 25, 50–1, 171, 319
Shenxiao 32, 248
Sheyang zhenzhong fang 194
Shi Tai 121 Shidao 314
shifu 42, 54, 59, 96, 251, 255
shihu 175 Shiji 19, 22, 267 Shijing 314 shiye 54, 255
shouyi 206–8, 211, 214, 231, 317, 327 see also apophatic meditation
Shu 23, 67, 69
Shuojing tai 267 see also Louguan
sickness 106, 137, 151–2, 157, 174–5, 180, 182, 188, 191, 194, 198, 200,203, 220, 244, 326–7 siddhi see numinous abilities sihai see Four Hindrances silk see material culture
Silk Laozi see Mawangdui
Sima Chengzhen 29, 121, 183, 190–1, 210, 273, 283, 285
Sima Qian 19
Sima Tan 19, 22 Siming 171
simplicity 62–3, 88–90, 149, 155, 195–6, 241, 247 see also pu simulacra 303–4
Simulacra and Simulation 303
Singapore 308, 311–13
Singapore Taoist Mission see Taoist Mission of Singapore
Sinification 24, 275, 312, 322
Sinocentrism 13 Sinology 6, 31
sitting-in-forgetfulness see zuowang
Six Desires 132
Six Sounds 194, 328
Six Thieves 132
Six Vexations 153
Sixth Patriarch Zen Center 311
slaughtered animal flesh 117, 166, 179, 246, 249 see also blood; vegetarianism
Slaying the Crimson Dragon 222–3 sleep 139, 154, 193, 196, 272 Smart Ninian 5, 325
sobriety 60, 99, 166, 178, 220, 252, 320
social engagement 86 social organization 61–99, 312 Society of the Spectacle 303 somatic disciplines 243
Song dynasty 30–1, 68, 74, 132, 135, 153, 216, 220, 235, 247, 284, 288, 311, 320, 325
Songrongzi 47
Songshan 70, 268, 272–3, 283
soteriology x, 5, 27, 54, 71–2, 95, 105, 112, 131, 140, 176, 182, 191–2, 216, 218, 227, 295, 307, 321, 326–7 Source see Dao
Southern Celestial Masters 25, 70–1 Southern School see Nanzong space 281, 293, 295
Spanish Taoist Association see Associación de Taoísmo de España species extinction 171
spirit 85, 133, 172, 179, 182, 218, 266 see also yang-spirit spirit-writing 34, 309 spiritual capitalism 9, 311, 313 spiritual colonialism 305, 320 spiritual tourism 14, 313 spontaneity see ziran statuary see art; material culture
stillness 86, 91, 93, 149, 206–8, 210, 219, 255, 294, 317 storytelling see folklore straw dogs 92
Strickmann, Michel 6, 312, 326
Strickmannian view 6 Subduing the White Tiger 222 suchness see ziran suffering 137
Sun Buer 31, 76, 78–9, 220–1
Sun Mingrui 313
Sun Simiao 119, 177, 190, 193
Sun Youyue 71 Sundo 311
supernatural powers see numinous abilities
Sweet Dew see saliva swords 249, 252 symbol system (Geertz) 63, 101, 325 sympathizers 9, 85, 282, 318, 321 syncreticism 33, 286, 309
system of correspondences see Five Phases
T’ai-chi ch’üan see Taiji quan
Taichu 102
Taiji 104–5, 173, 227 see also differentiation; yin-yang
Taiji quan 188, 278, 322
Taiping 9, 11, 325 key scriptures of 233–4
Taiping jing 23, 228, 233
Taiqing 太清, lit. the Grand Pure One 11, 25, 50–2, 56, 71, 85, 116, 176, 211–12, 319 key scriptures of 234
Taiqing gong 99, 277, 308
Taiqing jing 234
Taiqing zhonghuang zhenjing see Zhonghuang jing
Taishan 119, 272
Taishang ganying pian see Ganying pian
Taishang laojun jinglü see Laojun jinglü
Taishi see Great Inception
Taiwan 35, 42, 52, 79, 252, 256, 260, 269, 305–9
Taiwan Daoist Association 307 Taiwei 173 taixi see embryonic respiration talismans 245, 248, 251, 256, 270, 294
Tan Chuduan 31 Tan Zixiao 32 tan-t’ien see dantian
Tang Chun 240
Tang dynasty 28–9, 53, 58, 71, 74–6, 124, 132, 153, 172, 190–1, 216, 228,
235, 246–7, 249, 267, 273–5, 277, 288, 290, 309–10, 320
Tao see Dao
Tao family 288
