NOTES
Translator’s Introduction
1. As Professor Weintraub characterizes it in his Visions of Culture
(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1966), p. 212.
2. Johan Huizinga, The Waning of the Middle Ages, trans. F. Hopman
(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1954).
3. , 1989. Briefwisseling I 1894-1924 (Veen: Tjeenkwillink).
4. , 1972. America: A Dutch Historian’s Vision, from Afar and Near,
trans. and ed. Herbert H. Rowen (New York: Harper & Row). This volume
contains both Man and the Masses in America and Life and Thought in
America.
5. Pesch, A. J. van, 1932. “Levensbericht van F. J. Hopman,” in
Handelingen en Levensberichten van de Maatschappij der Nederlandsche
Letterkunde (Leiden: E. J. Brill), pp. 177-92.
6. In Johan Huizinga 1872-1972. Papers delivered to the Johan Huizinga
Conference Groningen 11-13 December 1972, eds. W. H. R. Coops et. al. (The
Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1973), pp. 91-103.
7. As we have translated the book’s title. We refer to the Hopman
translation as Waning.
8. Available in English as My Path to History, in Dutch Civilization in the
Seventeenth Century and Other Essays, ed. Pieter Geyl and F. W. N.
Hugenholtz, trans. Arnold J. Pomerans (New York: Frederick Unger
Publishing Co., 1968), pp. 244-76. This translation, too, leaves much to be
desired.
9. In the Shadow of Tomorrow, trans. J. H. Huizinga (New York: W. W.
Norton & Company, Inc. n.d.).
10. Homo Ludens: A Study of the Play-Element in Culture (Boston: The
Beacon Press, 1955).
Chapter 1
*1 “which is hideous to hear”
*2 “the most touching processions that had been seen in the memory of
men”
+3 “with great weeping, with many tears, with great devotion.”
+4 “and he so touched their hearts that everyone burst into tears and his
death was commended as the finest that was ever seen.”
*5 “There was a great multitude of people there, almost all of whom wept
hot tears.”
+6 “to the bread of adversity, to the water of affliction” (Isaiah 30:20).
+7 “in the style of the members of parliament”
*8 “the people, great and small, wept from the bottom of their hearts as if
they were watching their best friends being put into the ground, and so did
he.”
+? “sobbing and crying loudly at his departure.”
*10 “Meanwhile, they behaved like snails who pull in their horns when
people come near and put them out again when they don’t hear anything
anymore. After the said preacher had left the neighborhood, they began, in
a very short space of time, to behave as before and gradually to resume
wearing their old finery as large or larger than they had been.”
+11 “dressed in the deepest mourning, most pitiful to see; and because of
the great sorrow and grief they showed at the death of their said master,
many tears were shed and lamentations uttered throughout the said town.”
+12 “And God knows what doleful and piteous plaints they made,
mourning for their master.”
*13 “and even the wisest would lose his patience.”
*14 “Then were heard voices and cries and tears flowed and with one
accord they shouted: ‘We all, we all, my lord, will live and die with you.”
*15 “So stay then and suffer, and I will suffer for you, rather than see you
in want.”
+16 “says the one, ‘I have a thousand,’ the other, ‘Ten thousand,’ the
third, ‘I have this or that to put at your service and I am willing to share all
that might befall you.”
*17 “Good morning, your majesty, good morning; and what is this? Are
you playing at King Arthur, now, or is it Sir Lancelot?”
*18 “who, half reluctantly and with regret, took a Scottish groat out of his
purse and lent it to her.”
+19 “A certain little treatise on fortune, based on its inconstancy and
deceptive nature.”
+20 “a duke and a count and ten men, all on horseback.”
*21 “by the art of magic or in other ways.”
+22 “For princes are men, and their affairs are high and dangerous, and
their natures are subject to many passions such as hatred and envy and
their hearts are veritable dwelling places for these because of their pride in
reigning.”
*23 “he, who to avenge the outrage done to the person of the duke Jean
sustained the war for sixteen years.”
+24 “in the most violent and deadly rage he would give himself up to
revenge the dead, in so far as God would permit him, and he would risk
body and soul, possessions and lands, staking everything on the game and
on inconstant fortune, because he considered it more salutary and
agreeable to God to undertake the task than to leave it.”
*25 “in defiance of him.”
+26 “because they said I was a schismatic and believed in Benedict, the
antipope.”
*27 “at which the people were more delighted than if a new holy body
had been resurrected.”
*28 “and there was a great deal of laughter because they were all poor
men.”
*29 “the female dwarf of Mademoiselle of Burgundy”
+30 “to the father of Belon, the fool, who came to visit his daughter... ”
+31 “to chain up Belon, the fool, and the other to put around the neck of
the monkey of her grace, the Duchess.”
*32 “as if it had been washed in rose water.”
*33 “hot-tempered Picardy”
+34 Pride gives rise to every evil.
+35 Greed is the root of all evil.
*36 “a very pompous man, grasping, more worldly than his station
required.”
+37 “a man who showed very little pity to people, if he did not receive
money or another gift which was worthwhile; and it was told for truth that
he had more than fifty lawsuits in process, since nothing could be gotten
out of him without going to court.”
*38 “as a robber and murderer”
1. [Trans. (Throughout, all translators’ comments will be preceded by this
abbreviation in brackets)] Huizinga’s title is ‘s Levens felheid, literally, Life’s
Facets, and the fel carries the sense of something that affects the senses
strongly. Perhaps there is a bit of the idea of tension between states of mind
or emotion, spanning, as the span of a bridge, as well. The implication is
that medieval life, lived in such suspended tension between sharply, even
crassly, contrasting states, strongly affected people’s senses. This is the
beginning of a subtle, but forceful development of metaphor that is an
important part of Huizinga’s narrative technique.
2. Oeuvres de Georges Chastellain, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove, Bruxelles
1863-66; 8 vols., III, p. 44.
3. Chastellain, II, p. 267; Mémoires d’Olivier de la Marche, ed. Beaune et
d’Arbaumont (Soc. de l’historie de France), 1883-88; 4 vols., II, p. 248.
4. Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, ed. A. Tuetey (Publ. de la soc. de
Vhistorie de Paris, Doc. no. III), 1881, pp. 5, 56.
5. Journal d’un bourgeois, pp. 20-24. See Journal de Jean de Roye, dite
Chronique scandaleuse, ed. B. de Mandrot (Soc. de l’historie de France),
1894-96, 2 vols., I, p. 330.
6. Chastellain, III, p. 461; see V, p. 403.
7. Jean Juvenal des Ursins, Chronique, ed. Michaud et Poujoulat,
Nouvelle collection des mémoires, II, 1412, p. 474.
8. [Trans.] The image of the life of people as a dance to death: frequently
painted and depicted in poetry. See below, chap. 5.
9. See Journal d’un bourgeois, pp. 6, 70; Jean Molinet, Chronique, ed.
Buchon (Coll. de chron. nat.), 1827-28, 5 vols., IL p. 23; Lettres de Louis
XI, ed. Vaesen, Charavay, de Mandrot (Soc. de Vhist. de France), 1883-
1909, 11 vols., 20. Apr. 1477, VI, p. 158; Chronique scandaleuse, II, p. 47;
Chronique scandaleuse, Interpolations, II, p. 364.
10. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 234-37.
11. Chron. scand., II, p. 70, 72.
12. Vita auct. Petro Ranzano O. P. (1455), Acta sanctorum Apr. t. I, pp.
494ff.
13. J. Soyer, Notes pour servir à l’histoire littéraire. Du succes de la
prédication de frère Olivier Maillart à Orléans en 1485, Bulletin de la
société archéologique et historique de l’Orléanais, t. XVIII, 1919, according
to Revue historique, t. 131, p. 351.
14. [Trans.] Hennin. A style of coiffure in the shape of a cone rising very
high from which veils were suspended.
15. [Trans.] A mystical order for lay women that performed good works
and was given to publicly reading the Bible aloud in French. Not officially
sanctioned by the church. See: Barbara Tuchmann, The Distant Mirror.
Alfred A. Knopf, New York, 1978, p. 317.
16. Enguerrand de Monstrelet, Chroniques, ed. Douét d’Arcq. (Soc. de
Vhist. de France) 1857-62, 6 vols., IV, pp. 302-6.
17. Wadding, Annales Minorum, X, p. 72; K. Hefele, Der h. Bernhardin
von Siena und die franziskanische wanderpredigt in Italien. Freiburg 1912,
S. 47, 80.
18. Chron. scand., I, p. 22, 1461; Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII, ed.
N. Godefroy, 1661, p. 320.
19. Chastellain, II, pp. 36, 98, 124, 125, 210, 238, 239, 247, 474;
Jacques du Clercq, Mémoires (1448-1467), ed. de Reiffenberg, Bruxelles
1823, 4 vols., IV, p. 40, IL p. 280, 355, III, p. 100; Juvenal des Ursins, pp.
405, 407, 420; Molinet, III, pp. 36, 314.
20. Jean Germain, Liber de virtutibus Philippi ducis Burgundiae, ed.
Kervyn de Lettenhove, Chron. rel. à l’hist. de la Belg. sous la dom. des ducs
de Bourg. (Coll. des chron. belges), 1876, II, p. 50.
21. La Marche, I, p. 61.
22. Chastellain, IV, pp. 333f.
23. Chastellain, HI, p. 92.
24. Jean Froissart, Chroniques, ed. S. Luce et G. Raynaud (Soc. de Vhist.
de France), 1869-1899, 11 vols. (only up to 1385), IV, pp. 89-93.
25. Chastellain, III, pp. 85ff.
26. Chastellain, II, p. 279.
27. La Marche, II, p. 421.
28. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 379.
29. Martin Le Franc, Le Champion des dames, See G. Doutrepont, La
littérature francaise a la cour des ducs de Bourgogne (Bibl. de XVe siecle t.
VIII), Paris, Champion, 1909, p. 304.
30. Acta sanctorum Apr. t. I, p. 496; A. Renaudet, Préréforme et
humanisme a Paris 1494-1517, Paris, Champion, 1916, p. 163.
31. [Trans.] Spanning. See note 1.
32. Chastellain, IV, pp. 30of, VII, p. 75; see Thomas Basin, De rebus gestis
Caroli VII. et Lud. XL historiarum libri XII, ed. Quicherat (Soc. de Vhist. de
France), 1855-1859, 4 vols., I, p. 158.
33. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 219.
34. Chastellain II, p. 30.
35. La Marche, I, p. 89.
36. Chastellain, I, pp. 82, 79; Monstrelet, III, p. 361.
37. La Marche, I, p. 201.
38. On the Treaty of Arras see among others La Marche, I, p. 207.
39. Chastellain, I, p. 196.
40. Basin, III, p. 74, [Trans.] 40 [Trans.] Hoecken and Kabeljauen: The
names of two political parties that formed during the complicated struggle
for succession in Holland, Zeeland, and Haïnaut. In standard interpretations
the Kabeljauen (codfish) were the party of the ascending burghers while the
Hoecken (hooks) were the declining nobles who hoped to snare the wealth
of the burghers. Huizinga repeatedly cautions against accepting such simple
economic explanations.
41. That a perception like this by no means rules out a recognition of
economic factors, not to mention the charge that it was formulated as a
protest against the economic explanation of history, can be demonstrated
by the following quotation from Jaures: “Mais il n’y a pas seulement dans
l’histoire des luttes de classes, il y a aussi des luttes de partis. J'entends
qu’en dehors des affinités ou des antagonismes économiques il se forme des
groupements de passions, des intérêts d’orgueil, de domination, qui se
disputent la surface de l’histoire et qui déterminent de très vastes
ébranlements.” Histoire de la révolution francaise, IV, p. 1458.
42. [Trans.] Arnold and Adolf of Geldern: Arnold had secured the
dukedom by ceding much of the power of the position to a council of
nobles and leading burghers that led his wife and son Adolf to conspire
against him. Arnold, in retaliation, sold the succession to Charles the Bold,
who became Duke of Gelder upon Arnold’s death. When Charles was killed,
Adolf was released from prison. He mounted a campaign to regain the
dukedom, but was killed at the siege of Tournai.
43. Chastellain, IV, p. 201; see my Studie uit de voorgeschiedenis van ons
nationaal besef, in De Gids 1912, I.
44. [Trans.] In the Hundred Years War (1337-1453). The struggle
between England and France over territory and dynastic issues which
waxed and waned during nearly the whole period covered by Huizinga’s
study. Though the Autumn of the Middle Ages is a cultural history of France
and Burgundy at the time of the war, Huizinga does not narrate the events
of that war, although an alert reader will be able to detect many of them. In
part, Huizinga assumes basic familiarity with this history on the part of his
readers, but the omission is also a deliberate break with the narrative
historical tradition. The reader might be well served by reading a good
encyclopedia article on both the Hundred Years War and the history of
Burgundy.
45. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 242; see Monstrelet, IV, p. 341d.
46. Jan van Dixmude, ed. Lambin, Ypres 1839, p. 283.
47. Froissart, ed. Luce, XI, p. 52.
48. Mémoires de Pierre le Fruictier dit Salmon, Buchon 3¢ suppl. de
Froissart, XV, p. 22.
49. Chronique du Religieux de Saint Denis, ed. Bellaguet (Coll. des
documents inédits) 1839-1852, 6 vols., I, p. 34; Juvenal des Ursins, pp.
342, 467-471; Journal d’un bourgeois, pp. 12, 31, 44. [Trans.] A St.
Andrew’s cross is a cross in the shape of an “X.” It was an insignium of the
Burgundian party, hence pro—English. It is still a part of the Union Jack.
50. Molinet, III, p. 487.
51. Molinet, III, pp. 226, 241, 283-287; La Marche, III, pp. 289, 302.
52. Clementis V constitutiones. lib. V. tit. 9, c. 1.; Joannis Gersonii, Opera
omnia, ed. L. Ellies Dupin, ed. II, Hagae Comitis 1728, 5 vols., II, p. 427;
Ordonnances des rois de France, t. VIII, p. 122; N. Jorga, Philippe de
Mézières et la croisade au XIVe siècle (Bibl. de l’ecole des hautes études,
fasc. 110), 1896, p. 438; Religieux de S. Denis, II, p. 533.
53. Journal d’un bourgeois, pp. 223, 229.
54. Jacques du Clercq, IV, p. 265. Petit-Dutaillis, Documents nouveaux
sur les moeurs populaires et le droit de venegeance das les Pays-Bas au XVe
siecle (Bibl. du XVe Siecle), Paris, Champion, 1908, pp. 7, 21.
55. Pierre de Fenin (Petitot, Coll. de mém. VID), p. 593; see his story of
the fool who was beaten to death, p. 619.
56. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 204.
57. [Trans.] entremets. Although the word comes to mean side dishes,
Huizinga uses it in an older sense meaning elaborate entertainments held
between the courses of aristocratic banquets. See chap. 12 for descriptions
of some of these entremets.
58. Jean Lefèvre de Saint-Remy, Chronique, ed. F. Morand (Soc. de l’hist.
de France), 1876, 2 vols., II, p. 168; Laborde, Les ducs de Bourgogne,
Etudes sur les lettres, les arts, et l’industrie pendant le XVe siecle, Paris
1849-1853, 3 vols., IL p. 208.
59. La Marche, III, p. 135; Laborde, II, p. 325.
60. Laborde, III, pp. 355, 398. Le Moyen-age, XX, 1907, pp. 193-201.
61. Juvenal des Ursins, pp. 438, 1405. See, however, Rel. de. S. Denis, III,
p. 349.
62. Piaget, Romania, XX, p. 417 en XXXI, 1902, pp. 597-603.
63. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 95.
64. Jacques de Clercq, II, p. 262.
65. Jacques du Clercq passim; Petit Dutaillis, Documents etc., p. 131.
66. Hugo of St. Victor, De fructibus carnia et spiritus, Migne CLXXVI, p.
67. Tobit 4:14. ([Trans.] In English Bibles, Tobit 4:13.)
68. I Timothy 6:10.
69. Petrus Damiani, Epist. lib. I, 15, Migne CXLIV, p. 234, id. Contra
philargyriam ib. CXLV, p. 533; Pseudo-Bernardus, Liber de modo bene
vivendi 44, 45, Migne CLXXXLV, p. 1266.
70. Journal d’un bourgeois, pp. 325, 343, 357; in the note on the
citations from the parliamentary records.
71. L. Mirot, Les d’Orgemont, leur origine, leur fortune, etc. (Bibl. du XVe
siecle), Paris, 1913; P. Champion, Francois Villon, Sa vie et son temps (Bibl.
du XVe siécle), Paris, 1913, II, pp. 230f.
72. Mathieu d’Escouchy, Chronique, ed. G. du Fresne de Beaucourt (Soc.
de l’hist. de France), 1863-1864, 3 vols., I, p. iv-xxiii.
73. P. Champion, Francois Villon, sa vie et son temps (Bibl. du XVe
siécle), Paris, 1913, 2 vols.
Chapter 2
*1 Time of mourning and of temptation, /Age of tears, of envy and of
torment, / Time of languor and of damnation,/Age that brings us to the
end,/Time full of horror which does all things foolishly,/Lying age, full of
pride and envy,/Time without honor and without true judgment, /Age of
sadness which shortens life.
*2 All mirth is lost, /All hearts have been taken by storm, /By sadness
and melancholy.
+3 O miserable and most sad life! . .. /There is warfare, death, and
famine;/ Cold and heat, day and night make us weak;/Fleas, scabs, and so
many other vermin/Make war on us. In short, have mercy Lord/On our
miserable persons, whose life is very short.
4 And I poor writer,/With the sad heart, feeble and vain,/When I see
everyone mourning,/Then trouble holds me in her hand,/I always have
tears in my eyes,/ For I wish for nothing but to die.
*5 “I man of sadness, born in deepest darkness and thick rain of
lamentations”
+6 “So much had La Marche suffered.”
+7 “when he had reflected (merancoliet) for a while, he resolved to
answer the emissaries of the King of France”
*8 Now he is decaying, pitiful and weak,/Old, covetous and libelous;/I
see only fools, men and women both... /The end is truly near... /
Everything is going bad...
*9 “a magnificent and praiseworthy thing”
+10 “He was in a habit of devoting a part of his day to serious
occupations, and, with games and laughter interspersed, pleased himself
with fine speeches and with exhorting his nobles, like an orator, to practice
virtue. And in this intention, he was often seen sitting in a chair of state,
with his nobles before him, remonstrating with them according to time and
circumstances. And always, as the prince and ruler of all, he was richly and
magnificently dressed, more so than all the others.”
+11 “high magnificence of heart, because he was seen and regarded in
extraordinary things”
*12 “which was not customary for men on watch.”
*13 “wretched people”
*14 “He who humbles himself before someone who is greater than he
increases and multiplies his honor himself and the good shines forth and
overflows from his face.”
*15 “Go on.” —“I shall not.”—“Come forward!/Certainly, you will do so,
dear cousin.”/—“No, I shall not.”—“Call to our neighbor,/That she should
offer before you.”/—“You should not suffer it.”/The neighbor responds;
“This is not proper/for me; offer, it is only because of you/That the priest
does not continue.”
*16 The young woman should answer:/—“Take it, I shall not, lady.”/
—“Yes, do take it, dear friend.”/—“Certainly I shall not take it;/People
would take me for a fool.”/—“Pass it, Miss Marote.”/“I shall not, Jesus
Christ forbid!/Pass it to the Lady Ermagart.”/—“Lady take it.”—“Holy
Mary,/Take the pax to the bailiffs wife.”/—“No, to the governor’s wife.”
*17 “and many marveled greatly at his liberality.”
*18 “and had the body buried!”
*19 “but when they had succeeded in making one or two get up, seven or
eight sat down on the other side.”
+20 “without saying a word to him, they approached him. Lhuillier
elbowed him in the stomach, the others tore up the priest’s hat and its
ribbons.”
*21 “heaping many invectives on him, shaking his finger in the
archbishop’s face, and grabbing him in such a way by the arm that he tore
his vestment; and if the archbishop had not held up his hand, he would
have hit him in the face.”
*22 “and there was neither rule nor measure to his grief, and he
astonished everyone with the depths of his sorrow.”
+23 “there was lamentation; all kinds of people weeping and crying and
varied shouts of pain and suffering, loudly expressed, could be heard.”
+24 “truly dead and gone to the grave.”
*25 “That is humbug!”
+26 “Monsieur the Chancellor, I thank you for the letters, etc., but I beg
you to send no more by him who brought them, for I found his face terribly
changed since I last saw him, and I tell you on my honor that he made me
much afraid; and farewell.”
*27 “When Madame was in private, she by no means always lay in bed
nor confined herself to one room.”
*28 “most beautiful contrition for her Sins”
1. Allen, no. 541, Antwerpen, 26 February 1516/17; see no. 542, no. 566,
no. 862, no. 967.
2. Germanae, which, in this particular instance, cannot be translated as
“German.”
3. Eustache Deschamps, Oeuvres complètes, ed. De Queux de Saint
Hilaire et G. Raynaud (Soc. des anciens textes francais) 1878-1903, 11
vols., no. 31 (1, p. 113, see nos. 85, 126, 152, 162, 176, 248, 366, 375, 386,
400, 933, 936, 1195, 1196, 1207, 1213, 1239, 1240, etc.; Chastellain, I pp.
9, 27, IV pp. 5, 56, VI pp. 206, 208, 219, 295; Alain Chartier, Oeuvres, ed.
A. Duchesne, Paris 1617, p. 262; Alanus de Rupe, Sermo, II, p. 313 (B.
Alanus redivivus, ed J. A. Coppenstein, Naples, 1642).
4. Deschamps, no. 562 (IV, p. 18).
5. A. de la Borderie, Jean Meschinot, sa vie et ses oeuvres (Bibl. de
l’Ecole des chartes), LVI, 1895, pp. 277, 280, 305, 310, 312, 622, etc.
6. Chastellain, I, p. 10 Prologue; see Complainte de fortune, VIII, p. 334.
7. La Marche, I p. 186, IV p. 89; H. Stein, Etude sur Olivier de la Marche,
historien, poete et diplomate (Mém. couronnés etc., de l’Acad royale de
Belg. t. XLIX), Bruxelles 1888, frontispiece.
8. Monstrelet, IV, p. 430.
9. Froissart, ed. Luce, X, p. 275; Deschamps no. 810 (IV, p. 327); see Les
Quinze joyes de mariage (Paris, Marpon et Flammarion), p. 64 (quinte
joye); Le livre messire Geoffroi de Charney, Romania, XXXVI, 1897, p. 399.
10. Joannis de Varennis responsiones ad capitula accusationum etc. §17,
by Gerson, Opera, I, p. 920.
11. Deschamps, no. 95 (I, p. 203).
12. Deschamps, Le miroir de mariage, IX, pp. 25, 69, 81, no. 1004 (V, p.
259), further II pp. 8, 183-188, III pp. 39, 373, VII p. 3, IX p. 209, etc.
13. Convivio lib., IV, cap. 27, 28.
14. Discours de l’excellence de virginité, Gerson, Opera III, p. 382; see
Dionysius Cartusianus, De vanitate mundi, Opera omnia, cura et labore
monachorum sacr. ord. Cart., Monstrolii-Tornaci 1896-1913, 41, vol.
XXXIX, p. 472.
15. [Trans.] Levensspel. Life game. An important element in Huizinga’s
thinking about how culture arises. The forms of life, of which chivalry is
one, arise through play, which, as Huizinga explains in the later Homo
Ludens, is neither unconscious (people always know when they are
“playing” at being a knight or shepherd) nor nonseriousness. See below,
note 65.
16. Chastellain, V, p. 364.
17. La Marche, IV, p. cxiv.-The old Dutch translation of his Estat de la
maison du duc Charles de Bourgogne by Matthaeus, Analecta, I, pp. 357-
494.
18. Christine de Pisan, Oeuvres poétiques, ed. M. Roy (Soc. des anciens
texts francais), 1886-1896, 3 vols., I, p. 251, no. 38; Leo von Rozmitals
Reise, ed. Schmeller (Bibl. des lit. Vereins zu Stuttgart, t. VII), 1844, pp. 24,
149.
19. La Marche, IV, pp. 4ff.; Chastellain, V, p. 370.
20. Chastellain, V, p. 368.
21. La Marche, IV, Estat de la maison, pp. 34ff.
22. La Marche, I, p. 277.
23. La Marche, IV, Estat de la maison, pp. 34, 51, 20, 31.
24. Froissart, ed. Luce, III, p. 172.
25. Journal d’un bourgeois, 8218, p. 105.
26. Chronique scandaleuse, I, p. 53.
27. Molinet, I, p. 184; Basin, II, p. 376.
28. Alienor de Poitiers, Les honneurs de la cour, ed. La Curne de Sainte
Palaye, Mémoires sur l’ancienne chevalerie, 1781, II, p. 201.
29. Chastellain, II pp. 196-212, 290, 292, 308, IV pp. 412-414, 428;
Alienor de Poitiers, pp. 209, 212.
30. Alienor de Poitiers, p. 210; Chastellain, IV, p. 312; Juvenal des
Ursins, p. 405; La Marche, I, p. 278, Froissart, ed. Luce, I, pp. 16, 22, etc.
31. Molinet, V, pp. 194, 192.
32. Alienor de Poitiers, p. 190; Deschamps, IX, p. 109.
33. Chastellain, V, p. 27-33.
34. Only on your account must the priest wait. Deschamps, IX, Le miroir
de mariage, pp. 109-110.
35. There are more examples of such “paix” in Laborde, II, nos. 43, 45,
75, 126, 140, 5293. The English term, now rare, is “osculatory.” The plate
frequently had a figure of Christ or the Virgin painted on it.
36. Deschamps, IX, Le miroir de mariage, p. 300, see VIII, p. 156 ballade
no. 1462; Molinet, V, p. 195; Les cent nouvelles nouvelles, ed. Th. Wright,
II, p. 123; see Les Quinze joy es de mariage, p. 185.
37. Canonization procedure at Tours, Acta Sanctorum Apr. t. I, p. 152.
38. Such quarrels over rank among Dutch nobles, which were already
pointed out by W. Moll, Kerkgeschiedenis van Nederland voor de
hervorming (Utrecht 1864-69), 2 Teile (5 Stücke), IL 3, p. 284, are
described in greater detail by H. Obreen, Bydragen voor Vaderlandsche
Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde, X4, p. 308.
39. Deschamps, IX, pp. 111-114.
40. Jean de Stavelot, Chronique ed. Borgnet (Coll. des chron. belges)
1861, p. 96.
41. Pierre de Fenin, p. 607; Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 9.
42. According to Jevenal des Ursins, p. 543, and Thomas Basin, I. p. 31.
The Journal d’un bourgeois gives another cause for the death sentence, as
does Le Livre des trahisons, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove (Chron. rel. a hist. de
Belg. sous les ducs de Bourg.), II, p. 138.
43. Rel. de S. Denis, I, p. 30; Juvenal des Ursins, p. 341.
44. Pierre de Fenin, p. 606; Monstrelet, IV, p. 9.
45. Pierre de Fenin. p. 604.
46. Christine de Pisan, I, p. 251, no. 38; Chastellain, V, p. 364ff.;
Rozmitals Reise, pp. 24, 149.
47. Deschamps, I, nos. 80, 114, 118, II, nos. 256, 266, IV, nos. 800, 803,
V, nos. 1018, 1024, 1029, VII, nos. 253, X, nos. 13, 14.
48. Anonymous report from the fifteenth century in Journal de l’inst.
hist., IV. p. 353; see Juvenal des Ursins, p. 569; Rel. de S. Denis, VI, p. 492.
49. Jean Chartier, Hist. de Charles VII, ed. D. Godefroy 1661, p. 318.
50. Entry of the Dauphin as duke of Brittany into Rennes 1532, in Th.
Godefroy, Le cérémonial francois 1649, p. 619.
51. Rel. de S. Denis, I, p. 32.
52. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 277.
53. Thomas Basin, II, p. 9.
54. A. Renaudet, Préréforme et humanisme a Paris, p. 11. Based on the
documents of the trial.
55. De Laborde, Les ducs de Bourgogne, I, p. 172, 177.
56. Livre des trahisons, p. 156.
57. Chastellain, I, p. 188.
58. Alienor de Poitiers, Les honneurs de la cour, p. 254.
59. Rel. de S. Denis, II, p. 114.
60. Chastellain, I p. 49, V p. 240; see La Marche, I, p. 201; Monstrelet, III,
p. 358; Lefévre de S. Remy, I, p. 380.
61. Chastellain, V, p. 228; see IV, p. 210.
62. Chastellain, II, p. 296; IV, p. 213, 216.
63. Chronique scandaleuse, interpol., II, p. 332.
64. Lettres de Louis XI, X, p. 110.
65. [Trans.] In this sentence is the kernel of Huizinga’s theory of the role
of play in culture that was later to be elaborated in Homo Ludens. Mourning
customs are “play” in the sense that they enable us to deal with an
otherwise crushing reality. To Huizinga, such forms are never
unconsciously performed; the player always recognizes the game just as the
actor in his thick-soled corthurni never confuses himself with the role he is
playing.
The theatrical metaphor is important. See below, chapter 13, p. 342.
66. Alienor de Poitiers, Les honneurs de la cour, pp. 254-256.
67. Lefèvre de S. Remy, II, p. 11; Pierre de Fenin, pp. 599, 605;
Monstrelet, III, p. 347; Theod. Pauli, De rebus actis sub ducibus Burgundiae
compendium, ed Kervyn de Lettenhove (Chron. rel. à l’hist. de Belg. sous
dom. des ducs de Bourg, t. IID, p. 267.
68. [Trans.] vuurmand. A kind of cabinet warmed by coals and used to
dry an infant’s linens and blankets. For this information we are indebted to
Helen Roozen of Mt. Vernon, Washington, and her sister Jeanne Roozen of
Heemstede, Holland.
69. Alienor de Poitiers, pp. 217-245; Laborde, II, p. 267, Inventory of
1420.
70. Successor to Monstrelet, 1449 (Chastellain, V, p. 367).
71. See Petit Dutaillis, Documents nouveaux sur les moeurs populaires,
etc., p. 14; La Curne de S. Palaye, Mémoires sur l’ancienne chevalerie, I, p.
272.
72. Chastellain. Le Pas de la mort, VI, p. 61.
73. Hefele, Der h. Bernhardin v. Siena etc. p. 42. On the prosecution of
sodomy in France, Jacques du Clercq, II, pp. 272, 282, 337, 338, 350, III, p.
15.
74. Thomas Walsingham, Historia Anglicana, II, 148 (Rolls series ed. H.
T. Riley, 1864). In the case of Henry II of France, the guilty nature of the
mignons is not to be doubted, but this happens at the end of the sixteenth
century.
75. Philippe de Commines, Mémoires, ed. B. de Mandrot (Coll. de textes
pour servir a l’enseignement de l’histoire) 1901-1913, 2 vols., I, p. 316.
76. La Marche, IL p. 425; Molinet, IL pp. 29, 280; Chastellain, IV, p. 41.
77. Les cent nouvelles, II, p. 61; Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XI, p. 93.
78. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, ib. XIV, p. 318; Le livre des faits de Jacques de
Lalaing, p. 29, 247 (Chastellain, VIII); La Marche, I, p. 268; L’hystoire du
petit Jehan de Saintré, chap. 47.
79. Chastellain, IV, p. 237.
Chapter 3
*1 estates of body and mouth
*2 “Coming to the third estate, which completes the kingdom, it is the
estate of the good towns, of merchants and of laboring men, of whom it is
not becoming to give such a long exposition as of the others, because it is
hardly possible to attribute great qualities to them, as they are of servile
degree. [O Flemish folk!]”
*3 “this rebellious rustic brewer”
+4 “and such a naughty villein too.”
