[넬슨 만델라의 서거] 한국은 만델라에게서 무엇을 배울것인가?
만델라의 서거에 이어 세계각국의 국가대표부터 민간인 개인까지 애도를 표시한다. 만델라만큼 세계적으로 존경을 받는 인물은 간디정도를 빼고는 없는 듯하다. 백인이나 흑인이나, 한국인이나, 일본인이나 모두가 존경과 애도를 표시한다. 그런데 만델라의 업적의 무엇이 존경의 대상이 되는 것일까. 한가지는 흑인들의 인권운동으로서의 흑인차별정책과 싸와온 그의 투쟁이며 리더쉽이겠다. 그러나 그가 존경받는 이유, 또는 노벨상을 받은 이유는 다른데 있다. 그것은 흑인들이 권력을 차지했을때 백인들을 숙청하지 않고 그들을 용서하고 그들과 화합하는 길을 선택하여 남아프리카의평화와 안정을 가져오고 세계에 모범을 보였다는 것에 있다.
한국이 남아프리카와 만델라에게서 배울 것은 만델라가 서거하기 전부터 너무나 당연히 과거의 가해자를 용서하고 그들과 화해를 하는 방식이었다. 한국에서는 첫째로 일본과의 관계를 개선하는 것이다. 한국에서는 이제까지는 소위 "국민의 정서"라는 이름으로 증오심을 애국심으로 조장하는 길을 택하여 왔다. 일본에서는 그 반일감정에 대한 반응으로 또 반한감정이 일어난다. 밖에서 한국을 드려다 보면, 한국서는 일본에 나쁜일이 일어나기를 바래는 것 같이 보인다. 일본에 지진 같은 나쁜일이 일어나면, "잘 됬다 나쁜 짓을 하니 천벌을 받았다. 조금 더 받아야 한다"하는 반응이 되풀이하여 일어 난다. 그런데 그런 반응에 한 사회로서 정신건강상의 문제가 있다는 지적은 거의 볼 수가 없다. 그런 나라사람들이 만델라를 존경한다는 것은 뭐를 보고 존경한다는 것인지 묻지 않을 수 없다. 한국에 살면서 이런 지적을 하면 사회적으로 매장될 가능성이 높다. 나도 한국에 살면서 이런 이야기를 할 수 있는지는 모르겠다. 한국은 한국의 정신적인 성장을 위해서 일본과 화해를 하여야 겠다. 어린 아이들에게 더 이상 애국이라는 이름으로 증오를 가르처서는 않된다.
이병철
13 September 2019 ·
-한가위에 한편의 영화와 한 권의 책을/
-영화/'우리가 꿈꾸는 기적: 인빅터스'
-책/'넬슨 만델라의 위대한 협상'
한가위날 아침 하늘이 청명하다.
하늘에도 가을의 빛과 향기가 흠뻑 묻어나는 것 같다.
고맙다. 하늘은 인간사의 선악과 피아의 대결구조를 따지지 않고
눈부신 햇살과 맑은 바람을 차별없고 가림없이 베푼다. 어디에도 편가름과 진영과 정파와 색깔의 구분이 없다. 천지부모라는 말이 가슴에 다가온다.
며칠 전에 본 한 편의 영화가 아직도 가슴 깊은 먹먹함으로 남아 있다. 이 영화를 최근 극심한 진영논리의 진흙탕 속에서 상처받고 좌절한 이들에게 위로와 희망이 되리라 여겨 함께 권하고 싶다.
아직 이 영화를 보지 못했다면 꼭 보기를 추천한다.
나는 지금과 같은 비이성적 진영논리의 망령에서 하루 속히 깨어나지 못하는 한 이 나라는 망국적 나락으로 빠질 수밖에 없다는 불길한 예감을 지울 수가 없다. 이런 내 예감이 한갓 노파심이기를 바라지만, 그럼에도 예상되는 상황은 더욱 우려스럽고 불길하다.
