2026/03/21

Author Joan Price Teaches Other Widows How To Get Their Sex Drive Back - The New York Times

Author Joan Price Teaches Other Widows How To Get Their Sex Drive Back - The New York Times




The author Joan Price at her home in California.Credit...Lauren Segal for The New York Times

modern love

A Widow’s Guide to Sex

When Joan Price lost her husband, her sex drive disappeared. Now, she’s teaching others how she got it back.





By Anna MartinMarch 18, 2026


When Joan Price joined our interview from her home office in Northern California, the 82-year-old had bottles of lube lined up in the background. I found this delightful, and totally on brand: Joan has worked for decades as a senior sex educator.

Joan is invigorated by her work, and her enthusiasm is palpable. She speaks glowingly about past lovers and boyfriends and friends with benefits, sings the praises of masturbation and excitedly explains which sex toys are the best for aging bodies.

But there was a time when Joan completely lost her connection to her desire. After her husband died, she found that her grief made her a stranger to her own body. She knew that she needed to find her way back to her sexuality. So she began the work of rediscovering and redefining what it meant to feel good after loss.

Joan ended up writing a book about everything she learned, called “Sex After Grief: Navigating Your Sexuality After Losing Your Beloved.” Over the course of our conversation, she lays out exactly how she found her way back: to orgasms, to sex and, eventually, to romance. She shares advice for people who have lost someone and are looking to experience physical connection again, but don’t know where to start. And she tells me about the conversation every couple, regardless of age, should have right now.


ImageMs. Price touches a note from her late husband Robert Rice before she dances each day in her home.Credit...Lauren Segal for The New York Times


Anna Martin: Joan, you are a senior sex educator. What kinds of questions do you get from seniors about sex?

Joan Price: Very often, it’s under the umbrella of, I always used to reach orgasm this way, but now I can’t even do this way. It’s, this is what I like the best, and now my joints won’t let me even do that again. It’s never just about sex, but it is about sex. And so often doctors and even therapists will avoid the subject of sex if it is an aging person.

Martin: What do you think they’re scared of? Like why is sex a topic to stay away from when someone gets older?

Price: Oh boy, it’s what I call the ick factor, which is, “Ew, wrinkly people having sex. That’s disgusting. Who’d want you anyway?” I don’t personally get that anymore because I have a real response to that, which is, “At what age do you plan to retire your genitals?” Old people are not the other; they are you, if you’re lucky enough not to die first. If your sexuality is valuable to you now, why do you think there’s this arbitrary date when, OK, I don’t care about that anymore?



Martin: I want to let that sink in: “Old people are not the other. They’re you.”

Price: If you’re lucky.

Martin: I mean talking to you, it’s clear that you are affirmed in your sexuality and that you want to help people get in touch with their bodies. Have you always been a sex-positive person?

Price: I went through a lot of phases in my life. I was in monogamous relationships often until I was in my late 30s, early 40s, and then I had had a very serious relationship dump me. And I felt I just needed to go wild for a while, and I kind of liked it.

Martin: What did going wild look like to you?

Price: Going wild looked like: I had three friends with benefits at the same time. I was dating two cousins who lived together. And one-time, I had a date with one and then the other a little later, never both at the same time. And one night I had just had a lovely interlude with one, and then I watched him leave out the window. And he left my house and went to the parking lot where his cousin had just arrived. They shook hands, Anna! And then the second one came in. That was kind of the high point of my wild child in my early 40s.

Martin: What did you learn about yourself in this phase of experimentation?

Price: I learned that every man is different in what he gives, what he wants, what he likes, how he sounds, his utterances. It was almost like a research study. And what I learned was I can adapt to these different styles. I also learned what I didn’t want.



Martin: We spoke about readers writing in and saying things like, “Hey, things don’t work the way they used to anymore.” Did you have your own moment as you were getting older of realizing things were looking or feeling or working differently?

Price: What happened was a bit later, it was probably in my late 40s, when I was going through perimenopause and then menopause. And I realized that I had become invisible as a sexual being. It was really devastating, because I thought, “I’m the best I’ve ever been, in terms of self-knowledge, in terms of what I have to give, in terms of what I’ve lived, what I understand, what I welcome, what I offer.” And now, why are the very men that I’m interested in just looking over my head when they talk to me? Now that’s easy to do, because I’m only 4’10,” but that wasn’t the reason! They’re hard-wired to seek fertility. They don’t know it. They don’t intentionally do it, but they are, and that was pretty devastating. And I had to kind of pull back and say, “Well, what do I do with this?”

Martin: I think this is probably a good time to ask you about meeting Robert.

Price: Oh, yes. Thank you, that’s what I love to talk about. I met Robert at age 57 after a long period of being unpartnered. I was teaching my line-dance class, and this beautiful man walked in. He was, I learned later, 64-years-old, remarkably fit, remarkably handsome, with ocean blue eyes and snow white hair. And his shirt was open a few inches, and I could see the tufts of his white chest hair, and I wanted to pull open his shirt. I thought, “Oh my God, what’s happening to me?” I was so totally in lust that I kept losing my place in the dance I was teaching.

Martin: And what could you sense about his vibe?

Price: At the time, all I could sense was he was a very dedicated dancer, and his hips, his hips … I couldn’t take my eyes off him. It was like there was a spotlight on him the whole evening. And I thought, “Oh, may he please come back!” Well, he did keep coming back, and he would take walks with me after class. I’d say, “I’d love to know you better. You feel like taking a walk after class tonight?” And we’d talk, but never very personally. He would tell me about the English gardens he’d seen. And I thought, “Well, OK, I don’t know, he could be gay. He might have a partner. He might not be attracted to me. He might not be aware of these lust arrows I’m sending him.” And flash-forward to nine months, after one of our walks, I came home and I emailed my best email of all time: “Robert, I’m really enjoying getting to know you. I love you as a dancer. I love you as an emerging friend. And I’ve got to tell you, I can’t help imagining what it would be like to dance with you without footwork.”

Martin: So let’s just be clear, for those who need to decode it: You’re saying, basically, I can’t stop thinking about wanting to sleep with you.



Price: Yes.

Martin: And?

Price: He responded, “Thank you, I’m flattered. I am attracted to you, too.” Patter, patter, patter goes my heart. He said, “But I see you as my dance teacher. Those are lines I never thought I’d cross. And can we just get to know each other a little better first? I don’t rush into sex quickly.” And I am a person whose motto is: “The only problem with instant gratification is it takes too long.” So I said, “Of course.” This man is worth whatever it takes. And then, after an hour or two, I got another email: “I’ve changed my mind. Maybe it’s time for these old parts.” And we made a date for two days later to go for another walk. And after that walk, we sat at a park bench and we kissed and kissed.

Martin: How was the kiss?

Price: Oh, it was glorious. I was dizzy with exhilaration. From this kiss, I cannot stop kissing this man forever. And two days after that, we had our first sex date at his house.


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[MUSIC PLAYING]archived recording 1

Love now and always.archived recording 2

Did you fall in love last night?archived recording 3

Just tell her I love her.archived recording 4

Love is stronger than anything you can feel.archived recording 5

[SIGHS]: For the love.archived recording 6

Love.archived recording 7

And I love you more than anything.archived recording 8

(SINGING) What is love?archived recording 9

Here’s to love.archived recording 10

Love.anna martin

From “The New York Times,” I’m Anna Martin. This is “Modern Love.” Today on the show, I’m talking to Joan Price.

[MUSIC PLAYING]

Joan is 82 years old. And I got to tell you, she is the sexiest 82-year-old I have ever met. When she sat down to talk to me, she had bottles of lube lined up in the background. This is Joan’s whole thing. She’s a senior sex educator. She teaches people how to stay in touch with their desire as they get older.

But a while back, Joan lost touch with her own sexuality. When her husband died, she felt alienated from her body. She was numb. She couldn’t have orgasms. She couldn’t feel the things she wanted to feel, and she knew she had to do something. She ended up writing a book about sex and grief, and that’s why I wanted to talk to her to learn more about this connection between two things that feel so opposite.

But as we talked, I realized what Joan has to say can apply to anybody, even if you haven’t lost someone, because most of us have had moments where we’ve lost touch with our desire. And according to Joan, we can find our way back.

Joan Price, welcome to “Modern Love.”joan price

Thank you, Anna. I’m so honored to be here.anna martin

I’m so excited to be talking to you. So Joan, you are a senior sex educator. This is your job. What kinds of questions do you get from seniors about sex?joan price

Very often, it is what I call under the umbrella of the old ways don’t work the way they did before. And it’s that I always used to reach orgasm this way. But now, I can’t even do this way. And —anna martin

Interesting. Like, physically, I can’t even do this.joan price

Yes, yes. This is what I like the best, and now my joints won’t let me even do that again.anna martin

Huh.joan price

It’s never just about sex, but it is about sex. And so often, doctors and even therapists will avoid the subject of sex if it is an aging person.anna martin

What do you think they’re scared of? I mean, and this is — of course, I am not a doctor, nor are you. But what are you sensing, either in your own experience or from readers? Why is sex like a topic to stay away from when someone gets older?joan price

Oh, boy. It’s what I call the ick factor often, which is, ew, wrinkly people having sex? That’s disgusting. Ah! Who’d want you anyway? And I get that. I mean, I don’t personally get that anymore because I have a real response to that, which is, [CHUCKLES]: at what age do you plan to retire your genitals? Old people are not the other. They are you if you’re lucky enough not to die first. And if your sexuality is valuable to you now, why do you think there’s this arbitrary date when, OK, I don’t care about that anymore?anna martin

Hmm. I want to let that sink in because it is — I mean, it’s hitting me old people are not the other. They’re you, right?joan price

If you’re lucky.anna martin

If you’re lucky. I mean, talking to you, it’s clear that you are affirmed in your sexuality. You want to help people also get in touch with their bodies, with their sexuality. Have you always been a sex-positive person?joan price

I went through a lot of phases in my life, Anna. And I was in long-term relationships sometimes. I was in service in monogamous relationships often until I was in my late 30s, early 40s. I had had a very serious relationship dump me, and I felt I just needed to go wild for a while, and I kind of liked it.anna martin

Huh. What did going wild look like to you? Yeah.joan price

Going wild [CHUCKLES]: looked like I had three friends with benefits at the same time. And —anna martin

Yes, you did.joan price

— there were times in that period over a few years that I had a few — I got to tell you about this part.anna martin

Please.joan price

[LAUGHS]: I was dating two cousins who lived together. And one time, I had a date — and they knew about each other. I mean, they’d had me to dinner.anna martin

I was going to say, how did you —joan price

I don’t remember how I met them — probably dancing. That’s how I met everybody in those days. But one time, [CHUCKLES]: I had a date with one and then the other a little later, never both at the same time. And so I had just had a lovely interlude with one. And then I watched him leave my — I watched out the window. He left my house, went to the parking lot, where his cousin had just arrived.anna martin

Oh, my God.joan price

They shook hands, Anna. They shook hands. And then the second one came in.anna martin

That is great.joan price

Yeah, that was the high point of my wild child at early 40s.anna martin

Yeah, what did you learn about yourself in this phase of experimentation?joan price

Well, for one thing, I learned that every man is different in what he gives, what he wants, what he likes, how he sounds, his utterances. I mean, I just — it was almost like a research study. It wasn’t random. I chose these guys. It wasn’t just hookups. But there were also hookups. And what I learned was, I can adapt to these different styles.anna martin

Huh.joan price

I also learned what I didn’t want. There was one time I brought someone home after an evening of dancing. And we’d focused on each other, and it just felt very erotic. And he came home with me, and then I didn’t like it at all. I didn’t like what he wanted to do, what he wanted me to do, how selfish he was. And so I sent him home.anna martin

That also feels like you’ve perhaps reached a level of self-assurance. You’re like, if I’m not enjoying this, I’m not going to gut it out. I’m going to say, all right, this was cool. See you at the dance studio. Like, bye-bye, which just sounds like — is what you did.joan price

And it was a tough learning. It didn’t come automatic at all. I was one of these people, you can’t talk during sex. It breaks the mood. Or I don’t how to talk during sex. I don’t how. And I realized along my journey that mind reading is vastly overrated. And that’s one of the lessons I try to teach people. Say it. What’s the worst that can happen? He might say no. But if you don’t ask, the answer’s always no.anna martin

Huh. This wild phase you said started maybe late 30s, early 40s. And then I guess, I wonder, as you got older — we spoke about readers writing in and asking you like, hey, things don’t work the way they used to anymore. Did you have your own moment, maybe as you were getting older, of realizing like, huh, things are looking or feeling or working differently for me when it comes to sex?joan price

What happened was a bit later. It was probably in my late 40s when I was going through perimenopause and then menopause. And I realized that I had become invisible as a sexual being. It was really devastating because here I was, and I thought, look, I’m the best I’ve ever been in all ways, in terms of self-knowledge, in terms of what I have to give, in terms of what I’ve lived, what I understand, what I welcome, what I offer.

And now, why are the very men that I’m interested in just looking over my head when they talk to me? Now, that’s easy to do because I’m only 4’ 10“. But that wasn’t the reason. They were just looking for someone. They’re hardwired to seek fertility. They don’t know it. They don’t intentionally do it. But they are. And that was pretty devastating. And I had to pull back and say, well, oh, what do I do with this?anna martin

I think this is probably a good time to ask you about meeting Robert.joan price

Oh, yes. Thank you.[laughs]

You can see from my face that’s what I love to talk about. I met Robert at age 57, after a long period of being unpartnered. And I was teaching my line dance class. And this beautiful, beautiful man walked in. He was, I learned later, 64 years old, remarkably fit, remarkably handsome, with ocean blue eyes and snow white hair.