+5 The innocent must starve;/In this way the big wolves fill their belly
every day, /Who by thousands and hundreds/Hoard ill-gotten treasures; it
is the grain, it is the corn,/The blood and the bones with which the soil is
tilled/By the poor people, and their spirits cry/To God for vengeance and
woe to lordship...
*6 “the prince knows nothing of this”
+7 “poor sheep, poor foolish people”
+8 “The poor man will not have bread to eat, except perhaps a handful of
rye or barley; his poor wife will lie in and they will have four or six little
ones about the hearth or the oven, which perchance will be warm; they will
ask for bread, they will scream, mad with hunger. The poor mother will
have but a very little salted bread to stuff between their teeth. Now such
misery ought to suffice; but no;—the plunderers will come who will seek
everything. . . . Everything will be taken and snapped up; and we need not
ask who pays.”
*9 O God, see the indigence of the common people,/Provide for it with
all speed:/Alas! with hunger, cold, fear, and misery they tremble. /If they
have sinned or have been negligent/Towards you, they pray indulgence./Is
it not a pity they have lost their goods?/They have no more corn to take to
the mill,/From them their wool and linen are taken,/Water, nothing more,
they have left to drink.
*10 Whence does sovereign nobility come to one?/From a gentle heart,
adorned by noble morals/ . . . No one is a villein unless it comes from his
heart.
*11 Children, children, from me, Adam, born,/Who after God am the first
father./Created by him, you are descended from me,/Naturally of my rib
and of Eve;/She was your mother. How is it that one is a villein/And the
other takes the name of gentility,/Of you brothers? Whence comes such
nobility?/I do not know, unless it comes from virtues,/And the villains from
all vice which wounds:/You are all covered by the same skin./When God
made me out of the mud where I lay,/Mortal man, feeble, heavy and vain,/
Eve from me, He created us quite nude,/But the imperishable spirit gave
us/in abundance; We were hungry and thirsty afterwards,/Labor, pain, and
children in sorrow;/For our sins, children are born in pain/by all women;
Vilely you are conceived./Whence comes this name: Villein, that wounds
the heart?/You are all covered by the same skin. /The mighty kings, the
counts and the dukes, /The governor of the people and sovereign,/When
they are born, with what are they clothed?/By a dirty skin./ . . . Prince,
remember without disdaining/The poor people, that death holds the reins.
*12 “knighthood and learning which go very well together.”
*13 “the first deed of knighthood and chivalrous prowess that was ever
achieved.”
+14 “terrestrial knighthood and human chivalry”
*15 “The glory of princes consists in pride and in undertaking exceedingly
dangerous things; all princely expressions of power converge in a single
point which we call pride.”
+16 “among the profound sentiments of man there is none more apt to be
transformed into probity, patriotism and conscience, for a proud man feels
the need of self-respect, and to obtain it, he is led to deserve it.”
*17 Honor urges every noble nature/To love all that is noble in its own
essence. / Nobility adds uprightness to it.
*18 “and he maintained the discipline of chivalry very well, as did the
Romans formerly.”
+19 “lofty stories of Rome”
+20 “whom he wished to follow and imitate.”
*21 “He desired the great glory of fame, which more than anything else
led him to undertake his wars; and longed to resemble those ancient princes
who have been so much talked of after their death.”
+22 “And then I perceived that he had set his heart on high and singular
purposes for the future, and on acquiring glory and renown by
extraordinary works.”
*23 “the valiant dead—Roman or otherwise.”
+24 “My lord, who are those two women to whom you bowed so low?”
“Huguenin,” said he, “I do not know.” Then he said to him: “My lord, they
are whores.” “Whores, you say,” said he, “Huguenin, I would rather have
saluted ten whores than to have omitted saluting one respectable woman.”
25 “What you will”
*26 “It is a joyous thing, is war. . . . You love your comrade so in war.
When you see that your quarrel is just and your blood is fighting well, tears
come to your eyes. A great sweet feeling of loyalty and of pity fills your
heart on seeing your friend so valiantly exposing his body to execute and
accomplish the command of our creator. And then you prepare to go and
die or live with him, and for love not to abandon him. And out of that,
there arises such a delectation, that he who has not tasted it is not fit to say
what a delight it is. Do you think that a man who does that fears death?
Not at all; for he feels so strengthened, he is so elated, that he does not
know where he is. Truly he is afraid of nothing.”
*27 “he served all, honored all, for the love of one. His speech was
graceful, courteous and diffident before his lady.”
*28 When we are in the tavern, drinking strong wine,/When the ladies
pass and look at us,/With those white throats and those tight bodices,/
Those sparkling eyes resplendent with smiling beauty,/Nature urges us to
have desiring hearts,/ . .. Then we could conquer Yaumont and Agoulant/
And the others would conquer Olivier and Rollant./But when we are in
camp on our trotting chargers,/ Our bucklers round our necks and our
lances lowered,/And the great cold freezes us all together,/And our limbs
are crushed before and behind,/And our enemies are approaching us,/Then
we should wish to be in a cellar so large,/That we might not be seen by any
means.
*29 “Alas, where are women to inspire us, to fire us to bravery, or to
charge us with tokens, insignia, scarves, and veils!”
*30 “and they went to the battlefield for, I don’t know, whatever foolish
enterprise.”
*31 “the Fountain of Tears, the Tree of Charlemagne”
+32 “lady of the secret island”
+33 “noble knight, slave and servant of the beautiful giantess with the
blonde wig, the greatest in the world.”
§34 “the white knight,” “the unknown knight,” “the knight with the cape”
*35 Not for amusement, nor for recreation,/But for the purpose that
praise/Be given to God in the first place,/And glory and high fame to the
good.
+86 “did not, as is said, institute this order for vain purposes.”
*37 Detestable to God and to men/s lying and treason,/For this reason,
not placed in the gallery/Of worthies is the image of Jason,/Who to carry
off the fleece/of Cholchis was willing to perjure./Larceny cannot remain
hidden.
*38 “a very savage rule of order”
+39 “and I firmly believe that these Galois and Galoises, who died in this
manner, were martyrs of love.”
*40 “My beauty, is it well closed?” “Yes, certainly.”
+41 Now come what may, for it is not otherwise./—Then the gentle girl
took away her finger, /And the eye remained closed, as the people saw.
*42 Now then, said the queen, I have well known for a long time/That I
am with child, my body has felt it;/It has already turned within my body./
And I vow, and promise God who created me... /That this, my fruit, shall
not exit my body,/Until you have taken me into the land over there,/And
fulfilled the vow which you have sworn,/And if it is to be born before this
has been done,/ Then I will kill myself with a big steel knife./My soul will
be lost and the fruit will perish.
+43 And when the king had heard, he thought seriously about it, /And
then he said, Now then, there will be no more vows.
*44 “with the desire of avoiding idleness, and with the thought, thereby,
to obtain honor and the esteem of the very beautiful whose servants we
are.”
+45 “to the death.”
*46 “It is not the pleasure of my very redoubted lord that Messire
Philippe Pot undertakes, in his company, the holy votive journey with his
arm bare; but he desires that he should travel with him well and
sufficiently armed as is becoming.”
*47 “Gf she wants.”
+48 “poor squire”
*49 “Show favor to Zion and grant her prosperity; rebuild the walls of
Jerusalem.”
+50 “if it had pleased God, his creator, to allow him a full span of years.”
+51 “the voyage to Turkey”
*52 “to prevent the shedding of the blood of Christians and the
destruction of the people on whom my heart has compassion . . . that by my
own body this quarrel might be settled, without proceeding by means of
wars, which would entail that many noblemen and others, both of your
army and of mine, would end their days pitifully.”
+53 “man to man”
*54 “most beautiful ceremony”
755 “O, my lord of Burgundy, I have served you well in your war against
Ghent! O my lord, for God’s sake, I beg for mercy, save my life!”
*56 “as the chief guardian of the very laudable ceremonies of honor,”
*57 “If we were to seek another path to the fight . .. we would show that
we are not proper knights.”
+58 “Some held it a prowess, and some held it to be a shame and a great
overbearing.”
*59 “From this day on, this encounter was called the struggle of Mons en
Vimeu. It was not, however, declared to be a battle because the parties only
encountered one another by chance and no flags were displayed.”
+60 “because all battles should take the name of the nearest fortress.”
*61 “Then the king fought for a very long time with Monsigneur Utsasse,
and he with him, so that it was a great pleasure to see.”
+62 “When he had looked at it a long time, it was taken from that place
and hanged on a tree. This was the last end of Phillippe d’Artevelle.”
+63 “in which he treated him like a villain.”
*64 “a gentleman.”
+65 “because there is danger and loss of life and God knows how awful it
is when there is a storm and there is sea sickness that many people find
hard to bear. Beyond that, look at the hard life which must be endured and
does not become nobility.”
+66 “in the style of Burgundy”
*67 “I am a poor man who desires advancement,”
+68 “who desire to advance themselves by arms.”
+69 And when will the paymaster come?
§70 A nobleman of twenty thalers
*71 “My opinion is, if he had gone out on this night, he would have been
behaving well . . . but really, when honor came into question he would not
have liked to be accused of cowardice.”
*72 William, it is your desire to go to Hungary and Turkey and try to
fight with people and countries who have never done anything to us and
you have no reasonable ground to do this other than vain earthly glory. Let
John of Burgundy and our cousins of France go forth on this undertaking
and as for you, go to Friesland and conquer our heritage.”
*73 Under green leaves, on delightful grass /Near a noisy brook and a
clear fountain/I found a portable hut. /There Gontier took his meal with
dame Helayne/ On fresh cheese, milk, cheese curds,/Cream, cream cheese,
apple, nut, plum, pear,/Garlic and onions, chopped shallots/on a brown
crust, with coarse salt, the better to drink.
+74 “mouth as well as nose, to the smooth as well as the bearded.”
*75 I heard Gontier in felling his tree/Thanking God for his security:/“I
do not know,” said he, “what are pillars of marble,/Shining pommels, walls
decorated with paintings; /I have no fear of treason hidden/Under friendly
appearances, nor that I shall be poisoned/in a gold cup. I do not bare my
head/Before a tyrant, nor bend my knee./No usher’s rod ever turns me
away,/For no covetousness, ambition, greed/entices me./Work holds me in
joyous liberty;/I love Helayne, and she me without fail,/And that is enough.
The tomb does not frighten us.”/ Then I said, “Alas, a serf of the court is
not worth a farthing,/But free Franc Gontier is worth a real gem set in
gold.”
+76 Returning from a sovereign’s court/Where I had long sojourned,/In a
bush, near a fountain,/I found Robin the free, his head crowned,/With
chaplets of flowers he had adorned/His head, and Marion, his love...
*77 |. . I will henceforth live/In a middle station, that is my resolve,/To
abandon war and live by labor:/Waging war is but damnation.
+78 I only ask of God to give me/That in the world I may serve and praise
him,/ Live for myself, my coat or doublet whole,/One horse to carry my
labor./And that I may govern my estate/To no extreme, in grace without
envy,/Without having too much, without begging my bread,/For today, this
is the safest life.
#79... A working man, a poor teamster/goes ill dressed, torn clothes, ill
shod/ But laboring he takes pleasure in his work/And merrily finishes it. /
At night he sleeps well; and therefore such a loyal heart/Sees four kings
and their reigns end.
*80 The court is a sea, from which comes /Waves of pride, storms of envy
.../ Wrath stirs up quarrels and outrages, /Which often cause the ships to
sink:/Treason has its part here./Swim elsewhere for your amusement.
1. Deschamps, II, p. 226.
2. Chastellain, Le miroir des nobles hommes en France, VI, p. 204.
Exposition sur vérité mal prise, VI, p. 416. L’entrée du roys Loys en
nouveau régne, VII, p. 10.
3. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XIII, p. 22; Jean Germain, Liber de virtutibus
ducis Burg., p. 109; Molinet, I p. 83, III p. 100.
4. Monstrelet, II, p. 241.
5. Chastellain, VII, pp. 13-16.
6. Chastellain, III, p. 82; IV, p. 170; V, pp. 279, 309.
7. Jacques du Clercq, II, p. 245, see p. 339.
8. See above p. 11.
9. Chastellain, II, pp. 82-89.
10. [Trans.] Gilles de Rais: Baron of Rais who fought bravely on the side
of Jeanne d’Arc and who was made marshal of France in 1429. Falling upon
hard times, he turned to magic and alchemy, for which he attempted to
atone by holy acts. At the same time he pursued a secret life of kidnapping,
pederasty, sodomy, and murder. His frightful acts are described in horrific
detail in Huysmans’s 1891 novel La Bas, which Huizinga read as a young
man. Some sources identify Gilles de Rais with the figure of Bluebeard, but
Gilles’s crimes were committed against young boys. Michelet calls him
“bête d’extermination.”
11. Chastellain, VII, pp. 90 ff.
12. Chastellain, II, p. 345.
13. Deschamps, no. 113, I, p. 230.
14. Nicholas de Clémanges, Opera, ed. Lydius, Leiden 1613, p. 48. cap.
IX.
15. In the Latin translation of Gerson, Opera, IV, p. 583-622; the French
text is from 1824, the cited text by D. H. Carnahan, The Ad Deum vadit of
Jean Gerson, University of Illinois studies in language and literature 1917,
III, no. 1, p. 13. See Denifle et Chatelain, Chartularium Univ. Paris. IV, no.
1819.
16. In H. Denifle, La guerre de cent Ans et la désolation des eglises etc. en
France, Paris 1897-99, 2 vols., I, pp. 497-513.
17. Alain Chartier, Oeuvres, ed. Duchesne, p. 402.
18. Rob. Gaguini Epistole et orationes, ed. L. Thuasne (Bibl. litt. de la
Renaissance), Paris 1903, 2 vols., II pp. 321, 350.
19. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XII, p. 4, Le livre des trahisons, pp. 19, 26;
Chastellain, I p. xxx, III p. 325, V pp. 260, 275, 325, VII, pp. 466-480;
Thomas Basin, passim, especially I, pp. 44, 56, 59, 115; see La complainte
du povre commun et des povres laboureurs de France (Monstrelet, VI, p.
176-190).
20. Les Faicts de Dictz de messire Jehan Molinet, Paris, Jehan Petit,
1537, f. 87 vso.
21. Ballade 19, in A. de la Borderie, Jean Meschinot, sa vie et ses oeuvres
(Bibl. de l’école des chartes), LVI, 1895, p. 296; see Les lunettes des princes,
ibid., pp. 607, 613.
22. Masselin, Journal des Etats Généraux de France tenus à Tours en
1484, ed. A. Bernier (Coll. des documents inédits), p. 672.
23. Deschamps, VI, no. 1140, p. 67. The link between the idea of equality
and the “nobility of the heart” is the point of the words of Ghismonda to
her father Tancred in the first novella of the fourth day in Boccaccio’s
Decameron.
24. Deschamps, VI, p. 124, no. 1176.
25. Molinet, II, p. 104-107; Jean le Maire de Belges, Les chansons de
Namur 1507.
26. Chastellain, Le miroir des nobles hommes de France, VI, pp. 203,
211, 214.
27. Le Jouvencel, ed. C. Favre et L. Lecestre (Soc. de l’hist. de France)
1887-89, 2 vols., I, p. 13.
28. Livre des faicts du mareschal de Boucicaut, Petitot, Coll de mém., VI,
p. 375.
29. Philippe de Vitri, Le chapel des fleurs de lis (1335), ed. A. Piaget,
Romania XXVII, 1898, pp. 8off.
30. Molinet, I, p. 16-17.
31. N. Jorga, Philippe de Mézières, p. 469.
32. Jorga, Mézières, p. 506.
33. Froissart, ed. Luce, I, pp. 2-3; Monstrelet, I, p. 2; d’Escouchy, I, p. 1;
Chastellain, I prologue, II p. 116, VI p. 266; La Marche, I, p. 187; Molinet, I
p. 17, II p. 54.
34. [Trans.] Heralds and Kings of Arms: Heralds were originally royal
messengers, but not, however, trumpeters. The position evolved into that of
those in charge of tournaments and the regulations concerning coats of
arms. Kings of Arms were the chief heralds of particular chivalric orders.
See Charles MacKinnon of Dunakin, Heraldry.
35. Lefèvre de S. Remy, IL p. 249; Froissart, ed Luce, I, p. 1; see Le débat
des hérauts d’armes de France et d’Angleterre, ed. L. Pannier et P. Meyer
(Soc. des anciens textes français), 1887, p. 1.
36. [Trans.] Lefevre de S. Remy, Toison d’or, King of Arms of the Order of
the Golden Fleece.
37. Chastellain, V, p. 443.
38. Les origines de la France contemporaine, La révolution, I, p. 190.
39. Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien, X, II, p. 155.
40. Burckhardt, Die Kulture, X, I, p. 152-165.
41. Froissart, ed. Luce, IV, p. 112; where the name Bamborough, called as
well Bembro or Brembo, is mangled into Brandebourch.
42. Le dit de vérité, Chastellain, VI, p. 221.
43. Le livre de la paix, Chastellain, VIII, p. 367.
44. Froissart, ed Luce, I, p. 3.
45. Le cuer d’amours épris, Oeuvres du roi René, ed. De Quatrebarbes,
Angers 1845, 4 vols., III, p. 112.
46. Lefévre de S. Remy, II, p. 68.
47. Doutrepont, p. 183.
48. La Marche, II, p. 216, 334.
49. Ph. Wielant, Antiquités de Flandre, ed. De Smet (Corp. chron.
Flandriae, IV), p. 56.
50. Commines, I, p. 390, see the anecdote in Doutrepont, p. 185.
51. Chastellain, V, p. 316-319.
52. P. Meyer, Bull. de la soc. des anc. textes français, p. 45-54.
53. Deschamps, nos. 12, 93, 207, 239, 362, 403, 432, 652, I pp. 86, 199,
II p. 29, X pp. xxxv, xxviff.
54. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 274. In the middle of the sixteenth century
John Coke still knew them as The nyne worthyes, The debate between the
Heraides, ed. L. Pannier et P. Meyer, Le débat des hérauts d’armes, p. 108,
8171, while Cervantes called them “todos los nueve de la fama”; Don
Quijote, I, 5.
55. Molinet, Faictz et Dictz, f. 151 v.
56. La Curne de Sainte Palaye, II, p. 88.
57. Deschamps, nos. 206, 239, II pp. 27, 69, no. 312, II p. 324, Le lay du
trés bon connestable B. du Guesclin.
58. S. Luce, La France pendant la querre de cent ans, p. 231: Du Guesclin,
dixiéme preux.
59. Chastellain, La mort du roy charles VII, VI, p. 440.
60. Laborde, II, p. 242, no. 4091; 138, no. 242; see also p. 146, no. 3343;
p. 260, no. 4220; p. 266, no. 4253. The psalter was acquired during the
War of the Spanish Succession by Joan van den Berg, the Kommissar der
Generalstaaten in Belgium, and is today in the University of Leiden library.
61. Burckhardt, Die Kultur der Renaissance in Italien, X, I, p. 246.
62. Le livre des faicts du maréchal Boucicaut, ed. Petitot, Coll. de
mémoires, I. serie, VI, VII.
63. Le livre des faicts, VI, p. 379.
64. Le livre des faicts, VII, pp. 214, 185, 200-201.
65. Chr. de Pisan, Le débat des deux amants, Oeuvres poétiques, II, p. 96.
66. Antoine de la Salle, La salade, chap. 3, Paris, M. le Noir, 1521, f. 4
VSO.
67. Le livre des cent ballades, ed. G. Raynaud (Soc. des anciens textes
français), p. lv.
68. Ed. C. Favre and L. Lecestre (Soc. de l’hist. de France), 1887-89.
6g. [Trans.] Minnelieder: Songs composed by the knightly class of
practitioners of the northern versions of courtly love.
70. Lejouvencel, I, p. 25.
71. Le livre des faits du bon chevalier Messire Jacques de Lalaing, ed.
Kervyn de Lettenhove, in Chastellain, Oeuvres, VIII.
72. Lejouvencel, II, p. 20.
73. W. James, The varieties of religious experience. Gifford lectures
1901-1902. London 1903, p. 318.
74. [Trans.] Opgeheven (German, aufgehoben) has the connotation of
canceling and then raising up into a higher synthesis. Here the sensual
passion is spiritualized into the heroic dream.
75. [Trans.] This obscure passage is probably a reflection of Huizinga’s
early studies in philology. He apparently refers to a theory suggested by
Max Muller that traced the origin of all myth back to celestial phenomena
such as the rising and setting of the sun. Huizinga’s suggestion that a much
more natural explanation lies in the sexual drive of young men is a
rejection of complexity in favor of common sense and is a counterpoint to
his rejection of the too facile simplifications of economic determinism. See
Richard M. Dorson (ed.), Pagan Customs and Savage Myths (Chicago:
University of Chicago Press, 1968).
76. [Trans.] Huizinga uses the term for love Min (German, Minne) to refer
to the elevated love of the practice of courtly love. Occasionally, he uses
Min to specify the heavenly love of God. In this translation, we have used
Minne only where the reference is to courtly love.
77. Le livre des faicts, p. 398
78. Ed. G. Raynaud, Société des anciens textes francais, 1905.
79. Two heros from the Romance of Aspremont.
80. Les voeux du héron vs. 354-371, ed. Soc des bibliophiles de Mons,
no. 8, 1839.
81. Letter of the Count of Chimay to Chastellain, Oeuvres, VIII, p. 266.
82. Perceforest, in Quatrebarbes, Oeuvres de roi René, II, p. xciv.
83. Des trois chevaliers et del chainse, in Jacques de Baisieux, ed.
Scheler, Trouvéres belges, I, 1876, p. 162.
84. Rel. de S. Denis, I, p. 594ff; Juvenal des Ursins, p. 379.
85. Among others forbidden by the Lateran Synod of 1215; again by Pope
Nicholas II, 1279; see Raynaldus, Annales ecclesiastici, III (= Baronius
XXII), 1279, xvi-xx; Dionysii Cartusiani Opera, I, XXXVI, p. 206.
86. Deschamps, I p. 222, no. 108; p. 223, no. 109.
87. Journal d’un bourgeois de Paris, pp. 59, 56.
88. Adam v. Bremen, Gesta Hammaburg. eccl. pontificum, lib., II, cap. 1.
89. La Marche, II, pp. 119, 144; d’Escouchy, I, p. 245.
90. Chastellain, VIII, p. 238.
91. La Marche, I, p. 292.
92. Le livre des faits de Jacques de Lalaing, in Chastellain, VIII, pp. 188ff.
93. Oeuvres du roi René, I, p. Ixxv.
94. La Marche, III, p. 123; Molinet, V, p. 18.
95. La Marche, II, pp. 118, 121, 122, 133, 341; Chastellain, I p. 256, VIII
pp. 217, 246.
96. La Marche, II p. 173, I p. 285; Oeuvres du roi René, I, p. Ixxv.
97. Oeuvres du roi René, I, pp. Ixxxvi, 57.
98. [Trans.] Knightly orders. Huizinga probably means as the three orders
of the Holy Land of the Templars, the Knights of Saint John the Baptist
(Hospitallers), and the Teutonic Knights. The three Spanish orders are the
Order of Santiago, the Knights of Calatrava, and perhaps the Knights of
Christ, although these last were Portuguese.
99. N. Jorga, Phil, de Méziéres, p. 348.
100. Chastellain, II, p. 7; IV, p. 233, cf. 269; VI, p. 154.
101. La Marche, I, p. 109.
102. Statuten des ordens, in Luc d’Achéry, Spicilegium, II, p. 730.
103. Chastellain, IL p. 10.
104. Chronique scandaleuse, I, p. 236.
105. Le songe de la thoison d’or, in Doutrepont, p. 154.
106. Fillastre, Le premier volume de la toison d’or, Paris 1515, fol. 2.
107. [Trans.] Bannerets: Knights who had distinguished themselves and
been promoted to the command of a section of knights.
108. Boucicaut, I, p. 504; Jorga, Ph. de Méziéres, pp. 83, 4638; Romania,
XXVI, pp. 3951, 3961; Deschamps, XI, p. 28; Oeuvres du roi René, I, p. xi;
Monstrelet, V, p. 449.
109. Froissart, Poésies, ed. A Scheler (Acad. royale de Belgique), 1870-
72, 3 vols., II, p. 341.
110. Alain Chartier, La ballade de Fougéres, p. 718.
111. La Marche, IV, p. 164; Jacques du Clercq, II, p. 6.
112. Liber Karoleidos vs. 88 (Chron. rel. a l’hist de Belg. sous la dom. des
ducs de Bourg), III.
113. Gen. 30, 32; 4 Kings, 3, 4; Job 31:20; Psalm 71:6.
114. Guillaume Fillastre, Le second volume de la toison d’or, Paris, Franc.
Regnault, 1516, fol. 1, 2.
115. La Marche, III p. 201, IV p. 67; Lefévre de S. Remy, II, p. 292; the
ceremonial of such a christening is in Humphrey of Glocester’s Herald
Nicholas Upton, De officio militari, ed. E. Bysshe (Bissaeus), London 1654,
lib. I, c. XI, p. 19.
116. Presumably Deschamps is hinting at this order in the envoi of the
ballade on the love order of the leaves (as opposed to that of the Flowers),
no. 767, IV, p. 262; see 763: “Royne sur fleurs en vertu demourant, Galoys,
Dannoy, Mornay, Pierre ensement De tremoille . . . vont . . . vostre bien qui
est grant etc.”
117. Le livre du chevalier de la Tour Landry, ed. A. de Montaiglon (Bibl.
elzevirenne), Paris, 1854, p. 241ff.
118. Voeu du héron, ed. Soc. des bibl. de Mons, p. 17.
119. Froissart, ed. Luce, I, p. 124.
120. Rel. de S. Denis, III, p. 72. Harald Harfagri took a vow not to cut his
hair until he had conquered all of Norway. Haraldar saga Harfagra, cap. 4;
see Voluspa 33.
121. Jorga, Ph. de Mézières, p. 76.
122. Claude Menard, Hist. de Bertrand du Guesclin, pp. 39, 55, 410, 488,
La Curne, I, p. 240. Luther still speaks of the superstitious vows by the
soldiers of his time, Tischreden, Weimarer Ausg. II, no. 2753 b, p. 632-33.
123. Douet d’Arcq, Choix de pièces inédites rel. au règne de Charles VI.
(Soc. de l’hist. de France, 1863), I, p. 370.
124. Le livre des faits, chaps. XVIff, in Chastellain, VIII, p. 70.
125. Le petit Jehan de Saintré, chap. 48.
126. Germania, chap. 31; La Curne, I, p. 236.
127. Heimskringla, Olafssaga Tryggvasonar, chap. 35; Weinhold,
Altnordisches Leben, p. 462.
128. La Marche, II, p. 366.
129. La Marche, II, p. 381-387.
130. La Marche, loc. cit.; d’Escouchy, II, pp. 166, 218.
131. d’Escouchy, II, p. 189.
132. Doutrepont, p. 513.
133. Doutrepont, pp. 110, 112.
134. Chastellain, III, p. 376.
135. See above p. 87.
136. Chronique de Berne (Molinier no. 3103), in Kervyn, Froissart, II, p.
531.
137. d’Escouchy, II, p. 220.
138. Froissart, ed. Luce, X, pp. 240, 243.
139. Le livre des faits, Chastellain, VIII, pp. 158-161.
140. La Marche, IV, Estat de la Maison, pp. 34, 47.
141. [Trans.] “Waning” here translates laatste.
142. See my essay, “Uit de voorgeschiedenis van ons nationaal desef,” de
Gils, 1912, I.
143. Psalms 50:19; in the King James and Revised eds., 51:18; and in the
Vulgate, 51:20.
144. Monstrelet, IV, p. 112; Pierre de Fenin, p. 363; Lefévre de S. Remy,
II, p. 63; Chastellain, I, p. 331.
145. See J. D. Hintzen, De Kruistochtplannen van Philip den Goede,
Dissertation: University of Leiden, 1918.
146. Chastellain, III, pp. 6, 10, 34, 77, 118, 119, 178, 334; IV, pp. 125,
128, 171, 431, 437, 451, 470; V, p. 49.
147. La Marche, II, p. 382.
148. De Gids, 1912, I, Uit de voorgeschiedenis van ons nationaal besef
149. Rymer, Foedera III, pars 3, p. 158 = VII, p. 407.
150. Monstrelet, I, pp. 43ff.
151. Monstrelet, IV, p. 219.
152. Pierre de Fenin, p. 626-27; Monstrelet, IV, p. 244; Liber de
virtutibus, p. 27.
153. Lefévre de S. Remy, II, p. 107.
154. Laborde, I, pp. 201ff.
155. La Marche, II, pp. 27, 382.
156. Bandello, I, Nov. 39; Filippo duca di Burgogna si mette fuor di
proposito a grandissimo periglio.
157. F. von Bezold, Aus dem Briefwechsel der Markgräfin Isabella von
Este-Gonzaga, Archiv f. Kulturgesch., VIII, p. 396.
158. Papiers de Granvelle, I, pp. 360ff.; Geschichte Karls V, II, p. 641;
Fueter, Geschichte des europäischen staatensystems 1492-1559, p. 307. See
from Erasmus to Nicolaus Beraldus, 25 May 1522, Dedication of De Ratione
conscribendi epistolas, Leidener Ausg., I, p. 344.
159. Chastellain, III, pp. 38-49; La Marche, II, pp. 406ff.; d’Escouchy, II,
pp. 300ff; Corp. chron. Flandr., III, p. 525; Petit Dutaillis, Documents
nouveaux, pp. 113, 137. -For an apparently safe form of judicial duel see
Deschamps, IX, p. 21.
160. [Trans.] houpelande: A tunic with a long skirt (OED).
161.
162.
163.
164.
165.
166.
167.
Froissart, ed. Luce, IV, pp. 89-94.
Froissart, IV, pp. 127-28.
Lefèvre de S. Remy, I, p. 241.
Froissart, ed. Luce, XI, p. 3.
Rel. de S. Denis, III, p. 175.
Froissart, ed. Luce, XI, pp. 24ff.; VI, p. 156.
[Trans.] Aristies: A useful term for which there does not seem to be
an English equivalent. A knight or group of knights who fight in
circumstances to which they and their opponents have agreed in advance; a
pitched battle.
168.
Froissart, ed. Luce, IV, p. no. 115. Other similar combats for
instance, Molinier, Sources, IV, no. 3707; Molinet, IV, p. 294.
169.
170.
171.
172.
173:
174.
175:
176.
177.
178.
179.
180.
181.
182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
Rel. de S. Denis, I, p. 392.
Le Jouvencel, I, p. 209; II, pp. 99, 103.
Froissart, ed. Luce, I, p. 65; IV, p. 49; II, p. 32.
Chastellain, II, p. 140.
Monstrelet, III, p. 101; Lefèvre de S. Remy, I, p. 247.
Molinet, IL pp. 36, 48; III, pp. 98, 453; IV, p. 372.
Froissart, ed. Luce, III, p. 187; XI, p. 22.
Chastellain, II, 374.
Molinet, I, p. 65.
Monstrelet, IV, p. 65.
Monstrelet, III, p. 111; Lefèvre de S. Remy, I, p. 259.
Basin, III, p. 57.
Froissart, ed. Luce, IV, p. 80.
Chastellain, I, p. 260; La Marche, I, p. 89.
Commines, I, p. 55.
Chastellain, III, pp. 82ff.
Froissart, ed. Luce, IX, p. 220; XI, p. 202.
Ms. Chronik von Oudenarde, in Rel de S. Denis, I, p. 2291. [Trans.]
The king was fourteen years old.
187.
188.
189.