내가 이 영화를 강력히 추천하는 것은 이해와 입장이 다른 이들을, 서로 적대적 관계로, 원수로 맞섰던 이들을 전쟁과 학살이 아니라 화해와 공생의 길로 어떻게 이끌어 내었던가를 실제로 보여준 한 정치지도자의 일화를 감동적읋 담았기 때문이다.
그래서 아직 이 영화를 보지 못한 이들은 추석, 이 연휴동안 이 한 편의 영화를 보았으면 하는 마음이다. 넬슨 만델라가 제시하고 걸었던 그 길이 우리에게도 길과 희망이 될 수 있다고 믿기 때문이다.
아울러 한 권의 책도 함께 소개한다.
책, '넬슨 만델라의 위대한 협상'이다.
나도 이 책은 아직 못 읽어 오늘 주문하려고 한다.
출판사의 책소개 글 한편을 여기에 옮긴다.
한가위 명절, 건강과 평화와 기쁨이 함께 하시기를 마음 모은다.
-문화적으로 맹렬하게 충돌하는
우리 시대의 필독서/
인종 전쟁을 막은
인간적 공감과 합리적 이성의 힘
적의 시선으로 바라본
넬슨 만델라.
'1990년, 아파르트헤이트(남아공의 인종차별 정책) 종식이 선언된 뒤 백인들은 흑인들의 보복이 두려웠던 나머지 병력을 모아 무장투쟁을 벌였고, 흑인 극단주의자들은 만델라가 너무 온건하다며 비난했다. 인종 간 대규모 무력 충돌의 위험이 만연해 있었던 것이다.
만델라는 이런 극단적인 대치 상황을 해결하기 위해 협상을 시도한다. 상대는 과거에 남아공 군대를 이끈 장군이자 백인들이 무장투쟁을 이끌 지도자로 추대한 콘스탄드 빌욘이었다. 그는 과거에 정권의 무자비한 탄압에 맞서 무장투쟁을 벌인 만델라를 신뢰하지 않았다. 게다가 백인들의 자유와 권리를 지키기 위해서는 무력 충돌이 불가피하다고 믿는 인물이었다.
그러나 만델라는 상대방에 대한 공감과 합리적인 이성에 바탕한 진솔한 대화로 빌욘을 설득해낸다. 만델라는 인종차별을 당연시하도록 교육받아온 백인들이 흑인들을 얕잡아볼 수밖에 없다는 것을, 백인들이 정치권력을 장악하려는 흑인들에게 두려움을 느낄 수밖에 없다는 것을 공감한다. 그러곤 이성에 의지하여 “백인들이 느끼는 두려움과 흑인들이 품고 있는 정당한 열망을 조화롭게 풀어갈 방법”을 찾아보자고 제안한다. 이러한 협상으로 빌욘 장군의 마음을 돌림으로써 만델라는 남아공에 민주 정부를 정착시키고 350여 년에 걸친 인종 분규를 종식시킨다.
만델라가 빌욘을 설득하는 과정은 우리에게 오늘날의 정치 양극화와 문화 충돌을 어떻게 풀어야 할지 시사한다. 갈등 상황에서 공감과 이성이 얼마나 큰 힘을 발휘하는지를 보여주는 이 이야기는, 수많은 화해 시도가 암울한 결과로 이어지고 마는 것을 수없이 보아온 한국인에게는 더 의미 있게 다가올 것이다.
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52You, 崔明淑, 박정미 and 49 others
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Namgok Lee 우리 상황은 만델라가 만난 상황 보다는 덜 심각할지 모릅니다.
그런데 세상사는 그 심각성과 해결의 어려움이 비례하는 것 같지는 않습니다.
때로는 절체절명의 위기가 극적인 반전을 가능케도 하는 것 같습니다.…See more
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이병철 이남곡 형님도 건강과 평화가 함께 하는 한가위 되십시오.