And his shirt was open a few inches, and I could see the tufts of his white chest hair. And I wanted to pull open his shirt. I’m signing him in for a new line dance class. I am welcoming him. And all I could do is stare in his eyes or at his chest. I thought, oh, my God, what’s happening to me here? I was so totally in lust that I —anna martin

Oh.joan price

— I kept losing my place in the dance I was teaching.anna martin

And do you sense, is he looking at you in this first class? Or what can you sense about his vibe?joan price

At the time, all I could sense is he was a very dedicated dancer. And his hips, his hips — I couldn’t take my eyes off him. Everybody kept staring at him. And I learned later, he had been dancing since the age of two.anna martin

[GASPS]:joan price

Tap dancing, ballet, modern dance, musical theater. And I just couldn’t — it was like there was a spotlight on him the whole evening. And I thought, oh, oh, may he please come back. Because I wasn’t in a position to proposition the guy from his first attending the dance floor. Well, he did keep coming back.

And he would take walks with me after class at my invitation. I’d say, I’d love to you better. You feel like taking a walk after class tonight? Yeah, I can do that for a while. And we’d talk, but never very personally. He would tell me about the English gardens he’d seen and all.

And I thought, well, OK, I don’t know. I don’t know. He could be gay. He might have a partner. He might not be attracted to me. He might not see me in that way. He might not be aware of these lust arrows I’m sending in him. And flash forward to nine months, after one of our walks, I came home, and I emailed him.[chuckling]

OK.anna martin

I love it.joan price

This is my best email of all time. “Robert, I’m really enjoying getting to you. I love you as a dancer. I love you as an emerging friend. And I got to tell you, I can’t help imagining what it would be like to dance with you without footwork.”anna martin

Oh, my God. Oh, my God. I mean, and — so you’re — I mean, let’s just be clear for those who need to decode it. You’re saying, basically, I can’t stop thinking about wanting to sleep with you.joan price

Yes.anna martin

And?joan price

All right, you’re going to be surprised at this. He responded — oh, before that, I have to say, at the end of the email, I said, “If you’re not interested, please, we’ll just continue our friendship. Forget I said this. It won’t damage my ego at all,” which that part was a lie, but I had to say it. And then he responded with, “Thank you. I’m flattered. I am attracted to you, too.” Patter, patter, patter goes my heart. You can probably hear it. Patter, patter, patter.anna martin

[LAUGHS]:joan price

He said, “But I see you as my dance teacher. Those are lines I never thought I’d cross.”anna martin

OK.joan price

“And can we just get to each other a little better first? I don’t rush into sex quickly.” Quickly? Nine months?anna martin

[LAUGHS]:joan price

And I am this person whose motto is, the only problem with instant gratification is it takes too long.anna martin

[LAUGHS]:joan price

So I said, of course.anna martin

[LAUGHS]: You got it. No problem.joan price

I thought this man is worth whatever it takes.anna martin

Ah.joan price

If later, it doesn’t work, OK, but I’ve got to give it — I’ve got to meet him where he is. And then, after an hour or two, I got another email. “I’ve changed my mind.”anna martin

No. What?joan price

“Maybe it’s time for these old parts.” And we made a date for two days later to go for another walk. And after that walk, we sat at a park bench, and we kissed and kissed.anna martin

How was the kiss?joan price

Oh, it was glorious. I was dizzy with exhilaration from this kiss. I cannot stop kissing this man ever. And two days after that, we had our first sex date at his house.

[MUSIC PLAYING]anna martin

Stay with us.

[MUSIC PLAYING]

You’d mentioned that you were in this experimental phase before Robert. You were having sex with a bunch of different people. And then you find Robert, and you make this connection. I love the repeat email, him being like, we need to wait, two hours later being like, I’m done waiting, let’s do this. I mean, it’s just like, it could not be more fabulous and wonder — it just really could not. But in any case, being intimate with Robert, did anything surprise you about that sexual connection? Like, were there things you liked as a 50 — you were what at this time when you met him? 57, you said?joan price

57.anna martin

57 — 57-year-old that you wouldn’t have liked when you were younger. Did anything surprise you about the sex you were having with Robert?joan price

Oh, yes. What was really different — part of it was just because he was new and a real, powerful, powerful lust object for nine months — is that every part of it was a discovery.anna martin

Huh.joan price

Every part of it was a discovery, from finally getting to see the chest hair and finally getting to touch it. It still remained one of my favorite things in our whole relationship —anna martin

Oh.joan price

— is that chest hair, and then little by little, discovering how each other’s bodies worked. There was no goal. There was no rush to the finish. We didn’t know if there’d be a finish or what it would look like. It was just, wow, this feels good. Does this feel good? One of the things that I discovered about myself now, being in a new relationship and being 57, instead of 42, is that my body responded so much more slowly. My brain was excited, was tingling, was sending fireworks, but my body was really slow to catch up.

And finally, at one point, I realized, well, I’m embarrassed about this, and it’s delaying me even more. And so I said, Robert, I’m fretting that you are getting tired or bored, or this is just taking too long. And he said, oh, I don’t care if it takes three weeks, as long as I can take breaks to change positions and get something to eat.anna martin

Hmm. It sounds like you’re so in love with each other, and you’re so sexually in touch with each other. When you were locked in to an intimate moment with Robert, what was going through your mind?joan price

Oh, everything in me was saying, this is where I’m meant to be. This is what I’m meant to be doing. This is the person’s eyes that I’m meant to be gazing into. [CRYING]anna martin

[SIGHS]: How special to feel that, Joan, really.joan price

Yeah.anna martin

I know from your book, you and Robert got married, and then two years after you got married, Robert passed. That must have been incredibly difficult.joan price

It was the hardest thing that’s ever happened to me. He had been diagnosed with cancer, and it was under control for a time. And then it wasn’t. And we got married knowing that we had limited time together. And it was the right thing to do because our relationship deepened after that.anna martin

It’s just — it’s like, you trace this beautiful, intimate, deep, sexy love story, the love of your life, meeting him, learning about him, learning about yourself. And then, I mean, you lose him. You lose him too soon. What was that time like for you? You said it was the hardest time in your life. If you can, bring me into that time.joan price

The night he died, we knew it was imminent. We had a caregiver in the other room so that I could go in and out. And Robert started — he started making throaty noises. And the caregiver said, it’s almost time. If you have something to say to him, say it now. So I stood and held his hand and told him everything, [CHUCKLES]: probably way too much. Because there were times he’d been in and out of consciousness, and I’d talked to him. And he’d come out of it saying, boy, you talk a lot.[laughs]

I mean, it was really sweet, though. He would —anna martin

Aw.joan price

— also say things like, remember when we walked and walked, and I knew the name of every flower?

And so that night, I told him all I could think of. And then I went — got into my bed, which was next — he had a hospital bed at that point in the bedroom. And so I went to bed. And then when I realized he’d stopped breathing, and we called hospice, which we were supposed to do to — they’ll come over and take care of things. We’d made arrangements and all.

And they arrived, and they said, you can have some time with him if you need it. And I said, I do. And I got in bed with Robert’s dead body. And [CRYING]: I put my hand on his chest hair that I loved so much, and it became warm under my hand. And I thought, is this the power of love, that it can warm a dead body? I still can’t explain it. And if anyone can, I don’t want to hear it. I want my version.

And then finally, it was time to take him away.

And then I went into an absolute, profound, profound depression where I could barely function. I would cry all day and then pick myself together an hour before I had to go to line dancing and go teach the class, because that’s where he was. He was on the dance floor. He was kind of floating above it a little, but I could see him. And no matter what direction I turned, there he was, in front of me. So I needed that. And then after, I don’t even — I totally lost track of time here, but I was just in drastic state. And I —anna martin

Ugh.joan price

— finally realized one day I could not stop crying in time to teach the class. And I called my HMO, and I said, I can’t stop crying. And they said, are you suicidal? And I said, oh, no, no. Will you hurt yourself? No, no. And they gave me an appointment with a psychiatrist quickly, who prescribed an antidepressant. I can’t remember now which one. Everything’s foggy. But that was very helpful. I still could barely do basic functions.anna martin

It is totally a privilege to hear about that and to, in some way, just share in your experience of that, even though it is — I mean, it’s devastating, but I appreciate you letting me in. I really do.joan price

I’m grateful for the opportunity because even though you see I’m crying, it’s important for other people to realize, oh, I am normal. This happens. And look, she’s — look at her now. So obviously, there’s hope for me, too.anna martin

How did your body feel as you were grieving?joan price

Numb. It shut down. I was aware. I’m a sex educator. I know this stuff, of how much of a release sex can be or an orgasm can be. I didn’t need another person for that. I was aware of how it’s a stress reliever, how it will kind of ground you, how it’ll help you sleep. And I just thought, ah, no, that wouldn’t work.anna martin

That numbness, did it start to fade? And if so, when and how did that happen?joan price

It didn’t start to fade until my third grief counselor, [CHUCKLES]: who was a remarkable older woman, who I just felt so comfortable with. And I said to her, I know I should bring back solo sex into my life here. I know it would help me. But I just —anna martin

‘Cause you hadn’t been masturbating or self-pleasuring at all since —joan price

I had not. And I told her, I just feel so numb. I don’t even know if it would work. And she said, if you have a vibrator, it’ll work. And I thought, I tell people that all the time.anna martin

I was just going to say, the grief counselor says that to the sex educator?joan price

I tell everybody —anna martin

Interesting.joan price

— that. Hello, Joan. Open your ears to what you know. And she was right. That did work. And then I started a regular practice and got myself back into having regular orgasms and all that that brings. It made me cry because I couldn’t help but picture it was Robert, who wasn’t there, who was there but wasn’t there.anna martin

Can you tell me — I mean, that feels extremely intense to me, reigniting your body and your desire, but at the same time, in that reigniting, getting so much closer to grief. This is a feeling you felt with Robert. Just tell me about that experience.joan price

Well, in my fantasies, when I was pleasuring myself, I could only clear my mind because our minds are always interfering with everything, including sex. And the only way I could just make my mind go vacant and receive is if I imagined it was Robert pleasuring me. And that made me cry, but I also would just keep going with that.

Here he is. Here he is. You can enjoy him again. You can enjoy him any time. Yes, it’s different. Yes. Oh, OK. Of course you’re screaming, please, Robert, don’t be dead anymore, which I actually screamed aloud over and over again many times. You can’t have that. But what can you have? While you’re here, with this circumstance, what can you do about it? And that’s what I figured out.anna martin

You’re existing in this space where like everything hurts, right? Everything — you can’t stop crying. It’s just — it’s like wall-to-wall pain. And then to reintroduce pleasure into that space must be quite complicated. I wonder, did you — I don’t know. This might be projection, but did you feel guilty for feeling pleasure? I mean, what were the emotions that were coming up as you began to engage with solo sex again?joan price

I was relieved.anna martin

Relieved, huh.joan price

I was relieved. I said, oh, my body isn’t dead. And in fact, what really brought me to life at one point — and this was sometime in, where I had continued to use vibrators, but not the least bit interested in inviting another person into my body. And then I had this dream that I was walking with a man that I didn’t, in real life, recognize. He was walking behind me and holding me. I don’t know how the dreams make it possible, but I could feel his erection through his clothes behind me. And I started getting aroused. And then I woke up, and I sat up and I said, I’m alive!anna martin

What did this dream — what did it signal to you? What did it mean?joan price

That I can be aroused by another person, that I want that to happen when I might be ready. Because he was arousing me. I didn’t do it on my own there. And I really was aroused when I woke up.anna martin

Your body was awake. Your body was awake.joan price

My body was awake. And it was as if there was a life force that I tapped into that I’d tamped down before. I’d said, no, I don’t want to hear from you. I’m too busy being devastated. Don’t even try.

And I realized that we have this inner resilience that will emerge. It’s like this seed that’s been planted in there, and it’s struggling to make its way out of the dirt. If you keep piling more dirt on, it’s going to have even more trouble getting through it. And then finally, you say, OK, I’ll stop piling and just see what happens if I watch this spot, and oh, hello.

[LAUGHS]

[MUSIC PLAYING]anna martin

We’ll be right back.

[MUSIC PLAYING]

Masturbation is one thing, but being ready for a new partner, having sex that’s not just soul sex, having sex with someone else is a totally different thing. How did you begin to navigate that?joan price

Very, very slowly, with a lot of starts and stops. What I realized along this process, which took years, is that there is a timeline for getting back into sex, but no one knows what it is, and it’s different for everyone. And this is one of the main things I teach in “Sex After Grief” and otherwise, that don’t let anyone tell you, you should be dating by now. Don’t let anyone tell you it’s too soon to date. I mean, we get all these horrible messages that clamp us down again.

Only you can tell when you’re ready. And when you think you’re ready, maybe you are, and maybe you’re not. So when you think you’re ready, try something tentative, and check in with yourself. What I realized along this is that it isn’t just going from no sex to everything goes. It’s step by step.

I didn’t want a new partner. I was firm on that. There’s no way, because Robert was my great love. Nothing can surpass that. Everything else would just be compared to him. It turned out that I wasn’t telling the truth to myself, but I didn’t know that. But that’s the next story. But first — and so I’d try things. I’d try just having first dates with people. Nah, mm-mm, nothing there. I said, well, maybe I better just choose widowers because then I will get someone who really understands.

And that turned out to be true. However, being widowed was the only thing we had in common with the people I met and said, well, I wouldn’t be interested in this person had we not had this in common. So, all right, we can rule that out. And then I tried having sex with another old friend. During my wild time, I had had a regular ongoing relationship with him, and then he had moved away. And he was going to be back close to me for an event, and did I want to meet? And I thought, this is just the way I’m going to get back into sex. This will work.

And so I showed up at the hotel, and we talked a lot. And we got into bed, and he started gently caressing me, not rushing anything. And I just froze. I froze. This is not Robert’s body. This is not Robert’s hands. I told him I’m sorry. I can’t. I can’t go through with it. I just can’t do it. I had prepared for this. I thought I could. I chose my underwear with care.[chuckles]

And I just can’t go through with it. And he said the best thing he could have. He said, tell me about Robert.anna martin

Wow. I mean, there’s a couple of things I’m gleaning from this. And one is, you’re talking about these fits and starts. You were sort of giving yourself permission to try something and giving yourself permission to say, this is not going to work for me when it wasn’t. So it was like kind of riding the wave of your grief, which of course, is not linear. I’m hearing that.