Tao Garden Health Spa 313
Tao Groups see Popular Western Taoism
Tao Hongjing 26, 55, 71–3, 75, 121, 174, 235, 268, 282–3, 285, 321
Tao Kedou 55, 71, 321
Tao Qian 283
Tao Yoga see Healing Tao tao-chia see daojia tao-chiao see daojiao
Tao-ist see Popular Western Taoism
Tao-te ching see Daode jing
Tao-tsang see Daozang
Taoism see Daoism
Taoism and the Arts of China 293
Taoism of the Sage Religion 153–4
Taoist see Daoist
Taoist Health Institute 285–6
Taoist Mission of Singapore 312
Taoist Restoration Society 315
Taoist Studies Institute 315
Taoist Tai Chi Society 297, 315
Taoist Yoga (misnomer) see Daoyin; internal alchemy tapping the teeth 180, 191, 201, 203, 258 TCM see Traditional Chinese Medicine te see de tea 166, 179
teachers 5, 17, 21, 40, 42–4, 48–9, 52, 60, 76, 85, 95–6, 98, 113, 158, 197–
8, 211, 217, 231, 251, 287, 291 see also shifu teachings 5, 17
Techniques of the Dao see daoshu
temples 117, 135, 161, 251, 265–79, 282, 288, 295–8, 308, 326 indigenous Chinese terms for 276 see also specific temples
Ten Demons 132
Ten Deviances 153
Ten Precepts of Initial Perfection 160–1 ten thousand things 104, 111
Ten Virtues of Celestial Immortality 161
terrestrial qi 103, 109 texts 5–7, 21, 226, 233 extra-canonical collections of 239, 289
Thailand 308, 311, 313 theatre 198, 243 theocentrism 104
theocracy 23–25, 67, 70, 73, 234, 268
theology 5, 91, 101, 110–15, 131, 171, 184, 192, 216, 246, 273, 318, 321 types of 110
Thief Zhi 47, 151
thought see doctrine; philosophy; worldview
Three Assemblies 245
Three Bureaus 24, 151, 245
Three Caverns 27, 237, 320
Three Death-bringers 129–31, 171–2, 310
Three Essentials 293
Three Heavens 56, 85, 116, 216, 246, 259, 292–3, 321
Three Hun 129–30
Three Hundred Precepts of Medium Ultimate 161
Three Officials 118, 259
Three Passes 136, 293
Three Pengs 130
Three Poisons 132, 153
Three Powers 24, 103
Three Primes 245
Three Purities see Sanqing
Three Radiances 253
Three Refuges see Three Treasures
Three Sovereigns see Sanhuang
Three Teachings 137
Three Treasures 18, 30, 43, 84–5, 99, 118, 133, 150, 225, 251, 259, 293, 322 Three Worlds 253 thunder magic 32, 248
Tian family 51
Tian Shu 51
Tian Zifang 47 Tianfei 33 tianmendong 131, 170, 176 tianming see Mandate of Heaven
Tianshi 9, 17–18, 21, 23, 25, 51–4, 58, 67, 76–7, 83, 116–18, 161, 193, 268,
272, 283, 295, 322–3, 325 dangers of privileging 6, 9 and early organized Daoism 11, 17, 26, 71 founding revelation of 23, 54–5, 277 history of 23–5
key scriptures of 24, 233 ritual in 118, 244–5, 248, 250 social organization of 67–71, 157, 275 worldview of 24, 94, 151–2, 156–9, 322
see also Zhengyi
Tianshi dong 268, 277
Tianshi fu 277
Tianxian jie 59, 160–1, 236, 291, 322
Tianxin 32, 248, 311–12
Tiaoqi jing 194
Title Index to Daoist Collections xiii, 239
Toba-Wei dynasty 73, 268 Tomb for Reviving the Dead 65 tong see connection Tongbo zhenren zhentu zan 56
Tongchu 32, 248 topknots 250, 253, 290
tourism ix, 14, 72, 75, 121, 265–6, 277–8, 306, 309, 313, 324 see also spiritual tourism
tradition ix, 6–7, 9–10, 14, 17–18, 39, 43–4, 51, 73, 83, 85, 98–9, 225, 285,
287, 289–90, 298, 305, 307, 313, 318, passim see also chuantong traditional Chinese cosmology 105, 107–8, 323
traditional Chinese culture 3–4, 10, 13, 34, 40, 141, 195, 198, 202, 216, 228–9, 281–2, 296, 304–5, 308, 317, 322 Traditional Chinese Medicine 108, 195, 322, 327 traditional Chinese worldview 105, 125, 138, 165, 323