Invictus (film)
| Invictus | |
|---|---|
 Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Clint Eastwood |
| Produced by |
|
| Screenplay by | Anthony Peckham |
| Based on | Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation by John Carlin |
| Starring | |
| Music by | |
| Cinematography | Tom Stern |
| Edited by | |
Production company | Liberty Pictures[1] |
| Distributed by | Warner Bros. Pictures |
Release date |
|
Running time | 133 minutes |
| Country | United States South Africa[1] |
| Language | Afrikaans English Māori Southern Sotho Xhosa Zulu |
| Budget | $50–60 million[2][3] |
| Box office | $122.2 million[2] |
Invictus is a 2009 biographical sports drama film directed by Clint Eastwood and starring Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. The story is based on the 2008 John Carlin book Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game That Made a Nation about the events in South Africa before and during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. The Springboks were not expected to perform well, the team having only recently returned to high-level international competition following the dismantling of apartheid—the country was hosting the World Cup, thus earning an automatic entry. Freeman and Damon play the South African President Nelson Mandela and François Pienaar, respectively. François was the captain of the South Africa rugby union team, the Springboks.[4]
Invictus was released in the United States on December 11, 2009. The title refers to the Roman divine epithet Invictus and may be translated from the Latin as "undefeated" or "unconquered". "Invictus" is also the title of a poem, referred to in the film, by British poet William Ernest Henley (1849–1903). The film was met with positive critical reviews and earned Academy Award nominations for Freeman (Best Actor) and Damon (Best Supporting Actor). The film grossed $122.2 million on a budget of $50–60 million.[2]
Plot[edit]
On 11 February 1990, Nelson Mandela is released from Victor Verster Prison after having spent 27 years in jail.[5] Four years later, Mandela is elected the first black President of South Africa. His presidency faces enormous challenges in the post-Apartheid era, including rampant poverty and crime, and Mandela is particularly concerned about racial divisions between black and white South Africans, which could lead to violence. The ill will which both groups hold towards each other is seen even in his own security detail where relations between the established white officers, who had guarded Mandela's predecessors, and the black ANC additions to the security detail, are frosty and marked by mutual distrust.
While attending a game between the Springboks, the country's rugby union team, and England, Mandela recognises that some black people in the stadium are cheering for England, and not their own country, as the mostly-white Springboks represent prejudice and apartheid in their minds; he remarks that he did the same while imprisoned on Robben Island. Knowing that South Africa is set to host the 1995 Rugby World Cup in one year's time, Mandela persuades a meeting of the newly black-dominated South African Sports Committee to support the Springboks. He then meets with the captain of the Springboks rugby team, François Pienaar (Matt Damon), and implies that a Springboks victory in the World Cup will unite and inspire the nation. Mandela also shares with François a British poem, "Invictus", that had inspired him during his time in prison.
François and his teammates train. Many South Africans, both black and white, doubt that rugby will unite a nation torn apart by nearly 50 years of racial tensions, as for many black people, especially the radicals, the Springboks symbolise white supremacy. Both Mandela and Pienaar, however, stand firmly behind their theory that the game can successfully unite the South African country.
Things begin to change as the players interact with the fans and begin a friendship with them. During the opening games, support for the Springboks begins to grow among the black population. By the second game, the whole country comes together to support the Springboks and Mandela's efforts. Mandela's security team also grows closer as the racially diverse officers come to respect their comrades' professionalism and dedication.
As Mandela watches, the Springboks defeat one of their arch-rivals—Australia, the defending champions and known as the Wallabies—in their opening match. They then continue to defy all expectations and, as Mandela conducts trade negotiations in Taiwan, defeat France in heavy rain to advance to the final against their other arch-rival: New Zealand, known as the All Blacks. New Zealand and South Africa were universally regarded as the two greatest rugby nations, with the Springboks then the only side to have a winning record (20–19–2) against the All Blacks, since their first meeting in 1921.
Before the game, the Springbok team visits Robben Island, where Mandela spent the first 18 of his 27 years in jail. There, Pienaar is inspired by Mandela's will and his idea of self-mastery in "Invictus". François mentions his amazement that Mandela "could spend thirty years in a tiny cell, and come out ready to forgive the people who put [him] there".