Then also, I really love that response from this partner. Instead of, OK, well, have a good day or whatever, tell me. Invite me in. Tell me about this person that you love so much. I mean, it makes it connective. And also, I would say, though, it brings, of course, another person into this space, I mean, which is interesting. It’s like, then Robert is in the room. Not physically, of course, but he’s there. And did you enjoy having him there? Did you enjoy telling this man about Robert?joan price

It was just what I needed. And I realized how self-indulgent all these stories are. But it’s what we can do when we’re in really bad grief, especially in the beginning, before we’ve figured out a process for getting to the next step.anna martin

At this point, you are experimenting with different partners. You’ve gotten back into solo pleasuring. But you’re so not looking for another partner. And then —joan price

And then [CHUCKLES]: almost nine years ago, a person appeared in OkCupid responding to my profile. His name is Mac. And he was everything I would have been looking for if I’d been looking for someone.anna martin

Can you tell me?joan price

[CHUCKLES]: He was smart. He was open. He was communicative. He was accomplished. He had his own life that was rich. And he also was a widower. And he had lost his wife recently after long caregiving while she was ill. And he needed to find out how to live again. And he’d written a really good profile. He was a retired anthropology professor. He was fit, a hiker. He was all the things. He wasn’t a dancer, and he didn’t have chest hair, but otherwise, he was kind of perfect. He liked to cook. Ooh, he liked to cook.anna martin

[GASPS]:joan price

I know. So we arranged to meet at a coffee shop in my town, and we arrived to find it was closed.[chuckles]

And so I said, well, do you want to go for a walk? There’s a walking path just across the street. And he said, yeah, I’d love to walk. And so we walked, and we talked for well over an hour, getting more and more excited about each other with every revelation, every revelation, and how easily it was to talk to each other, honestly. He could talk about Marjorie. I could talk about Robert.anna martin

Marjorie is his wife, who passed.joan price

Yes. And yet, we didn’t have to talk about those things all the time. We could also talk, well, what is your — he thought my work was fascinating. And so many men were intimidated by it. They say, oh, I don’t dare date you.[chuckles]

Yeah, well, if I’m going to intimidate you, it’s a good screening test. That’s fine. And then we went home, and we then started emailing again immediately. We just had this —anna martin

Wow.joan price

I don’t know how many emails we exchanged over and over. In one email, I said, are there any questions you haven’t asked that are really important to you? And he said, yes. Can you imagine having sex with me?anna martin

OK, I’m like, you’ve met your match. [LAUGHS]joan price

And I replied, I’m imagining it now.anna martin

Did someone turn up the heat in my studio? I mean, it’s just — I mean, you are the queen of sexy emails. You are the queen.joan price

Don’t ask me to text. I need my keyboard.anna martin

[LAUGHS]: Can you tell me about the process of being intimate with Mac? What was that like? I mean, you’re both widows. I imagine that adds a dimension. Tell me about that.joan price

We made a date I think two days after that email to meet at his house. And pretty quickly, I said, can I see your bedroom? And I had brought lube. I had brought condoms. I was ready. And he was so eager, so eager, after a very long celibacy, that it just happened. The bodies took over, and we didn’t really have to negotiate anything at that point.

Later, we thought, OK, now, there are some things I want you to understand about how my body works, and I want to understand more about yours. And so we kind of stepped back and went into the exploration of what works best for us now and then modified what good sex is for us right now. And we’ve continued to do that. And it’s really helped us. We’ve been together almost nine years now.anna martin

Wow.joan price

I know. Who knew this could happen again? And one of the things I learned along the way is, we don’t need to have the goal of penetrative sex for it to be real sex or good sex. Let’s see what we can do now, given the buffet of sexual choices of things to do that will arouse us, bring us to orgasm, keep our old bodies comfortable, and work.

Mac had never experienced a sex toy, other than a very old magic wand that Marjorie used solo, not with him. And I have introduced him, it would be fair to say, to dozens of sex toys now. We bring it into our sex play. He enjoys the penis sex toys as much as I enjoy the clitoris sex toys. And it’s never that or us. It’s all of us. We’re a threesome all the time with these sex toys, or a foursome, if he’s using a different one.

We have this game we play. We really believe in keeping sex fun with surprises and games. And one of it is that we each have a sex basket. This is at his house. We don’t live together, and we’re very happy that way. We each have a sex basket. It’s filled with the lube each of us needs, a wash-up cloth, the sex toy we want to incorporate, and anything else that might be fun — a blindfold or something.

And he will come into my room. I have my own room at his house for when I stay over — which I highly recommend. He will come into my room, and he will look at the basket. And he’ll see what’s in it, and he’ll know what I want. Before that, though, in preparation, I have a shelf in that room that I call [CHUCKLES]: the vibrator charging station —anna martin

Oh, my god.joan price

— which has multiple connectors. And each time we — you know, we make sure that what we need to use is plugged in. And even if we might use it, we’re not sure. We plug it in and make sure. And when I’m preparing for our sex date, I will look in the basket and find, oh, he sneaked in here, and oh, he wants to use this. Oh, that’s exciting.anna martin

Wow.joan price

I know. It’s all a matter of buildup in a really interactive and fun way. And so then I put the two sex baskets on the bedside table. I have a bell there, too. And the bell is used to summon him when I’m ready. And so when I’m ready, freshly showered and got everything settled, and phones are off — and I’ll ring the bell. He does not come in until I ring the bell.anna martin

I’m basically speechless in the sense of everything you’re saying is adding a layer of erotic on top of the erotic. And I mean, I’m hearing the tingling of the bell — tinkling, whatever — in my mind’s ear, and I’m like, it’s on. What a fun series of practices and rituals or structures you have in place to keep it exciting. I mean, it sounds thrilling.joan price

And some of these things — I say maybe all of these things — we had to figure out being old and having body parts that were wonky or hurting or — but they’re applicable to any age relationship. If young people started doing this now, they’d have a whole lot more fun and less stress and fear when their bodies started aging and said, wait, we have to change some things. Well, I don’t how. What do you mean? I have to change things.anna martin

You’re so right. This is applicable advice to anyone, regardless of age. And I want to return to this idea that both you and Mac have lost people — Robert and Marjorie. I guess, I wondered, sort of invoking them in these spaces, how do you go about that? What’s your insight into that part of sex after grief?joan price

Part of our intimate conversation, not while we’re in bed necessarily — and in fact, usually not in bed, but when we’re having a normal conversation — is, nothing’s off limits about Marjorie and Robert. And very often, we’ll ask each other questions, or something will remind one of us of a story, and I’ll tell the story. And it’s so welcome. And in a way, I joke that there are four of us in this relationship, and it’s just so open.

And so many people who don’t understand the grief process think you have to rid your house of everything that reminds you of your previous relationship, and so on. And it isn’t that at all. We can love two people at the same time — the person we lost and the person we have. What I came to understand through my process is that loving someone that deeply doesn’t close your heart. It expands it so that you can bring in someone new.anna martin

I wonder if someone listening has lost someone and wants to connect with their sexuality again, what are some first steps you recommend they take?joan price

Some first steps are to decide exactly what it is you need at this moment in your life. It’s not what you needed before you lost your person. It’s not what you’ll need from now on. It’s right now, right now, what does your body need? What do your emotions need? And what don’t you want yet?

And to then go looking for that and to explain to a potential partner — and by potential partner, it needs to be someone well-chosen. It needs to be someone that you get along with, you’re getting to know. And the chemistry, it’s there. And the easy communication is there. And you feel that you are connecting well enough to say, I am very vulnerable. This is my first time. And I honestly don’t how much I’ll be able to do.

So I want us to agree that we’ll just maybe hold each other and kiss for a while and see how that feels. And maybe we’ll do some exploratory touching next. We’ll see how that feels. And then we’ll stop for today to see how that feels later. And if this is good with you, I want to go on this journey with you. If it’s not, just tell me now. No hard feelings. I know this is not what you signed on for.anna martin

Even before you do lose your partner, you recommend in your book some steps people can take to make this transition easier. Can you talk about what you recommend folks do?joan price

Well, one thing that we did, and I recommend that everyone do, whether your partner is ill, on the verge of death, or perfectly healthy at the moment, is to sit down and have this really important conversation. And first, let me tell you why. So many grievers are consumed with guilt when they start thinking of inviting another person into themselves.

They feel I’m betraying my husband. I promised fidelity. It would be betrayal of everything we stand for. And what I want to have everybody do with a partner that they’re lucky enough to have with them is to say, I love you. And I want you to know this. If I predecease you, or I am unable to be a complete partner to you, I want you please to feel you can seek joy and comfort with someone new, and to get that message back from your partner.

So many people don’t. Even when someone is close to death, the partner will want to ward it off. They say, no, no, no, don’t talk about that. No, talk about it. This is the chance you have. And if you do it before you need it, you’ll have it. You can keep checking in over the years. Is this still true? And just want to remind you. But people feel they’re — I mean, they’re just consumed with guilt is what I can — even if the partner hasn’t died, but perhaps has Alzheimer’s or is confined to a residential home.anna martin

I mean, it makes so much sense to have this conversation, and yet, I understand — I’m sure you do, too — why that conversation would be so hard. Because the death of the person we’re the closest to is not something we want to think about, let alone speak about in specific terms. But it does — it seems incredibly important as an act of love to remove that guilt, if you do feel that way, to remove that guilt. Can I ask you? I mean, have you and Mac had this conversation?joan price

Oh, absolutely. And we continue to revisit it, even though it’s gotten to the point of, yeah, I know, I know, I know. But we just keep saying it because we just want to confirm it’s still true. It’s still true. We understand this. And we want this. And one of us may say, oh, I can’t imagine. I mean, look, at my age. I can’t imagine. It doesn’t matter if I can imagine it or not. Just, if you do, go without guilt.anna martin

This is a bit of a — it’s a tough one because this is your work. But if I asked you for one thing that you want people to know and remember about sex and grief, what would that thing be?joan price

Get to know yourself first, the self you are now without your partner. Don’t be judgmental. Don’t think, oh, no, no, I’d never do that. It’s a time to be selfish. And it’s not selfish, it’s self-protective. It will seem like, oh, I’m being selfish. No, you’re being self-protective. And there is a new you here.

And you don’t even know who that is until you take the time and the patience and the compassion — the compassion to connect and learn and take that forward and realize that, as I learned from one grief counselor, losing your beloved isn’t a sign that you will be empty and filled with loss for the rest of your life. Losing your beloved can mean that you learned how to love fully, and you take that with you on your path.

[MUSIC PLAYING]anna martin

Joan Price, what a conversation. Thank you so much.joan price

It has been more than my pleasure. It’s been my absolute delight. Thank you, Anna.anna martin

Joan Price’s book, the one we talked about in this episode, is called “Sex After Grief — Navigating Your Sexuality After Losing Your Beloved.”

The “Modern Love” team is Amy Pearl, Davis Land, Elisa Gutierrez, Emily Lang, Jen Poyant, Lynn Levy, Reva Goldberg, and Sara Curtis. This episode was produced by Sara Curtis. It was edited by Lynn Levy and Jen Poyant. Our mix engineer was Daniel Ramirez. And we had studio support from Nick Pittman. Original music in this episode by Sonia Herrero, Diane Wong, Pat McCusker, and Rowan Niemisto. Dan Powell composed our theme music.

The “Modern Love” column is edited by Daniel Jones. Miya Lee is the editor of “Modern Love” projects. If you’d like to submit an essay or a Tiny Love Story to “The New York Times,” we’ve got the instructions in our show notes. I’m Anna Martin. Thanks for listening.

[MUSIC PLAYING]




Martin: Did anything surprise you about that sexual connection? Were there things you liked as a 57-year-old that you wouldn’t have liked when you were younger?

Price: Oh, yes, every part of it was a discovery. From finally getting to see the chest hair and finally getting to touch it. It still remains one of my favorite things in our whole relationship. And then little by little, discovering how each other’s bodies worked. There was no goal. There was no rush to the finish. We didn’t know if there’d be a finish or what it would look like. It was just, “Wow, this feels good. Does this feel good?”



One of the things that I discovered about myself being 57 instead of 42 is that my body responded so much more slowly. My brain was tingling. It was sending fireworks, but my body was really slow to catch up. And finally at one point I realized, I’m embarrassed about this and it’s delaying me even more. And so I said, “Robert, I’m fretting that you are getting tired or bored or this is just taking too long.” And he said, “Oh, I don’t care if it takes three weeks. As long as I can take breaks to change positions and get something to eat.”

Martin: It sounds as though you were so in love with each other, and so sexually in touch with each other. When you were locked into an intimate moment with Robert, what was going through your mind?

Price: Everything in me was saying, “This is where I’m meant to be. This is what I’m meant to be doing. This is the person’s eyes I’m meant to be gazing into.”

Martin: How special to feel that. I know from your book, you and Robert got married, and then two years after you got married, Robert passed. That must have been incredibly difficult.

Price: It was the hardest thing that has ever happened to me. He had been diagnosed with cancer, and it was under control for a time, and then it wasn’t. And we got married knowing that we had limited time together, and it was the right thing to do because our relationship deepened after that.



Martin: Can you bring me into that time?

Price: The night he died, we knew it was imminent. We had a caregiver in the other room so that I could go in and out, and Robert started making throaty noises. And the caregiver said, “It’s almost time. If you have something to say to him, say it now.” So I stood and held his hand and told him everything, probably way too much. There were times he’d been in and out of consciousness, and he’d come out of it saying, “Boy, you talk a lot.” I mean, it was really sweet, though. And so that night I told him all I could think of. And then when I realized he’d stopped breathing, we called hospice and they said, “You can have some time with him if you need it.” And I said, “I do.” And I got in bed with Robert’s dead body. And I put my hand on the chest hair that I loved so much. And then finally, it was time to take him away.