190;
Froissart, ed. Luce, XI, p. 58.
Chastellain, II, p. 259.
La Marche, II, p. 324.
Chastellain, I, p. 28; Commines, I, p. 31; see Petit Dutaillis in
Lavisse, Histoire de France, IV2, p. 33.
191.
192.
193.
194.
195.
196.
197.
198.
199.
Deschamps, IX, p. 80; see vs. 2228, 2295; XI, p. 173.
Froissart, ed. Luce, II, p. 37.
Le débat des hérauts d’armes, 886, 87, p. 33
Livre des faits, Chastellain, VIII, p. 2522.
Froissart, ed Kervyn, XI, p. 24.
Froissart, ed. Luce, IV, p. 83, ed. Kervyn, XI, p. 24.
Deschamps, IV, no. 785, p. 289.
Chastellain, V, p. 217.
Le songe véritable, Mém. de la soc. de l’hist. de Paris, t. XVII, p. 325,
in Raynaud, Les cent ballades, p. iv.
200.
201.
Commines, I, p. 295.
Livres messires Geoffroy de Charny, Romania XXVI.
202. Commines, I, pp. 36-42, 86, 164.
203. Froissart, ed. Luce, IV, p. 70, 302; see ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove,
Bruxelles 1869-1877, 26 vols., V, p. 513.
204. [Trans.] Jean de Nevers: The name of John the Fearless before he
became duke of Burgundy. Nevers was one of the territories of the dukes of
Burgundy in central France.
205. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XV, p. 227.
206. Doutrepont, p. 112.
207. Emerson, Nature, ed. Routledge, 1881, 230-31.
208. [Trans.] The Y of Pythagoras: An image of the course of the afterlife
that Plato elevates to a myth in book 10 of Republic. Huizinga uses it simply
as the image of a path which splits, one of the branches itself having two
branches.
209. Piaget, Romania, XXVII, 1898, p. 63.
210. Deschamps, no. 315, III, p. 1.
211. Deschamps, I, p. 161 no. 65; see I, p. 78 no. 7, p. 175 no. 75.
212. Deschamps, nos. 1287, 1288, 1289; VII, p. 33; see no. 178, I, p. 313.
213. Deschamps, no. 240, II, p. 71; see no. 196, II, p. 15.
214. Deschamps, no. 184, I, p. 320.
215. Deschamps, no. 1124, no. 307; VI, p. 41; IL p. 213, Lai de franchise.
216. See further Deschamps, nos. 199, 200, 201, 258, 291, 970, 973,
1017, 1018, 1021, 1201, 1258.
217. Deschamps, XI, p. 94.
218. N. de Clémanges, Opera, ed. 1613, Epistolaeno. 14, p. 57; no. 18, p.
72; no. 104, p. 296.
219. Joh. de Monasteriolo, Epistolae, Marténe et Durand, Ampl.
Collectio, II, c. 1398.
220. Joh. de Monasteriolo, Epistolae, c. 1459.
221. Alain Chartier, Oeuvres, ed. Duchesne, 1617, p. 391.
222. See Roberti Gaguini Epistole et orationes, ed. Thuasne (Paris: E.
Bouillon, 1903), I, p. 37; II, p. 202.
223. Oeuvres du roi René, ed. Quatrebarbes, IV, p. 73; see Thuasne,
Gaguini, II, p. 204.
224. Meschinot, ed. 1522, f. 94, in La Borderie, Bibl. de l’Ecole des
Chartes, LVI, 1895, p. 313.
225. See Thuasne, Gaguini, II, p. 205.
Chapter 4
*1 “sweet new style.”
*2 “art of love.”
*3 “for them and all their retinue, baths provided with everything
required for the calling of Venus, to take by choice and by election what
they liked best, and all at the expense of the duke.”
+4 “a machine to wet the ladies when they pass under it.”
*5 One Hundred New Stories
+6 “honorable and edifying work”
+7 “very suitable to tell in any good company.”
*8 These are the ten commandments,/True God of love...
+? Then call me and command me lay my hands/On a book and order me
to swear,/That I will honestly do my duty/In the matters of love.
+10 And I have the hope, that he soon/Will sit high in the Paradise of
lovers/As a martyr and highly honored saint.
*11 I have celebrated the obsequies of my lady/In the monastery of love,/
And the service for her soul/Was sung by Dolorous Thought./Many tapers
of pitiful sighs/Have burned in her illumination./Also I had the tomb
made/ Of regrets...
+12 “The Lover Made Member of the Order of Love”
*13 “which was not made of virgin wax.”
*14 “of the slanderous Roman de la rose.”
+15 “on the feathers and wings of my various thoughts, from one place to
another, to the holy court of Christianity.”
*16 “Shame, Fear, and Danger [Virtue on Guard], the good porter who
would not dare, who would not deign to sanction even an impure kiss or
dissolute look, or attractive smile or light speech.”
+17 “how all young girls should sell their bodies early and dearly, without
fear and without shame, and that they should make light of deceit and
perjury.”
*18 “to spend a part of the time more pleasantly and to find new joys
arising—to honor, praise, recommend and serve all women and maidens.”
*19 “in the form of amorous lawsuits to defend different positions.”
*20 “signifying novelty.”
+21 Instead of in blue, lady, you dress in green.
+22 “fools of court and changers of names,”
§23 A little darling of great courage/who carried bunches of mottos
*24 “The King Who Does Not Lie,” “The Castle of Love,” “Sales of Love,”
and “Games for Sale”
+25 I sell you the hollyhock./—Belle, I dare not tell/How love draws me
towards you/But you know it without a word.
+26 Of the Castle of Love I ask you:/Tell me the first foundation! /—To
love loyally./Now mention the principal wall/Which makes it fine, strong
and sure!/—To conceal wisely. /Tell me what are the loopholes,/The
windows and the stones!/—Alluring looks. /Friend, mention the porter!/Ill-
speaking danger [Virtue on Guard]./What is the key that can unlock it?/—
Courteous request.
*27 “graceful games of love and his adventures”
+28 “Lady, I would prefer to hear her well spoken of and that I should
find her bad.”
*29 “T shall make, to your glory and praise, something that will be well
remembered.” “And, my very sweet heart, are you sorry because we have
begun so late? ... By God, so am I; .. . but here is the remedy: let us enjoy
life as much as circumstances permit, so that we may make up for the time
we have lost; and that people may speak of our love a hundred years hence,
and all well and honorably; for if there were evil, you would conceal it
from God, if you could.”
*30 “very devoutly.”
*31,,,. When the priest said, Agnus Dei,/Faith I owe to Saint Crepais,/
Sweetly she gave me the pax, /Between two pillars of the church. /And I
needed it indeed, / For my amorous heart was/Troubled, that we soon had
to part.
*32 “false long and pensive looks and little sighs, and wonderful
emotional faces, and who have more words at hand than other people.”
+33 Mademoiselle, it would be better to fall into your hands as a
prisoner than into many another’s, and I think your prison would not be so
hard as that of the English. —She replied that she had recently seen one
whom she could wish to be her prisoner. And then I asked her, if she would
make a bad prison for him, and she said not at all, and that she would hold
him as dear as her own person, and I told her that the man would be very
fortunate in having such a sweet and noble prison. What can I say? She
could talk well enough, and it seemed, to judge from her conversation, that
she knew a great deal, and her eyes also had a lively and lightsome
expression. ... And when we had departed my lord my father said to me,
‘What do you think of her whom you have seen? Tell me your opinion.’
‘Monseigneur, she seems to me all well and good, but I shall never be
nearer to her than I am now, if you please.”
*34 “to marry for love”
+35 “in hope of marriage”
+36 “For I have heard many women say who were in love in their youth,
that when they were in church, their thoughts and fancies made them dwell
more on those nimble imaginations and delights of their love-affairs than
on the service of God, and the art of love is of such a nature, that just at the
holiest moments of the service, that is to say, when the priest holds our
Lord on the altar, the most of these little thoughts will come to them.”
*37 T have seen a king of Sicily/Turn shepherd/And his gentle wife/Take
to the same trade/Carrying the shepherd’s pouch,/The crook and hat,/
Dwelling on the heath/Near their flock.
+38 Seigneur, you are God’s shepherd;/Guard his animals loyally,/Lead
them to the field or orchard,/But do not lose them by any means,/For your
trouble you will be well paid/If you guard them well, and if you do not,/
You received this name in an evil hour.
*39 “noble shepherdesses who formerly tended and guarded the sheep of
the country over there [the Netherlands].”
740 “all in the style of a pastoral.”
+41 Rest to my poor sheep,/Who here in great need,/Your shepherd shall
not sleep,/And now that you are scattered,/To God thou shall betake,/
Accept his wholesome word,/Live as pious Christians,/Soon it will be done.
§42 “the shepherd and the shepherdess”
*43 My bread is good; no one needs to clothe me;/The water is healthy,
which I desire to drink,/I do not fear either tyrant or poison.
+44 “that instrument of bestial people.”
+45 “which causes strong breath”
§46 “All the birds from here to Babylon,”
*47 Marriage is a sweet thing,/I know that from my own experience...
1. [Trans.] La vita nuova. The New Life—Dante’s masterpiece of courtly
love poetry.
2. As the newest [1914] translator of the Roman de la rose, E. Langlois,
renders the name.
3. Chastellain, IV, p. 165.
4. Basin, II, p. 224.
5. La Marche, II, p. 350.
6. [Trans.] “And if they passed that night together in great delight, one
can well believe it.” In Tuchmann, Mirror, p. 420.
7. Froissart, IX, pp. 223-236; Deschamps, VII, no. 1282.
8. Cent nouvelles nouvelles, ed. Wright, II, p. 15; see I, p. 277; II, pp. 20,
168, and so forth, and the Quinze joyes de mariage, passim.
9. Petit de Julleville, Jean Regnier, balli d’Auxerre, Revue d’hist. litt. de
la France, 1895, p. 157, in Doutrepont, p. 383; see Deschamps, VIII, p. 43.
10. Deschamps, VI, p. 112, no. 1169, La leçon de musique.
11. Charles d’Orléans, Poésies complètes, Paris 1874, 2 vols., I, pp. 12,
42.
12. Charles d’Orléans, I, p. 88.
13. Deschamps, VI, p 82, no. 1151; see also V, p. 132, no. 926; IX, p. 94,
c. 31; VI, p. 138, no. 1184; XI, p. 18, no. 1438; XI, pp. 269, 2861.
14. Christine de Pisan, I’Epistre au dieu d’amours, Oeuvres poétiques, ed.
M. Roy, II, p. 1.
15. Joh. de Monasteriolo, Epistolae, Marténe et Durand, Amplissima.
collectio, II col., p. 1409, 1421, 1422.
16. Piaget, Chronologie des épistres sur le Roman de la rose, Etudes
romanes dédiées a Gaston Paris, Paris, 1891, p. 119.
17. Gerson, Opera, III, p. 597; Gerson, Considérations sur St. Joseph, III,
p. 866; Sermo contra luxuriem, III, pp. 923, 925, 930, 968.
18. [Trans.] Old Woman: Another allegorical figure of the Roman de la
rose.
19. After Gerson.—The ms. letter of Pierre Col in the Bibl. nationale mss
francais 1563, f. 183, was not accessible to me.
20. [Trans.] “As it is written in the law of the Lord, Every male that
openeth the womb shall be called holy to the Lord.”
21. Bibl. de l’école des chartes, LX, 1899, p. 569.
22. E. Langlois, Le roman de la rose (Société des anciens textes français),
1914, T.I., Introduction, p. 36.
23. Ronsard, Amours, no. CLXI.
24. À. Piaget, La cour amoureuse dite de Charles VI, Romania, XX p. 417,
XXXI p. 599, Doutrepont, p. 367.
25. Leroux de Lincy, Tentative de rapt etc. en 1405, Bibl. de l’école de
chartes, 2. serie, III, 1846, p. 316.
26. Piaget, Romania, XX, p. 447.
27. Oeuvres de Rabelais, ed. Abel Lefranc c.s. I., Gargantua chap. 9, p.
96.
28. Guillaume de Machaut, Le livre du voir-dit, ed. p. P. Paris (Société
des bibliophiles francois), 1875, pp. 82, 213, 214, 240, 299, 309, 347, 351.
29. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 496.
30. Rabelais, Gargantua, chap. 9
31. Coquillart, Droits nouveaux, I, p. 111.
32. Christine de Pisan, I, p. 187ff.
33. E. Hoepffner, Frage- und Antwortspiele in der franz. Literatur des 14
Jahrh., Zeitschrift f. roman. Philogie, XXXIII, 1909, pp. 695, 703.
34. Christine de Pisan, Le dit de la rose, 75, Oeuvres poétiques, II, p. 31.
35. Machaut, Reméde de fortune, 3879ff. Oeuvres, ed. Hoepffner (Soc.
des anc. textes francais), 1908-11, 2 vols., II, p. 142.
36. Christine de Pisan, Le livre des trois jugements, Oeuvres poétiques, II,
p. 111.
37. [Trans.] Bettina. Bettina von Arnim was a young woman who carried
on a correspondence with the older Goethe. The Briefwechsel Goethes mit
einem Kinde was published in 1835.
38. Le livre du voir-dit. The hypothesis that there is no reality to the
history of this affair (following Hanf, Zeitschrift fur roman. Philogie, XXII,
p. 145) lacks any proof.
39. A castle near Chateau Thierry.
40. Voir-Dit, lettre, II, p. 20.
41. Voir-Dit, lettre, XXVII, p. 203.
42. Voir-Dit, pp. 20, 96, 146, 154, 162.
43. The kiss separated by a leaf reoccurs: see Le grand garde derrière str.
6, W. G. C. Byvanck, Un poete inconnu de la société de Francois Villon,
Paris, Champion, 1891, p. 27. Compare the figure of speech: “he held no
leaf in front of his mouth.”
44. Voir-Dit, pp. 143, 144.
45. Voir-Dit, p. no.
46. See above, p. 48.
47. Voir-Dit, pp. 98, 70.
48. Le livre du chevalier de la Tour Landry, ed. A. de Montaiglon (Bibl.
elzevirienne), 1854.
49. p. 245.
50. p. 28.
51. See above, p. 32.
52. The sentence is completely illogical (pensée . . . fait penser... à
pensiers); they seize upon one, but nowhere so often as in church.
53. pp. 249, 252-254.
54. Recollections des merveilles, Chastellain, VII, p. 200; see the
description of the Joutes de Saint Inglevert, mentioned by Kervyn, Froissart,
XIV, p. 406.
55. Le pastoralet, ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove (Chron. rel. a Vhist. de Belg.
sous la dom. des ducs de Bourg.), II, p. 573. For this mixture of pastoral
form and political purpose, the poet finds his parallel in no less a man than
Ariosto, whose single pastoral composition was dedicated to the defense of
his patron, Cardinallppolito d’Este, on the occasion of the plot by Albertino
Boschetti (1506). The case of the cardinal was hardly better than that of
John the Fearless, and the support of Ariosto hardly more sympathetic than
that of the unknown Burgundian. See G. Bertoni, L’Orlando furioso e la
rinascenza a Ferrara, Modena, 1919, pp. 42, 247.
56. P. 2151.
57. Meschinot, Les Lunettes des princes, in La Borderie (Bibl. de l’Ec. des
chartes, LVI, 1895), p. 606.
58. La Marche, III, p. 135; see Molinet, Recollection des merveilles, about
the imprisonment of Maximillian at Bruges; “Les moutons detenterent En
son parc le bergier,” Faictz et dictz, f. 208 vso.
59. Molinet, IV, p. 389.
60. [Trans.] Leewendalers. A one-act play by Vondel.
61. [Trans.] The Dutch national anthem.
62. Molinet, I, pp. 190, 194; III, p. 138; see Juvenal des Ursins. p. 382.
63. Deschamps, II, p. 213, Lay de franchise, see Chr. de Pisan, Le dit de al
Pastoure, Le pastoralet, Roi René, Regnant et Jehanneton, Martial
d’Auvergne, vigilles du roi Charles VII, etc., etc.
64. Deschamps, no. 923, see XI, p. 322.
65. Villon, ed. Longnon, p. 83.
66. Gerson, Opera, III, p. 302.
67. L’epistre au dieu d'amours, II, p. 14.
68. Quinze joyes de mariage, p. 222.
69. Oeuvres poétiques, I, p. 237, no. 26.
Chapter 5
*1 “reminder of death”
*2 Where is the glory of Babylon? Where is now the terrible/
Nebuchadnezzar, and strong Darius, famous Cyrus?/Like a wheel, left to
itself, so they went away;/ Their glory remains in plenty, it is secure—they,
however, moulder/Where is now the Curia Julia, Where the Julian
procession? Caesar, you vanished!/And you were the fiercest in the whole
world and the mightiest!/ . . . /Where is now Marius and Fabricius, who
were strangers to gold?/Where is the honorable death and memorable
deeds of Paulus?/Where is the heavenly Phillipic voice [Demosthenes],
where that of heavenly Cicero?/Where is Cato’s peacefulness for the
citizens and his scorn for the rebels?/Where is now Regulus? Or where
Romulus, or where Remus?/The rose [Rome] of yore is but a name, mere
names are left to us.
*3 Say, where is Solomon, once so splendid,/Or Sampson, where is he,
invincible chief,/And fair Absalom of the wonderful face,/Or sweet
Jonathan, the most amiable?/Where has Caesar gone, greatest in power?/
Whither the famous rich [Crassus], whose whole soul centered around
mealtime?/Say, where is Tullius [Cicero], famous for his speech,/Where is
Aristotle, the greatest in genius?
+4 “But where are the snows of yesterday?”
+5 Alas! And the good king of Spain/Whose name I do not know?
*6 Once I was beautiful above all women/But by death I became like
this,/my flesh was very beautiful, fresh and soft,/Now it has completely
turned to ashes./ My body was very pleasing and very pretty,/I used
frequently to dress in silk,/ Now I must justly be quite naked. /Clad I was
in gray fur and in miniver,/In a great palace I lived as I wished,/Now I am
lodged in this little coffin./My room was adorned with fine tapestry,/Now
my grave is enveloped by cobwebs.
+7 “The Ornament and Triumph of the Ladies”
*8 These sweet looks, these eyes made for pleasure,/Remember, they will
lose their luster, /Nose and brows, the eloquent mouth/Will putrefy . . .
+9 If you live your natural lifetime,/Of which sixty years is a great deal,/
your beauty will change into ugliness,/Your health into obscure malady,/
And you will be an encumbrance to the earth./If you have a daughter, you
will be a shadow to her,/She will be desired and asked for,/And the mother
will be abandoned by all.
*10 What has become of this smooth forehead,/Fair hair, curving brows,/
Large space between the eyes, pretty looks,/With which I caught the most
subtle ones;/ That fine straight nose, neither large nor small, /These tiny
ears close to the head, / The dimpled chin, well-shaped bright face,/And
those beautiful vermillion lips?/ . .. /The forehead wrinkled, hair gray,/
The brows bare, lackluster eyes . . .
+11 “abuse of abominable savagery, practised by some of the faithful in a
horrible way and inconsiderately.”
*12 “I made the Dance Macabre”
*13 “I am Death, known to all creatures,”
*14 My friend, look at my face,/See what doleful death does,/And
henceforth do not forget;/This is she, whom you so loved,/And this body,
which is yours,/ Will become hateful and filthy to you, forever lost;/It will
be a stinking meal/ For the earth and for the worms./Hard death ends all
beauty.
*15 There is not a limb nor a form/That does not smell of putrefaction./
Before the soul is outside,/The heart which wants to burst the body,/Raises
and lifts the chest,/Which nearly touches the backbone./—The face is
discolored and pale,/ And the eyes veiled in the head./Speech fails him,/
For the tongue cleaves to the palate./The pulse trembles and he pants./.. .
/The bones are disjointed on all sides;/There is not a tendon that does not
stretch as to burst.
+16 Death makes him shudder, pale,/The nose to curve, the veins to
swell, /The neck to inflate, the flesh to soften, /Joints and tendons to grow
and swell.
+17 O female body, which is so soft,/Smooth, suave, precious,/Do these
evils await you?/Yes, or you must go to heaven alive.
*18 “beautiful bone chambers”
*19 Laborer, who in care and toil/Have lived all your time,/You must die,
that is certain,/No drawing back helps, no struggling./Death should make
you happy,/ Because it frees you from great sorrow.
1. Directorium vitae nobilium, Dionysii opera, t. XXXVII, p. 550; t.
XXXVIII, p. 358
2. Don Juan, c. 11, 76-80, see C. H. Becker, Ubi sunt qui ante in mundo
fuere. Essays dedicated to Ernst Kuhn 11 February 1916, pp. 87-105.
3. Bernardi Morlanensis, De contemptu mundi, ed. Th. Wright, the Anglo-
Latin satirical poets and epigrammatists of the twelfth century (Rerum
Britannicarum medii aevi scriptores), London, 1872, 2 vols., II, p. 37.
4. Earlier ascribed to Bernhard of Clairvaux, held by a few to be by
Walter Mapes; see H. L. Daniel, Thesaurus hymnologicus, Lipsiae 1841-
1856, IV, p. 288.
5. Deschamps, III, nos. 330, 345, 368, 399; Gerson, Sermo III de
defunctis, Opera, III, p. 1568; Dion. Cart., De quatuor hominim novissimis,
Opera, t. XLI, p. 511; Chastellain, VI, p. 52.
6. Villon, ed. Longnon, p. 33.
7. Villon, ed. Longnon, p. 34.
8. Emile Mâle, L’art religieux à la fin du moyen-âge, Paris 1908, p. 376.
9. See my work De Vidiishaka in het Indisch tooneel, Groningen 1897, p.
77.
10. Odo of Cluny, Collationum lib. III, Migne t. CXXXIII, p. 556.
11. Innocentius II, De contemptu mundi sive de miseria conditionis
humanae libri tres, Migne t. CCXVII, p. 702.
12. Innocentius III, p. 713.
13. Oeuvres de roi René, ed. Quatrebarbes I, p. ci. After the fifth and the
eighth lines there appears to be a verse missing. Possibly to rhyme with
“menu vair” should be “mangé des vers” or something similar.
14. Olivier de la Marche, Le parement et triumphe des dames, Paris,
Michel le Noir, 1520, at the end.
15. La Marche, Le parement et triumphe des dames, at the end.
16. Villon, Testament, vs. 453ff., ed. Longnon, p. 39.
17. H. Kern, Het Lied van Ambapâlî uit de Therîgâthâ, Versl. en Meded.
der Koninkl. Akad. van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam 5, III, p. 153, 1917.
18. Molinet, Faictz et dictz, fo. 4, fo. 42 v.
19. Procedure concerning the beatification of Peter of Luxembourg, 1390,
Acta sanctorum Julii, I, p. 562. Compare the regular renewal of the wax in
which the bodies of the English kings and their relatives are wrapped,
Rymer, Foedera VII, 361, 433 = III3, 140, 168, etc.
20. Les Grandes chroniques de France, ed. Paulin Paris 1836-1838, 6
vols., VI, p. 334.
21. See the detailed study of Dietrich Schäfer, Mittelalterlicher Brauch
bei de Überfuhrung von Leichen. Sitzungsberichte der preussischen
Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1920, pp. 478-498.
22. Lefèvre de S. Remy, I, p. 200, wherein one must read Suffolk for
Oxford.
23. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 567; Journal d’un bourgeois, pp. 237, 307,
671.
24. See also the extensive literature on the theme, G. Huet, Notes
d'histoire littéraire, III, Le moyen âge, XX, 1918, p. 148.
25. See the above cited Emile Mâle, L’art religieux à la fin du moyen-âge,
II, 2. La Mort.
26. Laborde, II, 1, 393.
27. A few reproductions by Mâle, L’art religieux à la fin du moyen-âge,
and in the Gazette des beaux arts 1918, avril-juin, p. 167.
28. Through the researches of Huet, Notes de l’hist. littéraire, it is clearly
seen that a round dance of the dead was the primitive source to which
Goethe returned in his Totentanz.
29. [Trans.] dubbeldanger: German Doppelgänger.
30. Earlier and incorrectly thought to be older (1350). See G. Ticknor,
Geschichte der schônen Literatur in Spanien (original in English), I p. 77, II
p. 598; Grobers Grundrisz, II! p. 1180, II2 p. 428.
31. Oeuvres du roi René, I, p. clii.
32. Chastellain, Le pas de la mort, VI, p. 59.
33. See Innocentius III, De contemptu mundi, II, c. 42; Dion. Cart., De
quatuor hominum novissimis, t. XLI, p. 496.
34. Chastellain, Oeuvres, VI, p. 49.
35. Loc. cit., p. 60.
36. Villon, Testament, XLI, vs. 321-28, ed. Longnon, p. 33.
37. Champion, Villon, I, p. 303.
38. Male, L’art religieux ..., p. 389.
39. Leroux de Lincy, Livre des légendes, p. 95.
40. Le livre des faits, etc., II, p. 184.
41. Journal d’un bourgeois, I, pp. 233-234, 392, 276. See further
Champion, Villon, I, p. 306.
42. A. de la Salle, Le reconfort de Madame du Fresne, ed. J Néve, Paris
1903.
Chapter 6
*1 “from the mere fantasies of men and their melancholy powers of
imagination”
*2 “then the material semen out of which the body was composed was
neither too solid nor too fluid.”
+3 “a beautiful theological question”
*4 “to see God in passing.”
+5 “a God on a donkey.”
+6 “and she believed she was about to die and had the loving God
brought to her.”
*7 “Let God do it, He is a man of mature years.”
+8 “and begged him with folded hands, because he was as highly placed
as God.”
+9 “strong spirit”
*10 “So Much I Enjoy Myself,” “If My Face Is Pale,” “The Armed Man”
+11 Then to the sound of the trumpet /God shall open his general and
grand accounting office.
+12 Hear ye, Hear ye, the honor and the glory /And the great indulgence
conferred by arms.
*13 “See here, the image of the Trinity, the Father, the Son and the Holy
Ghost.”
*14 “seins”—bosom; “dévotion”—submission, piety; “bénir”—bless,
blessed, pregnant.
+15 “dishonorable parts of the body and filthy and hateful sins.”
+16 “Kiss Me”
§17 “Red Nose”
*18 “as befits the conqueror of a country, a secular prince.”
+19 Earlier people were/Very pious in church,/On their knees in
humility/Close to the altar, /And meekly uncovering their heads,/But at
present like beasts/Too often they come to the altar/With hood and hat on
their heads.
*20 “in great and high solemnity and reverence,”
+21 “a crowd of rascals and toughs”
*22 Tf I often go to church/it is to see the fair one/fresh as a new rose.
+23 “and there is here a good example why one should not go on
pilgrimage for the sake of silly, worldly lusts.”
*24 There is none so mean but says,/I deny God and His mother.
+25 “I deny God”
*26 “T deny boots”
+27 “My good dog whom God pardons.”
+28 “straight to the paradise of dogs.”
§29 “Heretic.”
*30 “the young angel makes an old devil”
*31 “I have attended to my spiritual concerns and, in my conscience, I
believe I have greatly angered God, having for a long time already erred
against the faith, and I cannot believe a word about the Trinity, nor that the
Son of God has humbled Himself to such an extent to come down from
heaven into the carnal body of a woman; and I believe and say that when
we die there is no such thing as a soul. . . . I have held this opinion ever
since I became self-conscious, and I shall hold it to the end.”
*32 “as imitations and small reflections of God.”
+33 “You shall neither adore them or serve them.”
*34 Woman I am, poor and old,/Who knows nothing; I never could read;/
In the church where I am a parishioner,/I see paradise painted with harps
and lutes,/ And a hell where the damned are boiled:/The one frightens me,
the other brings joy and mirth.
*35 “very often and very loudly.”
*36 You who serve a wife and children /Always keep Joseph in mind;/He
served a woman constantly, gloomily and mournfully,/And he guarded
Jesus Christ in his infancy;/He went on foot with his bundle on his staff;/In
many places he is so pictured,/Next to a mule, for their fair pleasure,/And
so he never had any amusement in this world.
*37 What poverty Joseph suffered/And hardship/And misery,/When God
was born!/Many a time he has carried him/And lifted him up out of
kindness./Together with his mother/On his mule/He led them/Into Egypt.
/1 saw him/Painted thus./The good man is painted/Quite exhausted/and
dressed/In a frock and a striped garment;/Leaning on his stick/Old, spent,/
And broken./No earthly joy had he,/But of him/Goes the cry/It is Joseph
the fool.
*38 “God wished that she should marry that saintly man Joseph, who was
old and upright, for God wished to be born in wedlock, to comply with the
current legal requirements, to avoid gossip.”
+39 “If it pleases you, I shall marry and shall have a large bevy of
children and relations.”
+40 “I am black, but comely” [Song of Songs 1:5].
§41 “Even though this maiden is black, nonetheless, she is graceful and
has a beautiful body and limbs and is well suited to bear many children.”
**42 “My beloved son has said to me that she is black and brown.
Certainly, I desire that my son’s bride should be young, courteous, pretty,
graceful, and beautiful, and should have beautiful limbs.”
+143 Take her, for she is pleasing,/fit to love her sweet bridegroom;/Now
take plenty of our possessions,/And give them to her in abundance.
*44 There are five saints in the genealogy,/And five female saints to
whom God has granted/Benignantly at the end of their lives,/That who
ever invokes their help with all his heart/In all dangers, that God will hear/
Their intercedence in all disorders whatever./He is wise who serves these
five,/George, Denis, Christopher, Giles, and Blaise.
*45 “Q God, who hath distinguished Thy chosen saints, George, etc., etc.,
with special privileges before all others, that all those who in their need
invoke their help shall obtain the salutary fulfillment of their prayer,
according to the promise of Thy grace.”
*46 “May Saint Anthony burn me”
+47 “Saint Anthony burn the brothel, Saint Anthony burn that horse!”
+48 “Saint Anthony sells me his evil all too dear, /He stokes the fire in my
body.”
§49 “Saint Maur will not make you tremble.”
*50 Do not make gods of silver,/Of gold, of wood, of stone, or of bronze,/
That lead the people to idolatry . . . /Because the work has a pleasant
shape;/ Their coloring of which I complain,/The beauty of shining gold,/
Make many ignorant people believe/That these are God for certain,/And
they serve by foolish thoughts/Such images as stand about/In churches
where they place too many of them;/That is very ill done; in short,/Let us
not adore such counterfeits./ . . . / Prince, let us believe in one God/And
adore him to perfection /In the fields, everywhere, for this is right,/No false
gods, of iron or stone,/Stones which have no understanding:/Let us not
adore such counterfeits.
1. J. Burckhardt, Weltgeschichtliche Betrachtungen, 1905, p. 97, 147.
2. [Trans.] Spanning. See chap. 1, n. 1
3. [Trans.] This-worldliness in other-worldly terms: That is, to envision the
after-life or the divine merely as an exaggerated version of this life; a habit
of thought which demeans the transcendent by lowering it to the material.
For a later, fuller use of this terminology, see Arthur O. Lovejoy, The Great
Chain of Being. Boston: Harvard University Press, 1964.
4. [Trans.] Suso: 1300-1366. A follower of the great German mystic
Meister Eckhart. He was an accomplished ascetic as well as a renowned
preacher.
5. Heinrich Seuse, Leben, ed. Bihlmeyer, Deutsche Schriften, 1907, pp.
24, 25.
6. [Trans.] bonte: German buntes, colorful. An adjective very often used
by Huizinga in Autumn. The translator’s temptation to replace it with
synonyms should be resisted since the “colorful” aspect of such as the
images of saints is precisely why they are “this-worldly.” Huizinga would
have remembered Mephistopheles’ temptation of the student in Faust:
“Grey, my friend, is all of theory, and green is life’s golden tree” (I, 2,
2039).