Supported by a large home crowd of all races at Ellis Park Stadium in Johannesburg, Pienaar motivates his teammates for the final. Mandela's security detail receives a scare when, just before the match, a South African Airways Boeing 747-200 jetliner flies in low over the stadium. It is not an assassination attempt though, but a demonstration of patriotism, with the message "Good Luck, Bokke"—the Springboks' Afrikaans nickname—painted on the undersides of the plane's wings. Mandela also famously arrives onto the field before the match wearing a Springbok cap and a replica of Pienaar's #6 jersey.
The Springboks complete their run by beating the All Blacks 15–12 in extra time, thanks to a drop goal from fly-half Joel Stransky. Mandela and Pienaar meet on the field together to celebrate the improbable and unexpected victory, and Mandela hands Pienaar the William Webb Ellis Cup, signaling that the Springboks are indeed rugby union's world champions. Mandela's car then drives away in the traffic-jammed streets leaving the stadium. As Mandela watches South Africans celebrating together in the street from his car, his voice is heard reciting "Invictus" again.
Cast[edit]
- Morgan Freeman as Nelson Mandela, the head of the African National Congress, who has become the first black President of South Africa
- Matt Damon as Francois Pienaar, the Springboks' captain and blindside flanker
- Tony Kgoroge as Jason Tshabalala
- Adjoa Andoh as Brenda Mazibuko
- Julian Lewis Jones as Etienne Feyder[6]
- Patrick Mofokeng as Linga Moonsamy
- Matt Stern as Hendrick Booyens
- Marguerite Wheatley as Nerine Winter, Pienaar's wife
- Patrick Lyster as François Pienaar's father
- Leleti Khumalo as Mary
- McNeil Hendricks as Chester Williams, the Springboks' left wing and the only black player on the team
- Scott Eastwood as Joel Stransky, the Springboks' fly half and goal kicker
- Zak Feaunati as Jonah Lomu, the All Blacks' left wing, considered the best player in the world
- Grant L. Roberts as Ruben Kruger, the Springboks' openside flanker
- Rolf E. Fitschen as Naka Drotské, the Springboks' reserve hooker
- Vaughn Thompson as Rudolf Straeuli, the Springboks' reserve flanker
- Robin B. Smith as Johan de Villiers, sport commentator.
- Charl Engelbrecht as Garry Pagel, the Springboks' reserve prop
- Graham Lindemann as Kobus Wiese, the Springboks' number 4 lock
- Louis Minnaar as Springbok Coach
- Sean Cameron Michael as Springbok Equipment Manager
- Danny Keogh as Louis Luyt
- Bonnie Henna as Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane
- Kgosi Mongape as Sipho
- David Dukas as the pilot of the Boeing 747 who flew low over Ellispark Stadium just prior to the appearance of Mandela on the field before the game started
- Hennie Bosman as Racist Rugby Coach
Production[edit]
The film is based on the book Playing the Enemy: Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation by John Carlin.[7] The filmmakers met with Carlin for a week in his Barcelona home, discussing how to transform the book into a screenplay.[8] Filming began in March 2009 in Cape Town. Primary filming in South Africa was completed in May 2009.[8]
Morgan Freeman was the first actor to be cast, as Mandela. Matt Damon was then cast as team captain François, despite being significantly smaller than him[9] and much smaller than members of the current Springbok squad.[10] He was given intensive coaching by Chester Williams, another star of the 1995 team, at the Gardens Rugby League Club.[11] "In terms of stature and stars, this certainly is one of the biggest films ever to be made in South Africa," said Laurence Mitchell, the head of the Cape Film Commission.[12] On March 18, 2009, Scott Eastwood was cast as flyhalf Joel Stransky (whose drop goal provided the Springboks' winning margin in the 1995 final).[13] Over Christmas 2008, auditions had taken place in London to try to find a well-known British actor to play Pienaar's father, but in March it was decided to cast a lesser-known South African actor instead.[14] Zak Fe'aunati, who had previously played professionally for Bath, was cast as Jonah Lomu,[15] while Grant L. Roberts was cast as Ruben Kruger, who was the Springboks' other starting flanker in 1995. Chester Williams was also involved with the project to teach rugby to those of the cast playing players who had not played it before, while Freeman and Williams also became involved with the ESPN 30 For 30 film The 16th Man. Filming of the final also took place on location at Ellis Park Stadium, the actual venue for the 1995 final.
