2021/08/03

조던 피터슨 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

조던 피터슨 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

조던 피터슨

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
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조던 피터슨
보수주의

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조던 피터슨(Jordan Bernt Peterson, 1962년 6월 12일 ~ )은 캐나다의 임상심리학자이자 토론토 대학교의 심리학 교수이다. 주 연구 분야는 이상심리학, 사회심리학, 성격심리학 등이며, 종교적·이념적인 믿음에 대한 심리학이나 성격 및 생산성의 평가와 향상에 대해서도 깊이 관심을 기울이고 있다.

피터슨은 앨버타 대학교에서 심리학을 전공하여 학부를 마쳤고, 그 후 맥길 대학교에서 심리학 박사 학위를 취득하였으며, 박사 학위 취득 후 연구원(post-doctoral fellow)으로 2년 간(1991~1993) 맥길 대학교에서 더 머물렀다. 그 이후 하버드 대학교 심리학부에서 조교수와 부교수를 역임하였다. 그는 이후 1998년에 모국인 캐나다로 돌아와서 토론토 대학교 심리학부 교수가 되었다.

저술[편집]

피터슨의 첫 번째로 저술한 책인 <Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief>(의미의 지도: 믿음의 구조)[1][2]는 1999년 출판되었으며, 믿음과 미신 체계의 구조를 설명하기 위해 여러 학문 분야를 살펴본 책이다. 감정의 통제, 의미의 창조, 집단학살에 대한 동기부여 등에서의 믿음과 미신의 역할을 중점적으로 다루었다.

그의 두 번째 저서 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos'(12가지 인생의 법칙:혼돈의 해독제)[3][4]는 2018년 1월에 출판되었는데, 삶에 대한 간단한 도덕 원칙을 생물학, 문학, 종교, 미신, 임상 경험, 과학적 연구 등으로부터 이끌어 낸 책이다. 이 책은 그의 첫 번째 저서인 'Maps of Meaning' 보다 더 읽기 쉬운(접근성이 높은) 스타일이다.

한편 2016년에 유튜브에 일련의 비디오를 게시하기도 하였는데, 표현의 자유의 함의에 근거한 정치적 올바름과 캐나다 정부의 Bill C-16 법안에 대한 비판이 주 내용이다. 동영상 게시 이후 상당한 미디어 매체에서 보도가 되었고 많은 지지자들이 생겨났다. 이때를 기점으로 수많은 강연들과 강의들을 하기 시작했고 현 시점에서 가장 영향력 있는 지식인 중 하나란 평도 받았다.[1]

같이 보기[편집]

참고 자료[편집]

참고[편집]

  1. ↑ (조던 피터슨, 의미의 지도 (Maps of Meaning) - 남자로서의 삶의 의미) https://www.yousubtitles.com/-Maps-of-Meaning--id-2186395[깨진 링크(과거 내용 찾기)]
  2. ↑ (조던 피터슨의 Maps of Meaning의 개선된 버전 제공자)https://joeclark.org/peterson/
  3. ↑ (예스24)12가지 인생의 법칙 :혼돈의 해독제-http://www.yes24.com/Product/Goods/66360714
  4. ↑ (리얼뉴스-조던 피터슨이 말하는 혼돈의 해독제 ‘12가지 인생의 법칙’)https://realnews.co.kr/archives/14757 Archived 2019년 5월 13일 - 웨이백 머신

외부 링크[편집]


==

Jordan Peterson

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Jordan Peterson
Jordan Peterson by Gage Skidmore.jpg
Peterson in Dallas, Texas, in June 2018
Born
Jordan Bernt Peterson

12 June 1962 (age 59)
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
NationalityCanadian
EducationUniversity of Alberta (BA)
McGill University (MA, PhD)
Spouse(s)
Tammy Roberts
 
​
(m. 1989)​
Children2
Scientific career
FieldsPsychology
Institutions
ThesisPotential psychological markers for the predisposition to alcoholism (1991)
Doctoral advisorRobert O. Pihl
Influences
Websitejordanbpeterson.com
Signature
Jordan Peterson Signature.svg
Peterson Lecture (33522701146) (cropped).png
This article is part of
a series about
Jordan Peterson
Social criticism (Bill C-16 · Postmodernism and identity politics)
Maps of Meaning:
The Architecture of Belief (1999)
12 Rules for Life:
An Antidote to Chaos (2018)
Beyond Order:
12 More Rules for Life (2021)
Psi2.svg Psychology portal