7. [Trans.] Gerson: 1363-1429. A student of Pierre d’Ailly and succeeded
him as Chancellor of the University of Paris. An enemy of scholastic
speculation and a nominalist, he was also a delicate mystic. Of very humble
origin, he rose to his position through strength of mind. He was very
prominent in the attempts to heal the Great Schism. One feels that Huizinga
admired him greatly.
8. Gerson, Opera, III, p. 309.
9. Nic. de Clémanges, De novis festivitatibus non instituendis, Opera, ed.
Lydius Lugd. Bat. 1613, pp. 151, 159.
10. In Gerson, Opera, II, p. 911.
11. Acta sanctorum, Apr. t. III, p. 149.
12. Ac aliis vere pauperibus et miserabilibus indigentibus, quibus
convenit jus et verus titulus mendicandi.
13. Qui ecclesiam suis mendaciis maculant et earn irrisibilem reddunt.
14. Alanus Redivivus, ed. J. Coppenstein, 1642, p. 77.
15. Commines, I, p. 310; Chastellain, V, p. 27; Le Jouvencel, I, p. 82;
Jean Lud, in Deutsche Geschichtsblatter, XV, p. 248; Journal d’un
bourgeois, p. 384; Paston Letters, II, p. 18; J, H. Ramsay, Lancaster and
York, II, p. 275; Play of Sir John Oldcastle, II, p. 2 and others.
16. Contra superstitionem praesertim Innocentum, Opera, I, p. 203.
17. Gerson, Quaedam argumentatio adversus eos qui publice volunt
dogmatizare etc. Opera, II, pp. 521-522.
18. Johannis de Varennis Responsiones etc., Gerson, I, p. 909.
19. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 259. For “une hucque vermeille par
dessoubz,” which is impossible, read “par dessus.”
20. Gerson, Considérations sur Saint Joseph, III, pp. 842-68, Josephina,
IV, p. 753; Sermo de natalitate beatae Mariae Virginis, III, p. 1351; Further
IV, p. 729, 731, 732, 735, 736.
21. Gerson, De distinctione verarum visionum a falsis, Opera, I, p. 50.
22. C. Schmidt, Der Prediger Olivier Maillard, Zeitschrift f. hist.
Theologie, 1856, p. 501.
23. See Thuasne, Rob. Gaguini, Ep. Or., I, pp. 72ff.
24. Les cent nouvelles nouvelles, ed. Wright, II, pp. 75ff., I2ff.
25. Le livre du chevalier de la Tour Landry, ed. de Montaiglon, p. 56.
26. Loc. cit., p. 257: “Se elles ouyssent sonner la messe ou a veoir Dieu.”
27. Leroux de Lincy, Le livre des Proverbes francais, Paris, 1859, 2 vols.,
I, p. 21.
28. Froissart, ed. Luce, V, p. 24.
29. “Cum juramento asseruit non credere in Deum dicti episcopi,” Rel. de
S. Denis, I, p. 102.
30. [Trans.] Hansje in den Kelder. Hans in the cellar. A rare antique
drinking dish in which through a clever mechanism a little figure pops up
when the dish is filled. The dish was used to toast an expectant mother. We
are indebted to Willemien Rathonyi-Reusz of the Canadian Association for
the Advancement of Netherlandic Studies for this information.
31. Laborde, II, p. 264, no. 4238, Inventory of 1420; ib. II, p. 10, no. 77.
Inventory of Charles the Bold, who well might be the source of this
specimen.
32. Gerson, Opera, III, p. 947.
33. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 3662.
34. A Dutch letter of indulgence from the fourteenth century, ed. J.
Verdam, Ned. Archief voor Kerkgesch. 1900, pp. 117-22.
35. A. Eekhof, De questierders van den aflaat in de Noordelijke Nederl., ‘s
Gravenhagem 1909, p. 12.
36. Chastellain, I, pp. 187-89; entry of Henry V and Philip of Burgundy
into Paris 1420; II, p. 16: Entry of the latter into Ghent 1430.
37. Doutrepont, p. 379.
38. Deschamps, III, p. 89, no. 357; le roi René, Traicté de la forme de
devise d’un tournoy, Oeuvres, II, p. 9.
39. Olivier de la Marche, II, p. 202.
40. Monstrelet, I, p. 285, cf. 306.
41. Liber de virtutibus Philippe ducis Burgundiae, pp. 13, 16 (Chron. rel.
a l’hist de Belgique sous la dom. des ducs de Bourg., II).
42. Molinet, II pp. 84-94, III p. 98; Faictz et Dictz, f. 47, see I, p. 240,
and also Chastellain, III pp. 209, 260, IV p. 48, V p. 301, VII p. 1ff.
43. Molinet, III, p. 109.
44. Gerson, Oratio ad regem Franciae, Opera, IV, p. 662.
45. Quinze joyes de Mariage, p. XIII.
46. Gerson, Opera, III, p. 299.
47. [Trans.] Agnes Sorel 1422-50. The first “official” mistress of a King of
France, she served Charles VII. He gave her the castle of Beauté, where she
died after childbirth and profound repentance.
48. Friedlander, Jahrb. d. K. Preuss. Kunstsammlungen, XVII, 1896, p.
206.
49. Wetzer und Welte, Kirchenlexicon, see Musik, col. 2040; see Erasmus,
Christiani Matrimonii Institutio, Opera (ed. Lugd. Bat.), V, col. 718c:
“Nuncsonis neqissimis aptantur verba sacra, nihilo magis decore, quam si
thaidis ornatum addas Catoni. Interdum nec verba silentur impudica
cantorum licentia.” [Trans.: “Nowadays the most frivolous tunes are given
holy words, which is no better than if one put the jewelry of Thais on Cato.
And given the whore-like shamelessness of the singers, the (secular) words
are not even held back.”]
50. Chastellain, IL, p. 155.
51. H. van den Velden, Rod. Agricola, een nederlandsch Humanist der 15
eeuw, I, dl., Leiden 1911, p. 44.
52. Deschamps, X, no. 33, p. lxi, in the next to the last line we find
“Postel,” which, of course, makes no sense.
53. Nic. de Clémanges, De novis celebritatibus non instituendis, Opera,
ed. Lydius, 1613, p. 143.
54. Le livre du chevalier de la Tour Landry, pp. 66, 70.
55. Gerson, sermo de nativitate Domini, Opera, III, pp. 946, 947.
56. Nicolas de Clémanges, De novis celebritatibus non instituendis, p.
147.
57. O. Winckelmann, Zur Kulturgeschichte des Strassburger Munsters,
Zeitschr. f. d. Geschichte des Oberrheins, N. F. XXII, 2.
58. Dionysius Cartusianus, De modo agendi processiones etc., Opera,
XXXVI, pp. 198ff.
59. Chastellain, V, pp. 253ff.
60. See above, p. 48.
61. Michel Menot, Sermones, f. 144 vso., in Champion, Villon, I, p. 202.
62. Le livre du chevalier de la Tour Landry, p. 65; Olivier de la Marche,
II, p. 89; L’amant rendu cordelier, p. 25, huitain 68; Rel. de S. Denis, I, p.
102.
63. Christine de Pisan, Oeuvres poétiques, I, p. 172, see p. 60, l’epistre au
dieu d’Amours, II, 3; Deschamps V p. 51 no. 871, II p. 185 vs 75; Seé above,
p. 147.
64. L’amant rendu cordelier, p. 25.
65. Menot, Sermones, p. 202.
66. Gerson, Expostulatio . . . adversus corruptionem juventutis per
lascivas imagines et alia hujus modi, Opera, III, p. 291; cf. De parvulis
Christum trahendis, ib. p. 281; Contra tentationem blasphemiae, ib. p. 246.
67. Le livre du chevalier de la Tour Landry, pp. 80, 81; see Machaut,
Livre du voir-dit, pp. 143ff.
68. Tour Landry, pp. 55, 63, 73, 79.
69. Nicolas de Clémanges, De novis celebritatibus . . . , p. 145.
70. Quinze joyes de mariage, p. 127; see pp. 19, 29, 124.
71. Froissart, ed. Luce et Raynaud, XI, pp. 225ff.
72. Chron. Montis S. Agnetis, p. 341; J. C. Pool, Frederik v. Heilo en aijne
schriften, Amsterdam 1866, p. 126; see Hendrik Mande in W. Moll, Joh.
Brugman en het godsdienstig leven onzer vaderen in de 15€ eeuw, 1854, 2
vols., I, p. 264.
73. Gerson, Centilogium de impulsibus, Opera, III, p. 154.
74. Deschamps, IV, p. 322 no. 807; see I, p. 272 no. 146: “si n’y a Si
meschant qui encor ne die Je regni Dieu... ”
75. Gerson, Adversus lascivas imagines, Opera, III, p. 292; Sermo de
nativatate Domini, III, p. 946.
76. Deschamps, I, pp. 271ff. nos. 145, 146, p. 217 no. 105; see II, p. lvi,
and Gerson, III, p. 85.
77. Gerson, Considérations sur le peché de blasphéme, Opera, III, p. 889.
78. Regulae morales, Opera, III, p. 85.
79. Ordonnances des rois de France, t. VIII, p. 130; Rel. de S. Denis, II, p.
533.
80. P. d’Ailly, De reformatione, cap. 6, de reform. laicorum, in Gerson,
Opera II, p. 914.
81. Gerson, Contra foedam tentationem blasphemiae, Opera, III, p. 243.
82. Gerson, Regulae morales, Opera, III, p. 85.
83. Gerson, Contra foedam tentationem blasphemiae, Opera, III, p. 246:
hi qui audacter contra fidem loquuntur in forma joci etc.
84. Cent nouvelles nouvelles, IL p. 205.
85. Gerson, Sermo de S. Nicolao, Opera, III, p. 1577; De parvulis ad
Christum trahendis ib. p. 279. Against this same saying also Dionysius
Cart., Inter Jesum et puerum dialogus, art. 2, Opera, t. XXXVIII, p. 190.
86. Gerson, De distinctione verarum visionum a falsis, Opera, I, p. 45.
87. Ibid., p. 58.
88. Petrus Damiani, Opera, XII, 29; Migne, P. L., 145, p. 283; see for the
twelfth and thirteenth centuries Hauck, Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands,
IV, pp. 81, 898.
89. Deschamps, VI, p. 109, no. 1167, id., no. 1222; Commines, I, p. 449.
90. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XIV, p. 67.
91. Rel. de S. Denis, I, pp. 102, 104; Jean Juvenal des Ursins, p. 346.
92. Jacques du Clercq, IL pp. 277, 340; IV, p. 59; see Molinet IV, p. 390,
Rel. de S. Denis, I, p. 643.
93. Joh. de Monasteriolo, Epistolae, II, p. 1415; see ep. 75, 76, p. 1456 of
Ambr. de Miliis to Gontier Col, in which he complains about Jean de
Montreuil.
94. Gerson, Sermo III in Sancti Ludovici, Opera, II, p. 1451.
95. Gerson, Contra impugnantes ordinem carthusiensium, Opera, II, p.
713.
96. Gerson, De decern praceptis, Opera, I, p. 245.
97. Gerson, Sermo de nativ. Domini, Opera, III, p. 947.
98. Nic. de Clémanges, De novis celebr. etc., p. 151.
99. Villon, Testament, vs. 893ff., ed Longnon, p. 57.
100. Gerson, Sermo de nativitate Domine, Opera, III, p. 947; Regulae
morales, ib. p. 86; Liber de vita spirituali animae, ib. p. 66.
101. Hist. translationis corporis sanctissimi ecclesiae doctoris divi Thorn.
de Aq., 1368, auct. fr. Raymundo Hugonis O. P., Acta sanctorum Martii, I,
p. 725.
102. Report of the papal commissioner Bishop Conrad of Hildesheim and
Abbot Hermann of Georgenthal about the testimony concerning St.
Elisabeth of Marburg in January 1235, given in Historisches Jahrbuch der
Gorres-Gesellschaft, XXVIII, p. 887.
103. Rel. de S. Denis, II, p. 37.
104. See below p. 198.
105. Chastellain, III, p. 407; IV, p. 216.
106. Deschamps, I, p. 277, no. 150.
107. Deschamps, II, p. 348, no. 314.
108. From Johann Ecks’s Pfarrbuch for U. L. Frau in Ingolstadt, in Archiv
fur Kulturgesch., VIII, p. 103.
109. Joseph Seitz, Die Verehrung des heil. Joseph in ihrer gesch.
Entwicklung, etc., Freiburg, Herder, 1908.
110. Le livre du chevalier de la Tour Landry, p. 212.
111. B. Nat. Ms. fr. 1875, in Ch. Oulmont, Le verger, le temple et la
cellule, essai sur la sensualité dans les oeuvres de mystique religieuse, Paris
1912, pp. 284ff.
112. See the passages about the images of saints in E. Mâle, L’art
religieux a la fin du moyen-age, chap. IV.
113. Deschamps, I, p. 114, no. 32; VI, p. 243, no. 1237.
114. Bambergisches Missale from 1490, in Uhrig, Die 14 hl. Nothelfer
(XIV. Auxiliatores), Theol. Quartalschrift, LXX, 1888, p. 72; see an Utrecht
Missal from 1514 and a Dominican Missal of 1550, in Acta sanctorum
Aprilis, t. IN, p. 149.
115. Erasmus, Ratio seu methodus compendio pervendi ad veram
theologiam, ed. Basel, 1520, p. 171. ([Trans.] Added in the German
translation: see Moriae Encomium, cap. 40; Colloquia, Militaria, LB I 642.)
116. In the just cited ballade of Deschamps we also find Martha, who
destroyed the Tarasque at Tarascon. [Trans.] That is, St. Martha, who
destroyed a monster called the Tarasque at the town of Tarascon in
southern France.
117. Oeuvres de Coquillart, ed. Ch. d’Héricault (Bibl. elzevirenne), 1857,
IL, p. 281.
118. Deschamps, no. 1230, VI, p. 232.
119. Rob. Gaguini, Epistole et orationes, ed. Thuasne, II, p. 176.
120. Colloquia, Exequiae Seraphicae, ed. Elzev., p. 620. [Trans.] The
German translation adds: I, c. 869 B, see Ep. 447, line 426, Allen II, p. 303,
and cites the Colloquia as Leidener Ausg.
121. Gargantua, chap. 45.
122. Apologie pour Hérodote, chap. 38, ed. Ristelhuber, 1879, II, p. 324.
123. Deschamps, VII, p. 201, no. 1489.
124. Gerson, de Angelis, Opera, III, p. 1481; De praeceptis decalogi, I, p.
431; Oratio ad bonum angelum suum, III, p. 511; Tractatus VIII super
Magnificat, IV, p. 370; see III, pp. 137, 553, 739.
125. Gerson, Opera, IV, p. 389.
Chapter 7
*1 “in order to absolve everyone”
+2 We pray God that the Jacobins/Might eat the Augustinians/And that
the Carmelites might be hung/With the cords of the Friars Minor.
*3 “and they who had earlier prayed for him now cursed him.”
*4 “If God wants to give me the victory, He will keep it for me.”
*5 “his dear hermitage of Reculée”
+© “not differing from the barrows in which dung and ordure are usually
carried . . . and I have heard it recounted and said . . . that in all towns
where he came, he made similar entries out of humility.”
*7 “if God had hated him so much that he let him die at the court of
princes of this world.”
*8 “There was killed in good style the aforesaid Lord Charles of Blois,
with his face to the enemy, and a bastard son of his called Jehans de Blois,
and several other knights and squires of Brittany.”
*9 “Sweet, courteous and debonair . . . virgin as to body, a great giver of
alms. The greater part of the day and the night he spent in prayer. And in
all his life there was nothing but humility.”
*10 “I see well . . . that you want to lead me from the right road to the
bad; but assuredly, if once I enter on it, I shall do so much that the whole
world will talk of me.”
*11 “who bought the grace of God and of the Virgin Mary for more
money than ever king did”
*12 “Monsieur de Genas, I beg you to send me lemons and sweet oranges,
and muscatel pears, and parsnips, and it is for the holy man who eats
neither flesh nor fish; and you will do me a very great favor.”
*13 “He is still alive . . . so that he may well change, for the better or for
the worst, so that I shall be silent, as many mocked at the arrival of this
hermit, whom they called ‘holy man.”
+14 “of such saintly life, nor one in whom the Holy Spirit seemed more to
speak through his mouth.”
+15 “famous pious man and greatest prince and duke,”
*16 “He who reads Dionysius, has read everything.”
1. Monstrelet, IV, p. 304.
2. Bernh. of Siena, Opera, I, p. 100, in Hefele, Der h. Bernhardin von
Siena..., p. 36.
3. Les cent nouvelles nouvelles, II, p. 157; Les quinze joyes de mariage,
pp. 111, 215.
4. Molinet, Faictz et dictz, f. 188 vso.
5. [Trans.] duke of Armagnac: A title of Louis d’Orléans.
6. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 336, see p. 242, no. 514.
7. Ghillebert de Lannoy, Oeuvres, ed. Ch. Potvin, Louvain, 1878, p. 163.
8. Les cent nouvelles nouvelles, II, p. 101.
9. Lejouvencel, II, p. 107.
10. Songe de viel pelerin, bij Jorga, Phi. de Mézières, p. 423€.
11. Journal d’un bourgeois, pp. 214, 2892.
12. Gerson, Opera, I, p. 206.
13. Jorga, Phil. de Méziéres, p. 506.
14. W. Moll, Johannes Brugman, II, p. 125.
15. Chastellain, IV, p. 263-65.
16. Chastellain, II, p. 300; VII, p. 222. Jean Germain, Liber de virtutibus,
p. 10 (The less severe fasting exercise mentioned here may belong to a
different time); Jean Jouffroy, De Philippo duce oratio (Chron. rel. a Vhist
de Belg. sous la dom. des ducs de Bourg., IID, p. 118.
17. La Marche, II, p. 40.
18. Monstrelet, IV, p. 302.
19. Jorga, Phil. de Méziéres, p. 350.
20. See Jorga, Phil. de Méziéres, p. 444; Champion, Villon, I, p. 17.
21. [Trans.] Gerard Groote: 1340-84. Mystic and popular preacher who
founded both the Brethren of the Common Life and the Windesheim
Convent (although the latter did not come into existence until after his
death). Some modern opinion is that it is he rather than Thomas a Kempis
who was the author of the Imitatio Christi.
22. Oeuvres du roi René, ed. Quatrebarbes, I, p. cx.
23. Monstrelet, V, p. 112.
24. La Marche, I, p. 194.
25. Acta sanctorum Jan., t. II, p. 1018.
26. Jorga, Phil. de Méziéres, pp. 509, 512.
27. It is not important in this connection whether the church had
clarified the question of recommending persons for sainthood or only for
beatification.
28. André Du Chesne, Hist. de la maison de Chastillon sur Marne, Paris
1621, Preuves, pp. 126-31, Extraict de l’enqueste faite pour la canonization
de Charles de Blois, pp. 223, 234.
29. Froissart, ed. Luce, VI, p. 168.
30. The grounds on which Dom Plaine, Revue des questions historiques,
XI, p. 41, objects to Froissart’s testimony do not seem cogent enough to me.
31. W. James, The varieties of religious experience, pp. 37of.
32. Ordonnances des rois de France, t. VIII, p. 398, Nov. 1400, 426, 18
March 1401.
33. Mémoires de Pierre Salmon, ed. Buchon, Coll. de chron. nationales,
3€ Supplément de Froissart, XV, p. 49.
34. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XIII, p. 40.
35. Acta sanctorum Julii, t. I, p. 486-628. Prof. Wensinck has brought to
my attention that the custom of keeping a daily list of sins is a very old
saintly tradition already described by Johannes Climacus (c. 600), Scala
Paradisi, ed. Raderus, Paris 1633, p. 65; that it is also known in Islam, by
Ghazali, and that it is still recommended by Ignatius of Loyola in the
Exercitia spiritualia.
36. La Marche, I, p. 180.
37. Lettres de Louis XI, t. VI, p. 514, cf. V, p. 86, X, p. 65.
38. Commines, I, p. 291.
39. Commines, II, pp. 67, 68.
40. Commines, II, p. 57; Lettres X, p. 16; IX, p. 260. At times, there was
such an agnus scythicus in the Colouia Museum at Haarlem.
41. Chron. scan., II, p. 122.
42. Commines, II, pp. 55, 77.
43. Acta sanctorum Apr. t., I, p. 115.—Lettres de Louis XI, X, pp. 76, 90.
44. Sed volens caute atque astute agere propterea quod a pluribus fuisset
sub umbra sanctitatis deceptus, decrevit variis modis experiri virtutem servi
Dei, Acta sanctorum, Apr., t. 1, p. 115.
45. Acta sanctorum, Apr., t. 1, p. 108; Commines, II, p. 55.
46. Lettres, X, pp. 124, 29. June 1483.
47. Lettres, X, p. 4 passim; Commines, II, p. 54.
48. Commines, II, p. 56; Acta sanctorum, Apr., t. 1, p. 115.
49. A. Renaudet, Préréforme et humanisme a Paris, p. 172.
50. Doutrepont, p. 226.
51. Vita Dionysii auct. Theod. Loer, Dion. Opera, I, p. xliiff., id. De vita et
regimine principum, t. XXXVII, p. 497.
52. Opera, t. XLI, p. 621; D. A. Mougel, Denys le chartreux, sa vie etc.;
Montreuil, 1896, p. 63.
53. Opera, t. XLI, p. 617; Vita, I, p. xxxi; Mougel, p. 51; Bijdragen en
mede-deelingen van het historisch genootschap te Utrecht, XVIII, p. 331d.
54. Opera, t. XXXIX, p. 496; Mougel, p. 54; Moll, Johannes Brugman, I, p.
74; Kerkgesch., II 2, p. 124; K. Krogh-Tonning, Der letzte Scholastiker,
Freiburg 1904, p. 175.
55. Mougel, p. 58.
56. De mutua cogitione, Opera, t. XXXVI, p. 178.
57. Vita, Opera, t. I, p. xxiv, xxxviii.
58. Vita, Opera, t. I, p. XXVI.
59. De munificentia Dei beneficiis Dei, Opera, t. XXXIV, art. 26, p. 319.
Chapter 8
*1 “And he was much visited by people who came to see him from all
countries on account of the simple, very noble and most honest life he led.”
+2 “Saint of St. Lié”
+3 “fool of St. Lié”
§4 “After the wolf, after the wolf!”
*5 “prostitute of apostasy”
1. Gerson, Tractatus VIII super Magnificat, Opera, IV, p. 386.
2. Acta sanctorum Martii, t. I, p. 561, see pp. 540, 601.
3. Hefele, Der h. Bernhardin von Siena... , p. 79.
4. Moll, Johannes Brugman, II, pp. 74, 86.
5. See above, p. 181.
6. See above, p. 4.
7. Acta sanctorum Apr, t. I, p. 195.—The picture which Hefele (Der h.
Bernhardin von Siena . . . ) gives of the preachers in Italy is in many
regards accurate for French-speaking countries.
8. Opus quadragesimale Sancti Vincentii, 1482, and Oliverii Maillardi
Sermones dominicales etc., Paris, Jean Petit, 1515. In the first edition (see
p. 316, note 2) I stated that I had not found the work of these two in the
Netherlands. Dr. C. van Slee and Miss M. E. Kronenberg were kind enough
to point out to me that the DeVente Athenaeum Library owns both.
9. Life of S. Petrus Thomasius, Carmeliter, in Philippe de Méziéres, Acta
sanctorum Jan., t. IL, p. 997; also Dionysius Cartusianus over Brugman’s
style of preaching: De vita et regimine episcoporum, nobilium, etc., etc.,
vol. 37ff.; Inter Jesum et puerum dialogus, vol. 38.
10. Acta sanctorum Apr., t. I, p. 513.
11. James, Varieties of Religious Experience, p. 348: “For sensitiveness
and narrowness, when they occur together, as they often do, require above
all things a simplified world to dwell in”; cf. p. 3531.
12. Moll, Brugman, I, p. 52.
13. Dion. Cart. De quotidiano baptimate lacrimarum, t. XXIX, p. 84; De
oratione, t. XLI, p. 31-55; Expositio hymni Audi conditor, t. XXXV, p. 34.
14. Acta sanctorum Apr., t. I, pp. 485, 494.
15. Chastellain, III p. 119; Antonio de Beatis (1517), L. Pastor, Die Reise
des Kardinals Luigi d’Aragona, Freiburg 1905, p. 513, 52; Polydorus
Vergilius, Anglicae historiae libri XXVI, Basileae, 1546, p. 15.
16. Gerson, Epistola contra libellum Johannis de Schonhavia, Opera, I, p.
79.
17. Gerson, De distinctione verarum visionum a falsis, Opera, I, p. 44.
18. Ibid., p. 48.
19. Gerson, De examinatione doctrinarum, Opera, I, p. 19.
20. Ibid., p. 16, 17.
21. Gerson, De distinctione etc., I, p. 44.
22. Gerson, Tractatus II super Magnificat, Opera, IV, p. 248.
23. Sixty-five useful articles on the Passion of our Lord, Moll, Brugman,
IL, p. 75.
24. Gerson, De monte contemplationis, Opera, III, p. 562.
25. Gerson, De distinctione etc., Opera, I, p. 49.
26. Ibid.
27. Acta sanctorum Martii, t. I, p. 562.
28. James, Varieties of religious experience, p. 343.
29. Acta sanctorum, Martii, t. 1, p. 552ff
30. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XV, p. 132; Rel. de S. Denis, II, p. 124; Johannis
de Varennis, Responsiones ad capita accusationum in Gerson, Opera, I, pp.
925, 926.
31. Responsiones, Opera, I, p. 936.
32. Ibid., p. 910ff.
33. Gerson, De probatione spirituum, Opera, I, p. 41.
34. Gerson, Epistola contra libellum Joh. de Schonhavia (polemics over
Ruusbroec), Opera, I, p. 82.
35. Gerson, Sermo contra luxuriem, Opera, III, p. 924.
36. Gerson, De distinctione etc., Opera, I, p. 55.
37. Opera, III, pp. 589ff.
38. Ibid., p. 593.
39. Gerson, De consolatione theologiae, Opera, I, p. 174.
40. [Trans.] Ruusbroec: 1293-1381. Dutch mystic, the teacher of Groote.
Unlike many other mystics, Ruusbroec did not teach the the soul was
extinguished in God at the highest ecstasy, but that it retained its identity.
41. Gerson, Epistola . . . super tertia parte libri Johannis Ruysbroeck, De
ornatu nupt. spir., Opera, I, pp. 59, 67 passim.
42. Gerson, Epistola contra libellum Joh. de Schonhavia, Opera, I, p. 82.
43. The same feeling in a modern person: “I committed myself to Him in
the profoundest belief that my individuality was going to be destroyed, that
he would take all from me, and that I was willing.” James, Varieties of
religious experience, p. 223.
44. Gerson, De distinctione etc., Opera, I, p. 55; De libris caute legendis,
Opera, I, p. 114.
45. [Trans.] the mad love of God: Huizinga here uses the poetic form for
love, min.
46. Gerson, De examinatione doctrinarum, Opera, I, p. 19; De
distinctione, I, p. 55; De libris caute legendis, I, p. 114; Epistola super Joh.
Ruysbroeck De ornatu, I, p. 62; De consolatione theologiae, I, p. 174; De
susceptione humanitatis Christi, I, p. 455; De nuptiis Christi et ecclesiae, II,
p. 370; De triplici theologia, III, p. 869.
47. Moll, Johannes Brugman, I, p. 57.
48. Gerson, De distinctione etc., I, p. 55.
49. Moll, Brugman, I, pp. 234, 314.
50. Ecclesiasticus 24: 29 [the English languages bibles: 24:21]; see
Meister Eckhart, Predigten no. 43, p. 146, par. 26.
51. Ruusbroec, Die Spieghel der ewigher salicheit, cap. 7, Die chierheit
der gheesteleker brulocht, 1. II c 53, Werken, ed. David en Snellaert
(Maatsch. der Vlaemsche bibliophilen) 18602, 1868, III pp. 156-59, VI p.
132.
52. After the ms. in Oulmont, Le verger, le temple, et la cellule, p. 277.
53. See the refutation of this opinion by James, Varieties of Religious
Experience, pp. 101, 191 276.
54. Moll, Brugman, IL p. 84.
55. Oulmont, Le verger, le temple, et la cellule, pp. 204, 210.
56. B. Alanus redivivus, ed. J. A. Coppenstein, Neapel 1642, pp. 29, 31,
105, 108, 116 passim.
57. Alanus redivivus, pp. 209, 218.
58. [Trans.] The Hammer of Witches: The most astonishing work of
pathological religious fanaticism to come out of the Middle Ages; it
prescribes techniques for the trials of accused witches that assure a guilty
verdict, yet the authors clearly believe in the validity of their approach. It is
available in a modern edition. H. Kramer and J. Sprenger, The Malleus
Maleficarum. trans. M. Summers (New York: Dover Publications, 1971). The
translator, Montague Summers, was a famous eccentric and his editorial
comments in favor of the persecution of witches can be ignored.
Chapter 9
*1 “In those times when speculation has become completely abstract,
defined concepts are easily in disaccord with profound intuitions.”
*2 The slipper only gives us health/And all profit without serious illness,/
To give it a title to authority/I give it the name of humility.
*3 “Then arose the goddess of Discord, who lived in the tower of Evil
Counsel, and Rage and Vengeance, and they took up arms of all sorts and
cast out Reason, Justice, Remembrance of God, and Moderation most
shamefully.”
+4 “And since the time they were dead was the short time a man needs to
go a hundred paces, they had only their pants on, and they lay in heaps like
swine, covered with filth.”
*5 “in the fashion of mummers, and to raise the mood in order to arouse
the greatest enjoyment.”
1. Seuse, Leben, chap. 4, 45. Deutsche Schriften, S. 15, 154; Acta
sanctorum Jan. t. II, p. 656.
2. Hefele, Der h. Bernhardin von Siena... , p. 167; see p. 259, “Uber den
Namen Jesus,” B’s defense of the custom.
3. Eug. Demole, Le soleil comme cimier des armes de Geneve, note in
Revue historique, CXXIII, p. 450.
4. Rod. Hospinianus, De templis etc., ed. II a, Turgi, 1603, p. 213.
5. [Trans.] Monstrance: A container for holding the Host after it is
consecrated.
6. James, Varieties of religious experience, pp. 474, 475.
7. Irenaeus, Adversus haereses libri V, 1. IV c. 213.
8. Concerning the necessity of such realism see James, Varieties of
religious experience, p. 56.
9. [Trans.] Universals, Realism, Nominalism: These complex issues are
much too involved to be adequately handled by a brief note. However, the
position of the church was that there existed in the world (perhaps in the
mind of God) universals of which all particulars are imperfect examples.
That is to say, that beauty existed as such (ante rem) fully apparent to God.
Man, on the other hand, only experiences particular expressions of beauty
(in nature or art, for instance). Necessarily, since man is fallen, man’s
experience of beauty is incomplete. Nevertheless, since man’s experience of
beauty is truly a part of universal beauty, God and man are tied together in
a shared reality. The church is the mediator between God and man in this
reality. This realist mentality logically gives credence to symbolic thought,
since in it any particular entity refers to the universal of which it is a
reflection. The nominalists, on the other hand, held that our only
knowledge is of particulars and that we generalize from our knowledge of
particulars to create a universal. After (post rem) we have seen enough
particular examples of beauty, we form a general idea of beauty. The
problem with this, from the point of view of a centralized church, is that
God and man do not necessarily share the same reality and the church is
not necessarily the only means by which a person can attain salvation.