Release[edit]
Invictus opened in 2,125 theaters in North America at #3 with US$8,611,147 and was the largest opening for a rugby-themed film. The film held well and ultimately earned $37,491,364 domestically and $84,742,607 internationally for a total of $122,233,971, above its $60 million budget.[2]
Home media release[edit]
The film was released on May 18, 2010 on DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Special features include
- Matt Damon Plays Rugby
- Invictus music trailer
The Blu-ray release included a digital copy and additional special features:
- Vision, Courage and Honor: Diplo and the Power of a True Story
- Mandela Meets Morgan
- The SmoothieWolf Factor documentary excerpts
- Picture-in-Picture exploration with cast, crew and the real people who lived this true story
Reception[edit]
The film was met with generally positive reviews. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 77% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 244 reviews, with an average score of 6.61/10. The website's critical consensus is: "Delivered with typically stately precision from director Clint Eastwood, Invictus may not be rousing enough for some viewers, but Matt Damon and Morgan Freeman inhabit their real-life characters with admirable conviction."[16] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 74 out of 100, based on 34 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".[17]
Critic David Ansen wrote:[18]
Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars[19] and wrote:
Shave Magazine's Jake Tomlinson wrote:[20]
Variety's Todd McCarthy wrote:[21]
Awards and honors[edit]
| Organization | Award | Person | Result | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Academy Awards | Best Actor | Morgan Freeman | Nominated | [22] |
| Best Supporting Actor | Matt Damon | Nominated | ||
| Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards | Best Film | Nominated | [23] | |
| Best Director | Clint Eastwood | Nominated | ||
| Best Actor | Morgan Freeman | Nominated | ||
| Best Supporting Actor | Matt Damon | Nominated | ||
| Cesar Awards | Cesar Award for Best Foreign Film | Nominated | [24] | |
| ESPY Awards | Best Sports Movie | Nominated | [25] | |
| Golden Globe Awards | Best Actor in a Leading Role – Motion Picture Drama | Morgan Freeman | Nominated | [26] |
| Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture | Matt Damon | Nominated | ||
| Best Director – Motion Picture | Clint Eastwood | Nominated | ||
| Movieguide Awards | Faith & Freedom Award for Movies | Won [notes 1] | [27] | |
| NAACP Image Awards | Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture | Morgan Freeman | Won | [28] |
| Outstanding Motion Picture | Nominated | [29] | ||
| Outstanding Writing in a Motion Picture (Theatrical or Television) | Anthony Peckham | Nominated | ||
| National Board of Review | Freedom of Expression Award | Won | [30] | |
| NBR Award for Best Director | Clint Eastwood | Won | ||
| NBR Award for Best Actor | Morgan Freeman | Won [notes 2] | ||
| Producers Guild of America Award | Darryl F. Zanuck Producer of the Year Award in Theatrical Motion | Clint Eastwood, Rob Lorenz, Lori McCreary, Mace Neufeld | Nominated | [31] |
| Screen Actors Guild Awards | Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role | Morgan Freeman | Nominated | [32] |
| Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role | Matt Damon | Nominated | ||
| WAFCA Awards | Best Actor | Morgan Freeman | Nominated | [33] |
| Best Director | Clint Eastwood | Nominated | ||
| Visual Effects Society Awards | Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Feature Motion Picture | Michael Owens, Geoff Hancock, Cyndi Ochs, Dennis Hoffman | Nominated | [34] |
- ^ tied with The Stoning of Soraya M.
- ^ tied with George Clooney for Up In The Air
Soundtrack[edit]
- "9000 days" – Overtone with Yollandi Nortjie
- "Invictus Theme" – Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens
- "Colorblind" – Overtone
- "Siyalinda" – Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens
- "World in Union 95" – Overtone with Yollande Nortjie
- "Madiba's theme" – Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens
- "Hamba Nathi" – Overtone with Yollande Nortjie
- "Thanda" – Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens
- "Shosholoza" – Overtone with Yollande Nortjie
- "Inkathi" – Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens
- "Ole Ole Ole—We Are The Champions" – Overtone with Yollandi Nortjie
- "Enqena (Anxious)" – Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens
- The South African National Anthem – Overtone
- "Ukunqoba (To Conquer)" – Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens
- "Victory" – Soweto String Quartet
- "Xolela (Forgiveness)" – Kyle Eastwood and Michael Stevens
- "The Crossing (Osiyeza)" – Overtone with Yollandi Nortjie
- "9,000 days (acoustic)" – Emile Welman
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "Invictus". American Film Institute. Retrieved February 26,2017.