Jordan Bernt Peterson (born 12 June 1962) is a Canadian professor of psychology, clinical psychologist, YouTube personality, and author. He began to receive widespread attention in the late 2010s for his views on cultural and political issues, often described as conservative.[5][6][7]

Born and raised in Alberta, Peterson obtained bachelor's degrees in political science and psychology from the University of Alberta and a PhD in clinical psychology from McGill University. After teaching and research at Harvard University, he returned to Canada in 1998 to join the faculty of psychology at the University of Toronto. In 1999, he published his first book, Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief, which became the basis for many of his subsequent lectures. The book combined information from psychology, mythology, religion, literature, philosophy, and neuroscience to analyze systems of belief and meaning.

In 2016, Peterson released a series of YouTube videos criticizing the Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code (Bill C-16), passed by the Parliament of Canada to introduce "gender identity and expression" as a prohibited grounds of discrimination.[a] He argued that the bill would make the use of certain gender pronouns into compelled speech, and related this argument to a general critique of political correctness and identity politics. He subsequently received significant media coverage, attracting both support and criticism.

Afterwards, Peterson's lectures and conversations—propagated especially through podcasts and YouTube—gradually gathered millions of views. He put his clinical practice and teaching duties on hold by 2018, when he published his second book, 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos. Promoted with a world tour, it became a bestseller in several countries. Throughout 2019 and 2020, Peterson's work was obstructed by health problems in the aftermath of a severe benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. In 2021, he published his third book, Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life, and returned to active podcasting.

Early life

Peterson was born on 12 June 1962, in Edmonton, Alberta,[8] and grew up in Fairview, a small town in the northwest of the province.[9] He was the eldest of three children born to Walter and Beverley Peterson. Beverley was a librarian at the Fairview campus of Grande Prairie Regional College, and Walter was a school teacher.[10][11] His middle name is Bernt (/ˈbɛərənt/, BAIR-ənt),[12] after his Norwegian great-grandfather.[13]

In junior high school, Peterson became friends with Rachel Notley and her family. Notley became leader of the Alberta New Democratic Party and 17th premier of Alberta.[14] Peterson joined the New Democratic Party (NDP) from ages 13 to 18.[15][16]

Education

After graduating from Fairview High School in 1979, Peterson entered the Grande Prairie Regional College to study political science and English literature,[17] studying to be a corporate lawyer.[3] During this time he read The Road to Wigan Pier by George Orwell which significantly affected his educational focus and worldview.[17][3] He later transferred to the University of Alberta, where he completed his B.A. in political science in 1982.[15] Afterwards, he took a year off to visit Europe, where he began studying the psychological origins of the Cold War; 20th-century European totalitarianism;[17][18] and the works of Carl Jung, Friedrich Nietzsche, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn,[10] and Fyodor Dostoevsky.[18] He then returned to the University of Alberta and received a B.A. in psychology in 1984.[19] In 1985, he moved to Montreal to attend McGill University. He earned his Ph.D. in clinical psychology under the supervision of Robert O. Pihl in 1991, and remained as a post-doctoral fellow at McGill's Douglas Hospital until June 1993, working with Pihl and Maurice Dongier.[17][20] While at McGill University and the Douglas Hospital, he conducted research into familial alcoholism and its associated psychopathologies, such as childhood and adolescent aggression and hyperactive behavior.[21][22][23]

Career

From July 1993 to June 1998,[1] Peterson lived in Arlington, Massachusetts, while teaching and conducting research at Harvard University, where he was hired as an assistant professor in the psychology department, later becoming an associate professor. During his time at Harvard, he studied aggression arising from drug and alcohol abuse[21] and showed great readiness to take on research projects, even unconventional ones.[15] Still while there, he switched his primary area of research from familial alcoholism to personality. After the change of focus, he has published extensively.[24][25][26][27][28][29] Author Gregg Hurwitz, a former student of Peterson's at Harvard, has cited Peterson as an inspiration of his, and psychologist Shelley Carson, former PhD student and now-professor at Harvard, recalled that Peterson's lectures had “something akin to a cult following," stating, “I remember students crying on the last day of class because they wouldn’t get to hear him anymore.”[30] Following his associate position at Harvard, Peterson returned to Canada in July 1998 and eventually became a full professor at the University of Toronto.[1][19][31]