Huizinga’s claim is that the nominalists still believe in universals, although
for them they are created by human thought rather than existing a priori.
Since universals exist, symbolic modes of thought have attraction and value
for the nominalist as well as the realist. For an elegant explanation of these
issues see Steven Ozment, The Age of Reform 1250-1550. New Haven: Yale
University Press, 1980.
10. Goethe, Spriiche in Prosa, nos. 742, 743.
11. St. Bernard, Libellus ad quendam sacerdotem, in Dion. Cart., De vita
et regimine curatorum, t. XXXVII, p. 222.
12. Bonaventura, De reductione artium ad theologiam, Opera, ed. Paris,
1871, t. VII, p. 502.
13. P. Rousselot, Pour l’historie de probleme de lamour (Bäumker und
von Hertling, Beitr zur Gesch. der Philosophie in Mittelalter, VI, 6), Münster
1908.
14. [Trans.] Eindigende (German Ausgehenden): The use of this term here
and in similar places somewhat justifies the use of the title Waning of the
Middle Ages in the previous translation of the work.
15. Sicard, Mitrale sive de officiis ecclesiasticis summa, Migne, t. CCXIII,
c. 232.
16. Gerson, Compendium Theologiae, Opera, I, pp. 234, 303f., 325;
Meditatio super septimo psalmo poenitentiali, IV, p. 26.
17. Alanus redivivus, passim.
18. On page 12 Fortitudo is equated with Abstinentia, however on page
201 it is Temperantia that falls into the place. There are still other
variations.
19. Froissart, Poésies, ed. Scheler, I, p. 53.
20. Chastellain, Traité par forme d’allégorie mystique sur l’entrée du roy
Loys en nouveau règne, Oeuvres, VII, p. 1; Molinet, IL p. 71, IM, p. 112.
21. See Coquillart, Les droits nouveaux, ed. d’Héricault, I, p. 72.
22. Opera, I, p. xliv ff.
23. H. Usener, G6tternamen, Versuch zu einer Lehre von der religisen
Begriffsbildung, Bonn 1896, p. 73.
24. J. Mangeart, Catalogue des mss. de la bibl. de Valenciennes, 1860, p.
687.
25. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 96.
26. La Marche, IL p. 378.
27. Histoire littéraire de la France (XIVe siecle), t. XXIV, 1862, p. 541;
Grôbers Grundriss, II, 1, p. 877, IL 2, p. 406; see les Cent nouvelles
nouvelles, II, p. 183, Rabelais, Pantagruel, 1, IV, chap. 29.
28. H. Grotefend, Korrespondenzblatt des Gesamtvereins etc., 67, 1919,
p. 124, Dock = doll.
29. De captivitate babylonica ecclesiae praeludium, Weimarer Ausgabe,
VI, p. 562.
Chapter 10
*1 “J did not kiss the man, but the precious mouth whence have issued
and gone forth so many good words and virtuous sayings.”
+2 “It may be that I err in my faith, but I will not be a heretic.”
+3 “antecedent will”
§4 “consequent will”
*5 On Contempt of the World
+6 “made from the dirtiest semen, conceived in the titillation of the flesh,
nourished with menstrual blood so that it is so loathsome and impure that
fruit will not grow and plants will wither when touched by it . . . if dogs eat
it, they will go mad.”
*7 Pious Pelican, Lord Jesus,/Cleanse me, an impure one, by your blood,/
O which one drop can save/the whole world from iniquity.
*8 “Trinity super-substantial, super-adorable and super-good . . . lead us
to the super-bright contemplation of Thyself.” [The Lord is] “super-
merciful, super-dignified, super-kind, super-radiant, super-omnipotent and
super-wise, superglorious.”
*9 “Well be, heart and mind and soul in the bottomless abyss of all lovely
things.”
+10 “This spark . . . is not satisfied either with the Father nor with the Son
nor yet with the Holy Ghost, nor with the Trinity itself, in so far as each
one exists in its own being. Indeed, I affirm: this light is not even satisfied
when the divine nature is born in him as a generative fruit. I will say one
thing more that will sound even stranger: I maintain in all seriousness that
this light is also not satisfied with the unified divine being, resting in itself,
which neither gives nor receives: rather, it will know whence this being
comes; it wants to enter the simple ground, the silent desert; into which
never anything distinct has ever been seen; not-Father, not-Son, not-Holy
Ghost; in the innermost where no one is at home, only there is this light
satisfied, and it belongs to it more fervently than to itself. Because this
ground is a simple (bare of all particulars) silence which rests in itself”. . .
“entering into the empty deity, where there is neither work nor image; that
it can lose itself there and immerse itself into the wilderness.”
*11 Let them shout with open heart:/O tremendous abyss!/Entirely
without mouth,/Lead us into your abyss/And make known thy love to us.
*12 “And here it dies its highest death. In this death the soul loses all
craving and all images and all power of comprehension and all form and is
deprived of all being. And you can be sure as God lives: as little as a dead
man, who is physically dead, can move, as little can a soul, which is
spiritually dead like that, reveal any mode or any image to any man.
Because this spirit is dead and buried in the Deity.”
*13 “She soared high above him in a clouded sky; she was bright as the
morning star and shone like the radiant sun; her crown was eternity, her
dress was bliss, her words sweetness, her embrace satisfied all lust; she was
far and near, high and low; she was present and yet hidden; she could be
approached, but no one could hold her.”
+14 “All creatures are a pure nothing. I don’t say they are small or they
are something, they are a pure nothing. What has no being, that is nothing.
All creatures have no being, because their being soars in the presence of
God.”
1. Petri de Alliaco, Tractatus I, adversus cancellarium Parisiensem, in
Gerson, Opera, I, p. 723.
2. Dion. Cart., Opera, t. XXXVI, p. 200.
3. Dion. Cart. Revelatio II, Opera, I, p. xiv.
4. Dion. Cart., Opera, t. XXXVII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, p. 496.
5. [Trans.] Lamprecht. Along with Burckhardt, whose great Kultur der
Renaissance in Italien has important interactions with Autumn, Lamprecht
was a significant figure in the development of historiography preceding
Huizinga. For a full treatment of Burckhardt, Lamprecht, and others see
Karl J. Weintraub, Visions of Culture. Chicago: The University of Chicago
Press, 1969.
6. Alain Chartier, Oeuvres, p. xi.
7. Gerson, Opera, I, p. 17.
8. Dion. Cart., Opera, t. XVIII, p. 433.
9. Dion. Cart., Opera, XXXIX, p. 18 ff., De vitiis et virtutibus, p. 363; De
gravitate et enormitate peccati, ibid., t. XXIX, p. 50.
10. Dion. Cart., Opera, XXXIX, p. 37.
11. Ibid. p. 56.
12. Dion Cart., De quatuor hominum novissimis, Opera, t. XLI, p. 545.
13. Dion. Cart., De quatuor hominum novissimis, t. XLI, pp. 489ff.
14. Moll, Brugman, I, pp. 20, 23, 28.
15. Moll, Brugman, I., p. 3201.
16. The example of St. Aegidius, Germanus, Quiricus in Gerson, De via
imitativa, III, p. 777; see Contra gulam sermo, ibid., p. 909.—Olivier
Maillard, Serm. de sanctis fol. 8a.
17. [Trans.] thesaurus ecclesiae. the treasury of the church. The doctrine
that Christ’s sacrifice on the cross and the works of the saints are a source
of merit (grace) from which all can draw. Here it is explained in a modern
handbook:
The lives of the saints were immensely fruitful. By their constant
attention to the interior voice of God, and by their obedience to His will
and to His Church, they became dear to Him; they knew that the best way
to serve Him lay in their service to others, and thus they offered their lives
as a supplication and a reparation for all those still laden with the burden
of the punishment due to their sins. Through their good works they grew
continuously in the love of God, but their expiation greatly exceeded that
which was required for their own shortcomings. Recognizing their desire to
share their spiritual wealth with others, the Church uses this overflow of
the merits of her saints—joined to the infinite merit of Christ Himself—as
an offering to God by which the balance of reparation due to His justice
may be paid by their sacrificial love (N. G. M. Van Doornik, S. Jelsma, and
A. Van de Lisdonk, A Handbook of the Catholic Faith, ed. John Greenwood,
New York: Image Books, 1956, pp. 290-91).
18. Innocentius III, De contemptu mundi 1. I, c. 1, Migne, t. CCXVII, pp.
702ff.
19. Wetzer und Welte, Kirchenlexikon, XI, 1601, Freiburg im Breisgau,
Herder, 1882-1903.
20. Extravag. commun. lib. V, tit. IX, cap. 2—“Quanto plures ex eius
applicatione trahuntur ad iustitiam, tanto magis accrescit ipsorum cumulus
meritorum.”
21. Bonaventura, In secundum librum sententiarum, dist. 41, art. 1, qu.
2; ibid. 30, 2, 1, 34; in quart, lib. sent. d. 34, a. 1, qu. 2, Breviloquii pars II,
Opera, ed. Paris, 1871, t. III, pp. 577a, 335, 438, VI, p. 327b, VII, p. 271ab.
22. Dion. Cart., De vitiis et virtutibus, Opera, t. XXXIX, p. 20.
23. McKechnie, William Sharp, Magna Carta, p. 401, Glasgow, J.
Maclehose and Sons, 1905.
24. From the hymn “Adore te devoto.” The same thought is in the earlier
mentioned Bull Unigenitus. See Marlow, Faustus: “See, where Christ’s blood
streams in the firmament! One drop of blood will save me.”
25. Dion. Cart., Dialogion de fide cath., Opera, t. XVIII, p. 366.
26. Dion. Cart., Dialogion de fide cath., t. XLI, p. 489.
27. Dion. Cart., De laudibus sanctae et individuae trinitatis, t. XXXV, p.
137; de laud glor. Virg. Mariae and passim. He borrowed the use of the
super-terms from Dionysius Areopagita.
28. James, Varieties of religious experience, p. 419.
29. Joannis Scoti, De divisione naturae, 1. III c. 19, Migne, Patr. latina, t.
CXXII, p. 681.
30. Angelus Silesius, Cherubinischer Wandersmann, I, 25, Halle a. S., M.
Niemeyer, 1895.
31. Opera, I, p. xliv.
32. Seuse, Leben, cap. 3, ed. K. Bihlmeyer, Deutsche Schriften, Stuttgard
1907, p. 14. See cap. 5, p. 21, 1. 3 and below.
33. Meister Eckhart, Predigten, nos. 60 and 76, ed. F. Pfeiffer, Deutsche
Mystiker des XIV. Jahrh., Leipzig 1857, II, p. 193, 11. 34ff; p. 242, 11. 2ff.
34. Tauler, Predigten, no. 28, ed. F. Vettor Deutsche Texte des
Mittelalters, XI), Berlin 1910, p. 117, 11. 3off.
35. Ruusbroec, Dat boec van seven sloten, cap. 19, Werken, ed. David,
IV, pp. 106-8.
36. Ruusbroec, Dat boec van den rike de ghelieven, cap. 43, ed. David,
IV, p. 264.
37. Ibid., cap. 35, p. 246.
38. Ruusbroec, Van seven trappen in den graet der gheesteliker minnen,
cap. 14, ed. David, IV, p. 53. For ontfonken I read ontsonken.
39. Ruusbroec, Boec vna der hoechster waerheit, ed. David, p. 263; see
Spieghel der ewigher salicheit, cap. 25, p. 231.
40. Spieghel der ewigher salicheit, cap. 19, p. 144, cap. 23, p. 227.
41. Il, Par. 6, 1: Dominus pollicitus est, ut habitaret in caligine. Ps 17, 13:
Et posuit tenebras latibulum suum. [Trans. Huizinga’s references are to the
Vulgate (Latin) Bible. In English Bibles this would be II Chronicles 6:1: The
Lord has said that he would dwell in thick darkness. Psalm 18:11: He made
darkness his secret place.]
42. Dion. Cart., De laudibus sanctae et individuae trinijtatis per modum
horarum, Opera, t. XXXV, pp. 137-38, id. XLI, p. 263 etc.; see De passione
dni salvatoris dialogus, t. XXXV, p. 274: “ingrediendo caliginem hoc est ad
super-splendidissimae ac prorsus incomprehensibilis Deitatis praefatam
notitiam pertingendo per omnem negationem ab ea.”
43. Jostes, Meister Eckhart und seine Jiinger, 1895, p. 95.
44. Dion. Cart., De contemplatione, lib. II, art. 5, Opera, t. XLI, p. 259.
45. Dion. Cart., De contemplatione, t. XLI, p. 269, after Dion. Areop.
46. Cankara ad Brahmasûtram, 3, 2, 17.
47. Chandogya-upanishad, 8.
48. Brhadâranyaka-upanishad, 4, 3, 21, 22.
49. Seuse, Leben, cap. 4, p. 14.
50. Eckhart, Predigten, no. 40, p. 136, par. 23.
51. Eckhart, Predigten, no. 9, pp. 47ff.
52. Thomas a Kempis, Soliloquium animae, Opera omnia, ed. M. J. Pohl,
Freiburg 1902-10, 7 vols., I, p. 230.
53. Thomas a Kempis, Soliloquium animae, p. 222.
Chapter 11
*15 “and then I have heard it said by the ancients who knew... ”
+16 “at which the people mocked a good deal”
+17 “But at present everyone does what he pleases: because of which we
may well be afraid that all will go badly.”
§18 “fruitmaster . . . wax department . . . so that this matter is very well
ordained thus.”
**19 “grand sergeanty”
*20 “Thus had good duke John drawn the moral inference of the case.”
*21 “I have a great deal of fear in my heart, truly fear so great that my
spirit and my memory have fled, and, that to make it worse, the little
understanding I had, has completely left me.”
*22 “I shall prove this truth by twelve reasons in honor of the twelve
apostles.”
*23 “I avouch you.”
+24 “The big fishes eat the smaller.” “The badly dressed are placed with
their back to the wind.” “None is chaste if it’s not necessary . . . “ “Men are
good so long as it saves their skin.” “At need we let the devil help us.” ...
“There is no horse so well shod that he never slips.”
*25 “He who is silent about all things is troubled by nothing.” “A well-
groomed head wears the helmet badly.” “You cut wide belts from the skin
of your neighbor.” “As the lord, so the servant.” “As the judge, so the
judgment.” “He who serves the common weal is paid by none for his
trouble.” “Those who have head sores should not take off their hats.”
+26 “That’s the way it is with fighting, sometimes you win, sometimes
you lose.” “Now, there is nothing which people won’t eventually get tired
of.” “People say, and it’s true, that there is nothing more certain than
death.”
+27 “When will it be?” “Soon or late it may come.” “Onward.” “Better
next time.” “More sorrow than joy.”
*28 “I shall have no other.” “Your pleasure.” “Remember.” “More than
all.”
+29 “You have my heart.” “I desire it.” “Forever.” “All for you.”
*30 “and people did not know how one could bear the shame after the
great joy that had been displayed.”
+31 “banned for all his days.”
$32 “Good people, say your paternosters for the soul of the late Laurent
Guernier, in his life an inhabitant of Provins, who was lately found dead
under an oak tree.”
*33 “the children, the pretty scholars, like innocent lambs”
*34 T have seen an unknown thing:/A dead man revived,/And on his
return/ Buy for thousands. /The one says: He is alive, /The other: It is but
wind. /All good hearts, void of envy/regret his loss often.
*35 Free Will
*36 “agreeing with the names of common articles of clothing, instruments
and games of the present time such as Pantoufle, Courtaulx and Mornifle.”
*37 “He could not voluntarily extirpate from his mind the aforesaid signs
and their effect against God . . . from this great folly, which is an enemy to
the Christian soul.”
+38 “wild Scotland.”
*39 “Do I not have before me the candle stubs, baptised by devilish
means and full of abominable mysteries against me and the others?”
+40 “because in all things he showed himself to be a man of correct and
complete trust in God, without having any need to know His secrets.”
*41 “And when someone argued with him, be it a cleric or a lay person,
he said that that one ought to be seized as suspected of the Waldensian
heresy.
+42 “such things were never before heard of happening in these
countries.”
+43 “a matter conjured by a few bad subjects.”
*44 There is no aged woman so stupid /Who has been guilty of
committing the least of these deeds,/But in order to have them burned or
hanged,/The enemy confuses human nature./He who knows how to set so
many traps,/To make the mind malicious./There are neither sticks nor
rods/On which a human could fly,/ But when the devil has confused/Their
mind, they believe that they fly/Some-where to indulge in pleasure/And to
accomplish their lust./Then they can be heard to speak of Rome,/Though
they have never been there./. . . /The devils are all in hell, /Tied up—says
Franc-Vouloir—/And they will never get pliers or files/ To get rid of their
chains./How, then, should they be able to come/And play so many tricks
on the Christian Children/And to indulge in so many lascivious
adventures?/I can’t understand your silliness.
+45 As long as I live, I shall not believe/That a woman can bodily /Travel
through the air like blackbird or thrush,/—Said the Champion forthwith.
—/Saint Augustine says plainly/That it is an illusion and fantasy,/And
others think it is nothing, /Also Gregory, Ambroise and Jerome./When the
poor woman lies in her bed, /In order to sleep and rest there, /The enemy
who never lies down to sleep/Comes and remains by her side./Then to call
up illusions/Before her he can so subtly,/That she thinks she does or
proposes to do/What she only dreams. / Perhaps the gammer will dream/
That on a cat or a dog/She will go to the meeting;/But certainly nothing
will happen;/And there is neither a stick nor a beam/ That could lift her a
step.
*46 “which many ignorant people keep in a quiet place, and they have
such great faith in this manure, that they truly strongly believe that as long
as they keep it beautifully draped in silk or in linen, they will never be
poor.”
1. Alienor de Poitiers, Les honneurs de la cour, pp. 184, 189, 242, 266.
2. Olivier de la Marche, L’estat de la maison etc., t. IV, p. 56; see similar
questions above, p. 44.
3. J. H. Round, The king’s Serjeants and officers of state with their
coronation services, London 1911, p. 41.
4. [Trans.] For instance, the cell of Maximillian in Bruges was called the
“Broodhuis.” See p. 299.
5. Le livre des trahisons, p. 27
6. Rel. de S. Denis, III, p. 464ff.; Juvenal des Ursins, p. 440; Noél Valois,
La France et le grand schisme d’occident, Paris, 1896-1902, 4 vols., III, p.
433.
7. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 342.
8. [Trans.] Athalia: A Jewish figure who slew all the male heirs to the
throne so that she might gain the sucession. II Kings 22-23.
9. [Trans.] bal des ardents: At a masquerade ball given by the queen
(Isabella of Bavaria) to celebrate the wedding of one of her ladies, Charles
VI (thirteen years old!) and a group of his playmates dressed themselves as
“wood savages” in costumes made of wax and hemp. Knowing that these
costumes were dangerously flammable, the king gave orders that no flames
were to be allowed in the ballroom, but Louis d’Orléans entered with his
retinue carrying torches. Louis himself held the torch that set the revelers
aflame. The king was saved by the duchess de Berry (herself only fifteen),
who put out his fire with her dress. All save one of the king’s companions
died. See Tuchmann, Mirror.
10. [Trans.] Charles VI was a victim of frequent spells of insanity, during
which he relentlessly persecuted the queen.
11. Monstrelet, I, pp. 177-42; Coville, Le véritable texte de la
justification du duc de Bourgogne par Jean Petit (Bibl. de l’Ecole de
chartes), 1911, p. 57. For a draft of a second justification in which Petit
refutes the testimony that Abbot Thomas von Cerisi had given on Sept 11,
1408; see O. Cartellieri, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Herzöge von Burgund,
V, Sitzungsbericht der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften 1914, p.
6; further Wolfgang Seiferth, Der Tyrannenmord von 1407, Leipziger
Inaugural-Dissertation, 1922.
12. Leroux de Lincy, Le proverbe français, see E. E. Langois (Bibl. de
l’Ecole des chartes), LX, 1899, p. 569; J. Ulrich, Zeitschr. f. franz Sprache u.
Lit. XXIV, 1902, p. 191.
13. Les Grandes chroniques de France, ed. P. Paris, IV, p. 478.
14. Alain Chartier, ed. Duchesne, p. 717.
15. Jean Molinet, Faictz et Dictz, ed. Paris, 1537, fos. 80, 119, 152, 161,
170.
16. Coquillart, Oeuvres, I, p. 6.
17. Villon, ed. Longnon, p. 134.
18. Roberti Gaguini, Epistole et orationes., ed. Thuasne, II, p. 366.
19. Gerson, Opera, IV, p. 657; ibid. I, p. 936; Carnahan, The Ad Deum
vadit of Jean Gerson, pp. 61, 71; see Leroux de Lincy, Le proverbe francais,
I, p. lii.
20. Geoffroi de Paris, ed. de Wailly et Delisle, Bouquet, Recueil des
Historiens des Gaules et de la France, XXII, p. 87, see index rerum et
personarum s.v. Proverbia, p. 926.
21. Froissart, ed. Luce, XI, p. 119; ed. Kervyn, XIII, p. 41, XIV, p. 33, XV,
p. 10; Lejouvencel, I, p. 60, 62, 63, 74, 78, 93.
22. “Je l’envie” is a play on words with the meaning, I command you
here, I invite. “Ic houd” is the answer thereto: I accept. “Cominus et
eminus” is an allusion to the belief that the porcupine could also shoot its
quills.
23. See my “Uit de voorgeschiedenis van ons nationaal besef,” De Gids,
1912, I.
24. See above, p. 143.
25. A. Piaget, Le livre Messire Geoffroy de Charny, Romania XXVI, 1897,
p. 396.
26. L’arbre des batailles, Paris, Michel le Noir 1515. See for Bonet,
Molinier, Sources de l’histoire de France, no. 3861.
27. Chap. 25, p. 85 bis (numbers 80-90 appear in the edition of 1515
twice), pp. 124-26.
28. Chaps. 56, 60, 84, 132.
29. Chaps. 82, 89, 80 bis and ff.
30. Lejouvencel, I, p. 222, IL p. 8, 93, 96, 133, 124.
31. Les vers de maitre Henri Baude, poete du XVe siecle, ed. Quicherat
(Trésor des pieces rares ou inédites), 1856, pp. 20-25.
32. Champion, Villon, II, p. 182.
33. Still stronger is the formalism of South American tribes who demand
that anyone who accidentally wounds himself must pay his clan blood
money because he has spilled the blood of the clan. L. Farrand, Basis of
American history, p. 198 (The American nation, A history, vol. II).
34. La Marche, II, p. 80.
35. La Marche, II, p. 168.
36. Chastellain, IV, p. 169.
37. Chron. scand., II, p. 83.
38. Petit-Dutaillis, Documents nouveaux sur les moeurs populaires etc.;
see Chastellain, V, p. 399 in Jacques du Clercq, passim.
39. Du Clercq, IV, p. 264; see III, pp. 180, 184, 206, 209.
40. Monstrelet, I, p. 342, V, p. 333; Chastellain, II, p. 389; La Marche, II,
pp. 284, 331; Le livre des trahisons, pp. 34, 226.
41. Quicherat, Th. Basin, I, p. xliv.
42. Chastellain, II, p. 106.
43. Sermo de nativ. domini, Gerson, Opera, III, p. 947.
44. Le pastoralet, vs. 2043.
45. Jean Jouffroy, Oratio, I, p. 188.
46. La Marche, I, p. 63.
47. Gerson, Querela nomine Universitatis etc., Opera, IV, p. 574; see Rel.
de S. Denis, III, p. 185.
48. Chastellain, II, p. 375, see 307.
49. Commines, I, p. 111, 363.
50. Monstrelet, IV, p. 388.
51. Basin, I, p. 66.
52. La Marche, I pp. 60, 63, 83, 88, 91, 94, 1341; III p. 101.
53. Commines, I, pp. 170, 262, 391, 413, 460.
54. Basin, II, pp. 417, 419; Molinet, Faictz et Dictz f. 205. In the third
line I read sa for la.
55. Deschamps, Oeuvres, t. IX.
56. Deschamps, Oeuvres, t. IX, pp. 21 9ff.
57. Deschamps, Oeuvres, t. IX, pp. 293ff.
58. See Marett, The threshold of religion, passim.
59. Monstrelet, IV, p. 93; Livre des trahisons, p. 157; Molinet, II, p. 129;
see du Clercq, IV, pp. 203, 273; Th. Pauli, p. 278.
60. Molinet, I, p. 65.
61. Molinet, IV, p. 417; Courtaulx is a musical instrument, Mornifle is a
card game.
62. Gerson, Opera, I, p. 205.
63. Le songe du vieil pelerin, in Jorga, Phil. de Méziéres, p. 691.
64. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 425.
65. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 415.
66. Gerson, Opera, I, p. 206.
67. Gerson, Sermo coram rege Franciae, Opera, IV, p. 620; Juvenal des
Ursins, pp. 415, 423.
68. Gerson, Opera, I, p. 216.
69. Chastellain, IV, pp. 324, 323, 3141; see du Clercq, M, p. 236.
70. Chastellain, II, p. 376; III, pp. 446, 4471, 448; IV p. 213; V, p. 32.
71. Monstrelet, V, p. 425. [Trans.] Gilles de Rais: See above, chap. 3, note
72. [Trans.] Malleus Maleficarum: See above, chapter 8, note 59.
73. Chronique de Pierre le Prétre, in Bourquelot, La vauderie d’Arras
(Bibl. de l’Ecole des chartes), 2 série, III, p. 109.
74. Jacques du Clercq, III, passim; Matthieu d’Escouchy, IL pp. 41 6ff.
75. Martin lefranc, Le champion des dames, in Bourquelot, La vauderie
d’Arras, p. 86; in Ro. Gaguini, ed. Thuasne, II, p. 474.
76. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XI, p. 193.
77. Gerson, Contra superstitionem praesertim Innocentum, Op. I, p. 205;
De erroribus circa artem magicam, I, p. 211; De falsis prophetis I, p. 545;
De passioni-bus animae, III, p. 142.
78. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 236.
79. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 220.
80. Dion. Cart., Contra vitia superstitionum quibus circa cultum veri Dei
erratur, Opera, t. XXXVI, pp. 211ff.; see A. Franz, Die kirchlichen
Benediktionen im Mittelalter, Freiburg 1909, 2 vols.
81. For example, Jacques du Clercq, III, pp. 104-7.
Chapter 12
*1 “representing the dead man when he was alive.”
+2 “Five sols to Blaise for representing the dead knight at the funeral.”
*3 “Breadhouse”
*4 “One could not even conceive a way to make the ship prettier which
the lord de la Trémoille did not have done. And all this paid for by the poor
people of France.”
*5 “Because great and honorable achievements deserve a lasting renown
and perpetual remembrance.”
*6 “And this certainly was a very fine entremet for there were more than
forty persons in it.”
*7 “chamberlain of the duke of Burgundy”
*8 “by an ingenious mechanism”
+9 “as if he had returned to heaven of his own accord.”
+10 “on an artificial horse, sallying forth and caracoling in such a way
that it was a fine thing to see.”
*11 “a false book . . . of a block of white wood painted to look like a
book, in which there were no leaves and nothing was written.”
*12 “Dressed in gold cloth and royal ornaments, befitting her estate, and
appearing to be the most worldly of them all, giving an ear to those empty
words (as one does) and displaying the outward nature of the most careless
and conceited, she wore day after day the hair shirt on her naked skin,
fasted secretly on bread and water and, when her husband was absent, slept
in the straw of her bed.”
*13 “in order to live a beautiful and pious life.”
+14 “pomp and pride.”
+15 “the outrageous excess and the great waste that was made for the
purpose of that banquet.”
*16 “came from the humble people,”
+17 “He used to govern everything quite alone and manage and bear the
burden of all business by himself, be it of war, be it of peace, be it of
matters of finance.”
+18 “Said chancellor was reputed among the sages of the realm, to speak
temporally; for as to spiritual matters, I shall be silent.”
*19 “Three things are required for beauty . . . First, integrity or
completeness, because what is unfinished is repugnant. Next, proportion or
consonance is required. And finally, clarity, since we call beautiful
whatever has a pure color.”
*20 “Because music is the resonance of the heavens, the voice of the
angels, the joy of paradise, the hope of the air, the organ of the Church, the
song of the little birds, the recreation of all gloomy and despairing hearts,
the persecution and the driving away of the devils.”
*21 “The chattering of women,”
*22 Some dress themselves for her in green,/The other blue, another in
white,/ Another in vermillion like blood,/And he who desires her most/
Because of his great sorrow dresses in black.
+23 You will have to dress in green, /It is the livery of those in love.
*24 To wear mottoes of love for one’s lady,/or to wear blue is no proof,/
But to serve her with a perfectly loyal heart/And no others, and to keep her
from blame/ . . . Love lies in that, not in wearing blue,/But it may be that
many think/ To cover the offense of falsehood under a tombstone/By
wearing blue... .
+25 That he, who dresses me in the blue coat/And causes people to point
their fingers at me, will be killed!
+26 Of all colors I love brown best,/And because I love it, I dress in it,/I
have forgotten all other colors./Alas! What I love is not here.
*27 I may well wear gray and tan/For I have no longer any hope.
+28 “and the duke was informed that it was meant for him.”/[Note 15]
furthermore, she did not have a formal hairdo like other ladies who were of
royal standing.
1. The major parts of chapters 12 and 13 are a restructuring and
expansion of the essay: De Kunst der Van Eyck’s in het leven van hun tijd,
De Gids, 1916, nos. 6 and 7.
2. [Trans.] Hugo’s Notre Dame de Paris is best known to most Americans
as The Hunchback of Notre Dame.
3. Rel. de S. Denis, II, p. 78.
4. Rel. de S. Denis, II, p. 413.
5. Rel. de S. Denis, I, p. 358.
6. Rel. de S. Denis, I, p. 600; Juvenal des Ursins, p. 379.
7. La Curne de Sainte Palaye, I, p. 388; see also Journal d’un bourgeois,
p. 67.
8. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 179 (Charles VI); 309 (Isabella of Barvaria);
Chastellain, IV, p. 42 (Charles VII), I, p. 332 (Henry V); Lefévre de S. Remy,
II, p. 65; M. d’Escouchy, II, pp. 424, 432; Chron. scand., I, p. 21; Jean
Chartier, p. 319 (Charles VII); Quatrebarbes, Oeuvres du roi René, I, p. 129;
Gaguini compendium super Francorum gestis, ed. Paris, 1500, burial of
Charles VIII, f. 164.
9. Martial d’Auvergne, Vigilles de Charles VII. Les poésies de Martial de
Paris, dit d’Auvergne, Paris, 1724, 2 vols., II, p. 170.
10. For example Froissart, ed. Luce, VIII, p. 43.
11. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XI, p. 367. A variant of the text has
“proviseurs” for “peintres.” The context makes the latter more probable.
12. [Trans.] Plourants: pleurants, mourners.
13. Betty Kurth, Die Blutezeit der Bildwirkerkunst zu Tournay und der
Burgundische Hof, Jahrbuch der Kunstsammlungen des Kaiserhauses, 34,
1917, 3.
14. [Trans.] Nicopolis: September 25, 1396, a combined European force
putatively led by John of Nevers (later John the Fearless, duke of
Burgundy) met the Turkish forces of Sultan Bajazet. The Europeans fought
bravely, but the disarray caused by their quarrels over precedence in the
order of battle combined with the genius of Bajazet to give the battle to the
Turks. Hundreds of knights were captured, stripped naked, and executed
one by one in full view of their fellows. Only the most prominent were
spared to be held for ransom. John of Nevers personally pled with Bajazet
for the life of Boucicaut, who was allowed to live once it was understood
that he, too, was wealthy. See Tuchmann, Mirror.