training 12, 33, 35, 40–2, 58, 60, 63, 65–7, 69, 71, 74, 76, 78–9, 92, 95–7,
124–5, 140, 145, 149–50, 167, 172, 176, 180, 182, 184, 190–2, 196–
7, 207, 210, 217–19, 235, 244, 248, 252, 257–8, 260, 268, 278, 292,
308, 313 tranquil sitting see jingzuo transcendence see immortality transcendents see immortals
transformation 92, 102, 106, 112, 114, 116, 120, 125, 128, 132, 134, 139, 139, 147, 151, 153, 162, 181, 191, 200, 216, 233, 241, 246, 275, 293, 318, 323
translation xiv, 19, 226–7, 236
transmission 7, 9, 11, 17, 20, 43, 46, 51–2, 73, 85, 98, 109, 191, 225–8, 231, 234, 236, 239, 250–1, 267, 270, 274, 291, 298, 305, 310, 312 Travelling Canteen 175 trees 89–90, 113, 115, 287, 291 trigram see Eight Trigrams truncated tradition 6 Tujing yanyi bencao 170 Turquoise Pond 22 turtles 64, 90, 151
Twelve Sections 238
Twelve Sleeping Exercises 198–9 Twenty-four Nodes Daoyin 198, 202 twenty-four nodes 202–3, 251
Twenty-seven Virtuous Activities of Celestial Immortality 161
Twenty-seven Xiang’er Precepts 94, 156, 233 two-soul model 125
Twofold Mystery see Chongxuan tzu-jan see ziran
ultimate concern (Tillich) 3, 42, 44, 73, 85, 110, 318, 325 uncarved block see pu
UNESCO World Heritage Site 273, 279
Unity Sect see Yiguan dao
universal salvation 26–8, 228, 246, 250, 256, 259, 319
Universal Tao see Healing Tao Unschuld, Paul 326 uselessness 89–90
utopianism 23, 69, 71, 234 see also theocracy
values 65, 67, 69, 71–2, 83, 87–94, 145, 159, 167, 297, 303 see also doctrine; worldview Valussi, Elena 222 veganism 179
vegetarianism 60, 64, 99, 178–9, 252, 291, 320 vestments see clothing
Victorian view of Daoism 4–5
Vietnam 308 view see worldview Vimalakīrti Sūtra 67 Vipassanā 29 virtue see also de visualization 29, 109, 135, 173, 182, 191, 198, 205, 211–16, 234, 256, 271 vital essence 85, 108, 133, 168, 172, 181–2, 187, 191, 203, 208, 218, 221,
223, 231, 253 vitality 187–92 see also health; longevity vocation 60, 96
Waley, Arthur 328
Wang Bi 21, 46, 240, 318
Wang Changyue 33, 58, 236, 278, 282, 319, 322
Wang Chuyi 31
Wang Daoyi 27, 267
Wang Jie 241
Wang Ka 239
Wang Lingguan 119, 259
Wang Ni 48
Wang Wei 283
Wang Xizhi 283
Wang Xuanpu 121
Wang Yuanzhi 283
Wang Zhe 31, 53–4, 56–7, 65, 78–9, 121, 218, 232, 235, 268, 277–8, 320,
322
mystical experiences of 57 Wangzi Jin (Qiao) 56, 197 wanwu see ten thousand things
Warring States 7, 10, 17–18, 44, 105, 147, 319, 326
water xii, 17, 24, 86, 107, 118, 127, 133, 149–52, 156, 162, 166–7, 180, 226, 245, 270, 274, 284–5, 296, 318, 322
Waterwheel 133, 218, 223 Watson, Burton 328 websites see internet
Wei Huacun 26, 55–6, 76–7, 121, 182, 272, 321
Wei Jie 267
Wenchang 33, 119, 259
Wheelwright Pian 159, 230
White Cloud Institute 286
White Cloud Temple see Baiyun guan wild asparagus root see tianmendong wild foods 168, 170–71 wilderness see nature
wildness 63, 87, 89–90, 99, 134, 162, 175, 266, Woman Crookback see Nüyu
women 42, 75–9, 106, 220–3 see also femininity; gender; specific women
Wong, Eva 236 Wong Tai Sin 309 wood-block printing 238–9, 288 wood-cutters 64 work 159
World Wide Web see internet worldview 44, 81–142, 192, 227 worms see Nine Worms; parasitology
Wu Guang 51
Wu Jingnuan 285–6
Wu Yun 268, 283
Wudang shan 33, 119, 121, 237, 278
Wudao lu 236
Wudou sanyi tujue 215, 228
Wugan wen 245
Wuji 104, 190 see also nondifferentiation.