Peterson's areas of study and research within the fields of psychology are psychopharmacology,[32][33] abnormal,[34] neuro,[35] clinical, personality,[36][37] social,[37] industrial and organizational,[1] religious, ideological,[17] political, and creativity.[38] Peterson has authored or co-authored more than a hundred academic papers[39] and was cited almost 8,000 times as of mid-2017; at end of 2020 almost 15,000 times.[40][41]

Beginning in 2003,[42] Peterson appeared in various TV productions, speaking on a range of subjects from a psychological perspective. On TVOntario, he appeared on Big Ideas in 2003 and 2006,[43][44] and in a 13-part lecture series based on Maps of Meaning, aired in 2004.[19][44] In the 2007 BBC Horizon documentary, Mad but Glad, Peterson commented on the connection between pianist Nick van Bloss' Tourette syndrome diagnosis and his musical talent.[45][46] From 2011, TVOntario's The Agenda featured Peterson as an essayist and panelist on psychologically-relevant cultural issues.[47]

For most of his career, Peterson maintained a clinical practice, seeing about 20 people a week. He has been active on social media, and in September 2016 he released a series of videos in which he criticized Bill C-16.[14][48][49] As a result of new projects, he decided to put the clinical practice on hold in 2017[50] and temporarily stopped teaching as of 2018.[11][51] In February 2018, Peterson entered into a promise with the College of Psychologists of Ontario after a professional misconduct complaint about his communication and the boundaries he sets with his patients. The college did not consider a full disciplinary hearing necessary and accepted Peterson entering into a three-month undertaking to work on prioritizing his practice and improving his patient communications. Peterson had no prior disciplinary punishments or restrictions on his clinical practice.[52][53]

Regarding the topic of religion and God, Bret Weinstein moderated a debate between Peterson and Sam Harris at the Orpheum Theatre in Vancouver in June 2018. In July, the two debated the subject again, this time moderated by Douglas Murray, at the 3Arena in Dublin and The O2 Arena in London.[54][55] In April 2019, Peterson debated Slavoj Žižek at the Sony Centre in Toronto over happiness under capitalism versus Marxism.[56][57]

Works

Books

Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief (1999)

Main article: Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief

In 1999, Routledge published Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief, in which Peterson describes a comprehensive theory about how people construct meaning, form beliefs, and make narratives. The book, which took Peterson 13 years to complete, draws concepts from various fields including mythology, religion, literature, philosophy, and psychology, in accordance to the modern scientific understanding of how the brain functions.[15][58][59][60][61][62]

Peterson at the University of Toronto in March 2017

According to Peterson, his main goal was to examine why individuals and groups alike participate in social conflict, exploring the reasoning and motivation individuals take to support their belief systems (i.e. ideological identification)[15] that eventually result in killing and pathological atrocities such as the Gulag, the Auschwitz concentration camp, and the Rwandan genocide.[15][61][62] Influenced by Jung's archetypal view of the collective unconscious in the book,[30] Peterson says that an "analysis of the world's religious ideas might allow us to describe our essential morality and eventually develop a universal system of morality."[62]

In 2004, a 13-part TV miniseries based on Peterson's book aired on TVOntario.[10][19][44]

12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos (2018)

Main article: 12 Rules for Life

In January 2018, Penguin Random House published Peterson's second book, 12 Rules for Life: An Antidote to Chaos, in which abstract ethical principles about life are provided in a more accessible style than his previous Maps of Meaning.[30][50][63] The book topped best-selling lists in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the US, and the United Kingdom.[64][65][66]

To promote the book, Peterson embarked on a world tour.[67]

Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life (2021)

Main article: Beyond Order

Peterson's third book, Beyond Order: 12 More Rules for Life, was released on 2 March 2021.[68] On 23 November 2020, his publisher Penguin Random House Canada (PRH Canada) held an internal town hall where many employees criticized the decision to publish the book.[69]

YouTube channel and podcasts

Jordan B Peterson
YouTube information
Years active8
Genrepsychology & religion lectures, interviews on science, personal growth, culture
Subscribers3.84M
Total views245,644,707
Associated actsJoe Rogan, Bret Weinstein, Dave Rubin, Rebel Wisdom, Akira the Don, Russell Brand, Jocko Willink, Holding Space Films
Updated: 8 July 2021

In 2013, Peterson registered a YouTube channel named JordanPetersonVideos,[70] and immediately began uploading recordings of lectures and interviews. The earliest dated recordings are from Harvard lectures in 1996. By the end of 2013, content on the channel included the lectures from Harvard, some interviews, and additional special lectures on two defining topics: "Tragedy vs Evil" and "Psychology as a career".