15. Pierre de Fenin, p. 624 of Bonne d’Artois: “et avec ce ne portoit point
d’estate sur son chief comment autres dames à elle pareilles.” [Trans.:
“furthermore, she did not have a formal hairdo like other ladies who were
of royal standing.” ]
16. Le livre des trahisons, p. 156.
17. Chastellain, III, p. 375; La Marche, II p. 340, III p. 165; d’Escouchy,
II, p. 116; Laborde, II; see Moliner, Les sources de l’hist. de France, nos.
3645, 3661, 3663, 5030; Inv. des arch. du Nord, IV, p. 195.
18. La Marche, II, pp. 34off.
19. This is a type of merchant ship; the low German form is Kracke.
20. Laborde, II, p. 326.
21. La Marche, III, p. 197.
22. Laborde, II, p. 375, no. 4880.
23. Laborde, II, pp. 322, 329.
24. Although on the primary references, the master’s seal says “Claus
Sluter,” one can hardly think that the non-Dutch Claus could have been the
original form of his Christian name.
25. A. Kleinclausz, Un atelier de sculpture au XVe siecle, Gazette des
beaux arts, t. 29, 1903, I.
26. Exod. 12:6: “The whole assembly of the congregation of Israel shall
kill it in the evening.” Ps. 21:18: “They pierced my hands and my feet. I
may tell all my bones.” Isaiah 53:7: “He is brought as a lamb to the
slaughter, and as a sheep before her shearers is dumb, so he openeth not his
mouth.” Lamentations 1:12: “All ye who pass by, behold and see if there is
any sorrow like unto my sorrow.” Daniel 9:26: “After threescore and two
weeks shall Messiah be cut off.” Zechariah 11:12: “They weighed for my
price 30 pieces of silver.”
27. The now vanished colors are known through a report composed in
1832.
28. Kleinclausz, L’art funéraire de la Bourgogne au moyen âge, Gazette
des beaux arts, 1902, t. 27.
29. Chastellain, V, p. 262, Doutrepont, p. 156.
30. [Trans.] The stag with the crown: This emblem was of special
significance to Charles VI, who, when he was told that such a stag had been
taken, wearing a crown around its neck inscribed Caesar hoc mihi donavit,
ordered the emblem placed on the royal crockery. See Tuchmann, Mirror.
31. Juvenal des Ursins, p. 378.
32. Jacques du Clercq, II, p. 280.
33. Foulquart, in d’Hericault, Oeuvres de Coquillart, I, p. 231.
34. Lefèvre de S. Remy, II, p. 291.
35. London, National Gallery; Berlin, Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum.
36. W. H. J. Weale, Hubert and John van Eyck, Their life and work,
London-New York, 1908, p. 701.
37. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XI, p. 197.
38. P. Durrieu, Les très riches heures de Jean de France, duc de Bery
(Heures de Chantilly), Paris, 1904, p. 81.
39. Moll, Kerkgesch. II3, p. 313; see J. G. R. Acquoy, Het klooster van
Windesheim en zijn invloed, Utrecht, 1875-90, 3 vols., II, p. 249.
40. Th. à Kempis, Sermones ad novitios no. 29, Opera, ed. Pohl, t. VI, p.
287.
41. Moll, Kerkgesch. II?, p. 321; Acquoy, Het klooster van Windesheim
ssa y D222,
42. Chastellain, IV, p. 218.
43. La Marche, II, p. 398.
44. La Marche, II, 369.
45. Chastellain, IV pp. 136, 275, 359, 361, V p. 225; du Clercq, IV, p. 7.
46. Chastellain, HI, p. 332; du Clercq, II, p. 56.
47. Chastellain, V p. 44, II p. 281; La Marche, II, p. 85; du Clercq, III, p.
48. Chastellain, II, p. 330.
49. du Clercq, II, p. 203.
50. See p. 206.
51. Bonaventura’s editor in Quaracchi ascribes them to Johannes de
Caulibus, a Frenchman of San Gimignano who died in 1370.
52. Facius, Liber de viris illustribus, ed. L. Mehus, Florenz 1745, p. 46.
53. Dion. Cart., Opera, t. XXXIV, p. 223.
54. Dion. Cart., Opera, t. XXXIV, pp. 247, 230.
55. O. Zöckler, Dionys des Kartäusers Schrift de venustate mundi, Beitrag
zur Vorgeschichte der Ästhetik, Theol. Studien und Kritiken, 1881, p. 651;
see E. Anitchkoff, L'esthétique au moyen âge XX, 1918, p. 221.
56. Summa theologiae, pars. ia, q. XXXIX, art. 8.
57. Dion. Cart., Opera, t. I, Vita, p. xxxvi.
58. Dion. Cart., De vita canonicorum, art. 20, Opera, t. XXXVII, p. 197:
An discantus in divino obsequio sit commendabilis; see Thomas Aquinas,
Summa theologiae, Ia, Ilae, q. 91, art. 2: Utrum cantus sint assumendi ad
laudem divinam.
59. [Trans.] Text painting: The effort to make the music mirror the
meaning of the words so that, for instance, in a mass, the word ascendit
would be accompanied by a rising melodic line, descendit, the opposite.
“Suffered, crucified and was buried” would be set in an agitated texture.
This is the musical equivalent of symbolism and allegory.
60. Molinet, I, p. 73; see p. 67.
61. Petri Alliaci, De falsis prophetis, in Gerson, Opera, I, p. 538.
62. La Marche, II, p. 361.
63. De venustate etc., t. XXXIV, p. 242.
64. Froissart, ed. Luce, IV p. 90, VIII p. 43, 58, XI pp. 53, 129; ed.
Kervyn, XI pp. 340, 360, XIII p. 150, XIV pp. 157, 215.
65. Deschamps, I p. 155; II p. 211, II, no. 307, p. 208; La Marche, I, p.
274.
66. Livre des trahisons, pp. 150, 156; La Marche, II pp. 12, 347, III pp.
127, 89; Chastellain, IV, p. 44; Chron. scand., I, pp. 26, 126.
67. Lefévre de S. Remy, II, pp. 294, 296.
68. Couderc, Les comptes d’un grand couturier parisien au XVe siecle,
Bulletin de la soc. de l’hist. de Paris, XXXVIII, 1911, pp. 125ff.
69. For example Monstrelet, V, p. 2; du Clercq, I, p. 348.
70. [Trans.] Palfrey: a knight generally had to have at least two horses;
the warhorse was a stallion and the palfrey a less high-spirited animal
suited for general purposes. Some palfreys were especially trained to be
suitable for women and priests.
71. La Marche, II, p. 343.
72. Chastellain, VII, p. 223; La Marche, I p. 276, II pp. n, 68, 345; du
Clercq, II, p. 197; Jean Germain, Liber de virtutibus, p. 11; Jouffroy, Oratio,
p. 173.
73. d’Escouchy, I, p. 234.
74. See p. 142.
75. Le miroir de mariage, XVII vs. 1650, Deschamps, Oeuvres, IX, p. 57.
76. Chansons françaises du quinzième siècle, ed. G. Paris (Soc. des
anciens textes français), 1875, no. XLX, p. 50; see Deschamps, no. 415, III,
p. 217, no. 419, ib. p. 223, no. 423, ib. p. 227, no. 481, ib. p. 302, no. 728,
IV, p. 199; L’amant rendu cordelier, sect. 62, p. 23; Molinet, Faictz et Dictz,
fol. 176.
77. Blason des couleurs of the herald Sicile (in La Curne de Sainte Palaye,
Mémoires sur l’ancienne chevalerie II, p. 56). Concerning color symbolism
in Italy, see Bertoni, L’Orlando furioso, pp. 221ff.
78. Cent balades d’amant et de dame, no. 92, Christine d’Pisan, Oeuvres
poétiques, III, p. 299. See Deschamps, X, no. 52; L’histoire et plaisante
chronicque du petit Jehan de Saintré, ed. G. Hellény, Paris, 1890, p. 415.
79. [Trans.} Huik: a hooded cloak. In Holland, the saying has it that one
“hangs one’s huik out to test the wind.”
80. Le pastoralet, vs. 2054, p. 636; see Les cent nouvelles, II, p. 118:
“craindroit tres fort estre du rang des bleuz vestuz qu’on appelle
communement noz amis.”
81. [Trans.] The blue boat: As in the painting by Bosch in the Louvre.
82. Chansons du XVe siecle, no. 5, p. 5; no. 87, p. 85.
83. La Marche, II, p. 207.
Chapter 13
*1 “And as the day ends, one minute before the voice of the curator
breaks into your contemplation, the eye sees how the masterpiece
transforms itself in the softness of twilight; how the sky becomes still
darker; how the main scene, whose colors are faded, submerges in the
eternal mystery of harmony and unity... ”
*2 To forget melancholy, /And to cheer myself, /One sweet morning I
went into the fields,/On the first day on which love joins/Hearts in the
beautiful season...
+3 All around birds were flying,/And they sang so very sweetly,/That
there is no heart that would not be gladdened by it. /And while singing
they rose up in the air,/And then passed and repassed one another/Vying
with each other as to which should rise the highest./The weather was not
cloudy at all./The heavens were clad in blue,/And the beautiful sun was
shining brightly.
*4 I saw the trees blossom,/And hares and rabbits run./Everything
rejoiced at the Spring. /Amour seemed to hold sway there. /None could age
or die,/It seemed to me, so long as he was there. /From the grass rose a
sweet smell, /Which the clear air made sweeter still,/And purling through
the valley,/A little brook passed/ Moistening the lands/Of which the water
was not salty./There drank the little birds/After they had fed upon
crickets,/Little flies and butterflies./I saw there lanners, hawks, and
merlins,/And flies with a sting/Who made pavilions of fine honey/In the
trees by measure./In another part was the enclosure/Of a charming
meadow, where nature/Strewed flowers on the verdure/White, yellow, red,
and violet./It was encircled by blossoming trees/As white as if pure snow/
Covered them, it looked like a painting,/So many various colors there were.
*5 “a loyal Frenchman . . . French by birth,”
+6 “Flemish born, though writing in French.”
#7 “his coarse speech . . . a Flemish man, a man of the cattle-breeding
marshes, rude, ignorant, stammering of tongue, greasy of mouth and of
palate and quite bemired with other physical defects, proper to the nature
of the land.”
§8 “this fat bell with the loud sound.”
*9 “The duke then, on a Monday, which was Saint Anthony’s day after
mass, being very desirous that his house should remain peaceful and
without dissensions between his servants and that his son, too, should do
his will and pleasure, after he had already said a great part of his hours,
and the chapel was empty of people, called his son to come to him and said
to him gently: ‘Charles, the quarrel that is going on between the lords of
Sempy and of Hémeries, about this office of chamberlain, I wish that you
put a stop to it, and that the lord of Sempy obtain the vacancy. ’ Then said
the count: ‘Monseigneur, you once gave me your orders in which the lord of
Sempy is not mentioned, and monseigneur, if you please, I pray you, that I
may keep to them.’—’Déa,’ this said the duke then, ‘do not trouble yourself
about orders, it belongs to me to raise and to lower, I wish that the lord of
Sempy be placed there. —Hahan! this said the count (for he always swore
like that), ‘Monseigneur, I beg you, forgive me, for I could not do it, I abide
by what you have ordered me. This was done by my lord of Croy, who
played me this trick, I can see that.. —How, this said the duke, ‘will you
disobey me? will you not do what I wish?’—’Monseigneur, I shall gladly
obey you, but I shall not do this.’ And the duke, at these words, choking
with anger, replied: ‘Ha! boy, will you disobey my will? Go out of my sight,
” and the blood with these words rushing to his heart, he turned pale and
then all at once flushed and there came such a horrible expression on his
face, as I heard from the clerk of the chapel, who was alone with him, that
it was hideous to look at him... ”
*10 “Caron, open the door for us,”
+11 “Faith, madam, monseigneur has forbidden me to come into his sight
and is indignant at me, so that, after this prohibition, I shall not return to
him so soon, but under God’s care, I shall go away, I do not know where.”
+12 “My friend, now, now, open the door for us so that we may leave, or
we are dead.”
§13 “The days were short at that time, and it was already evening when
that prince here mounted his horse, and asked nothing but to be alone out
in the fields. It so happened that on that day after a long and sharp frost it
had begun to thaw, and because of a lasting thick fog that had been about
all day, in the evening a fine but very penetrating rain began to fall, which
soaked the fields and broke the ice, as did the wind that joined in.”
*14 “But the more he approached it, the more it seemed a hideous and
frightful thing, for fire came out of a mound in more than a thousand places
with thick smoke, and, at that hour, anyone would think that it was the
purgatory of some soul or some other illusion of the devil.”
+15 “a multitude of faces in rusty helmets, framing the grinning beards of
villains, biting their lips.”
*16 “Then he heard the news that their town was taken. ‘And by what
people?’ he asks. Those with whom he was speaking answered, ‘They are
Bretons!’ ‘Ha,’ says he, ‘Bretons are bad people, they will pillage and burn
and afterwards depart.’ ‘And what war-cry do they cry?’ said the knight.
‘Sure my lord, they cry La Trimouille!’””
+17 “My lord, Gaston is dead.” “Dead?” said the count. “Indeed, he is
dead in sooth, my lord.”
+18 “So he asked for counsel in matters of love and lineage. The
archbishop answered, ‘Counsel, sure, good nephew, it is too late for that.
You want to shut the stable when the horse is lost.”
§19 Death, I complain.—Of whom?—Of you./—What have I done to you?
—You have taken my lady./—That is true.—Tell me why?/—It pleased me.
—You mistook.
*20 Sire . . .—What do you want?—Listen . ..—To what—To my case./—
Speak out.—I am . ..—Who?—Devastated France!/—By whom?—By you.
—How?—In all estates./—You lie.—I do not.—Who says so?—My
sufferings./—-What do you suffer?—Misery.—Which?—The extremity of
misery./—I do not believe a word of it.—Evidently.—Do not say any more
about it!/—Alas! I must.—You waste time.—What a shame! /—What ill
have I done?—Against peace.—And how?/—By making war . . .—With
whom?—With your friends and kinsmen./—Speak more pleasingly.—I
cannot, in truth.
*21 And on the other side the peasants sing at their work/So loudly, truly
unceasing, rejoicing./Their oxen, stoutly plow/The fertile earth, which
brings forth good food;/And they call them by their names:/One,
“Fauveau,” another, “Grison, “/“Brunet,” “Blanchet,” Blondeau” or
Compaignon”;/They often poke them with their pointed stick,/To make
them go forward.
*22 His eldest son, the dauphin of Viennois, /Gave this spot the name of
Beauty. / And justly, for it is very delectable:/One hears the nightingale
sing there;/The river Marne surrounds it, the lofty pleasant woods/Of the
noble park may be seen swaying on the wind . . . /Meadows are near,
pleasure gardens,/The fine lawns, beautiful and clear fountains,/Vineyards
and arable lands,/Turning mills, plains beautiful to view.
*23 Alas! it is said that I no longer make anything./I who formerly made
many new things;/The reason is that I have no subject matter/Of which to
make good or fine things.
*24 “wise, cool and imaginative, and farsighted in business.”
+25 “so Jean de Blois acquired the wife and the war which was to cost
him so much.”
*26 On parting from you I leave you my heart. /And I go away lamenting
and weeping/That it may serve you without ever being retracted./On
parting from you I leave you my heart/And by my soul, I shall indeed have
nothing good nor peace,/Till my return, being thus discomforted./On
parting from you I leave you my heart/And I go away lamenting and
weeping.
+27 Will you love me indeed,/Tell me, by your soul?/If I love you/More
than anything,/Will you love me indeed?/God put so much goodness/In
you that it is balm./Therefore I proclaim myself/Yours. But how much/Will
you love me indeed?
*28 You are most welcome, /My love; now embrace me and kiss me,/And
how have you been/Since your departure? Healthy and at ease/Have you
always been? Here come/Beside me, sit down and tell me/How you have
been, ill or well,/ For of this I want to have an account./—My lady, to
whom I am bound/More than any other, may it displease no one, /Know
that desire so seized me/That I never had such discomfort,/Nor did I take
pleasure in anything/Far from you. Amour, who tames hearts,/Said to me,
“Remain faithful to me,/For of this I want to have an account.”/—So you
kept your oath to me./I thank you much for it by Saint Nicaise;/And as you
came back safe and sound,/We shall have joy enough; now be at ease/And
tell me if you know by how much/The grief you had from it exceeds/That
which my heart has suffered,/For of this I want to have an account./—More
grief than you, as I think I had,/But you, tell me accurately/ How many
kisses shall I have for it?/For of this I want to have an account.
+29 It is a month today/Since my lover departed./My heart remains
gloomy and silent,/It is a month today./“Good-bye,” he said, “I am going”;/
Since then he has not spoken to me,/It is a month today.
+30 Friend, weep no more;/For I am so touched with pity/That my heart
gives itself up/To your sweet friendship./Change your manner;/For God’s
sake, be sad no longer,/And show me a cheerful face:/I desire whatever you
wish.
*31 When everybody comes back from the army/Why do you stay
behind?/You know that I pledged you/My loyal love to protect and keep.
32+ Froissart came back from Scotland/On a horse which was gray./He
led a white greyhound on a leash./“Alas,” said the greyhound, “I am tired,/
Grisel, when shall we rest?/It is time we were feeding.”
*33 We are the bones of the poor dead,/Here heaped up in measured
mounds,/ Broken, fractured, without rule or order...
*34 Tt is a strange melody/Which is not a great amusement/To people
who are ill./First the ravens let us know/For certain as soon as it is day:/
They cry aloud with all their might,/The fat and the thin bird, without
interruption./Even the sound of a drum would be better/Than the cries of
various birds,/Then come the cattle; cows, calves,/Bellowing, lowing, all
this is noxious,/When one has an empty brain,/The bells of the church join
in,/Which destroys the reason altogether/Of people who are ill.
*35 It is a cold hostel and ill refuge/For people who are ill.
*36 “Forward, forward! turn there./I see a marvel, it seems to me.”/
—“And what, watchman, do you see there?”/“I see ten thousand rats
assembled/And a multitude of mice collecting/On the seashore... ”
*37 People ask me every day/What I think of the present times,/And I
answer, it is all honor, /Loyalty, truth and faith, /Liberality, heroism and
order, /Largesse and kindness that will advance/The common good; but by
my faith, /I do not say what I think.
+38 “Take all these points the other way about.”
+39 “Tt is a great sin to reproach the world in this manner.”
§40 Prince, if it is generally everywhere/As I know, all virtue abounds;/
But many a man hearing me will say, “He lies... ”
**41 “under a bad picture done in bad colors and by the most paltry
painter in the world, in an ironical manner by master Jean Robertet.”
*42 “out of the depths.”
+43 “lover who has been turned away”
+44 “I laugh through tears”
§45 “Even in laughter the heart may be sorrowful; and the end of mirth is
heaviness.”
**46 I don’t have a mouth which could laugh,/Without my eyes belying
it:/For the heart would deny it/By the tears issuing from the eyes.
+147 He constrained himself to be cheerful/And showed a feigned joy,/
And forced his heart to sing/Not from pleasure, but from fear,/For ever a
reminder of complaint/Entwined itself with the tone of his voice,/And he
returned to his suffering/As the Ousel returns to his song in the wood.
*48 This book meant to speak and to describe/To pass the time without
vulgar mood/A simple clerk called Alain/Who speaks of love by hearsay.
+49 So he told me smiling/That I should sleep/And be not at all afraid/
That I should die of this evil.
+50 T am the one whose heart is draped in black...
*51 “One day I was talking with my heart/Which secretly spoke to me,/
And in talking I asked it/If it had saved/Any goods while serving Amour:/It
said quite willingly/It would tell me the truth about it,/As soon as it had
consulted its papers./Having told me this it went away/And from me
departed./Then I saw it enter/In an accounts office it had:/There it
rummaged here and there,/In looking for several old writing books,/For it
would show me the truth,/As soon as it had consulted its papers . . . ”
+52 Do not knock at the door of my mind anymore,/Anxiety and Care, do
not trouble yourselves;/For it sleeps and does not want to wake, /It has
passed all night in torment. /It will be in danger, if not well nursed;/Stop,
stop, let it slumber;/Do not knock at the door of my mind anymore,/
Anxiety and Care, do not trouble yourselves.
*53 “God protect you.”
+54 And then, when I heard the window/Of the house clatter,/Then it
seemed to me that my prayers /Had been heard by her.
*55 So help me God, I was so ravished,/That I was scarcely conscious,/
For, without being told, it seemed to me/that the wind moved her window/
And she could well have recognized me,/Perhaps saying softly: “Good
night, then,”/And God knows I felt like a great master/After this all night.
+56 I felt so refreshed/That, without turning or tossing,/I enjoyed golden
slumber, /Without waking up all night,/And then, before dressing,/To
praise Amour for it,/I kissed my pillow thrice,/While laughing to myself at
the angels.
+57 The others, to hide their affliction/Controlled their hearts by force,/
Passing the time closing and opening /The breviaries they held in their
hands,/Of which they turned the leaves/As a sign of devotion;/But by their
sorrow and tears they/ Clearly showed their emotion.
*58 Sweet eyes that move back and forth;/Sweet eyes enwarming the
skin,/Of those who fall in love . . . /Sweet eyes of pearly clearness,/That
say: I am ready when you please,/to those who feel those eyes powerfully
*59 “I am weary of hoping so long. Where is he who holds his heart
open?”
+60 “And it can’t be laid to greed that they left them only in their pants
since they were worth only four deniers—which was terribly gruesome and
one of the greatest Christian inhumanities against one’s neighbor that it is
possible to imagine.”
*61 “completely nude and with disheveled hair as they are painted”
+62 “And there were also three very handsome girls, representing quite
naked sirens, and one saw their beautiful erected, separate, round and hard
breasts, which was a very pleasant sight, and they recited little motets and
bergerettes; and near them several deep-toned instruments were playing
fine melodies.”
+63 “but the stand at which the people looked with the greatest pleasure
was the history of the three goddesses represented nude by living women.”
*64 “This dame here is said to have acrid conditions and very tart and
biting reasons; she ground her teeth and bit her lips; often nodded her
head; and indicated by gesture that she was arguing, jumped on her feet
and turned to this side and to that; she proved to be impatient and inclined
to contradict; the right eye was closed and the other open; she had a bag
full of books before her, of which she put some into her girdle, as if they
were dear to her, the others she thew away spitefully; she tore up papers
and leaves; she threw writing books into the fire furiously; she smiled on
some and kissed them; she spat on others out of meanness and trod them
underfoot; she had a pen in her hand, full of ink, with which she crossed
out many important writings . . . ; also with a sponge she blackened some
pictures, she scratched out others with her nails, and others she erased
wholly and smoothed them as if to have them forgotten; and showed
herself a hard and fell enemy to many respectable people, more arbitrarily
than reasonably.”
+65 “Peace of Heart, Peace of Mouth, Seeming Peace, Peace of True
Effect.”
+66 “Importance of your Lands, Various qualities and conditions of your
several peoples, The Envy and Hatred of Frenchmen and of Neighboring
Nations”
*67 “the inventor and conjuror of this vision”
+68 Physician, what about Law?/—By my soul, he is poorly . .. /—How
does Reason? .. . /She is out of her mind,/She speaks but feebly,/And
Justice has become an idiot...
*69 We God of Love, creator, king of glory/All hail to all true lovers in
their humility!/As it is true that since the victory/Of our son on Mount
Calvary/ Several soldiers through lack of knowledge/Of our arms, make an
alliance with the devil...
+70 Who now in sobbing and in tears, /With a contrite heart and faithful
without deceit.
+71 “And so Sluys remained in peace that was included with her, for war
was excluded from her, lonelier than a recluse.”
*72 “And lest I lose the wheat of my labor, and that the flour into which
it will be ground may have wholesome blossom, I intend, if God gives me
grace for it, to turn and convert under my rough millstones the vicious into
the virtuous, the corporeal into the spiritual, the worldly into the divine,
and, above all, to moralize it. And in this way we shall gather honey from
the hard stone and the vermeil rose from sharp thorns, where we shall find
grains and seed, fruit, flower and leaf, very sweet fragrance, sweet-smelling
verdure, verdant florescence, flourishing nurture, nourishing fruit and
fruitful pasture.”
+73 Then I am gripped with the fever of thought/And the catarrh of
displeasure, / A migraine of sorrow,/Colic of impatience,/Unbearable
toothache./My heart could no longer take it,/The regrets of my fate/
Through unaccustomed sorrow.
+74 “to eat his fill.”
1. Concerning this problem see my Renaissancestudién I: Het probleem,
de Gids, 1920, IV.
2. La Renaissance septentrionale et les premiers maitres des Flandres,
Bruxelles 1905.
3. Erasmus, Ratio seu Methodus compendio perveniendi ad veram
theologiam, ed. Basel 1520, p. 146.
4. E. Durand-Gréville, Hubert et Jean van Eyck, Bruxelles, 1910, p. 119.
5. [Trans.] In the English translation done by F. Hopman under
Huizinga’s supervision this paragraph is replaced by the following:
Are not unity and harmony lost in this aggregation of details as
Michelangelo affirmed of Flemish art in general? Having recently seen
the picture again, I can no longer deny it as I formerly did on the
strength of recollections many years old.
If this reflects a true change of position on the issue on the part of
Huizinga, it is strange that the alteration did not make it into any
subsequent Dutch editions.
6. [Trans.] Unbridled elaboration: The Dutch is ongebreidelde uitwerking;
German, zügellose Detaillierung.
7. P. 251.
8. Alain Chartier, Oeuvres, ed. Duchesne, p. 594.
9. Chastellain, I pp. 11, 12, IV pp. 21, 393, VII pp. 160; La Marche, I, p.
14; Molinet, L p. 23.
10. [Trans.] cothurnism: see chap. 2, n. 65
11. Jean Robertet, in Chastellain, VII, p. 182.
12. Chastellain, VII, p. 219.
13. Chastellain, III, pp. 231ff.—Saint Anthony’s day is January 17.
14. Oratory, a carpeted and secluded little corner of a chapel.
15. [Trans.] prie-Dieu: Dutch bidstoel; German, Betstuhl. Literally, “prayer
stool.” The piece of furniture is most likely similar to that on which the
donor kneels in the Madonna of Chancellor Rolin.
16. [Trans.] Camille Lemonnier. A Belgian novelist who was active during
the last decade of the nineteenth century. In his memoirs, Huizinga says he
was strongly influenced by modern literary movements. See his My Path of
History, page 253, where he says:
[S]oon after we enrolled ten of us from the class of 1891 formed a club.
... We were all enthusiastic supporters of the Tachtigers, a literary
movement round the journal De Nieuwe Gids (1885), and consequently
rated literature far higher than science, sought the meaning of life within
our selves (which was a great blessing) and completely ignored politics
and allied topics (which was a grave fault). Throughout my student years
I never took a newspaper. We looked up to Van Deijssel, Kloos, Gorter et
al. as to so many demigods. In the comfortable reading room of Mutua
Fides, we not only followed the Kloos crisis in De Nieuwe Gids month by
month, and dutifully denounced Van Eeden, but also devoured the
Mercure de France, watched Pierre Louys’s star rise by side of Rémy de
Gourmont’s, and finally hailed Alfred Jarry’s succés de scandal—in short,
we took a most one-sided view of what was happening in literature, even
though Edgar Allan Poe, Robert Louis Stevenson, Dante Gabriel Rossetti
and many other authors made a great impression on us as well. In later
years our enthusiasm for the Tachtigers was jolted by the appearance of P.
L. Tak’s De Kroniek, in which our own contemporaries, among them Jan
Kalf and the talented and precocious André Jolles, put forward their
views. At the time, literary ideas had begun to have a profound effect on me.
[Emphasis added. ]
17. Chastellain, III, p. 46; see above p. 109; and see Chastellain, III p.
104, V p. 259.
18. Chastellain, V, pp. 273, 269, 271.
19. See the reproduction in E. Chmelarz, Jahrb. der Kunsthist. Samml.
des allerh. Kaiserhauses XI, 1890; and P. Durrieu, Les belles heures du duc
de Berry, Gazette des beaux arts, 1906, t. 35, p. 283.
20. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XIII, p. 50, XI, p. 99, XIII, p. 4.
21. Unknown poet printed in Deschamps, Oeuvres, X, no. 18; see Le
Débat du cuer et du corps de Villon, and Charles d’Orléans, rondel 192.
22. Ed. de 1522, fol. 101, in A. de la Borderie, Jean Meschinot etc., Bibl.
de l’Ecole des chartes LVI, 1895, p. 301. See die ballads von Henri Baude,
ed. Quicherat (Trésor des pieces rares ou inédites), Paris, pp. 26, 37, 55, 79.
23. Froissart, ed. Luce, I pp. 56, 66, 71, XI p. 13, ed. Kervyn, XII pp. 2,
23; see also Deschamps, III, p. 42.
24. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XI, p. 89.
25. Durrieu, Les trés-riches heures de Jean de France duc de Berry, 1904,
pi. 38.
26. Oeuvres du roi René, ed. Quatrebarbes, II, p. 105.
27. Deschamps, I, nos. 61, 144; III, nos. 454, 483, 524; IV, nos. 617, 636.
28. Durrieu, Les trés-riches heures de Jean de France duc de Berry, pls. 3,
9,12.
29. Deschamps, VI, p. 191, no. 1204.
30. Froissart, ed. Luce, V p. 64, VIII pp. 5, 48, XI p. 110; ed. Kervyn, XIII
pp. 14, 21, 84, 102, 264.
31. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XV pp. 54, 109, 184; XVI pp. 23, 52; ed. Luce, I
p. 394.
32. Froissart, XIII, p. 13.
33. G. de Machaut, Poésies lyriques, ed. V. Chichmaref (Zapiski ist. fil.
fakulteta imp. S. Peterb. universiteta XCII, 1909) no. 60, I, p. 74.
34. La Borderie, Jean Meschinot etc., p. 618.
35. Christine de Pisan, Oeuvres poétiques, I, p. 276.
36. Ibid., I, p. 164, no. 30.
37. Ibid., I, p. 275, no. 5.
38. Froissart, Poésies, ed. Schéler, II, p. 216.
39. P. Michault, La dance aux aveugles etc., Lille, 1748.
40. Recueil de poésies françoises des XVe et XVIe siècles, ed. de
Montaiglon (Bibl. elzavirienne), IX, p. 59.
41. Deschamps, VI, no. 1202, p. 188.
42. Froissart, Poésies, I, p. 91.
43. Froissart, ed. Kervyn, XIII, p. 22.
44. Deschamps, I, p. 196, no. 90; p. 192, no. 87; IV, p. 294, no. 788; V, p.
94 no. 903, p. 97 no. 905, p. 121 no. 919; VII, p. 220, no. 1375. See II, p.
86, no. 247, no. 250.
45. Durrieu, Les très-riches heures, pls. 38, 39, 60, 27, 28.
46. Deschamps, V, p. 351, no. 1060; V, p. 15, no. 844.
47. Chastellain, IL pp. 256ff.
48. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 3252.
49. Deschamps, nos. 1229, 1230, 1233, 1259, 1299, 1300, 1477, VI pp.
230, 232, 237, 279, VII pp. 52, 54, VIII p. 182; see Gaguin’s De validorum
mendicantium astucia, Thuasne, II, pp. 169ff.
50. Deschamps, no. 219, IL p. 44, no. 2, p. 71.
51. Ibid. IV, p. 291, no. 786.
52. Bibliothèque de l’école des chartes, 2€ série III 1846, p. 70.
53. Proverbs 14:13.
54. [Trans.] The Hopman translation includes two fragments from
Granson at this point
Veillier ou lit et jeuner a table
Rire plourant et en plaignant chanter.