Wuqin xi see Five Animal Frolics
Wushang biyao 27
wuwei 13, 21, 88, 93–4, 147, 154–5, 190, 192, 206, 322 wuxing see Five Phases wuya see Five Sprouts wuyue see Five Marchmounts Wuyue guben zhenxing tu 270–1
Wuyue zhenxing tu 270
Wuzhen pian 217, 236, 284
Xi Kang see Ji Kang xianfeng daogu 283 Xiang’er see Laozi xiang’er zhu
Xiang’er Precepts see Twenty-Seven Xiang’er Precepts xiangu see immortal bones
Xiangu guan 279 Xianmen Zigao 51 xianren see immortals xiantai see immortal embryo xiao zhoutian see Lesser Celestial Cycle
Xiaodao lun 134 “Xiaoyao you” 285
xiaoyao you see carefree wandering Xiaozai huming jing 259 xin see heart-mind xin daojia see “New Daojia” xing see innate nature Xingshi guan 71 xinke see New Code xinzhai 206, 208–9, 317
Xisheng jing 27, 116, 140–1, 231, 268
Xiuzhen shishu 199–201
Xiuzhen tu 136
Xiwangmu 21, 77, 115–16, 221
Xu daozang 237
Xu family 55–6, 283, 288, 321
Xu Huangmin 26
Xu Hui 26, 55, 268
Xu Laile 51
Xu Mai 26, 55
Xu Mi 26, 55, 268
Xu Wugui 47 Xu Xun 32
xuan 292 see also mysteriousness
Xuanfeng 31
Xuanhua 253
Xuanjiao yuan 75
Xuankong si 272
Xuanmen gongke 59, 257–60
Xuanwu 33, 119, 278, 295
Xuanxue 25, 46, 234, 240
Xue Shi 121
Xue Tailai 266, 279
Yan Zun 64
Yanchengzi 47–8
Yang Xi 26, 54–6, 71, 77, 182, 283, 321
Yang Xiong 64 Yang Xizhen 32
yang-spirit 30, 107, 129, 134, 138, 140, 213, 216
Yangsheng lun 196
Yangsheng yaoji 196
Yangsheng 30, 152, 166–7, 171, 180, 187–204, 216, 254, 306, 310–11 and Daoyin 197–204
and respiratory techniques 192–5 Daoist views of 189–92 historical origins of 187–9 parameters of 195–6
see also Daoyin; respiratory techniques; specific practices
Yangxing yanming lu 196
Yao people 35, 44, 311–12
Yaochi jinmu 116
Yaowang 119, 190
Yellow Emperor see Huangdi Yellow Register Rite 247
Yellow Turbans see Huangjin
Yiguan dao 309
Yijing 30, 216–17, 240, 285
Yin Tong 27, 73, 320
Yin Xi 20, 27, 73, 140–1, 231, 267–8, 277–8, 320
yin-yang 69, 102–3, 105–6, 110, 113, 139, 149, 153, 165–7, 169, 173, 184, 253, 285, 293, 296, 318, 322–3 see also cosmology
Yin-yang jia 105 Yinfu jing 235–6, 240 yinshi 62
Yinshizi jingzuo fa 219
Yinshu 188–9, 194
Yintang 251
Yoga see Daoyin
Yongcheng jixian lu 77
Yongle Emperor 237
Yongle gong 295
Yongquan 109, 193
Yuan dynasty 32, 71, 74, 97, 217, 220, 241
Yuan Xian 63 “Yuandao” 240–41 yuanfen 44
Yuanshi tianzun 26, 85, 116, 226, 235, 318 see also Sanqing
Yue Chongdai 308
Yue family 51
Yue Jugong 51
Yue Xiagong 51
Yue Yang 51
Yue Yi 51
Yuen Yuen Institute 297, 309