From 2014, uploads include recordings from two of his classes at University of Toronto ("Personality and Its Transformations" and "Maps of Meaning: The Architecture of Belief"),[71] special lectures ("Potential" for TEDx, "Death of the Oceans"), interviews, experiments in Q&A format, and video essays.

In March 2016, after three years of basic uploading of course videos, Peterson announced an interest to clean existing content and improve future content,[72] including a new experiment in crowdfunding through Patreon.[72]

The channel gathered more than 1.8 million subscribers and his videos received more than 65 million views as of August 2018.[49][73] By January 2021, subscribers on JordanPetersonVideos numbered at 3.4 million and total views reached over 200 million.[70]

From early 2017, funding for projects dramatically increased through his use of Patreon. Peterson hired a production team to film his 2017 psychology lectures at the University of Toronto. Donations received, range from $1,000 per month in August 2016 to $14,000 by January 2017; more than $50,000 by July 2017; and over $80,000 by May 2018.[14][49][74][75] With this funding, a number of projects and lecture series were proposed: more interviews, regular live Q&A sessions, public lecture series on the Bible (Genesis through Revelation), conversations with Muslims in Canada and US, and an online university. From May through December 2017, a lecture series on biblical stories was recorded and released on YouTube. A series of live Q&A events, appearing approximately monthly, were released beginning April 2017, through January 2018, then shifting to an irregular schedule through 2019. Regular donations for the YouTube channel were interrupted in January 2019, when Peterson deleted his Patreon account in public protest to the platform's controversial banning of another content creator.[76][77] Following this, Peterson and Dave Rubin announced the creation of a new, free speech-oriented social networking and crowdfunding platform.[78] This alternative had a limited release under the name Thinkspot later in 2019, and remained in beta testing as of December 2019.[79]

Peterson has appeared on many podcasts, conversational series, as well other online shows.[73][80] In December 2016, Peterson started The Jordan B. Peterson Podcast.[81] In March 2019, the podcast joined the Westwood One network with Peterson's daughter as a co-host on some episodes.[82] Peterson defended engineer James Damore after he was fired from Google for writing Google's Ideological Echo Chamber.[63]

Biblical lectures

Jordan Peterson speaking in front of St. Stephen's Basilica, Budapest, Hungary, in May 2019.

In May 2017, Peterson began The Psychological Significance of the Biblical Stories,[83] a series of live theatre lectures, also published as podcasts, in which he analyzes archetypal narratives in Book of Genesis as patterns of behavior ostensibly vital for personal, social and cultural stability.[63] In October 2020, Peterson announced plans for a lecture series on the Book of Exodus and the Book of Proverbs.[84]

In March 2019, Peterson had his invitation of a visiting fellowship at Cambridge University rescinded. He had previously said the fellowship would give him "the opportunity to talk to religious experts of all types for a couple of months", and that the new lectures would have been on Book of Exodus.[85] A spokesperson for the university said there was "no place" for anyone who could not uphold the "inclusive environment" of the university.[86] After a week, Vice-Chancellor Stephen Toope explained that it was due to a photograph with a man wearing an Islamophobic shirt.[87] The Cambridge University Students' Union released a statement of relief, considering the invitation "a political act to…legitimise figures such as Peterson" and that his work and views are not "representative of the student body".[88] Peterson called the decision a "deeply unfortunate...error of judgement" and expressed regret that the Divinity Faculty had submitted to an "ill-informed, ignorant and ideologically-addled mob".[89][90]

Self-Authoring Suite

In 2005, Peterson, with colleagues Daniel M. Higgins and Robert O. Pihl, established a website and company to deliver an evolving writing therapy system called The Self-Authoring Suite.[91] It consists of a series of online writing programs: the Past Authoring Program (a guided autobiography); two Present Authoring Programs, which aids analysis of personality faults and virtues; and the Future Authoring Program, which aids in developing a vision and planning desired futures.