[Lying abed awake and fasting at the board, laughing in tears and lamenting
in song. ]
And:
Je prins congiè de ce tresdoulz enfant
Les yeulx mouilliez et la bouche riant.
[I took leave of this most sweet child With tearful eyes and a laughing mouth. ]
55. Alain Chartier, La belle dame dans mercy, pp. 503, 505,; see Le débat
du reveille-matin, p. 498; Chansons du XVE siècle, p. 71, no. 73; L’amant
rendu cordelier a l’observance d’amours, vs. 371; Molinet, Faictz et dictz,
ed. 1537, 172f.
56. Alain Chartier, Le débat des deux fortunes d’amours, p. 581.
57. Oeuvres du roi René, ed. Quatrebarbes, III, p. 194.
58. Charles d’Orléans, Poésies complètes, p. 68.
59. Charles d’Orléans, Poésies complètes, p. 88, ballade no. 19.
60. Charles d’Orléans, Poésies complétes, chanson no. 62.
61. [Trans.] Pierrot: The use of this image here is perhaps an indication of
Huizinga’s awareness of modern art and literature. Pierrot, the clown figure
from French pantomime, figures prominently in early twentieth-century art,
noticeably the paintings of Picasso and in the setting of the Pierrot Lunaire
(“Moonstruck Pierrot”) poems of Albert Giraud (whose work Huizinga
would have known) by Arnold Schönberg in 1912. In these poems Pierrot is
touchingly crushed by love.
62. Compare Alain Chartier, p. 549: “Ou se le vent une fenestre boute/
Dont il cuide que sa dame l’escoute/S’en va coucher joyeulx... ”
63. Huitains 51, 53, 57, 167, 188, 192, ed. de Montaiglon (Soc. des anc.
textes francais), 1881.
64. Museum of Leipzig, no. 509.
65. Journal d’un bourgeois, p. 96. Prof. D. C. Hesseling has brought to
my attention that, in addition to modesty, another image is in play here;
Namely, that the dead may not appear without a shroud at the last
judgment, and he refers me to a Greek text of the seventh century
(Johannes Moschus c. 78, Migne Patrol. graecam t. LXXXVII, p. 2933 D.),
which might be a parallel to Western conceptions. On the other hand, one
should not forget that in the depictions of the resurrection of the dead in
miniatures and in paintings, the dead always come from the grave naked.
66. [Trans.] Bastard of Vauru: In the winter of 1421-22, the city of Meaux
was besieged by Henry V. The Bastard of Vauru was one of the city garrison
who exploited the populace, demanding ransoms and hanging those who
could not pay on “Vauru’s tree.” The woman in question was pregnant
(according to the Burgher of Paris) and hung and left to die from this tree.
“That cruel and evil monster, the Bastard de Vauru, hearing her saying
things that annoyed him, had her beaten with sticks and then dragged off at
a great rate to his elm. He had her tied to it and bound and all of her
clothes cut off short so that she was naked as far as her navel, an inhuman
thing to do!” A Parisian Journal 1405-1449, trans. Janet Shirley, Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1968.
67. Juvenal des Ursins, 1418, p. 541; Journal d’un bourgeois, pp. 92,
172.
68. J. Veth and S. Muller, A. Dürers Niederlaandische Reise, Berlin-
Utrecht, 1918, 2 Bde., I, p. 13.
69. Chastellain, II, p. 414.
70. Chron. scand., I, p. 27.
71. Molinet, V, p. 15.
72. Lefebvre, Theatre de Lille, p. 54, in Doutrepont, p. 354.
73. Th. Godefroy, Le ceremonial françois, 1649, p. 617.
74. J. B. Houwaert, Declaratie van die triumphante Incompst van den...
Prince van Oraingnien etc.; t’ Antwerpen, Plantijn, 1579, p. 39.
75. The thesis of Emile Male concerning the influence of theatrical
representations on paintings may be left standing in this instance.
76. See P. Durrieu, Gazette des beaux arts, 1906, t. 35, p. 275.
77. Christine de Pisan, Epitre d’Othéa a Hector, Ms. 9392 de Jean Miélot,
ed. J. van den Gheyn, Bruxelles 1913.
78. Ibid., Pls. 5, 8, 26, 24, 25.
79. Christine de Pisan, Epitre d’Othéa, pls. 1 and 3; Michel, Histoire de
l’art, IV, 2, p. 603: Michel Colombe, Grabmonument aus der Kathedrale von
Nantes, p. 616: figure of Temperantia on the grave monument of the
Cardinal of Amboise in the Rouen Cathedral.
80. See my essay Uit de voorgeschiedenis van ons nationaal besef, De
Gids, 1912, I.
81. Expositions sur vérité mal prise, Chastellain, VI, p. 249.
82. Le livre de paix, Castellain, VII, p. 375.
83. Advertissement au duc Charles, Chastellain, VII, pp. 304ff.
84. Chastellain, VII, pp. 237ff.
85. Molinet, Le miroir de la mort, fragment in Chastellain, VI, p. 460.
86. Chastellain, VII, p. 419.
87. Deschamps, I, p. 170.
88. Le pastoralet, vs. 501, 7240, 5768.
89. Compare for the mixture of pastoral and politics, Deschamps, III, p.
62, no. 344, p. 93, no. 359.
90. Molinet, Faictz et dictz, f. 1.
91. Molinet, Chronique, IV, p. 307.
92. In E. Langlois, Le roman de la rose (Soc. des anc. textes), 1914, I, p.
33.
93. Recueil de chansons etc. (Soc. des bibliophiles belges), IN, p. 31.
94. La Borderie, Jean Meschinot etc., pp. 603, 632.
Chapter 14
*1 “the good king Scipio of Africa.”
+2 “that is to say, guardian of the multitude.”
*3 O Socrates full of philosophy, /Seneca in morals and Englishman in
practice, / Great Ovid in your poetry,/Brief of speech, well-versed in
rhetoric,/Exalted eagle who by your erudition/Has illuminated the reign of
Aeneas./The island of the giants, and that of Brut, and those who have/
Sown flowers and planted the eglantine,/For the ignorant of the language,
you will pour your self forth,/Great translator, noble Geoffrey Chaucer!/
.../From you therefore out of the fountain of Hey le/I ask to have an
authentic draught,/Of which the conduit is entirely in your power/To slake
my ethical thirst,/I who in Gaul shall be paralyzed/Till you shall give me to
drink.
+4 “your very humble and obedient slave and servant, the city of Ghent,”
“the intestinal inward sorrow and tribulation.”
+5 “our French-born locution and vernacular tongue.”
86 “having drunk from the sweet and mellifluous liquor proceeding from
the Hippocrene fountain,” “this virtuous scipionic duke,” “people of
womanly courage.”
*7 “I have for some time rested in our house during a part of this foggy
coldness.”
+8 Struck in the eye by a terrible brightness/Touched in the heart by
incredible eloquence, /Difficult for the human mind to produce,/Quite
obscured by incendiary light/Penetrating with almost unbearable rays/To a
dark body that can never shine,/Ravished, distraught, I find myself in my
contemplation, /My body in ecstasy lying on the ground,/My feeble spirit is
at a loss to go in quest of a path/ In order to find a place and opportune
exit/From the narrow pass where I am hemmed in,/Caught in the toils
which true love has netted.
*9 “where is the eye that could see such a visible object, where is the ear
to hear the high silver tone and golden tintinnabulations?”
+10 “friend of the immortal gods, beloved of men, high Ulyssean breast,
full of mellifluous eloquence . . . is this not splendor equal to the car of
Phoebus?”
+11 “the reed of Amphion, the Mercurial flute, which caused Argus to fall
sleep?”
§12 “in Italy, on which the kind influences of heaven bring beautiful
speech, and towards which all elemental sweetness is drawn, there to
dissolve into harmony.”
*13 “js an example of Ciceronian art and a kind of Terence-like subtlety
... he, who was favored to absorb from our breasts our innermost
substance; who, going beyond the grace granted by his own soil, to new
refreshment in the land of good taste (Italy) has gone, there, where children
in morning songs speak to their mothers, eager for school and widely
learned beyond their years.”
+14 “Robertet has rained on me from his cloud, he, whose pearls gather in
this cloud like hail, has made my garment shine; but what of the dark body
underneath, if my dress deceives the clear sighted?”
*15 The old life displeased, the new morals are fallen;/Mankind sees the
face, yet the heart is open to honest Jupiter.
+16 “Jupiter come from Paradise,”
+17 “High Goddess.”
§18 “the temple in the high woods where people pray to the gods.”
*19 “Tf, to lend my Muse some strangeness, I speak of the pagan gods, the
shepherds and myself are Christians all the same.”
+20 “Reason and Understanding” . . . “You should do it, not to instill faith
in gods and goddesses, but because our Lord alone inspires people as it
pleases Him and frequently by differing means.”
+21 Formerly the gentile nations of the gods,/Sought love by humble
sacrifices,/ Which, taken for granted that they were useless,/Were
nevertheless profitable and prolific,/Of much important fruit and high
benefits,/Which shows by facts that offices of love/And of humble homage,
rendered wherever they were,/Were sufficient to pierce heaven and hell.
§22 “Which I by no means approve.”
*23 “I wish I could have satisfied all my desires and never had any other
good.”
+24 So help me God who was crucified:/I much repent that I made man.
1. Alma Le Duc, Gontier Col and the French Prerenaissance, 1919, was
not available to me.
2. N. de démanges, Opera, ed. Lydius, Lugd. Bat., 1613; Joh. de
Monasteriolo, Epistolae, Martene et Durand, Amplissima Collectio, II, col.
1310.
. Montreuil, Epistolae 69, c. 1447, ep. 15, c. 1338.
. Epistolae 59, c. 1426, ep. 58, c. 1423.
. Epistolae 40, cols. 1388, 1396.
. Epistolae 59, 67, cols. 1427, 1435.
. Le livre du voir-dit, p. xviii.
. See p. 76.
9. See p. 226.
10. Gerson, Opera, I, p. 922.
11. Epistolae 38, col. 1385.
12. Dion. Cart., t. XXXVII, p. 495.
13. Petrarca, Opera, ed. Basel, 1581, p. 847; Clémanges, Opera, Ep. 5, p.
24; J. de Montr., Ep. 50, col. 1428.
14. Chastellain, VII, pp. 75-143, see V, pp. 38-40, VI, p. 80; VIII, p. 358,
Le livre des trahisons, p. 145.
15. Machaut, Le voir-dit, p. 230; Chastellain, VI, p. 194; La Marche, III, p.
166; Le pastoralet vs. 2806; Le Jouvencel, I, p. 16.
16. Le pastoralet, vs. 541, 4612.
17. Chastellain, III, pp. 173, 117, 359 etc.; Molinet, II, p. 207.
18. J. Germain, Liber de virtutibus Philippe ducis Burgundiae (Chron. rel.
à Vhist. de Belg. sous la dom. des ducs de Bourg. III).
19. Chron. scand., II, p. 42.
20. Christine de Pisan, Oeuvres poétiques, I, no. 90, p. 90.
21. Deschamps, no. 285, II, p. 138.
ONaA BW
22. Villon, ed. Lognon, p. 15, h. 36-38; Rabelais, Pantagruel, 1.2, chap.
6.
23. Chastellain, V, pp. 292ff.; La Marche, Parament et triumphe des
dames, Prologue; Molinet, Faictz et dictz, Prologue, Molinet, Chronique, I,
pp. 72, 10, 54.
24. Summaries by Kervyn de Lettenhove, Oeuvres de Chastellain, VII, 1.
pp. 45-186; see P. Durrieu, Un barbier de nom francais a Bruges, Académie
des inscriptions et belles-lettres, Comptes rendus, 1917, pp. 542-58.
25. Chastellain, VII, p. 146.
26. Chastellain, VII, p. 180.
27. La Marche, I, pp. 15, 184-86; Molinet, I p. 14, III p. 99; Chastellain,
VI: Exposition sur vérité mal prise, VII pp. 76, 29, 142, 422; Commines, I p.
3; see Doutrepont, p. 24.
28. Chastellain, VII, p. 159.
29. Ibid.
30. R. Gaguini, Ep. et Or., ed. Thuasne, I, p. 126; Allen, Erasmi Epistolae
no. 43 I, p. 145.
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INDEX
Abuzé en court, L’ (Charles Rochefort), 124, 245
Achatius, Saint, 198
Adam and Eve, 337, 373
Adolf, Saint, 184
Adoration of the Lamb. See Ghent Altarpiece
Adrian, Saint, 198
Agincourt, battle of: Boucicaut captured, 78; dead boiled, 164; Henry V at,
111, 114; in Le livre des quatre dames, 339; in “Le Pastoralet,” 152;
named, 114; pride at, 113-114
Agricola, Rudolph, 183
Ailly, Pierre d’: against blasphemy, 187; beggars, 205; disapproval of
courtly life, 124; music, 323; opposes elaborate ritual, etc., 175; relic of
St. Louis and, 192; scholastic argument, 249
Alain. See La Roche
Alexander the Great, 75
allegory: church forms of, 130-131; emotional value, 243-244; eroticism,
132; explanation, 238; fatigue of, 382; Meschinot, 381; pastorale and,
150. See also Roman de la rose; symbolism
altarpieces: Autun (Jan van Eyck), 306, 317; Ghent (van Eyck Brothers 297,
342, 339; Beaune (van der Weyden), 306, 317; Bladelyn (van der
Weyden), 316; Seven Sacraments (van der Weyden), 306-307. See also
individual works
Amadis, 84
Amant rendu cordelier de l’observance d’amour, 132, 370, 389
Ambapali, 163
Andrew, Saint, 18, 19, 24, 108
Andromeda, 375
angels: Ars morendi, 167; chivalry and, 70-71; guardian, 181, 201-202;
saints and, 192-193, 196-197, 201-202; Sluter’s, 309; Van Eyck, 317-
318, 335, 337, 342
Anjou, Louis of, 212
Annouciade, Order of the, 94
Annunciation (Jan van Eyck), 335-336
Anthony, Saint, 198, 200
Antonius, Order of, 94-95
Arbre des batailles L’ (Honoré Bonet), 277-278
Arc, Jeanne d’, 4, 77, 79-80, 283, 295
Areopagite, Pseudo-Dionysius, 218, 258, 261
Aristo, Ludovico, 85, 329
Armagnac, 3, 4, 18, 205
Armentières, Peronelle d’, 142, 144, 147-150
Arnolfini, Giovanni, 312, 331
Arras: reputation of, 289; treaty of, 16
Arrestz d'amour (Martial d'Auvergne), 131, 144
ars morendi, 167
Art of Dying. See ars morendi
Artevelde, Jacob van, 104
Artevelde, Phillip van, 34, 104, 115
Artharva-Veda, 255
Artois, Robert d’, 98, 102
Aubroit, Hugues, 179, 189, 274
Augustine, Saint, 25, 266, 293, 321
Augustinian order, 64
Autun Altarpiece, 306, 317, 333-335, 336
Averrôes, 189
Baerze, Jacques de, 301
Bayazid, sultan, 78, 86
“Ballade de Fougéres” (Alain Chartier), 274
“Ballade des dames du temps jadis” (Villon), 158
Bamborough, Robert, 74
Bandello, 108
Barante, Prosper de, 294
Barbara, Saint, 197, 198, 246
Basin, Thomas (bishop of Lisieux), 72, 283
Bastard of Vauru, 373
“Bataille de Karesme et de charnage,” 246
Bath of Women (Jan van Eyck), 373
Bavaria, Albert of, 118
Bavaria, Isabella, 11, 129, 185, 298, 311
Bavaria, John of, 50, 206
Beaugrant, Madam de, 23
Beaumanoir, Robert de, 112, 211
Beaumont, Jean de, 87, 102
Beaune Altarpiece (van der Weyden), 306, 317
Beauté, castle of, 352
Bedford, John of Lancaster, duke of, 51, 57, 93, 112, 206
Beggars, 27, 199, 200, 365. See also mendicant orders
beguines, 6
Belon, 23
Benedict VIII, pope, 13, 100
Bernard, Saint, 218, 220, 222, 229, 232; language and mysticism of, 263,
318; Thomas à Kempis and, 266; treasury of merit, 256
Bernard of Morley, 157
Bernardino of Siena, Saint, 234
Berry, herald, 73
Berry, John, duke of: amorous debate, 137; artists and, 298, 313; decorates
chapel, 297; Louis d’Orléans, murder of and, 271; Peter of Luxembourg
and, 213, 214; prohibits knightly duel, 112; relic of St. Louis and, 192;
sculptures and, 164, 170; wears satin armor, 115
Berthelemy, Jean, 231
Bertulph, Saint, 193
Bétisac, Jean, 188
bibhatsa-rasa, 159
Bien public, war of the, 79-80, 115
Bièvre, castle of, 352
Bladelin, Pieter, 316
Bladelin Altarpiece (van Eyck), 316
Blaise, Saint, 198
Blason des couleurs, Le (Sizilien), 142
blasphemy: eroticism, mixed with, 370; Gerson, 187; Hansje in den Kelder,
179; heretical visions and beliefs, 176-177; root in strong faith, 186;
sacred festivals debauched, 183-184. See also Roman de la rose
Blois, Charles de, 211-212
Blois, Jehan de, 355
Boccaccio, Giovanni, 385, 386
Bois, Nansart du, 3
Bonaventura, Saint, 231, 248, 318
Bonet, Honoré, 277-278
Boniface, Jean de, 101
Boniface VIII, pope, 163
Borgia, Cesare, 109
Borromeus, Karl, Saint, 210
Boucicaut, Jean le Meingre, maréchal: biography, 70, 78-80, 85-86;
Cemetery of the Innocents and, 170; Christine de Pisan and, 140; greed,
117; Ordre de la Dame blanche, 94; women, honor of, 174
Bouillon, Godfrey of, 76
Bourbon, Isabella de, 56-58, 281
Bourbon, Jacques de, king, 209
Bourbon, Jean de, duke, 101
Bourbon, Louis de, 95, 213
Bouts, Dirk, 297, 376
Brabant, Anton of, 140
Breughel, Peter, 300, 363, 364
Bridget of Sweden, Saint, 225
Broderlam, Melchoir, 177, 363
Brothers of the Common Life, 223. See also Devotio moderna
Brothers of the Free Spirit (Turlupins), 163, 189, 229
Brugman, Jan, 218, 230, 250, 266, 319
Buddhism, 35, 252, 263-264
Bueil, Jean de (Le Jouvencel): biography (Le Jouvencel), 79-82; casuistry,
277-278; Chastellain, in, 78; dictums, 275; Greek, errors in, 386;
knightly duels and, 112-113, 206; Preux, 77
Burarius, 379
Burckhardt, Jacob, 15, 43, 73-74, 173-174
Burgher of Paris, the: allegory, 244; Anne of Burgundy angers, 206; Bastard
of Vauru, 373; Brother Richard, 5; Louis d’Orléans, funeral of, 205;
modesty, 373; murders in Paris, 244; procession of children, 170; stories
of lost crowns, 14; tournaments, 89; Tutetey’s notes, 29
Burgundians, party of the: founding of dukedom, 104-105; Golden Fleece,
94; knightly courage, 104-105; Louis d'Orléans, murder of, 282;
Mézières, Philippe de, suspicions of, 288; propaganda, 152, 379
Burgundy, Anne of, 206
Burgundy, Anton of, 129
Burgundy, court of: Coquinet, 12; dwarves, 23; duel of burghers, 3, 8, 12,
314-315; France compared to, 50-52; Louis XI at, 315; Luxembourg,
dukes of and, 212-213; ritual forms, 42-45
Burgundy, David of, 182-183
Burgundy, dukes of: Cour d’amours, 24; Hansje in den Keldern, 179; saints
and, 214; state forms, 37. See also Charles the Bold; John the Fearless;
Philip the Bold; Philip the Good
Burgundy, Mary of, 55, 58, 181
Busnois, Antoine, 314
Bussy, Oudart de, 4
Byron, Byronianism, 32, 157
Cachan, castle of, 352
Caesar, Julius: exemplar of knighthood, 75; former splendor, 157
Campin, Robert (the Master of Flémalle), 361-362
Campo Santo (Pisa), 164
Capeluche (hangman), 50
Capistrano, John of, 210
Carmelites, Order of: Brother Thomas, 6; Paris monastery, 179
“Casibus virorum illustrium, De” (Boccaccio), 272, 385
Catherine, Saint, 192, 198
Catherine of Siena, Saint, 225, 229, 232
Caxton, William, 311
Celestines, Order of the: and Louis d’Orleans, 208; and Peter of
Luxembourg, 213; and Philippe de Méziéres, 206, 208, 272; Avignon
monastery, wall painting, 161; in “Le Pastoralet,” 393; Paris monastery,
206, 208, 213
Cemetery of the Innocents: Brother Richard preaches in, 5; closed, 27; danse
macabre in, 165-166, 169-170; nuns in, 179
Cent ballades, Livre des (Boucicaut), 137
Cent nouvelles nouvelles, Les: blasphemy, 187; eroticism, 130, 131, 150;
obscenity, 181-182, 370
Chaise-Dieu, La, 166
Champion, Pierre, 29
“Champion des Dames, Le” (Martin Lefranc), 290
Champol, monastery of, 209; Moses Fountain (Sluter), 308-311
chansons de geste, 356
Chapel des fleurs delis (Philippe de Vitri), 70
Charlemagne, 76
Charles V (emperor): entry into Antwerp, 374; mignon, 59; princely duel,
109
Charles V (king of France): and Oresme, 384; confession for felons, 21;
piety, 206
Charles VI (king of France): and Philippe de Mézières, 71; Arbre des batailles
dedicated to, 277; Boucicaut in Genoa for, 79; chooses wife from portrait,
277; coronation, 50; cour d’amours, 140; demeans body of Arteveldt, 115;
distributes relics of Saint Louis, 192; entry into Paris, 311; funeral, 51;
madman, 12, 23; marriage, 129, 185; penance for felons, 21; thrashed,
11; war with Armagnacs, 3; welcomed to Paris, 19
Charles VII (king of France): Chastellain’s Mystère; entry into Reims, 311;
funeral, 7, 51
Charles the Bold (duke of Burgundy): bombardment of Granson, 153; camp
near Neuss, 114, 286; court life, 42-45; at death of Philip the Good, 18,
54-55; dress, 325; dwarves, 23; entry into Lille, 374; funeral, 387;
Golden Fleece, 94, 96; guerre du bien public, 115; and Jacques Coeur, 104;
jewels, 269; and knightly ideal, 28, 39, 75; music, 306, 314, 323; order of
the garter, 93; quarrel with Philip the Good, 343-346; Quintius Curtius
translated for, 75; revenues cancelled, 9; and Saint Colette, 217; and
Saint Sophia, 218; stubbornness, 25; virtue, 128; wasteful splendor, 302
Charney, Geoffroy de, 277
Charolais, Count of; See Charles the Bold
Chartier, Alain: fame, 338-339; kissed by Marguereta of Scotland, 251;
works: “Ballade de Fougères,” 274; Le Curial, 124; Livre de quatre dames,
333-339, 351, 367-368; Quadriloge invectii, 66-67
Chastellain, George: allegory, 377-378, 379; bells, 2; bourgeois honor, 116;
and Charles the Bold, 9-10, 343-346; compared to Breugel, 364;
compared to van Eyck, 342; court ritual, 42-43, 46, 47; Crusade, 106; De
Barant’s source, 294; description of nature, 351; duel of Plouvier and
Mafout, 109-111; errors, 386; exaggerations, 282; French loyalty, 77;
Golden Fleece, 93; greed, 117; King René’s pas d’armes, 151-152; Louis XI
weeps, 8; manière, 388; mignon, 58-59; misfortunes of Margaret of
Anjou, 14; on nature of princes, 15, 183-184; paganism, 394; “pas de
mort,” 167-168; Philip and the dauphin, 46; Philip and quarrel with
Charles the Bold, 343-346; political symbolism, 242; princes and bad
news, 54-56; Robertet, correspondence with, 389-392; on Rolin, 317;
style, 342-343, 364; superstition, 288; view of society, 63-65; world
weariness, 34; works: Temple de Bocace, 386
Chaucer, Geoffrey, 387
Chevalier, Etienne, 182
Chevaliers Nostre Dame de la Noble Maison. See Stars, Order of the
Chevrot, Jean (bishop of Tourney): collection for crusade, 107; patron of
Seven Sacraments (van der Weyden), 306-307, 316
childbirth customs, 57-58
Chopinel, Jean, 127
Christopher, Saint, 197, 198, 246
Cicero: ideal of equality, 68; Jean de Montreuil imitates, 138, 384; and
tournaments, 88
Claiquin, Bertram de. See Guesclin, Bertrand du
Claris mulieribus, De (Boccaccio), 385-386
Clémanges, Nicolas de: critique of courtly life, 124; humanist letters, 383;
on pilgrimages, 185; Petrarch, 385; works: Liber de lapsu et reparatione, 66
Clement VI, pope, 255
Clercq, Jacques du: dark chronicle, 29; nobles refuse sacrament, 189, 280
Clermont, castle of, 352
Clopinel, Jean. See Chopinel, Jean
clothing, 325-328. See also poulaines
Coeur, Jacques: chivalry, 104; in Temple de Bocace, 65
Coimbra, John of, 8
Coitier, Jacques, 216
Col, Gontier and Pierre: attack on Gerson, 138; defense of Roman de la rose,
137-138; G. warned against court service, 124; humanist letters, 383-
384; membership in Cour d’amours, 141
Colette, Saint: adviser to court of Burgundy, 217, 314; art of van Eyck and,
314; influences Jacques de Bourbon, 209; and the Passion, 220;
theopathic state, 226; type of saint, 210
Cologne, Hermann of, 310
Combat des trente: agreement for, 74; Froissart on, 112; Crokart, 118
Commines, Philippe de, 349, 391; on Charles the Bold, 75-76, 115, 117;
contempt for knighthood, 117, 120; does not exaggerate, 283;
inaccuracies, 283; mignon, 59, 72; and Saint Francis of Paula, 216-217;
sober mind, 118
“Complaincte de Eco” (Guillaume Coquillart), 274
“Contrediz Franz Gontier” (Villon), 154
Constance, Council of, 223
Contemptu mundi, De (Innocent III), 160, 254, 385
Contra peregrinantes (Frederick van Helio), 186
Convivio (Dante), 36
Coquillart, Guillaume, 142; “Complaincte de Eco,” 274; modern, 389
Coucy, castle of, 77, 352
Coucy, Enguerrand de, 94, 111
Count of Nevers. See John the Fearless
Courtenay, Pierre de, 112
Coustain, Jean, 207
Cranach, Lucas, 373
Craon, Pierre de: confession for felons, 21; mignon, 59
Crokart, 118
Croy: Antoine de, 305; family, 316, 325, 343; Philippe de, 87
Cuer d’amours espris (King René), 347, 368
Curial, Le (Alain Chartier), 124, 392
Cyriac, Saint, 198
Damianus, Saint, 200
“Danse aux Aveugles” (Pierre Michault), 361
danse macabre, 4, 5, 68, 157, 172; in art, 165; Cemetery of the Innocents,
166, 170; corpse in, 166; etymology, 164; Guyot Marchant, 165, 167; La
Chaise-Dieu, 165; and literature, 168; Martial d’Auvergne; of women,
167, 171; related images, 164; verses, 171
Dante: curses greed, 26; Dolce stil nuovo, 126, 131; dreams in, 379; hell,
252; honor, 74; literature of love, 126, 372; Farinata and Ugolino, 252;
works: Convivio, 36; De monarchia, 247; Vita nuova, 126-127
David: exemplar of knighthood, 75, 76, 96; in Annunciation (van Eyck),
336; in Brugmann, 230; on Moses Fountain (Sluter), 309; Psalms, 309
David (bishop of Utrecht), 314
David, Gerard: Judgement of Cambyses, 297; judicial scenes, 376; paints
Broodhuis, 299; sense of color, 328
“Débat dou cheval et dou levrier, Le” (Froissart), 360
Débat des hérauts d’armes de France et d’Angleterre, 116
Débat du laboureur, du prestre, et du gendarme (Robert Gaguin), 67, 393
Decameron (Boccaccio), 385
Denis, Saint, 198
Denis the Carthusian, Saint: and art of van Eycks, 319; on beauty, 321; and
blasphemy, 184; classical style, 385; on death, 156, 158; holds name of
Jesus aloft, 234; Luther on, 248; mystic expression, 256, 258;
personalization of expression, 243; political adviser, 12, 217, 314;
scholastic form, 250; type of saint, 211, 218, 219, 265; and witchcraft,
292; works: De doctrina et regulis, 250; De vita et regimine, 250
Deschamps, Eustache, 363; allegory, 284-285; beauty, 324, 362; beggars,
199, 365; classicism, 387, 393; color symbolism, 326; compared to
Limburg brothers, 352, 362; contradictory, 208; equality in death, 68;
former splendor theme, 158; hypocrisy, 154; images of saints, 199-200;
impotent forms, 354; irony, 366, 379; marriage, 284; melancholy, 34;
miserable assertions about life, 36; misery of court life, 51; mocks
knights, 116; Nine Worthies, the, 76 (see also Preux, Les Neuf); pastoral
life, 122-124; realism and naturalism, 133; and Saint Joseph, 177, 194;
style, 357, 366; and swearing, 186; works: “Temps de doleur”, 32; “Le
Miroir de marriage,” 284
devils. See witchcraft
Devotio moderna: mysticism, 223, 265; not French, 221, 223-224, 315;
piety, 203-205, 222, 224-225; and pilgrimages, 185; socialization, 222;
sphere of life, 313, 315
Dionysius. See Areopagite
Diversis diaboli tentationibus, De (Gerson), 228
Dolce stil nuove (Dante), 126, 131
Dominican order, 176, 178
Donatus moralisatus seu allegoriam traductus (Gerson), 242
Dufay, Guillaume, 180, 294
Dunois, 77
Durand-Gréville, E., 334
Durandus, Guilielmus, 248
Durer, Albrecht, 320, 374
Eck, Johannes, 195
Eckhart, Master, 257, 258, 262, 265
Edward II (king of England), 12
Edward III (king of England): attacks merchant vessels, 11, 111; defense of
Montfort, 211; knightly duel, 115; vows, 97, 98, 102
Edward IV (king of England): and court ritual, 42; and Innocent’s Day, 176;
and Margaret of Anjou, 14
Edward of York, 164
Elizabeth of Thuringia, Saint, 192
Elspeth, Saint, 198
emblems, 276
Emerson, R. W., 47
Emprise du Dragon, 90
Epicureans, 189
epithalamium, 129
Epitre d’Othea à Hector (Christine de Pisan), 376-377
Erasmus, Desiderius: cult of saints, 200; and Robert Gaguin, 392; hears
sermon on Prodigal, 333; optimism and pessimism, 31-32; Petrarch