And I went into an absolute profound depression where I could barely function. I would cry all day and then pick myself together an hour before I had to go to line dancing and teach the class, because that’s where he was. He was on the dance floor. And I finally realized one day I could not stop crying in time to teach the class. And I called my H.M.O. and I said, “I can’t stop crying.” And they said, “Are you suicidal?” And I said, “Oh no.” “Will you hurt yourself?” “No.” And they gave me an appointment with a psychiatrist who prescribed an antidepressant. That was very helpful. I still could barely do basic functions.

Martin: How did your body feel as you were grieving?

Price: Numb. It shut down. I’m a sex educator, and I know how much of a release sex can be or an orgasm can be. I didn’t need another person for that. I was aware of how it’s a stress reliever, how it will kind of ground you, how it’ll help sleep, and I just thought, “No, it wouldn’t work.”

Martin: That numbness, did it start to fade?

Price: It didn’t start to fade until my third grief counselor. I said to her, “I know I should bring back solo sex into my life. I know it would help me.”

Martin: You hadn’t been masturbating at all?

Price: I had not. And I told her, “I just feel so numb. I don’t even know if it would work.” And she said, “If you have a vibrator, it’ll work.” And I thought, “I tell people that all the time!” And she was right, that did work. And then I started a regular practice and got myself back into having regular orgasms. It made me cry, because I couldn’t help but picture it was Robert who was pleasuring me. But I would just keep going with that. Like, here he is, you can enjoy him again. You can enjoy him any time.



Martin: You’re existing in this space where everything hurts, and then to reintroduce pleasure into that space must be quite complicated. Did you feel guilty for feeling pleasure?

Price: I was relieved! I said, “Oh, my body isn’t dead!” And, in fact, I had this dream that I was walking with a man that I didn’t recognize. He was walking behind me and holding me, and I could feel his erection through his clothes behind me. And I started getting aroused. And then I woke up and I sat up and said, “I’m alive!”

Martin: It was like your body was awake.

Price: My body was awake, and it was as if there was a life force that I tapped into, that I’d tamped down before. I’d said, “No, I don’t want to hear from you. I’m too busy being devastated. Don’t even try.” And I realized that we have this inner resilience that will emerge.

Martin: You know, masturbation is one thing, but being ready for sex with someone else, is a totally different thing. How did you begin to navigate that?

Price: Very slowly, with a lot of starts and stops. What I realized along this process, which took years, is that there is a timeline for getting back into sex. But no one knows what it is, and it’s different for everyone. And this is one of the main things I teach in “Sex After Grief,” don’t let anyone tell you that you should be dating by now. Don’t let everyone tell you it’s too soon to date. I mean, we get all these horrible messages that clamp us down. Only you can tell when you’re ready.



And when you think you’re already, maybe you are and maybe you’re not. So when you think you’re ready, try something tentative and check in with yourself. What I realized is that it isn’t just going from no sex to everything goes, it’s step by step.

First, I tried just having first dates with people. Nah, nothing there. I said, “Well, maybe I better just choose widowers because then I will get someone who really understands.” And that turned out to be true, however, being widowed was the only thing we had in common. And so I said, “Well, you know, I wouldn’t be interested in this person had we not had this in common, so we can rule that out.” And then I tried having sex with an old friend. I thought, “This is the way I’m gonna get back into sex. This’ll work.” And so I showed up at the hotel, and we talked a lot, and we got into bed, and he started gently caressing me, not rushing anything, and I just froze. This is not Robert’s body. This is not Robert’s hands. I told him, “I’m sorry, I can’t go through with it. I just can’t do it.” I had prepared for this. I chose my underwear with care. And I just can’t go through with it. And he said the best thing he could have, “Tell me about Robert.”

Martin: Wow, I really love that response from this partner: Tell me about this person that you love so much.

Price: It was just what I needed. And I realize how self-indulgent all these stories are, but it’s what we can do when we’re in really bad grief. Especially in the beginning, before we’ve figured out a process for getting to the next step.

Martin: At this point, you are experimenting with different partners. You’ve gotten back into solo pleasuring. But you’re not looking for another partner. What happens next?



Price: Almost nine years ago, a person appeared on OkCupid responding to my profile. His name is Mac, and he was everything I would have been looking for if I’d been looking for someone. He was smart. He was open. He was communicative. He was accomplished. He had his own life that was rich, and he also was a widower. He had lost his wife recently after long caregiving while she was ill, and he needed to find out how to live again. And he’d written a really good profile. He was a retired anthropology professor. He was fit, a hiker. He wasn’t a dancer, and he didn’t have chest hair, but otherwise, he was kind of perfect. And so I said, “Well, do you want to go for a walk?” And he said, “Yeah, I love to walk.” And so we walked, and we talked for well over an hour, getting more and more excited about each other with every revelation, and how easy it was to talk to each other honestly. He could talk about Margery I could talk about Robert.

Martin: Margery is his wife who passed?

Price: Yes, and yet we didn’t have to talk about those things all the time. He thought my work was fascinating, and so many men were intimidated by it. And then, we went home, and we started emailing again immediately. I don’t know how many emails we exchanged over and over. In one email, I said, “Are there any questions you haven’t asked that are really important to you?” And he said, “Yes. Can you imagine having sex with me?” And I replied: “I’m imagining it now.”

Martin: You are the queen of sexy emails.

Price: Don’t ask me to text. I need my keyboard.

Image
Credit...Lauren Segal for The New York Times


Martin: Can you tell me about the process of being intimate with Mac? What was that like? I mean, you’re both widows. I imagine that adds a dimension. Tell me about that.

Price: We made a date to meet at his house and pretty quickly I said, “Can I see your bedroom?” I had brought lube. I had bought condoms. I was ready. And he was so eager after a very long celibacy that it just happened. The bodies took over, and we didn’t really have to negotiate anything at that point. Later, we thought, “OK, now there are some things I want you to understand about how my body works, and I want to understand more about yours.” And so we kind of stepped back and went into the exploration of what works best for us now. And then modified what good sex is for us right now. And we’ve continued to do that, and it’s really helped us.



One of the things I learned along the way is we don’t need to have the goal of penetrative sex for it to be real sex or good sex. Let’s see what we can do now, given the buffet of sexual choices that will arouse us, bring us to orgasm, keep our old bodies comfortable and work. Mac had never experienced a sex toy other than a very old magic wand that Marjorie used solo, not with him. And I’ve introduced him to dozens of sex toys. We bring it into our sex play. He enjoys the penis sex toys as much as I enjoy the clitoris sex toys.

We really believe in keeping sex fun with surprises and games, and one is that we each have a sex basket. And it’s filled with the lube each of us needs, a wash-up cloth, the sex toy we want to incorporate and anything else that might be fun, a blindfold or something. I have my own room at his house for when I stay over, which I highly recommend. He will come into my room and he will look at the basket and he’ll see what’s in it and he’ll know what I want. I have a bell there, too, and the bell is used to summon him when I’m ready. And so when I am freshly showered and get everything settled and phones are off, I’ll ring the bell. He does not come in until I ring the bell.

Martin: Everything you’re saying is adding a layer of erotic on top of the erotic. What a fun series of practices and rituals you have in place to keep it exciting. It sounds thrilling.

Price: I think maybe all of these things, we had to figure out being old and having body parts that were wonky or hurting, but they’re applicable to any age relationship. You know, if young people started doing this now, they’d have a whole lot more fun and less stress and fear when their bodies started aging.

Martin: I want to return to the idea that both you and Mac have lost people, Robert and Margery. Invoking them in these spaces, how do you go about that? What’s your insight into that part of sex after grief?



Price: There is nothing off limits about Margery and Robert. And very often we’ll ask each other questions or something will remind one of us of a story, and I’ll tell the story and it’s so welcome. In a way, I joke that there are four of us in this relationship, and it’s just so open. So many people who don’t understand the grief process think you have to rid your house of everything that reminds you of your previous relationship and so on. And it isn’t that at all. We can love two people at the same time, the person we lost and the person we have. What I came to understand through my process is that loving someone that deeply doesn’t close your heart. It expands it so that you can bring in someone new.

Martin: If someone has lost someone and wants to connect with their sexuality again, what are some first steps you recommend they take?

Price: Decide exactly what it is you need at this moment in your life. It’s not what you needed before you lost your person. It’s not what you’ll need from now on. It’s right now. What does your body need? What do your emotions need? And what don’t you want yet? And then go looking for that. And explain to a potential partner, “I am very vulnerable. This is my first time, and I honestly don’t know how much I’ll be able to do. So I want us to agree that we’ll just maybe hold each other and kiss for a while and see how that feels, and maybe we’ll do some exploratory touching next. We’ll see how that feels, and then we’ll stop for today to see how that feels later. And if this is good with you, I want to go on this journey with you. If it’s not, just tell me now, no hard feelings. I know this is not what you signed on for.”

Martin: Even before you do lose your partner, you recommend in your book some steps people can take to make this sort of transition easier. Can you talk about what you recommend folks do?

Price: Well, one thing I recommend that everyone do, whether your partner is ill, on the verge of death, or perfectly healthy at the moment, is to sit down and have this really important conversation. And first, let me tell you why: So many grievers are consumed with guilt when they start thinking of inviting another person into themselves. They feel, “I’m betraying my husband. I promised fidelity. It would be a betrayal of everything we stand for.” And what I want to have everybody do with a partner is to say, “I love you, and I want you to know this. If I predecease you, or I am unable to be a complete partner to you, I want you, please, to feel you can seek joy and comfort with someone new.” And to get that message back from your partner. So many people don’t. Even when someone is close to death, the partner will want to ward it off. And say, “No, don’t talk about that.” No, talk about it. This is the chance you have. And if you do it before you need it, you’ll have it.



Martin: I mean, it makes so much sense to have this conversation, and yet I understand why that conversation would be so hard. Because the death of the person we’re the closest to is not something we want to think about, let alone speak about in specific terms. But it does seem incredibly important as an act of love to remove that guilt.

Price: Yes.

Martin: Can I ask you, have you and Mac had this conversation?

Price: Oh, absolutely. And we continue to revisit it, even though it has gotten to the point of “Yeah, I know. I know.” But we just keep saying it because we just want to confirm it’s still true. We understand this, and we want this.

Martin: If I asked you for one thing that you want people to know and remember about sex and grief, what would that thing be?

Price: Get to know yourself first, the self you are now without your partner. Don’t be judgmental. Don’t think, “Oh no, I’d never do that.” It’s a time to be selfish. And it’s not selfish, it’s self-protective. There is a new you here and you don’t even know who that is until you take the time and the patience and the compassion to connect and learn and take that forward. As I learned from one grief counselor, losing your beloved isn’t a sign that you will be empty and filled with loss for the rest of your life. Losing your beloved can mean that you learned how to love fully, and you take that with you on your path.