- ^ a b c d "Invictus". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ Thompson, Anne (June 10, 2009). "Produced By Conference: Are Boomers Abandoning Movies?". Variety. Archived from the original on June 14, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ Stephensen, Hunter (March 14, 2009). "First Look: Clint Eastwood's The Human Factor with Matt Damon". Slash Film. Archived from the original on 2012-06-04. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
- ^ Archive: Nelson Mandela's 'walk to freedom' in 1990 after his release from prison, retrieved 2017-06-20
- ^ Turner, Rob (March 22, 2009). "Life on the set with Clint Eastwood, by Welsh actor". Wales on Sunday. Retrieved May 6, 2009.
- ^ Leyes, Nick (March 15, 2009). "François Pienaar takes rugby union to Hollywood. Somanth as François Pienaar' brother". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
- ^ a b Interview with Carlin, BBC Radio 5, May 21, 2009
- ^ "Photo showing Freeman and Damon at premiere". IMDB.com. Retrieved May 30, 2011.
- ^ "Photo". celebrity-gossip.net. Archived from the original on July 23, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2010.
- ^ Rappe, Elisabeth (March 16, 2009). "Matt Damon Goes Blond For 'The Human Factor'". Cinematical.com. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
- ^ [dead link]"Matt Damon injured at rugby union training". The Times (South Africa). March 8, 2009. Archived from the original on April 11, 2009. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
- ^ White, James (March 18, 2009). "Scott Eastwood joins the Mandela pic: Clint casts his son ..." TotalFilm.com. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
- ^ Jones, Alice-Azania (March 16, 2009). "Pandora: An accent beyond the best of British". The Independent. Retrieved March 31, 2009.
- ^ (March 25, 2009). Zak Feaunati to play Jonah Lomu in film, BBC News. Retrieved on May 6, 2009.
- ^ "Invictus (2009)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ "Invictus Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved March 20, 2018.
- ^ David Ansen (November 25, 2009). "'Invictus': A Whole New Ballgame". Newsweek. Retrieved December 7, 2009.
- ^ Roger Ebert (December 9, 2009). "Invictus". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved December 13, 2009.
- ^ Jake Tomlinson (December 10, 2009). "Review: Invictus". Shave. Retrieved December 23, 2009.
- ^ Todd McCarthy (November 27, 2009). "Invictus". Variety. Retrieved December 9, 2009.
- ^ "Academy Award nominations". Variety. February 2, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ Levine, Stuart (December 14, 2009). "BFCA announces its nominees". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ Keslassy, Elsa (February 25, 2011). "'Of Gods and Men' tops Cesar Awards". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ "Brees nominated for several ESPYS". ESPN. July 14, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ "67th Annual Golden Globes winners list". Variety. January 17, 2010. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ "2010 Movieguide Awards Winners". Movieguide Awards. 1 February 2010. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
- ^ Engelbrektson, Lisa (February 26, 2010). "'Precious' tops NAACP Awards". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ Engelbrektson, Lisa (January 6, 2010). "'Precious' tops NAACP nominations". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ Thielman, Sam (December 3, 2009). "NBR's best: 'Up in the Air'". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ McNary, Dave (January 5, 2010). "PGA unveils nominations". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ Barraclough, Leo (December 17, 2009). "SAG nominations list". Variety. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ Knegt, Peter (December 6, 2009). ""Up In The Air" Leads D.C. Critics Nods". Indiewire. Retrieved February 13, 2015.
- ^ "8th Annual VES Awards". visual effects society. Retrieved December 22, 2017.
External links[edit]
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