compared to, 385; rhetoricians, 389
Erasmus, Saint: attribute, 198; Martydom of, 376
“Esclamacion des os Sainct Innocent,” 361
Escouchy, Mathieu d’, 28, 72
Escu verd à la dame blanche, Ordre de 1’, 79, 94
Espinette amoureuse, Le (Froissart), 363
Estienne, Henry, 200
estremets, 302, 315
Eustace, Saint, 198
Eutropius, Saint, 200
Exposition su vérité mal prise (Chastellain), 377
Eyck, Brothers van: courtly life, 313-316; contemporary appreciation, 319;
dominate our perception, 294; naturalism, 319; work compared to
literature, 332-333; works: Ghent Altarpiece, 297, 342, 372-373
Eyck, Hubert van, 363
Eyck, Jan van: bathing scenes, 299; bride portrait, 297; compared to poets,
342-343, 347; compared with Sluter, 309; court position, 307-308, 313-
316; Fazio on, 319-320; medieval, 319, 329; nudity, 373; patrons, 306-
307; practical work, 299, 306-307; Rogier van der Weyden compared to,
376; Rolin, 317; weaknesses, 375-376; works: Annunciation, 335, 386;
Arnolfini Marriage, 312, 313; Bath of Women, 373; Little Love Magic
(attributed), 373; Madonna of the Chancellor Rolin, 333-335, Madonna of
the Canon van der Paele, 356; portraits, 331
Falstaff, Sir John, 164
Farinata degli Uberti, 252
Fazio, Bartolomeo, 319, 373
Ferrer, Vincent, Saint: and Brother Thomas, 226; eloquence, 222; impact of,
5-6; political adviser, 12; tears, 223; type of saint, 210
Fiacrius, Saint, 200
Fillastre, Guillaume (bishop of Tournay), 94, 96, 107, 274
Fismes, castle of, 362
Flémalle, Master of (Robert Campin), 362
Flight into Egypt (Broderlam), 363
Foucquet, Jehan, 182
Fradin, Antoine, 5
“Franc Gontier, Le dit de” (Philippe de Vitri), 121, 124, 153-154
France, Anatole, 363
France, House of, 13, 16, 46, 217
France, kings and queens of, 8, 63, 54, 106; birth and mourning customs,
56-57
France, military spirit, 80
Francis I (king of France), 77, 109
Francis de Paula, Saint, 210, 214, 216-218
Francis of Assisi, Saint, 206, 209
Francis Xavier, Saint, 210
Franciscan order, 131, 158, 176
Frankenthal, vision of, 192-193
Fraterhouses, 203, 223, 265, 314. See also Devotio moderna; Windesheim
convents
Frederick III (emperor): compared to God the Father, 181, 221; entry into
Brussels, 181; and Philip the Good, 109, 315; princely duel, 109
Froissart, Jean: and Albert of Bavaria, 118; allegory, 247; Artevelde, 34,
115; battles, 283; beauty, 324; blasphemy, 179; bravery, 75; Charles de
Blois, 212; children’s games, 363; combat des trente, 112; crudity, 129;
description, 349; dialogue, 347-348; duel of Edward III, 115; Ghent,
burghers of, 115-116; heralds and kings of arms, 72; Jason, 95;
knighthood, 72; lack of ideas, 354-355; melancholy, 34; oath, 99; Order
of the Stars, 111; painters and nobles, 299-300; Peter of Luxembourg,
213; profit in war, 75, 117; rhetoric, 355; sea battles, 116; ships, 324;
symbolism, 242; witchcraft, 292; works: “Débat dou cheval et dou
levrier,” 360; Espinette amoureuse, 363; Meliador, 72, 84; “Orloge
amoureus,” 242; Perceforest, 84
Froment, Jean, 28
Fulco (bishop of Toulouse), 251
Fusil, 96
Gaguin, Robert: academic history of France, 392; Erasmus, 392; humanist,
124, 392; works: Le Curial (translation), 124; Débat du laboureur, du preste
et du gendarme, 67; “Le passe temps d’oysiveté,” 274
Galois, 98
Garter, Order of the, 93
Gaunt, John of (duke of Lancaster), 297
Gavere, battle of, 283
Gawain, Sir, 75
Gelder, Adolf and Arnold of, 18, 218, 283
George, Saint, 78, 95, 198, 356
Germain, Jean (bishop of Chalons), 8, 95, 244, 387
Gerson, Jean de: angels, 181, 201; blasphemy, 187-188; character, 224;
compared to Thomas a Kempis, 266; compared to van Eycks, 319;
contemplative life, 225; dread of life, 36; Greet Groote, 223; image of
cross, 220; irreligion, 175-179, 188; misfortunes of poor, 66; modern
devotion, 228; morality, 281; mysticism, 228-230; Orléans, Louis d’, 287;
penance for felons, 21; popular devotion, 224-225; proverbs, 274;
Quiricus, Saint, 254; and Roman de la rose, 138-140, 154; Saint Joseph,
176-177, 179; saints, 187; symbolism, 241-242, 248; unchastity of
priests, 228-229; vanished glory theme, 158; witchcraft, 292; works: De
diversis diaboli tentationibus, 228; Donatus moralisatus seu des allegoriam
traductus, 242
Ghent, defense of, 65, 115, 281-283
Ghent Altarpiece (van Eycks); analysis, 337; compared to literature, 339,
342; landscape in, 339; purpose, 297; rhythm, 376; Jodocus Vydt, donor,
316; Windesheimers and, 314
Gideon, 95, 342
Giles, Saint, 198, 254
Giotto, 375
Glasdale, William, 164
Godefroy, Denis, 182
Goes, Hugo van der, 299
Goethe, 47, 238
Gonzaga, Aloysius, Saint, 210, 226
Gonzaga, Francesco, 109
Golden Fleece, Order of the, 316; Jean Cevrot, 316; Gideon, 95; heralds and
kings of arms, 72-73; importance, 94-95; Jason, 95, 311; Kolchis, 95;
pomp, 96; spiritual significance, 93; success, 95-96
Golden Shield, Order of the, 94
Granson, bombardment of, 153
Granson, Othe de, 367
greed, sin of, 25-27
Gregory the Great (pope), 68
Guernier, Laurent, 280
Guesclin, Bertrand du, 77, 78, 100, 211, 298
Gwendolyn of Bar, Saint, 198
Hacht, Hannequin de, 310
Hagenbach, Peter von, 11
Hales, Alexander of, 255, 321
Hannibal, 75
Hans, acrobat, 23
Hansje in den Kelder, 179
Hautbourdin, Bastard of St. Pol, 89
Hauteville, Pierre de, 140
Hector, 76
Heilo, Frederick von: Contra peregrinantes, 186
Hennegowen, House of, 104
Hennegowen, Philippa, queen, 99-100
Hennegowen, Willem of, 113, 118
henouars (salt-weighers), 51
Henry IV (king of England), 75, 107-108
Henry V (king of England): Agincourt, battle of, 111, 114; body boiled,
164; chivalry, 111; crusade, 106; death, 106; seige of Meaux, 286
Henry VI (king of England): and Margaret of Anjou, 13; coronation, 52;
insane, 13; preux, 77
Hercules, 75, 306
Herp, Hendrik van, 229
Hesdin, castle of, 108, 128, 244, 299, 310
Heures d’Ailly, Les belles, 376
Histoire des Ducs de Bourgogne (De Barante), 294
Hoecken, 18. See also political parties
Holando, Francesco, 320
Holbein, Hans, 165, 166
Holy Martyrs, Fourteen, 192, 197, 198
Host: inappropriate behavior and, 178-179, 183-184, 206; monstrance,
234; symbolism, 239. See also Sacraments
Hours of Turin, 315
Hugo of St. Victor, 218, 321
Huguenin, squire, 79
Hundred Years War, the, 66
hungerdocks, 246
Hutten, Ulrich von, 31
Huysmans, Joris Karl, 363
Ignatius, Saint. See Loyola
l'Isle Adam, 50
Imitatio Christi (Thomas a Kempis), 266, 275
Innocent III, pope, 160
Isabella de Bourbon (countess of Charolais), 56-58
Isabella of Bavaria (queen of France), 11, 129, 298, 311
Isabella of France (queen of England), 298
Isabella of Lorraine, 166
Isolde, 358
Ives, Saint, 212
James, Saint, 177, 191-192
James, William, 82, 212-213, 226
James I (king of England), 58
Jannequin, 324
Jason, 96, 311
Jeanne of Arc, Saint. See Arc, Jeanne d’
Jerome, Saint, 255, 319
Jerusalem, liberation of, 105-106
Joab, 270
John, Saint, 177, 200, 271-272, 308
John II (king of France): battle of Portiers, 104; dukedom of Burgundy,
104-105; Order of Stars, 93, 94, 111, 277
John of Capistrano, Saint, 210
John of Lancaster, 107
John of Salisbury, 121
John the Baptist, Saint, 177, 200, 319, 337
John the Fearless (duke of Burgundy), 3, 4, 25, 58; and Boucicaut; burial,
57; and Capeluche, 50; compared to Lamb of God, 181; and cours
d’amours, 140; defense of, 271-273; emblem, 276; funeral, 54; to Joab,
270; and Louis d'Orléans, 12, 271; and Michelle de France, 46; Nicopolis,
battle of, 13; “Le Pastoralet,” 152, 379; penance for murder, 16; tomb
monument, 308
Joseph, Saint, 177, 193-196, 361
Joseph of Arimathia, 318
Joshua, 76
Josquin des Pres, 324
Jouvencel, Jean. See Bueil, Jean de
Jouvencel, Le: analysis, 79-81, 112; casuistry of war, 278; etymology in, 386
Judas Maccabaeus, 76
Judgment of Cambyses (Gerard David), 297
Judgment of Paris, 374
Judgment of the Emperor Otto (Dirk Bouts), 297
Kabeljauen, 18. See also political parties
Kempis, Thomas à, Saint: character, 265-267; ignorance of mundane
things, 222; Imitatio Christi, 266; and modern perceptions, 294; music,
314; on pilgrimages, 186; separate sphere from court, 314. See also
political parties
Kerelsleid, 65
Klip, van der. See La Roche, Alain de
knighthood: ideal of, 82-86, 119-120; orders of, 92. See also individual
orders
La Curne de Sante Palaye, 101
La Hire, 77, 325
Laiaine, Jacques de: biography, 78; compared to Le Jouvencel, 81; Froissart
on, 116; and Jacques Coeur, 101; mignon, 59; vows, 101
La Marche, Olivier, 394; allegory, 381; beauty, 324; on Chastellain, 342;
colors, 325; crusade, 305; on extravagance, 315; duel of burghers, 109-
111; errors, 283, 386; generalizes, 282; glorification of knighthood, 72,
93; on Jacques de Bourbon, king, 209; lack of empathy with lower
orders, 116; maniére, 388; motto, 34; music, 324; old-fashioned, 389,
391; “Parement et triumphe des dames,” 158, 161, 242; pageant, 246; on
past glory, 158, 161; poetry, 381; on rage, 8; on revenge, 16; ritual at
court, 42
Lamb, Adoration of the. See Ghent Altarpiece
Lamprecht, 250
Lancaster, Duke of, John of Gaunt, 297
Lancaster, House of, 14
Lancelot, Sir, 75, 85, 91
Lannoy, Baudouin de, 307, 331
Lannoy, Ghillebert de, 205
Lannoy, Hue de, 50
Lannoy, Jean de, 305
Lannoy family, 316
La Noue, François de, 84
Lapsu et reparatione justitiae, Liber de (Nicolas de Clémanges), 66
La Roche, Alain de, 232, 241, 266
La Salle, Antoine, 171, 208
La Tour Landry, Chevalier de, 98, 147, 185, 195
Laud, Saint, 215
Laval, Jeanne de, 351
Lazarus, 167
Leal Souvenir (Jan van Eyck), 331
Le Fèvre, Jean, 164, 165
Le Fèvre de Saint Remy, Jean, 311
Lefranc, Martin, 290-291
Legris, Estienne, 140
Leo X, pope, 78
Leo of Lusiguan, king of Armenia, 54
Liein, Saint, 184
life: enjoyment, 40-41; three paths, 36-42
Limburg, Paul van, 353, 356, 363
Limburg brothers, 313, 315, 352
“Little Mary of Nymwegen,” 18
Livre de crainte amoureuse, Le (Jean Berthelemy), 231
Livre de voir-dit, Le (Guillaume de Machaut), 144-150, 384
Livre du Chevalier de la Tour Landry pour l’enseignement de ses filles, Le, 147
Livy, Titus, 78, 386
Longuyon, Jacque de, 76
Lorraine, René, duke of, 298, 387
Lorris, Guillaume de, 133-134
Louis, Saint. See Louis IX, king of France
Louis IX (king of France), 37, 77, 192
Louis XI (king of France): Church of the Innocents, 169; and Philippe de
Commines, 117; compared with Jesus, 221; contempt for knighthood,
117; coronation, 52; entry into Paris, 325; exhumes de Bussy, 4; foreign
orders, 93; and Francis of Paula, Saint, 214-219;hatred of luxury, 315;
inherits estates of King René, 13; Innocents Day, 176; mignon, 59; queen
visits Burgundy, 47; reaction to bad news, 56; superstitious, 288; and
symbolic punishment, 281; tears, 8; in work of Jean Meschinot, 348
Louis XII (king of France), 109
Loyola, Ignatius, Saint, 210
Luna, Peter of. See Benedict VIII
“Lunettes des Princes, Les” (Jean Meschinot), 153, 381
Lusignan, castle of, 306, 352
Lusignan, Pierre de, 94
Luther, Martin, 248
Luxembourg, Peter of, 212-214
Machaut, Guillaume de: casuistry, 143-144; color symbolism, 142; and
Deschamps, 76, 357; music, 356; and Peronelle d’Armentiéres, 142-147;
pilgrimage, 145; poetry, 356; works: Jugement d’amour, 144; Livre de voir-
dit, 144, 147
Madonna of the Canon van de Paele (Jan van Eyck), 356
Madonna of the Chancellor Rolin (Jan van Eyck). See Autun Altarpiece
Maelweel, Jean, 310
Maillard, Olivier, 6, 12, 177, 221, 274
Mahäbhârata, 89
Mahuot, no
Male, Emile, 165
Malleus Maleficorum (Henry Institoris, Jacob Sprenger), 286, 289
Margaret, Saint, 192, 198
Margaret of Anjou (queen of England), 13-14
Margaret of Austria, 217, 312
Margaret of York, 302, 314
Marie-Antoinette, 150
Marmion, Colard, 307
Marmion, Simon, 307
Marot, Clément, 140, 338
Martial d’Auvergne, 144, 171, 370-372
Martianus Capella, 238
Martin V, pope, 234
Martyrdom of St. Erasmus (Dirk Bouts), 376
Martydom of St. Hippolytus (Dirk Bouts), 376
Marys at the Sepulchre (van Eyck brothers), 363
Maupassant, Guy de, 151
Maur, Saint, 198
Medea, 311
Medici, Lorenzo de, 39, 127, 215
Meditationes vitae Christi (St. Bonaventura), 318
Meingre, Jean le. See Boucicaut
melancholy, 32-34
Méliador (Froissart), 72, 84
Melun Madonna (Foucquet), 182
Mélusine, 306
Memling, Hans, 294
mendicant orders, 34, 156, 170; complaints against Brother of the Common
Life by, 223; dissolute, 204; not true poor, 175, 186; Piers Plowman, 205;
symbolism of poverty outmoded, 205. See also beggars
“Mervilles du monde” (Jean Molinet), 284
Meschinot, Jean, 67, 124-125; allegory, 381; dialogue, 348-349; “Lunettes
des princes,” 153; rondel by, 357
Metsys, Quintin, 320-321
Meun, Jean de. See Chopinel, Jean de
Méziéres, Philippe de: Celestine cloister, Paris, 208; crusade, 106; funeral
plans, 209; Louis d’Orléans, 272, 287; Ordre de la Passion, 71, 92, 100,
208; ostentation, 208-209; peace, England and France, 72; penance for
felons, 21; Peter of Luxembourg, 213; Petrarch, 384; Songe du vieil pélerin,
71; witchcraft, 287
Michael Archangel, Saint, 70-71, 192
Michault, Pierre, 94, 361
Michelangelo, 309, 320-321, 335, 375
Michelle de France (duchess of Burgundy), 46, 54
Midas, 377
mignon, 58-59
Miliis, Ambrosius de, 189, 383
Minims, Order of, 216
Minorites, Order of, 21, 216, 278
Minos, 377
Mirabeau, marquis de, 67
Miroir de manage (Eustace Deschamps), 284
Modern Devotion. See Devotio moderna
Molinet, Jean: compares nobles to divinities, 181; glorification of
knighthood, 72; judgment of Paris, 347; maniére, 388; mocks mendicants,
204; music, 323; old-fashioned, 391; paganism, 394; preux, 77; profane
work, 208; proverbs, 247; Roman de la rose, 140, 380; symbolism, 378-
381; works: Faictz et Dictz, 247; “Mervilles du monde,” 284; Resource du
petit peu-ple, 67
Monstrelet, Enguerrend de: Brother Thomas, 6; casuistry, 114; inaccurate,
283; knighthood, 72; and modern vision, 294; superficial, 283
Montaigu, Jean de, 4
Montereau, 12, 16, 105
Montfort, Jean de, 211
Montlhéry, battle of, 28, 117
Montreuil, Jean de, 124, 137-138, 141
Morgante (Pulci), 85
Moses, 336
Moses Fountain (Sluter), 301, 308-310
mottoes, 275-276; Boucicaut, 79; at duel of the two burghers, no; La
Marche, 34; Méziéres, 210; Rabelais and, 142
Moulins, Denis de, 27
mourning customs, 53-57, 302
Murillo, 365
Najera, battle of, 113
Nancy, battle of, 284
Nativity (Geertgen tot sint Jans), 347
Naugrete, battle of. See Najera
neo-Platonism, 237, 268
Neuss, siege of, 87, 114, 283, 286, 314, 323
Nicholas, Saint, 254
Nicopolis, battle of: Boucicaut at, 78, 86; destruction of French knighthood,
13, 86; poor planning, 105, 118; poulaines, 302
Nieppe, castle of, 352
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 282
Niles, Saint, 216
nominalism, 237
Noroy, castle of, 352
Notre Dame de Paris (Victor Hugo), 294
Or, Madam d’, 23
Orange, William of, 58, 375
Oresme, Nicholas, 384
Orgemont, Nicholas d’, 4; family, 27
Orléans, Charles d’: amoureux de l’observance, 370; captivity, 316; modern,
389; piety and sinfulness, 206; poetry, 131, 330, 367-370
Orléans, House of, 3, 12
Orléans, Louis d’: and Burgundians, 283; and Mézières, 71, 287, 289-290;
and Peter of Luxembourg, 213; and Preux, 77; casuistry, 143; cloister of
Celestines, 208-209; court case, 270-273, 285; device, 95, 276; knightly
duel, 107; mignon, 59; murder of, 12, 152, 181, 270-271, 282; order of
the Porcupine, 95; “Le Pastoralet,” 379; piety and sinfulness, 206, 213,
317; witchcraft, 271-273, 287-288
“Orloge amoureus, Le” (Froissart), 242
Ovid, 372, 384
Paele George van de, canon, 316, 331, 356
pais, la, 48-49, 147
Palamedes, 91
Pantaleon, Saint, 198
“Parement et triumph des dames, Le” (Olivier de la Marche), 158, 161
Paris, Geoffroi de, 275
Parlement of Paris, 3, 28, 52, 65
pas d’armes: de la Bergère, 394; de la pélerine, 89; Empris du dragon, 91;
Joyesse garde, 90-91; La fontaine des pleurs, l’arbre Charlemagne, 89, 90-
91, 97, 109, 181
Pas de la mort (Chastellain), 158, 167
“Passe temps d’oysiveté, Le” (Robert Gaguin), 274
Passion, Order of the, 71, 92-93, 100, 208
“Pastorelet, Le” (Buriarius), 152, 379, 386-387, 393-394
“Pastoure, Le dit de la” (Christine de Pisan), 151
Paul, Saint, 265
Pelias, 386
Penthesilea, 77
Penthièvre, Jeanne de, 211
Perceforest (Froissart), 84
Péronne, treaty of, 93
Peter, Saint, 177, 215, 247, 255
Peter of Luxembourg, 210, 213, 214
Petit, Jean, 270-274, 285, 287
Petit Jehan de Saintré (Antoine de la Salle), 101
Petrarch: Alain Chartier compared to, 338; in Holy Orders, 146; humanists
and, 384-385; love in poetry, 127; on tournaments, 88-89; praises
Philippe de Vitri, 121; Robert Gaguin and, 392
Petrus Christus, 376
Phébus, Gaston (count of Foix), 206
Phébus, Gaston (son), 59, 349
Philip le Beau (archduke of Austria), 47, 181, 374, 181
Philip the Bold (duke of Burgundy), 25; campaign against England, 107;
cloistered orders and, 208; Cour d’amours and, 140; Froissart’s
characterization, 355; Portiers, battle of, 104
Philip the Good (duke of Burgundy), 8, 25, 63, 207, 281, 297, 311, 315,
377; bad news and, 55; brewer of Lille and, 11, 64; Charles the Bold,
quarrel with, 343-346; Chastellain’s portrayal of, 343; colors, 326;
crusade, 97, 101, 106; emblem, 96; entry into Ghent, 374; head shaved,
11; hears Remonstrance, 244; John the Fearless and, 16; life of, 34;
middle class and, 11, 64; mourning dress, 302; piety and worldliness,
207, 212; political fantasies, 106; politically astute, 10; precedence and,
46; princely duel, 107-109; Saint Colette consults, 217; Saint Denis the
Carthusian consults, 217; superstition, 288; strategy, 113; taxes, 106; van
Eyck and, 313; vow, 101
Physiocrats, 150
Piers Plowman, The Vision of William Concerning, 205
Pisan, Christine de: Boucicaut praised by, 79, 140; Celestines, cloister of,
208; classicism, 247, 376, 387; color symbolism, 326-327; irreligion,
185; Roman de la rose and, 137, 141, 155; talent, 358-360; works:
“Epistre d’Othéa,” 247, 376; “Le dit de la pastoure,” 151
Pius, Saint, 200
Platonic idealism, 236
plourants, 55, 301, 310
Plouvier, Jacotin, 107, 109-111
Polignac, house of, 298
political parties, 18-19
Porcupine, Order of the, 94, 276
Porete, Marguerite, 229
Portiers, Alienor de, 57, 268-269
Pot, Philippe, 11, 102
Pouchier, Etienne (bishop of Paris), 21
poulaines, 302
precedence, 44-50, 277-278
prefiguration, 239
Prés, Josquin de, 324
Preux, Les Neuf, 76-78, 285, 387
pride, sin of, 26-27
Proverbes del vilain, 65
proverbs, 165, 227, 246, 273-275. See also mottoes
Prudentius, 238
Pulci, Luigi, 85
Purification of the Virgin (Limburg brothers), 363
Pyramus and Thisby, 126
Quadriloge invectif (Alain Chartier), 67
Quatre Dames, Le livre des (Alain Chartier), 339
Quinze joyes de mariage, Les, 155, 182, 185, 372
Quiricus, Saint, 254
Rabelais, François de, 142, 200, 329, 388
Rais, Gilles de, 65, 206, 289
Rallant, Gaultier, 45
Rationale divinorum officiorum (Durandus), 248
Ravenstein, Beatrix of, 314
Ravenstein, Phillip of, 153
Raynaud, Gaston, 124
realism, 237-239
Rebreviettes, Jennet de, 103
“Reconfort de Madam du Fresne, Le” (Antoine de la Salle), 171
Reformatione, De (Pierre d’Ailly), 175
Regnault d’Arincourt, 141
“Regnault et Jehanneton” (King René), 351
Rembrandt, 312, 365
René, king of Anjou: chivalry and, 74; colors, 91, 326; Day of Innocents
and, 176; Emprise du dragon, 91; fortune and, 13; Joyesse garde, 91; Laval,
Jeanne de and, 71, 351; painting by, 161; Pas d’armes de bergère, 91, 151-
152; piety, 209; tomb monument, 166; worldly, 206; works: Cuer
d’amours espris, 347, 368; L’abuzé (attributed), 124; “Regnault et
Jehanneton,” 351
Resource du petit peuple (Molinet), 67
rhetoricians, 389
Richard, Brother, 4, 7, 18, 292
Richard II (king of England), 12; Charles VI and, 71; Isabella of France and,
298; mignon, 59; princely duel, 107
Richard of St. Victor, 321
Robertet, Jean, 366, 389-391
Roch, Saint, 191, 197, 198
Rochefort, Charles de: allegory, 245; L’abuzé, 124
Rolin, Nicholas: artists, patron of, 306; Chevot, Jean and, 316; death, 55;
festivity at Lille, 305; John the Fearless, murder of and, 17; Madonna
(van Eyck), 317, 334-335, 336; nouveau riche, 316-317; piety, 317
Roman de la rose: L’abuzé and, 124; allegory, 96, 135-136, 141-142, 244-
245, 355; Chastel d’amours and, 143; Christine de Pisan, works compared
to, 360; classicism and, 247; contempt for women in, 136; conventional,
358; debate over, 137-141, 153; dominates aristocracy, 127, 133;
humanists and, 384; literary history, 332; obcenity, 182; pagan, 135;
prose version, 380; reality and, 154
Romuald, Saint, 192, 216
Ronsard, Pierre, 140
Rosa of Viterbo, Saint, 163
Rosary, the, 175, 232, 233, 241
Rosebeke, battle of, 19
Round Table, 39, 75
Roye, Jean de, 374
Rupe, Alanus de. See La Roche, Alain de
Ruusbroec, Jan, 260, 261, 265
Sacraments, 175: and art, 296; baptism, 58, 140, 178-179, 206, 222,227;
differ from charms, etc., 292-293; disrespect for, 178, 183-185, 206;
Extreme Unction, 21; Eckhart, 257; Eucharist, 44, 178, 183-184, 234,
239; Festival of the, 234-235; invalid, 227-228; marriage, 129;
mysticism and, 264; Penance, 21, 227; Seven, 241; Seven Sacraments (van
der Weyden), 307, 316; symbolism, 140
Saint Pol, connétable of, 89, 215
Saint Pol, Louis de (count of Luxembourg), 325
Saint Victor, monastery of. See Hugo of St. Victor; Richard of St. Victor
Salazar, Jean de, 325
Salisbury, William Montague, duke of, 99
Salmon, Pierre, 19, 213
Salutati, Coluccio, 384
Samson, 336
Samur, castle of, 352
Sancerre, Louis de, 52
Saracens, 71, 102. See also Turks
Saturn, 377
Savanarola, 7
Savoy, Amadeus of, 94
Savoy, duke of, 209
Savoy, House of, 217
Saxony, duke of, 108
Scipio, 88
Scorel, Jan van, 321
Sebastian, Saint, 198
Selonnet, prior of. See Bonet, Honoré
Semiramis, 77
Sempy. See Croy, Philippe de
Seneca, 68
Shakespeare, 379
Sint Jans, Geertgen of: Nativity, 347; rhythm, 376
Sluter, Claus: dominates our impression of age, 294; duke of Burgundy and,
307-308; Moses Fountain, 308-311; medieval, 329; Plourants, 310;
sanctity of subject matter, 308-309
sodomy, 20, 59
Songe du vieil pélerin (Philippe de Mézières), 71
Sorel, Agnes, 58, 182, 352
Sprenger, Jacob, 233
Standonck, Jan, 217
Stars, Order of the, 93, 94, 111, 277
Steinlen, 365
Stephen, Saint, 182
Suffolk, Michael de la Pole, count of, 164
Summis Desiderantes, 286
Suso, Henry, Saint, 232; mysticism, 263; name of Jesus, 234; symbolism,
174; transcendence, 174
Sword, Order of the, 94
symbolism, 234-248; Alain de la Roche, 232, 266; colors, 142, 326;
epithamalium, 129; love, 326; medieval thought, life of, 249; mysticism,
231, 257-258; phallic, 130; poverty, 205; princes, 181; ritual, 264. See
also allegory; Roman de la rose
Tacitus, 101
Taine, Hippolyte, 73
Temple de Bocace, Le (Chastellain), 65, 386
Tewkesbury, battle of, 14
Theocritus, 120
Thistle, Order of the, 94
Thomas, Brother, 6-7, 208, 226
Thomas, Pierre, 209
Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 192, 256, 293, 322
Three Kings, The (Limburg brothers), 356
Thucydides, 72
Tomyris, 77
Tonnerre, count of, 141
Toraine, Jean de (dauphin of France). See Louis d'Orléans
Totentanz. See danse macabre
tournaments. See pas d’armes
Tournay, Bishop, 54-55. See also Chevrot, Jean.
Trastamara, Heinrich de, 113
Trazegnies, Gilles de, 78
Treasury of Merit, 255
Trémoille, Guy de la, 112, 300
Trent, Council of, 198
Très-riches heures de Chantilly, Les (Limburg brothers), 350, 352
Tristan, 91, 358
Troilus, 75
Turks, 13, 217, 302, 305, 316; Bajasid, sultan, 78; chivalric orders and, 92,
105; expulsion of, 71; Great Turk, 102, 108, 215; Nicopolis, battle of, 118
Turlupins, 163, 189, 229
Tutetey, A., 29
Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 59
“typism” (Lamprecht), 250
Ugolino della Gherardesca, 252
Unigenitus, 255
universals, 237-238
Urban, pope, 19
Valentine, Saint, 198
Validorum per francium mendicantium varia astucia (Robert Gaguin), 199-
200
Valois, House of, 16, 211, 345
Varennes, Jean de, 226-228, 274, 385
Vauderie d’Arras, 289
Velazquez, Diego, 23
Venus, 134-136, 139, 247, 374, 395
Vere, Robert de, 59
Vignolles, Etienne de. See La Hire
Villiers, George (duke of Buckingham), 58
Villon, François: beauty, 295; “La belle heaulmiére,” 112; Chastellain
compared to, 168-169; Latinisms, scorn of, 388; love poetry, 367;
modern, 389; paganism, 393; compared with painter, 330; prayer for
mother, 191; proverbs, 274; testament, 278; will, 29; works: “Ballade des
dames du temps jadis,” 158; “Les contrediz Franc Gontier,” 154
Vincennes, castle of, 352
Virgil, 384
virginity: allegory, 239; clergy and, 225-227; Colette, Saint, and, 225-227;
estate of, 62; Gerson on, 36; heroic dream and, 83; Mary of Burgundy,
181. See also Roman de la rose
Viris illustribus, Liber de (Petrarch), 385
Vitri, Philippe de (bishop of Meaux): Petrarch and, 384; works: Chapel des
fleurs de lis, 70; “Dit du Franc Gontier,” 120-123
Visitation (Limburg brothers), 363-364
Vita et regimine episcoporum, etc. (Denis the Carthusian), 250
Vita nuova, La (Dante), 126-127
Vita solitaria, 385
Vitus, Saint, 198
“Vivat rex” (Gerson), 66
Voeu du Héron, 99-100, 102-103
Voeux des Faisan, 97, 101-103, 302
Voeux du Paon, 76
Vydt, Judocus, 316
Watteau, Antoine, 370
Wenzel of Luxembourg, 363
Werve, Claus de, 308
Weyden, Rogier van der: aristocracy and, 306-307; bathing scenes, 299;
Bladelin Altarpiece, 316; Beaune Altarpiece, 306-307, 317; dominates
our impression of age, 294; images of justice, 297; nudity, 373; rhythm,
376; Seven Sacraments, 306-307; Pieta, 376
wills, 29, 278
Windesheim convents: character not French, 223; cult of saints and, 200;
Denis the Carthusian and, 218; hell, fear of, 253; Gerson and, 228;
Hendrik van Herp, 229; Jan-I-Don’t-Know, 222; moderation,265; music
and, 314; religious tension and, 203; separate sphere of life, 295, 314;
witchcraft craze, 233
witchcraft, 20, 24, 193, 218; Arras and, 288-290; belief in, 286; d’Es-
couchy and false accusation, 28; invultare, 288; Louis d’Orléans, 206,
287-288; Malleus malificarum, 233, 286, 287-288; persecution of, 286-
293; reformation and, 202; Summis desiderans, 286; Windesheimers and,
233
Wiirttemberg, Henry of, 328
Xaintrailles, 79
Xavier. See Francis Xavier, Saint
York, Edward of, 164
York, House of, 14
York, Margaret of (duchess of Burgundy), 23, 283, 302, 314
Zanobi, Saint, 215
Zola, Émile, 363