2026/03/19

위르겐 하버마스 - search results | Facebook

위르겐 하버마스 - search results | Facebook

김호기
독일 철학자이자 사회학자인 위르겐 하버마스가 14일 세상을 떠났다. 하버마스는 막스 베버와 함께 스물다섯의 나를 독일 유학으로 이끈 이였으니 사유를 넘어서 내 삶에 지대한 영향을 미친 학자였다.
지난해 은퇴하면서 적잖은 책들을 정리했지만 하버마스 책들은 모두 학교에서 집으로 가져 왔다. 나의 평생 사회학 공부는 하버마스와 분리할 수 없었다. 1990년대에 나는 하버마스의 공론장 이론을 우리 학계에 소개하기도 했다. 공론장 이론과 안토니오 그람시의 헤게모니 이론은 근대 시민사회론을 20세기 후반 현대사회에서 부활시킨 양대 기둥이었다.
하버마스의 학문적 목표는 현대사회에 대한 분석과 대안 모색이었다. 이 분석과 대안을 관통한 그의 문제의식은 한마디로 '규범적 재정초'였다. 규범적 재정초는 내가 빌레펠트대학교에서 공부할 때 하버마스의 수제자인 클라우스 오페로부터 배운 거였다. 
현대사회 제도와 문화의 이중적 위기를 극복하기 위해서는 무엇보다 규범의 새로운 기초를 다시 세워야 한다는 게 하버마스 철학과 사회학의 중핵을 이뤘다. 
실증주의 논쟁, 해석학 논쟁, 체계이론 논쟁, 포스트모더니즘 논쟁, 역사가 논쟁 등의 주역으로서 하버마스는 칸트, 헤겔, 베버, 호르크하이머와 아도르노로 이어지는 독일 계몽주의의 발전적 계승자, 다시 말해 '그릇된 계몽의 올바른 계몽'을 추구했던 진정한 계몽주의자였다.
어떤 이들은 말하곤 한다. 오늘날 누가 하버마스를 읽는가. 그렇지 않다. AI혁명 등 경이로운 과학기술이 사회의 모든 것을 새롭게 재구성해가고, 기본소득, 기본사회, 기본생존의 문제의식이 갈수록 중요해지는 현재, 기술과 인간, 기술과 사회, 기술과 세계의 새로운 관계를 모색하는 데 하버마스의 인간학과 사회학은 여전히 의미 있는 통찰을 안겨준다. 인간의 존엄과 사회적 의미에 대한 탐구는 하버마스 평생의 화두였다. 인간의 존엄과 사회적 위상이 이 과학기술혁명 시대에 어떻게 지속가능할 것인가는 하버마스의 시각에서 던질 수 있는 우리 시대의 가장 중요한 질문일 것이라고 나는 생각한다.
삼가 고인의 명복을 빈다.
===
노정태
우리가 ‘언제적 하버마스’ 타령이나 할 때, 하버마스는 늘 현재를 살고 있었다
> 1970년대에 학자로서 전성기를 맞이한 현대의 거장 위르겐 하버마스는, 1990년대에 대한민국에 급격히 소개되면서 이른바 ‘포스트’ 담론들의 대항마로 큰 각광을 받았고, 그 열풍이 시들해지면서 동시에 급격히 대한민국의 식자층의 관심권 밖으로 밀려났다. 하지만 그는 꾸준히 현실 정치를 관찰하고 그에 대해 글을 쓰며 사회 참여를 하고 있었다. 그 결과 2008년에 등장한 책이 바로 『아, 유럽』이며, 우리는 2011년 그 책의 한국어판을 손에 쥐게 되었다.
> 이제서야 제 우편함에 당도한 이 뒤늦은 편지와도 같은 책을 읽으며 나는 몇 가지 상념에 빠졌다. 다른 그 무엇보다 먼저 드는 생각은, 외국의 학자들을 유행 따라 읽고 소개하는 한국의 지적 풍토가 얼마나 천박한 것인가 하는 것이다. ‘언제적 하버마스’는 없다. 그는 꾸준히 그가 살고 있는 현재를 해석하고 그 현재와 상호작용한다. 과거의 철학자를 과거의 유물로 만드는 것은 그를 그렇게밖에 치부하지 못하는 우리 자신이다.
> 특히 하버마스와 같이, 본인의 독창적인 사상을 만들어내는 것만큼이나 다른 학자들의 논의를 요약해서 전달하는 일에 능숙한 철학자를, 단지 유행이 지났다는 이유만으로 읽지 않는 것은 대단히 큰 손해다. 이 책 『아, 유럽』은 20세기의 중후반부를 살아가는 현대철학의 거목들의 진면모를 아주 짧고 핵심적인 내용만 추려낸 강연문들을 통해 배울 수 있는 드문 기회를 제공한다. 거장의 손으로 (본인의 논지를 펴기 위한 왜곡 없이) 요약된 거장을 접할 기회는 그렇게 많지 않다.
최수태. “위기에 빠진 유럽, 하버마스의 처방은?”. 프레시안Books. 2011-11-25. https://www.pressian.com/pages/articles/67092
3월 14일 하버마스의 부음을 듣고 저는 어떤 서평 하나를 떠올리게 되었습니다.
한국 최고의 서평지였던 프레시안북스에 실린, 원고지 50매에 달하는 그 긴 서평의 저자는, 하버마스의 <아, 유럽>을 다각도로 읽어내고 있었죠.
하버마스는 <아, 유럽>에서 미국의 ‘좌파 애국주의’를 공들여 다루는데, 그것은 유럽통합론자로서 하버마스가 이성 중심의 공론장 뿐 아니라 감성으로 만들어진 애국심, ‘유럽의 애국심’이 필요하다는 걸 통감하고 있기 때문이 아닐까, 그런 추측을 담아내고 있는 서평입니다.
하지만 그는 그 책의 내용을 넘어서, 그 책을 읽고 있는, 혹은 읽어야 할 한국 지식인 사회의 모습에 대해 더 많이 고민하고 있는 듯 했습니다.
어쩌면 그런 지점이야말로 이 서평이 독특한 가치를 지니게 만든 부분일지도 모르겠습니다. 그래서인지 뇌리에 계속 남아 있었는데, 이번 기회에 많은 분들과 함께 읽어보고 싶어졌습니다.
‘언제적 하버마스’ 같은 소리나 찍찍 내뱉으면서 한국의 지식인들이 외국의 지적 흐름을 무슨 두쫀쿠 버터떡마냥 소비하고 버리는 동안, 하버마스 같은 진정한 지식인은 본인에게 주어진 맥락 위에서 최선의 지적 활동을 해내가고 있었던 것이지요.
위르겐 하버마스, 위대한 학자이자 열정적인 공공 지식인, 그의 명복을 빕니다.

전성원
 
위르겐 하버마스의 죽음에 부쳐
● “누구의 생명이 애도될 가치가 있는가(Whose lives are considered grievable?)” ●
- 주디스 버틀러(Judith Butler)
'의사소통적 합리성'과 '공론장'이라는 개념을 통해 현대 민주주의의 도덕적·절차적 토대를 재설정하며 '현대 철학의 살아있는 고전'으로 불렸고, 20세기와 21세기를 잇는 가장 영향력 있는 비판 이론가이자 사회학자로 평가받았던 위르겐 하버마스(Jürgen Habermas, 1929–2026)가 지난 2026년 3월 14일, 96세를 일기로 타계했다. 누군가 세상을 등지면 개인적인 일화를 비롯해 여러 이야기들이 나온다. 그의 명성에 비해서는 내 주변 사람들의 이야기가 적다. 당장, 나만 하더라도 그에 대한 이야기를 굳이 써야 할까 싶은 마음이 들었다. 
위르겐 하버마스는 1929년 독일 뒤셀도르프에서 태어났다. 그는 나치 치하에서 보냈던 유년 시절의 경험을 바탕으로 ‘권위주의에 저항하는 비판적 이성’을 평생의 과업으로 삼았다. 아도르노의 조교로 활동했고, 이후 프랑크푸르트 대학교의 교수로 재직하며 비판 이론의 지평을 넓혔다. 그는 1962년 저서 『공론장의 구조변동 - 부르주아 사회의 한 범주에 관한 연구』를 통해 시민들이 자유롭고 평등하게 토론하며 여론을 형성하는 '공론장'의 중요성을 역설했다. 이 책은 근대 민주주의의 기반이 되는 합리적 토론 공간인 '공론장'의 형성과 변질 과정을 역사적·사회학적으로 분석한 기념비적 저작이었고, 어쩌면 이 개념은 오늘날 디지털 시대의 민주주의를 논하는 핵심 지표로 삼을 수 있을 것이다.
그는 도구적 이성이 지배하는 현대 사회에서 인간 관계의 회복을 꿈꿨고, 강압 없는 대화를 통해 서로 이해에 도달하는 의사소통적 행위가 사회를 통합하는 진정한 힘이라고 믿었다. 하버마스는 상아탑에만 머물지 않았다. 독일의 과거사 청산 논쟁(역사학자 논쟁), 유럽 연합(EU)의 통합 문제, 유전 공학의 윤리 등 당대 사회의 첨예한 갈등 속에서 끊임없이 발언하며 지식인으로서 사회적 발언을 멈추지 않았다. 
그러나 그를 대표하는 “의사소통적 행위 이론”은 모든 참여자가 평등하게 대화하면 합의에 도달할 수 있다고 보았으나, 과연 현실의 권력관계나 자본의 논리가 대화로 극복할 수 있을 지에 대해선 의문이다. 게다가 그가 설정하고 있는 공론장이란 개념 자체가 사실상 서구 백인 유산 계급 남성들만의 전유물일 뿐이란 비판도 가볍게 넘어설 수 없다. 그의 지나친 낙관주의와 서구중심적 사고는 결국 지난 2023년 11월 동료들과 함께 발표한 성명에서 이스라엘의 가자지구 공격을 옹호하는 듯한 태도로 귀결되었다. 
그는 하마스의 학살을 규탄하며 이스라엘의 자위권을 강조했으나, 이 과정에서 팔레스타인 민간인들의 고통과 이스라엘 군의 과잉 대응에 대해서는 비대칭적으로 침묵했다는 비판을 받았다. 하버마스의 철학은 본래 '보편적 인권'을 지향하지만, 이 사안에서만큼은 독일의 역사적 특수성(나치 죄과)에 갇혀 가자지구에서 벌어지는 인권 침해에 눈을 감았고, 그는 늘 '강압 없는 대화'를 주장했지만, 이번 사태에서 이스라엘에 비판적인 목소리를 내는 지식인들을 '반유대주의'로 몰아세우는 독일 내 분위기(독일의 역사적 부채감)에 동조했다. 이를 독일 지식인으로서의 특수한 한계였음을 생각해 주어야 한다고 두둔하고 싶은 마음이 현재의 나에게는 없다. 
그 당시 나는 하버마스에게 배신감을 크게 느꼈고, 여전히 그에게 분노하고 있다. 
삼가 고인의 명복을 빈다.

Sarah Park
 
<사회학과 철학을 공부하는 동료들께 드립니다>
독일 프랑크푸르트 학파 비판이론의 대가였던 위르겐 하버마스 교수가 지난 3월 14일 뮌헨 근처의 쉬타른베르크 자택에서 별세하였습니다. 이에 동아시아의 의례에 따라 망자에 대한 추모와 애도의 뜻을 표현하기 위해 서울 서초구에 위치한 공익법인 중민재단에 조촐한 빈소를 마련하였습니다. 
3월 16일 여는 빈소는 16일부터 3월 18일까지 오전 10시부터 오후 8시까지 열고자 합니다. 혹시 시간이 되고 애도의 뜻을 표하시고 싶은 분은 누구나 환영합니다. 
중민재단에 오시는 길 안내문과 3월 16일 조선일보에 보도된 한**의 추모의 글을 첨부합니다. 
서울대 한** 드림
조선 시대 때 망한 명나라 황제 신종과 의종의 제사를 조선 사대부들이 모셨던 것이 생각난다. 명나라 황제 위패를 모셨던 곳이 우암 송시열의 제자들이 세웠던 괴산의 만동묘. 만동필절에서 나온 그 만동.
일제시대에 이를 금지하자  몰래 숨어서 중국 황제들 제사 지냈다지.
암튼, 하버마스 가족이 좋아할까? 하버마스는 동아시아의 의례에 따라 저 멀리 한국에서도 빈소 마련해 추모하는 걸 알까?
거기 가는 사람들 부모님 제사 꼬박 꼬박 지내겠지? 난 제사 안 지내서...하버마스 관심도 없고

백찬홍
 
#하버마스_해인사
위르겐 하버마스의 서거 소식을 접하고 문득 그의 한국 방문 당시 모습이 떠올랐다. 하버마스는 1996년 4월 말 한국에 도착해 약 2주 동안 머물며 서울·대구·광주 등을 돌며 모두 7차례의 공개 강연과 토론을 진행했다. 강연장마다 인파가 몰려들었고 언론과 지식인, 대학생들 사이에서도 큰 화제가 되었다. 일정이 마무리될 무렵에는 별도의 합동 기자회견이 열릴 정도로 사회적 관심이 높았다. 당시 강연 내용은 이후 『현대성의 새로운 지평: 하버마스 한국 방문 7강의』라는 제목의 책으로 묶여 출판되었고, 이 방문은 1990년대 후반 한국 인문·사회과학계에서 하버마스의 사상이 일종의 이론적 기준점처럼 소비되는 계기가 되었다.
그의 방한 일정 가운데에는 경남 합천의 해인사 방문도 포함되어 있었으며, 이곳에서 팔만대장경을 보고 한국 문화유산의 방대함과 기록수준에 깊은 인상을 받은 것으로 알려져 있다. 하버마스는 대장경연구소장 종림 스님 등과 대화를 나누었는데, 그는 한국 불교 전통 속에서 “보편적 윤리”가 성립할 수 있는지에 큰 관심을 보였다. 그가 던진 질문은 비교적 분명했다. 불교의 공(空) 사상과 참선 수행이 특정 공동체나 민족, 문화적 경계를 넘어서는 보편적 규범과 윤리로 이어질 수 있는가 하는 문제였다. 이에 대해 종림 스님은 공을 단순한 허무나 무(無)가 아니라 집착과 분별을 비워 모든 존재를 동등하게 바라보는 관점으로 설명하면서, 그러한 사유가 특정 신이나 민족, 국가에 절대적 가치를 부여하지 않고 모든 존재의 고통에 열려 있는 윤리적 태도로 이어질 수 있다고 답했다. 다시 말해 불교의 가르침 속에도 보편적 윤리의 가능성이 이미 내재되어 있다는 설명이었다.
해인사 방문한 이후 하버마스는 한국 사회에 대해 긍정적인 평가와 함께 제언도 덧붙였다. 그는 한국이 짧은 시간 안에 이룬 경제 발전과 민주화, 그리고 시민사회의 역동성을 높이 평가했다. 그러나 동시에 한국의 지식인들이 불교를 비롯한 풍부한 문화적 자산을 현대적 의식과 삶의 형식 속에서 어떻게 새롭게 해석하고 조화시킬 것인지 고민해야 한다는 취지의 조언도 남겼다. 이 발언은 이후 “서구만 바라보지 말고 자기 전통 속에서 근대성의 자원을 찾아야 한다”는 문장으로 자주 회자되었다.
서구 근대성의 한계와 그늘을 누구보다 깊이 비판해 온 하버마스의 시각에서 보면, 당시 한국은 매우 흥미로운 사례였을 가능성이 크다. 정치 제도와 대학 시스템, 언론 구조, 그리고 공론장의 형식은 상당 부분 서구 모델을 빠르게 받아들여 구축했고 경제적 성공 또한 이루었다. 그러나 그 과정에서 근대성을 스스로의 언어로 해석하고 표현하는 지적 전통은 충분히 형성되지 못한 사회처럼 보였을 것이다. 다시 말해 제도적 근대화는 빠르게 이루어졌지만, 그 근대성을 어떻게 이해하고 어떤 가치로 채워 갈 것인지에 대한 자기 서술은 아직 충분히 정립되지 않은 상태였다는 의미다.
바로 이 지점에서 하버마스의 메시지는 비교적 분명한 방향을 가진다. 서구 사회에서 이미 드러난 도구적 이성의 지배, 시장 만능주의, 공공성의 약화와 같은 문제를 한국이 그대로 뒤따라갈 필요는 없다는 것이다. 오히려 한국 사회가 오랜 사유의 전통 속에서 스스로의 언어로 근대의 의미를 다시 써 내려갈 수 있다면, 그것은 서구 근대성의 단순한 모방이 아니라 또 다른 형태의 근대적 실험이 될 수 있다. 그점에서 하버마스의 발언은 당시의 방문 소감을 넘어, 한국 사회가 스스로에게 던져야 할 질문을 환기한 것이었으며 지금의 시점에서도 여전히 유효한 문제 제기라고 할 수 있다.
#관련기사 
https://www.joongang.co.kr/article/25256483