Yuhuang 118, 223, 257, 293
“Yuhua dengxian” 285
Yuhuang xinyin jing 259 Yuk Hui Temple 309 yulu see discourse records Yunji qiqian 131, 134 yunyou see cloud-wandering Yunzhong yinsong xinke jiejing 70
Yuqing 56, 85, 116
Yuquan yuan 99, 272, 277, 279
Yuxian qiao 269
Yuyi jielin tu 183
Yuzhen 203
Zangwai daoshu 239 zaohua see transformation Zeyang 47
zhai-purification 245, 247–50 Zhang Boduan 121, 217, 236, 284
Zhang Daoling 6, 23, 52, 54, 68–9, 77, 121, 259, 268, 275, 282, 322–23
Zhang Enpu 53, 307
Zhang family 52, 55, 68, 326
Zhang Guoxiang 237
Zhang Heng 23, 55, 68
Zhang Jiyu 53, 239, 307, 323
Zhang Jue 23
Zhang Lu 23–4, 52, 55, 68–9, 94, 152, 233
Zhang Sanfeng 119, 121, 278
Zhang Wanfu 246–7
Zhang Yuanxian 53, 307
Zhang Yuanxu 53, 307
Zhang Yuchu 237
Zhang Yuqing 237
Zhangjiashan 188
Zhao Xujing 58
Zhen’gao 26, 55, 77, 235, 268, 321, 326
Zheng Yin 50, 270, 319 Zhengtong daozang 33, 237
zhengyan see experiential confirmation
Zhengyi 11, 23, 30, 33–5, 42, 52, 79, 153, 178, 250, 252, 275, 277, 289–90,
309, 317, 322–3 contemporary ritual of 256–7, 260 important modern sacred sites of 278
in modern China 306–7 see also Tianshi
zhenren see Perfected Zhenwu 33, 119, 259, 278 zhi see excrescences zhi see parishes Zhicao pin 178
Zhong Ziqi 284–5
Zhong-Lü 30–1, 97, 120, 200, 216, 236
Zhong-Lü chuandao ji see Chuandao ji
Zhongguo daojiao xiehui 35, 239, 257, 277, 307–8, 313, 317, 320, 323
Zhonghe ji 236
Zhonghua daozang 239
Zhonghuang jing 172–3
Zhongji jie 59, 160–1, 236, 291, 322
Zhongli Quan 30, 53, 57, 121, 200, 216, 269, 322 zhongmin see seed people Zhongnan 27, 66, 73, 267, 269, 275
Zhongxiao 32
Zhou Ziliang 72
Zhouzhi ce 75
Zhu Ziyang 226
Zhuang Zhou 8, 19–20, 46–7, 92–3, 150, 228, 282, 323
“Zhuang Zhou mengdie” 285
Zhuang Zun see Yan Zun
Zhuang-Chen Dengyun 257, 307
Zhuang-Lin xu daozang 289
Zhuangzi 장자 7–8, 18–19, 22, 45–50, 62–4, 76, 86–7, 89–91, 93, 102–3, 111– 12, 125–7, 138–9, 150–1, 159, 180, 189–90, 192–4, 227, 230–1,234, 236, 266, 275, 323, 326, 329 and classical Daoism 7, 14 and “philosophical Daoism” 5 as multi-vocal anthology 7, 20, 46 meditation according to, 208–10 see also Nanhua zhenjing
Zhuangzi see Zhuang Zhou
Zhuping Man 63
Zikui 47–8 Ziqi 47–8
ziran 自然 88–90, 103, 104, 109, 111, 147, 151, 154–5, 285, 323
zither see qin Ziwei furen 77
Zixiao gong 278
Ziyou 47–8
Zongsheng gong 267 see also Louguan
Zou Yan 105
Zu Shu 32, 76 Zuo Ci 50 zuowang 206, 208–9, 317
Zuowang lun 29, 210 Zuqiao 203 zuting see ancestral halls