김희곤
 
위르겐 하버마스,  “말이 통하는 사회”를 평생 꿈꾼 철학자
2026년 3월 14일, 위르겐 하버마스(Jürgen Habermas)가 독일 슈타른베르크에서 96세를 일기로 세상을 떠났다. 20세기 후반과 21세기 초를 대표하는 독일의 철학자이자 사회이론가로, 흔히 프랑크푸르트학파 2세대의 핵심 인물로 꼽히는 그는 민주주의 사회가 어떻게 합리적 토론과 공적 의사소통을 통해 유지될 수 있는지를 평생 탐구했다. 단순한 학자를 넘어 공적 지식인으로서 나치 과거 청산, 독일 민주주의, 유럽 통합 같은 현실의 문제에 꾸준히 목소리를 낸 인물이기도 했다. 전후 독일의 “지적 방향타”이자 “공적 양심”이라는 수식이 그에게 따라다닌 것은 그 때문이었다.
그를 유명하게 만든 핵심 개념은 두 가지다. 하나는 공론장(public sphere)이다. 시민들은 국가나 시장의 명령에만 따르는 존재가 아니라, 공개적 토론을 통해 여론과 정당성을 스스로 형성하는 존재다. 그 토론이 이루어지는 공간이 바로 공론장이다. 다른 하나는 의사소통 행위 이론이다. 하버마스는 인간 사회가 힘이나 이익만으로 움직이는 것이 아니라, 서로 말하고 이유를 대며 합의에 이르려는 소통의 구조 위에서 성립한다고 보았다. 이 두 개념은 오늘날 숙의민주주의, 담론윤리, 시민사회론을 논할 때 빠지지 않는 준거점으로 남아 있다. 대표작 《공론장의 구조변동》과 《의사소통 행위 이론》은 그 사유의 핵심을 담은 저작들이다.
한마디로 압축하면, 하버마스는 “민주주의는 폭력이나 선동이 아니라 공적 토론과 합리적 의사소통 위에 서야 한다”는 생각을 가장 강력하게 밀어붙인 철학자였다.
그의 사유를 좀 더 쉽게 풀면 이렇다.
첫째, 사회는 힘센 사람 마음대로 굴러가서는 안 된다. 돈 많은 사람, 권력 있는 사람, 목소리 큰 사람이 일방적으로 밀어붙여 결정하는 사회는 건강하지 않다. 사람들은 서로 이유를 말하고, 상대의 말을 듣고, 더 나은 답을 함께 찾으려 해야 한다. 이것이 하버마스가 말한 “의사소통”의 핵심이다.
둘째, 민주주의는 투표만으로 완성되지 않는다. 시민들이 공개적으로 토론하는 공간이 살아 있어야 한다. 신문, 방송, 토론회, 시민 모임, 오늘날로 치면 온라인 공론장 같은 곳에서 사람들이 공적 문제를 함께 논의할 때 비로소 민주주의는 제대로 선다. 이것이 그 유명한 공론장의 생각이다.
셋째, 좋은 사회는 “말이 통하는 사회”다. 여기서 말이 통한다는 것은 그저 친하게 대화한다는 의미가 아니다. 거짓말하지 않고, 상대를 속이지 않고, 힘으로 누르지 않고, 왜 그런 생각을 하는지 설명할 수 있는 사회를 뜻한다. 이런 소통이 무너지면 민주주의도 함께 약해진다는 것이 그의 진단이었다.
비유 하나가 이해를 돕는다. 학교에서 반 규칙을 정한다고 하자. 반장이 “내가 반장이니까 내 말대로 해”라고 하면, 하버마스는 그것을 좋은 방식으로 보지 않았을 것이다. 대신 반 친구들이 왜 그 규칙이 필요한지 저마다 말하고, 서로 반박도 해 보고, 모두가 납득할 수 있는 방향을 찾는 쪽이 더 옳다고 봤을 것이다.
그래서 하버마스는 이렇게 기억될 것이다.
“민주주의는 힘으로 유지되는 것이 아니라, 시민들의 공적 토론과 이성적인 대화로 유지된다.”

Hyukjae Lee

#알렉산더_폰_훔볼트 #빌헬름_폰_훔볼트 #위르겐_하버마스
참... 할말이 없다. 어떻게 이 정도로 맨땅에 헤딩을 할 수 있을까?
알렉산더 폰 훔볼트의 책 [자연의 풍경들]의 헌사는 아래와 같다.
"로마에 있는 사람하는 형 빌헬름 폰 훔볼트에게" 
1808년 5월, 베를린, 저자
후덜덜덜... 
훔볼트 형제가 어떤 사람들인지 잘 모른다면, 아래 댓글로 공유한 위키백과를 꼭 보시길. 
그리고...... 삼가 하버마스의 명복을 빈다.

Tackwhan Kim

한 시대를 대표하던 위르겐 하버마스 교수가 작고했다. 2번 만난 적이 있다. 
그는 나치 시대에 출현한 지성인 홀크하이머, 아도르노, 마르쿠제 등 프랑크푸르트 학파 막내였다. 
그의 책 “공론장의 구조변동”을 가장 먼저 읽었다. 1962년 출판되어 세계적인 베스트샐러가 되었다. 민주적인 대화가 가능한 공론장, 누구나 이성적으로 참여할 수 있는 이상을 제기했지만 항상 현실은 모순이었다.
이어 독일 유학중 출간된 “소통행위 이론” 책을 읽었다. 자유와 이성을 강조했다. 인간 관계에서 이성적인 실천이 소통인 것이다.
박사학위 논문을 “소통모델”을 다루면서 유럽 대륙 철학의 막내인 하버마스 소통 이론을 칸트, 헤겔, 마르크스, 훗셀, 동시대 학자인 먼저 죽은 루만의 이론을 비교하면서 분석했다.
누가 대가인지 파악할 수 있었다. 
고인의 명복을 빈다.

Chang Y Son
 ·
독일의 세계적 석학,  위르겐 하버마스Jurgen Habermas가 향년 96세로 별세하였다는 뉴스가 뜬다. 너무 오래 잊고 있었다.
대학 때 살짝 접하긴 하였지만 그의 철학을 이해하기 힘들었다. 대학 졸업후에도 그의 <의사소통 행위이론> 등을 한국어 번역본으로 끙끙거리며 읽었지만 그 핵심 내용에 전혀 이르지 못했다.
다만 지금같은 인터넷이 없던 당시 80년대와 90년대 초, TV와 신문 등에서 다루는 기사 등이 편파적이던 시절이었다.  나는 수박 겉핥기지만,  하버마스의 커뮤니케이션 이론들을 유명인이든 혹은  평범한 생활인이든 소외없이 자유롭고 적극적인 참여를 통해 공정한 공론장 마련 등으로 얼핏 이해하였다. 
하버마스의 4가지 타당성 주장 (Validity Claims)을 하고 있다. 
- 진술의 진실성 (Truth): 
 "내가 말하는 사실이 객관적 진리에 부합하는가?"
대화 내용이 사실 관계에 어긋나지 않아야 한다.
- 화자의 진정성 (Sincerity): 
 "나는 정말로 내가 말하는 것을 믿고 있는가?"
자신의 속마음이나 의도를 속이지 않고 솔직하게 표현해야 한다.
- 규범적 정당성 (Rightness): 
 "이 상황에서 이런 말을 하는 것이 사회적·윤리적으로 적절한가?"
주어진 맥락 속에서 올바른 관계를 맺고 있는지를 따진다.
- 언어적 이해 가능성 (Comprehensibility):  "상대방이 내 말을 알아들을 수 있도록 명확하게 표현했는가?"
문법적으로나 논리적으로 이해할 수 있는 언어를 사용해야 한다.
하버마스의 의사소통 이론 등 철학적 토대는
이재명 국민주권시대에 최대 관심사 중 하나인 검찰개혁과 관련하여서도 시사하는 바가 크다. 
자신들의 특권을 포기하지 않는 검찰출신들이 참여하는 검찰개혁안은 애초에 국민이 요구하는 검찰개혁과는 거리가 먼 동상이몽이었을 것이다.
사진) 2024년 독일에 갔을 때, 잠깐 들른 프랑크푸르트대학교

오세라비
 
독일산 수면제 '위르겐 하버마스'가 죽었다. 
잊어버리고 있었는데.
​하버마스는 프랑크푸르트대학교 철학교수인 아도르노의 제자로 '비판이론' 2세대 대표자다. 68혁명 신좌파 운동으로 독일 학생운동의 이론적 지도자 역할을 했다. 
테어도르 아도르노는 프랑크푸르트학파의 중심인물로 루카치 분석을 적용하여 ‘대중문화 비판’이라는 새로운 사회적 관점 제시했다. 대중문화를 신좌파로 물들이는데 혁혁한 공로자. 
<프랑크푸르트학파>는'비판 이론' 운동으로 불린다. 비판이론은 자본주 의 비판과 1917년 러시아 볼셰비키 혁명 후 전체주의로 치 닫는 소련 체제도 비판하며 마르크스주의를 업그레이드한  네오-막시즘으로 발전했다.
하버마스는 독일 좌파의 지성을 권태롭게 만든 인물이다. 오죽하면 독일산 수면제로 불렀겠나. 
97살이면 살만큼 살다 죽었네.
조선일보야 사회철학의 거장? 개뿔. 하머바스에 대해 알긴 알고 쓰는 기사인가.
겉멋든 한국 신좌파 떨거지들은 좀 슬퍼할까?

김태영
18. 공론장의 새로운 구조변동
위르겐 하버마스 저, 한승완 역,
세창출판사, 2024(2022).
하버마스 별세(1929-2026) 소식을 듣고 아주 오랜만에 하버마스의 책을 읽었습니다.
1962년 출간된 <공론장의 구조변동>의 공론장 이론을 60년이 지난 2022년에 보완한 책인데요. 이 때 하버마스의 나이가 92세입니다.
<공론장의 구조변동>에서는 서구 민주주의 위기를 부르주아 공론장의 쇠퇴와 재봉건화의 맥락에서 다루었고, 
이후의 연구에서는 체계에 의한 생활세계의 식민화와 이에 저항하는 시민사회의 역할을 강조하고, 토의 민주주의 모델(역자의 번역을 따르자면)을 대안으로 제시했는데요.
이 책에서는 토의 민주주의 모델의 규범적 성격에 대한 비판을 방어하고, 
다른 한편으로 소셜 미디어를 중심으로 하는 디지털 미디어 환경 속에서 전통적 공론장의 쇠퇴와 공론장의 파편화, 반쪽짜리 공론장, 포퓰리즘과 민주주의와 법치주의의 위기를 분석합니다.
세부적으로는 다른 점도 있겠지만, 크게 보면 1990년대나 2000년대와 이론적으로 일관된 입장입니다. 
저는 그 때에도 하버마스의 규범적 접근에 그렇게 공감하지는 못했는데요. 
이 책에서 다루는 디지털 공론장이나 포퓰리즘에 대해서 그렇게 새로운 분석이 있는 것도 아닌 것 같습니다만.
하지만 90세가 넘어서도 당대의 정치적 문제와 대결하며 자신의 이론을 보완하려 시도한 노학자의 자세는 정말 대단하다는 생각입니다.
#독서기록 #하버마스 #공론장의새로운구조변동

Ki-Sang Lee

하버마스 1. 하이데거. 그의 작품과 세계관
-  벼   리  -
1. 하이데거의 정치적 행적에 대한 재논의의 필요성
2. 『존재와 시간』에 은닉돼 있는 이데올로기
3. 하이데거의 “전향”과 총장직 인수
4. 나치에 대한 하이데거의 실망과 그의 대처
5. 2차 대전 직후의 하이데거 태도
6. 하이데거 사상의 수용문제
[오늘 새벽 20세기 대표 철학자의 한 사람인 위르겐 하버마스(1929-2026)의 소천 소식을 들었다. 나름 하버마스에 꽂혀서 그의 사상에 대해 많은 글을 썼던 한 사람으로서 하버마스를 긔리며 기린다.]
* 이 글은 하버마스(Jürgen Habermas)가 파리아스의 책 『하이데거와 나치즘 Heidegger und der Nationalsozialismus』(Frankfurt/M 1989, 11-37, 395-400) 에 “서문” 격으로 게재한 글 “Heidegger - Werk und Weltanschauung”을 우리말로 옮긴 것이다. 파리아스의 책이 대단한 물의를 일으키긴 했지만 그 책에서 역사에 남을 만한 내용은 하버마스의 논문이라는 말이 나올 정도로 그의 글이 가장 주목을 받았다. 책이 번역되지 않았기에 이 글은 국내에서는 처음으로 소개되는 것이다. 각주가 많이 달렸는데, 글의 중요성을 감안해서 각주도 그대로 옮겼다. 각주는 [ ]로 묶어서 표시했다. 소제목은 이해의 편의를 위해 옮긴이가 붙인 것이다. 하버마스와 하이데거의 사상적 대결도 볼 만하다. 여섯 번으로 나누어서 올리겠다. 
1. 하이데거의 정치적 행적에 대한 재논의의 필요성
하이데거의 작품에 대한 훌륭한 해설을 겸비한 안내서에서 프란첸(W. Franzen)은 “하이데거와 국가사회주의(나치)”라는 단원을 이렇게 시작하고 있다. “그동안에 독일에도 ‘하이데거의 경우(사건)’에 대한 일련의 사실적 기고들이 있었다.[...] 그러나 경직되지 않은 개방된 토의는 아직까지, 하이데거 학파의 ‘진영’에서도, 일어나지 않고 있다.” 이것은 1976년의 이야기다. [W. Franzen, Martin Heidegger, Sammlung Metzler, Stuttgart 1976, S.78.] 
이러한 상황은 이제 바뀌었다. 여러 다른 사실과 더불어 1983년 (다시 공개된 총장취임 강연과 함께) 발간된 하이데거의 해명이 새로운 토론을 야기시켰다. [M. Heidegger, Die Selbstbehauptung der deutschen Universität. Das Rektorat 1933/34, Frankfurt/M. 1983.] 이 소책자에서 하이데거는 1945년의 시각에서 1933/34년 당시의 자신의 정치적인 행동을 변론하고 있다. 그리고 무엇보다도 프라이부르크 대학의 역사학자 오트(Hugo Ott) [H. Ott, “Martin Heidegger und die Universität Freiburg nach 1945”, in: Historisches Jahrbuch, 1985, S.95ff.; ders., “Martin Heidegger und der Naionalsozialismus”, in: A. Gethmann-Siefert, O. Pöggeler, Heidegger und die praktische Philosophie, Frankfurt/M. 1988, S.64ff.], 수십 년 동안 하이데거 가까이에 서 있었던 철학자 페겔러(Otto Pöggeler) [O. Pöggeler, “Den Führer führen? Heidegger und kein Ende”, in: Philosophische Rundschau, 1985, S.26ff.; ders., “Heideggers politisches Selbstverstädnis”, in: Gethmann-Siefert, Pöggeler (1988), S.17ff.], 그리고 또한 (1940년에  기록된) 뢰비트의, 1936년 로마에서의 하이데거와의 만남에 대한 보고가 [K. Löwith, Mein Leben in Deutschland vor und nach 1933. Ein Bericht, Stuttgart 1986, S.57.] 새로운 사실을 세상에 공개하였다.
여기에다가 그동안 계속 발간된 하이데거의 저서의 전집간행이, 여전히 완전하게 공개된 것은 아니지만, 30년대와 40년대의 강의와 저술에 대한 보다 나은 통찰을 가능케 하였다. [참조 N. Tertulian, “Heidegger oder: Die Betätigung der Politik durch Seinsgeschichte. Ein Gang zu den Quellen. Was aus den Texten des Philosophen alles sprudelt”, in: Frankfurter Rundschau vom 2. Febr. 1988.] 그럼에도 스페인어에서부터의 번역이라는 에움길을 통해 (프랑스어 판을 참조하여) 이제 우리에게도 하이데거의 정치적인 전기가 파악 가능해 질 수 있었던 것은 칠레에서 온 동료철학자의 힘겨운 노력의 결실이다. 한 외국인의 시각에 의한 이질화는 여기 독일에서 프란첸이 관찰한 경직화에 대한 적절한 대답일 것이다. 그로써 설명 가능한 간격이, 그 자체가 말해야 하는 이 작품(파리아스의 『하이데거와 나치즘』)을 현실적인 독일의 맥락에 연관시키려는 나의 시도를 변론할 수 있을 것이다.
동시대의 독일의 독자들에게는 이에 앞서 하나의 숙고가 매우 중요하다. 마르틴 하이데거의 정치적 행동에 대한 해명(규명)은 도매금식의 경멸(비난)의 목적으로 사용될 수도 사용되어서도 안 된다. 시대사의 한 인물로서의 하이데거는 다른 누구나와 같이 역사학자의 판단 아래에 놓인다. 여기 이 책에서도 해당인물의 행위와 처신이 중립적인(거리를 둔) 평가에 가까운 고찰의 대상이 되고 있다. 그러나 정치적인 독재의 조건 아래에서 어떻게 행동할 수 있을지를 모르는 우리 후대사람으로서는 나치 시대의 행위와 처신에 대해서 도덕적인 판단을 내리는 것을 삼가는 것이 옳을 것이다. 그러나 친구이며 동년배의 동료인 칼 야스퍼스는 다른 입장에 처해 있다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 1945년 말경 프라이부르크 대학교의 “정치 정화 위원회”가 야스퍼스에게 전문가적인 평가를 의뢰하였을 때 그는 하이데거의 “사유방식”에 대해 이렇게 기술하였다. 하이데거의 사유방식은 “그 본질상 부자유스럽고 독재적이고 의사소통불능이다”. [Ott (1988), S.65.]
그러나 이러한 판단은 하이데거뿐 아니라 야스퍼스 자신에게도 비슷하게 통용이 될 것이다. 야스퍼스는 그러한 판단을 내림에서 ― 우리는 이것을 그의 셸링에 대한 저서에서 찾아볼 수 있다 ― 한 철학적 학설의 진리내용은 철학자의 정신 상태와 삶의 시기에 반영이 되어야 한다는 엄격한 준칙을 따르고 있다. 그러나 내 생각으로는 인물과 작품의 단일성에 대한 이러한 엄격한 견해는 사상의 자율성에는, 더더구나 사상의 영향사에는 맞지 않는 것처럼 보인다. 그 당시의 행동에 대한 정치적 도덕적 평가의 자제는, 응징하려는 태도에서 너무나 쉽게 벌이고 있는 비교의 포기도 포함해야 할 것이다. 몹시 신중한 페겔러까지도 경계해야 할 예들을 제시하고 있다. 그는 히틀러를 위한 하이데거의 관여를 블로흐와 루카치의 스탈린 선택과 비교하였을 뿐 아니라 또한 이것과 연관지어 아도르노가 1934년의 상황을 전적으로 잘못 인식하여 독일에서의 미친 짓거리에서 살아남을 수 있었다고 믿었던 사실의 평론을 끌어들이고 있다.(Pöggeler [1985], S.28) 
아도르노가 1963년 (프랑크푸르트의 학생신문 <디스쿠스>에서) 1934년의 자신의 평론과 맞닥뜨렸을 때, 그는 공개서한을 통해 대답하였다. 이 서한의 글귀를 하이데거의 창피스로운 침묵과 대조시키는 것은 대단히 인상적이다. [참조 Th. W. Adorno, Gesammelte Schriften, Bd. 19, S.635ff.에 실린 편집자 티더만(R. Tiedemann)의 후기. 거기에는 또한 아도르노의 편지와 호르크하이머의 입장표명이 실려 있다.] 그렇다고 해서 철학적인 작품과 그 작품의 전기적인 생성의 맥락과의 밀접한 관련을 거부하는 것은 결코 아니다. 그리고 한 저작자가 그의 생존 시에 자신의 발언의 예기치(의도치) 못한 귀결에 대해 어쨌든 반응을 보일 수 있었기에, 그가 짊어져야 하는 그 책임의 막중함을 부인하는 것도 아니다.
그러나 하이데거의 작품은 이미 오래 전에 그 인물에서부터 벗어났다. 그래서 옳게도 슈내델바하(Herbert Schnädelbach)는 독일 철학에 대한 자신의 기술을 다음과 같은 지적과 더불어 시작하고 있다. 즉 “오늘날의 우리의 철학함은 그 당시 비트겐슈타인(Ludwig Wittgenstein)의 『논리 철학 논고』(1921), 루카치(Georg Lukacs)의 『역사와 계급의식』(1923) 그리고 하이데거의 『존재와 시간』(1927)에서 발산되고 있는 자극들에 의해 결정적으로 규정되고 있었다.” [H. Schnädelbach, Philosophie in Deutschland 1831-1933, Frankfurt/M. 1983, S.13.]
 『존재와 시간』과 더불어 하이데거는 그야말로 하루아침에 사상가의 등급에 올라서게 되었다. 멀리 떨어져 있는 게오르크 미쉬(Georg Misch)같은 사람도 즉시 방향을 제시하고 있는 철학자의 “긴 호흡”과 그 “사상가적 능력”을 알아보았다. 실제로 하이데거는 근원적인 방식으로 경쟁이 되고 있었던 딜타이의 해석학과 후설의 현상학을 하나로 변형.융합시켜, 막스 셸러의 실용주의적인 동기들도 수용하여 주체(주관) 철학을 역사화시키며 극복할 수 있었다. [하이데거에서의 실용적인 동기에 대해서는 참조 C. F. Gethmann, “Vom Bebußtsein zum Handeln”, in: H. Stachowiak, Pragmatik, Bd. II, Hamburg 1987, S.202ff.] 이러한 사상의 새로운 단초는 하이데거가 아리스토텔레스 식 형이상학의 고전적인 물음제기를 키르케고르식의 실존변증법의 정열적인 동기로 점령(장식)하는 것처럼 보이자 더욱더 충격적이었다. 지금에 와서 보아도 그러한 새로운 시작은 헤겔 이래 독일 철학에 가장 깊은 단원을 형성해 놓았다.
『존재와 시간』에서 관철된 세계구성적 자아의 탈초월론화(Detranszendentalisierung)가 그 유례가 없었던 반면, 나중에 시작된 니체와 연결된 이성비판은 이미 그전부터 기대했어야 했던 관념론적인 대칭물을 형성하였다. 즉 여전히 헤겔에 붙잡혀 있으며, 마르크스와 베버를 생산적으로 연결시키고 있는 사물화시키는 이성 내지는 도구적 이성에 대한 유물론적인 비판의 관념론적인 대칭을 형성해 내었다. 여러 다른 것 중 근대 사상의 존재론적인 전제들을 밝혀낸 개별분석에서의 풍부함에 대한 대가로 하이데거는, 전체적으로는 사유될 수 없는 형식화되어버린 형이상학 역사의 차원에로 시야를 축소시켜 버리는 희생을 치렀다. 사회적 삶의 맥락을 간과하는 이러한 추상은 하이데거로 하여금, 왜곡적인 시대해석을 사회과학적으로 거르지 않고 수용하도록 만들었다. 실제의 역사가 “역사성”의 배후로 사라져버리면 버릴수록 그만큼 더욱 쉽게 하이데거는 그 당시에 퍼져 있는 현재상황의 진단을 소박하고 경솔하게 사용하게 되었다.
하이데거는 자신의 탈초월론화시키는 그리고 형이상학비판적인 사유의 운동으로써 독일의 대학교에서 단절되지 않은 지속적인 영향력을 행사하였다. 물론 그의 작품은 비판되기도 했다. 그러나 그의 위치는 30년대와 40년대에 걸쳐 논박의 여지가 없는 것으로 남아 있었다. 이러한 식의 학파를 형성하는 영향력은 후의 60년대에까지 지속된다. 그러한 영향력의 무게를 페겔러는 『하이데거. 그의 작품의 해석에 대한 관점들』이라는 논문모음집에 잘 기록하여 하이데거의 80회 생일 기념으로 출간한다. [O. Pöggeler (Hg.), Heidegger, Köln 1969.]
 오래 지속된 독일의 잠재기 동안에 하이데거 학파는 60년대 초까지 지배적인 위치를 유지하였다. 그 다음에 분석적 언어철학(비트겐슈타인, 카르납, 포퍼)과 서구적 마르크스주의(호르크하이머, 아도르노, 블로흐)가 독일 대학에서 다시 자리를 잡게 되는 것은 단지 뒤늦은 관계의 정상화라고 할 수 있을 뿐이다.
몇 세대에 걸친 제자들을 통한 학계에서의 영향력보다 더 의미가 깊은 것은 하이데거의 작품이 자립적인 학자들에 불어넣은 영감이다. 이 학자들은 개별적인 동기들을 붙잡아 자기 자신의 맥락 속에 체계적으로 결실이 풍부하게 만들어 나갔다. 이러한 방식으로 초기의 하이데거는 누구보다도 사르트르와 메를로 퐁티의 실존철학 내지는 현상학적 인간학에 깊이 영향을 미쳤다. 독일에서는 한스 게오르크 가다머의 철학적 해석학에 그와 같은 영향을 미쳤다고 이야기할 수 있다. 생산적인 사상형성은 나의 세대에도 계속되었으니 예를 들어 칼 오토 아펠, 미카엘 토이니센, 에른스트 투겐트하트 등이 그들의 사상형성에 많은 영향을 받았다. 초기 하이데거를 심도있게 연구한 흔적은 『인식과 관심』(1968)까지의 나의 작품에도 나타나고 있다. [프란첸의 참고문헌 목록 참조 (1976), S.127. 나는 젊은 마르쿠제의 하이데거.마르크스주의에 매료되었다. 참조 A. Schmidt, “Existential-Ontologie und historischer Materialismus bei Herbert Marcuse”, in: J. Habermas (Hg.), Antworten auf Herbert Marcuse, Frankfurt/M. 1968, S.17ff.] 하이데거의 이성비판은 프랑스와 미국에서 더 강력한 반향을 받았다. 예컨대 쟈크 데리다, 리차드 로티, 후버트 드레이푸스 등이 그렇다.
한 작가의 의심쩍은 정치적 행동은 분명 그의 작품에 어떤 그림자를 던진다. 그렇지만 하이데거의 작품, 특히나 『존재와 시간』은 우리의 현대에 워낙 뛰어난 위치(가치)를 점하고 있어, 이 작품의 실체가 하이데거의 파시스트적인 참여라는 정치적 평가에 의해 50년 이상이나 지난 지금에 불신을 받을 수 있다는 추측이 오히려 상식을 벗어난다.
그렇다면 역사학적으로 거리를 둔 학문연구를 제외하고 어떠한 관심이 오늘날, 그것도 여기 독일에서, 하이데거의 정치적 과거를 문제 삼도록 요청하고 있는가? 내가 생각하기로는 이 사실이 무엇보다도 두 가지 관점에서 우리의 관심을 끌고 있다고 본다. 하나는 1945년 이후의 하이데거 자신의 그의 과거에 대한 태도가 독일의 역사를 60년대까지 지속적으로 깊숙이 각인한 정신적 자세의 전형적인 표본이라는 점이다. 그러한 식의 정신적 태도를 형성하는 힘은 (소위 역사학자들의 논쟁이 보여주고 있듯이) 더 나아가 오늘날까지 영향을 미치고 있다. [H.U. Wehler, Entsorgung der deutschen Vergangenheit? München 1987. 1986년 힐그루버(Hillgruber)에게서도 여전히 하이데거가 1949년 마르쿠제에게 대답한 바로 그 비교, 즉 독일의 범죄를 독일 동독지역에서의 축출과 비교한 그 비교가 활용되고 있다.] 의미의 변화를 거부해온 고집스러운 거부의 실천에서 드러나는 증후를 읽을 수 있기 위해서 야스퍼스와 대주교 그뢰버는 1945년 그의 친구 하이데거가 “정말로 새로 태어나기를”, “정신적으로 도약하기를” 요구 내지는 기대하였다. [참조 Ott in: Gethmann-Siefert, Pöggeler (1988), S.65.] 사람들은 하이데거가 그의 죽음의 순간까지 몰아내려고 하고 미화시키고 위조한 그것에 대해 알아야 한다. 
다른 하나는 독일에서는 나치 정권에 대해 맹목적이게끔 만든 모든 종류의 전승에 대해 비판적인, 아니 불신의 자기소화가 필요하다. 이것은 특히나 자신의 수사학적인 표현수단 깊숙이까지 자기 시대의 세계관적인 충격을 흡수해버린 그런 철학에 해당이 될 것이다. 한 이론의 진리내용이 사람들이 그 이론의 외적인 것과 더불어 연상하게 되는 그것 때문에 불신되어서는 안 되듯이, 전통적으로 위세를 떨쳐 오던 객관적 정신의 복합적인 형태가 전부 전적으로 자연보호 아래 놓여, 그 속에 사실적 세계관적인 동기들이 혼융되어 있는지를 묻는 질문에서마저 보호되어서는 안 될 것이다. 로티도 인물과 작품의 관계가 아니고 철학과 세계관의 뒤섞임이 문제라는 것을 잘못 인식하고 있다. [R. Rorty, “Taking Philosophy Seriously”, in: The New Republic, April 11, 1988, S.31ff.] 이 나라에서 스탈린주의와 연관되어 언제나 항상 이미 옳다고 여겨져온 것은 파시즘과 관련해서도 용인되어야 할 것이다.
만프레트 프랑크(Manfred Frank)는 최근에 오늘날 프랑스에서 확산되고 있는 하이데거식의 이성비판의 다양한 변형들과 연관지어 독일의, 다시 말해 젊은 보수파 배경의 세계관적 증후군의 정리작업에 대한 물음이 아직도 결코 끝난 것이 아니라는 견해를 피력하였다. “새 프랑스의 이론들이 많은 우리의 학생들에 의해 마치 구원의 소식인 듯 받아들여지고 있다.[...] 내 눈에는 여기에서 젊은 독일인들이 프랑스적.국제적인 것에로의 개방이라는 구실 아래 제삼 제국 이래 단절된 자신들의 비합리주의적 전통을 탐욕스럽게 빨아들이고 있는 듯이 보인다.” [M. Frank, “Philosophie heute und jetzt”, in: Frankfurter Rundschau vom 5. März 1988.] 프랑스에서의 신우익의 하이데거 수용은 하나의 경고가 될 수 있다. 예를 들어 툴레 세미나(Tule-Seminare)의 극우파의 기수인 피에르 크렙스에게 하이데거는 겔렌, 로렌츠(K. Lorenz), 묄러 반 덴 브룩(Moeller van den Bruck) 슈펭글러 등등 보다도 더 자주 인용되고 있는 중심인물 역할을 하고 있다. [P. Krebs, “Unser inneres Reich”, in: ders. (Hg.), Mut zur Identität, Struckum 1988, S.9ff.] 파리아스의 연구를 보충하는 몇몇의 소견과 함께 나는 내가 다른 곳에서 이미 한번 제기한 바 있는 물음을 다시 수용하고자 한다. [J. Habermas, Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne, Frankfurt/M. 1985, S.184ff.] 즉 하이데거의 철학과 하이데거의 시대사적인 상황에 대한 인식 사이에 어떤 내적인 연관이 존립하고 있는가 하는 물음이 그것이다. [애석하게도 나는 그 당시 프란첸의 글(W. Franzen, Von der Existentialontologie zur Seinsgeschichte, Meisenheim a. Glan, 1975, Dritter Teil, S.69ff.)과 페겔러의 후기(O. Pöggeler, Der Denkweg Martin Heideggers, Pfullingen 1983, S. 319ff.)를 알지 못하고 있었다.]
긔림: <90세의 하버마스>, 파리아스 <하이데거와 나치즘>의 하버마스 서문, <민속복장의 하이데거>, <히틀러의 나치즘>, 메스키르히 공동묘지의 <하이데거 묘>
(2026.03.15.)

Koh Jongsok
 
어제 작고한 위르겐 하버마스의 대표작을 셋 꼽으라면 [공론장의 구조변동Strukturwandel der Öffentlichkeit]과 [의사소통행위이론Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns], 그리고 [사실성과 타당성Faktizität und Geltung]을 꼽을 수 있을 게다. 
내가 철학도나 사회학도는 아니었지만, 법학도이자 언어학도로서 그리고 신문기자로서의 나에게 영향을 끼친 책들이다. 내일 조간신문들이 하버마스의 부고 기사를 어떤 양으로 얼마나 깊이 쓰는지로 그 신문의 지성을 어림할 수 있을 터인데, 나는 고명섭 기자가 있는 한겨레에 기대를 해본다.
하버마스(1929년생)의 죽음은 비판이론으로 요약되는 지성사의 한 챕터가 마무리됐음을 뜻한다. 하버마스와 맞먹거나 그를 뛰어넘는 지성사의 거장으로는 언어학자이자 정치비평가 놈 촘스키(1928년생)가 살아있을 뿐인데, 촘스키는 최근 엡스틴 파일에 이름을 올리면서 늙마에 제 경력을 망쳤다. 
무대를 한국으로 옮기면, 지성사의 거장으로 김우창(1936년생), 백낙청(1938년생) 정도가 생존해 있다. 아, 국문학자 조동일(1939년생)과, 지성사의 거장이라는 말과는 안 어울리지만 군사독재 시절의 의사소통에 큰 영향을 끼친 바 있는 저널리스트 김중배(1934년생)도 끼워줄 수 있겠다.

한용걸
 
위르겐 하버마스의 부고를 들으며
한 시대의 사유가 레테의 강을 건넜다.
프랑크푸르트 학파의 마지막 거목이라 불리던 철학자, 위르겐 하버마스.
스므살 대학 시절, 은사였던 장 선생의 비판이론 강좌를 통해 그의 이름을 처음 들었다.
아도르노와 마르쿠제의 이름이 함께 언급되던 강의실에서
우리는 막연히 “비판이론”이라는 세계관을  배우기 시작했다.
그때 우리는 젊었고  맑스 이후
세상을 설명할 언어를 찾고 있었다.
마르크스는 이미 거대한 산처럼 우리 앞에 서 있었다.
그러나 동시에 우리는 그 산을 그대로 떠받드는 교조주의를 넘어
다른 길이 있는지 묻고 있었다.
폭력과 혁명만이 역사를 움직이는가?
아니면 사람들 사이의 이성과 대화가
사회 변화를 만들어낼 수 있는가?
하버마스는 그 질문 앞에서
“의사소통의 이성”이라는 길을 제시했다.
사람은 서로 말할 수 있고
서로의 말을 들을 수 있으며
그 대화를 통해 더 나은 사회로 가까워질 수 있다는 믿음.
젊은 날에는
그 사상이 학생운동의 이론적 근거처럼 보였다.
그러나 세월이 흐르고
내 삶의 자리는 강의실이 아니라
거리의 밥집이 되었다.
나는 지금 제물포에서 밥을 짓는다.
사람들이 와서 밥을 먹는다.
말이 많은 사람도 있고
말을 거의 하지 않는 사람도 있다.
그러나 밥 한 그릇을 사이에 두고
사람들은 조금씩 말을 건넨다.
어떤 이는 자신의 하루를 말하고
어떤 이는 자신의 상처를 말한다.
생각해 보면
그 밥상은 아주 작은 공론장이다.
사람이 서로를 밀어내지 않고
한 자리에 앉아
말하고
듣는 자리.
하버마스가 평생 붙들었던 질문이
어쩌면 이런 자리에서
가장 조용히 살아 있는지도 모른다.
나는 철학자가 되지 못했다.
사유의 세계에 머물수 있는 조건도 갖추질 못했으며
그의 책을 끝까지 읽어낸 사람도 아니다.
학부 시절을 지나
삶의 다른 길로 들어섰다.
그러나 젊은 날 그의 이름을 통해
“생각한다는 것”이 무엇인지
조금은 배웠던 것 같다.
그래서 나는 가끔
그를 나의 철학적 할아버지쯤 되는 사람이라고
혼자 생각 하기도 했다.
한 철학자가 세상을 떠난다.
그는 인간의 이성이
대화와 합의를 통해
세상을 조금 더 나은 곳으로 만들 수 있다고 믿었다.
그러나 내가 매일 만나는 사람들은
그 이성이 쉽게 작동하지 않는 삶의 자리에서
살아가고 있다.
그래서 나는
철학자의 믿음 위에
하나를 더 얹어 보고 싶다.
이성만으로는
세상이 조금도 움직이지 않을 때가 있다.
그때 세상을 조금 더 앞으로 밀어가는 것은
대개
연민이다.
사람이 사람의 이야기를
끝까지 들어주는 마음.
어쩌면 그것은
복음서의 한 장면과도 닮아 있다.
예수는 사람들과 함께 앉아 먹고
그들의 이야기를 들으셨다.
말을 건네고
또 들으셨다.
어쩌면 그 자리 역시
가장 오래된 공론장이었을 것이다.
한 철학자가 세상을 떠났다.
그러나 그의 질문은 아직 남아 있다.
사람은
서로 대화를 나누며
조금 더 나은 세상으로 갈 수 있는가?
나는 오늘도
밥을 짓는다.
그리고 그 질문이
밥집의 작은 식탁 위에서,
낡은 책들이 웅숭거리는 
글방에서
다시 시작되는 것을
가만히 바라본다.
하버마스의 영혼이 하느님의 은총을 입어 평안히 쉬어지기를 !

김성민

3월 14일. 독일 철학자 위르겐 하버마스가 96세의 나이로 사망했다. 시민들이 자유롭게 토론해 여론을 만드는 게 중요하다는 공론장 이론이 유명하다. 2004년에는 무신론 철학자로서 라칭거 추기경과 토론했다. 종교인과 비종교인의 토론으로는 이게 가장 유명하지 않을까. 이 토론은 "대화 : 하버마스 對 라칭거 추기경"라는 책으로 나와있다.
하버마스는 자유주의 국가는 종교적 규범에서 벗어나 홀로 설 수 있다고 했다. 민주적 절차로 정당성을 만들자. 공론장에서 토론하고 시민적으로 연대하자. 
라칭거는 다수의 결정이 불의할 수 있다고 했다. 다수결이 모두를 위한 정의가 되는 건 아니다. 영성 없는 이성은 불의할 수 있고, 이성 없는 종교는 광신에 빠질 수 있다. 
우리도 2000년대 초반 하버마스와 같은 생각을 했다. 지금 와서 보면 어떤가. 하버마스의 말은 이상주의적 이성이며, 라칭거의 말은 현실적 영성 아닌가. 
민주적으로 뽑힌 지도자들이 여기저기서 전쟁을 일으키고 있다. 공론장은 무너지고 타도할 적 밖에 없다. 토론을 할 기반이란 게 포퓰리스트 하나 등장하면 너무나 쉽게 무너져 내리는 무대 세트같은 거다. 우리가 공론장에서 우리를 대표하라고 마이크를 주었던 인사들은 지금 하나같이 파X스트가 되어 있다.
전쟁 하지 말란 소리도 사람 목숨이 소중하니 하지 말라는 게 아니라, 내 주식 떨어지니까 그만두라는 거다. 이성은 영성을 잃으면 한없이 불의해진다.
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'규범적 재정초'

  1. Oct 21, 2020 · 3. 새해가 되려면 아직 한참 남았음에도, 언론지상에 뜬금없이 <정초>가 등장했다. 한국은행 건물 머릿돌에 쓰인 <定礎 (정초)>라는 글자가, 구한말 반도를 난도질 하는데 앞장섰던 섬나라 妖物 (요물) 이등박문의 글씨로 밝혀졌다는 내용 (*1)이다.

  2. Aug 1, 2023 · 지금은 한국자연사박물관으로 명패를 바꾼 계룡산자연사박물관 정초 돌이다. 이를 보면 정초定礎라는 말을 착공着工과 준공竣工을 합친 합성어로 본다는 뜻이다.

  3. 정초 (定礎)는 집 짓는데 기초가 되는 돌, 집의 기둥 밑에 받치는 돌 또는 건물 의 기초를 잡아 정한다는 뜻의 한자어다. 우리 말로는 "머릿돌"이라고 한다.

  4. Oct 26, 2024 · 머릿돌은 건물의 주춧돌 (건물 기초를 튼튼히 하기 위해 기둥 밑에 깔려있는 돌을 의미함)이라는 의미에서과거엔 정초 (定礎)라는 단어를 썼다. 정초 (定礎)라 쓰여진 현판이 있는 건물들이 아직도 존재하고 있다.울산 남부도서관도 무려 30여년전..

  5. 정초 또는 정초석은 철근 건물을 짓는 근대 이후엔 퇴화한 장식 의례가 됐다. 신고전주의 건축은 구라가 기본이다. 옛 그리스나 로마 시대의 건물은 전체를 대리석 기단에 대리석 기둥을 세운 양식이다.

  6. 정초 정초 는 다음과 같은 뜻을 갖는다. 정초 (正初)는 음력 1월 1일 을 뜻한다. 정초식 (定礎-)은 초석 (礎石)을 놓는 행사이다. 정초 관계 (整礎-)는 수학 에서 특별한 성질을 만족시키는 이항 관계 이다. 정초 (鄭

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