To understand the statistical benefits of the suite academic trials have been conducted, and several studies published. Peterson states that more than 10,000 students have used the program, with drop-out rates decreasing by 25% and GPAs rising by 20%.[10]

The Future Authoring program has been used with McGill University undergraduates on academic probation to improve grades, and since 2011 by the Rotterdam School of Management, Erasmus University.[92][93]

A 2015 study published by Palgrave Communications[b] showed a significant reduction in ethnic and gender-group differences in performance, especially among ethnic minority male students.[93][94] In 2020, the Higher Education Quality Council of Ontario (HEQCO) published a study[95] within its Access and Retention Consortium.[96] As HEQCO (with ARC) is an agency of Ontario government, this study represents published research for broader public awareness and application. To support this, several institutions were represented in the research: Mohawk College, University of Ottawa, University of Toronto, Queens University.[97] The program was tested at Mohawk College, and found similar results as with other studies.[c]

Political views

Part of a series on
Conservatism
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Variants
Concepts
Thinkers
Politicians
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Religious conservatism
National variants
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Peterson has characterized himself politically as a "classic British liberal",[18][98][99] and as a "traditionalist".[100] He has stated that he is commonly mistaken to be right-wing.[73] The New York Times described Peterson as "conservative-leaning",[6] while The Washington Post described him as an "aspiring conservative thought leader".[101] Yoram Hazony wrote in The Wall Street Journal that "[t]he startling success of his elevated arguments for the importance of order has made him the most significant conservative thinker to appear in the English-speaking world in a generation."[5] Wall Street Journal editorial page writer Barton Swaim wrote, "I wouldn't describe [Peterson] as a conservative—his interest lies in individual rather than societal order, and he says little about public policy. But it's true that he not infrequently winds up holding conservative viewpoints on cultural matters."[102] The American Conservative wrote that, while Peterson has "abjured any connection to modern liberalism or conservatism ... the biggest tell that Peterson is a conservative is simply that his general disposition toward life and society is conservative."[103] In the Los Angeles Times, libertarian journalist Cathy Young commented that "Peterson's ideas are a mixed bag. [...] But you wouldn't know this from reading Peterson's critics, who generally cast him as a far-right boogeyman riding the wave of a misogynistic backlash."[104] Nathan J. Robinson of the left-wing magazine Current Affairs opines that Peterson has been seen "as everything from a fascist apologist to an Enlightenment liberal, because his vacuous words are a kind of Rorschach test onto which countless interpretations can be projected."[105]

Academia and political correctness

Peterson suggests that universities are largely responsible for a wave of political correctness that has appeared in North America and Europe,[49] saying that he had watched the rise of political correctness on campuses since the early 1990s. Peterson believes the humanities have become corrupt and less reliant on science, in particular sociology. He contends that "proper culture" has been undermined by "post-modernism and neo-Marxism."[18]

Peterson's critiques of political correctness range over issues such as postmodernism, postmodern feminism, white privilege, cultural appropriation, and environmentalism.[80] His social media presence has magnified the impact of these views; Simona Chiose of The Globe and Mail wrote that "few University of Toronto professors in the humanities and social sciences have enjoyed the global name recognition Prof. Peterson has won."[49] Writing in the National Post, Chris Selley said that Peterson's opponents had "underestimated the fury being inspired by modern preoccupations like white privilege and cultural appropriation, and by the marginalization, shouting down or outright cancellation of other viewpoints in polite society's institutions",[106] while Tim Lott stated, in The Spectator, that Peterson became "an outspoken critic of mainstream academia".[18]

According to his study—conducted with one of his students, Christine Brophy—of the relationship between political belief and personality, political correctness exists in two types: "PC-egalitarianism" and "PC-authoritarianism", which is a manifestation of "offense sensitivity".[107] Jason McBride claims that Peterson places classical liberals in the former, and so-called social justice warriors, who he says "weaponize compassion", in the latter.[10][17] The study also found an overlap between PC-authoritarians and right-wing authoritarians.[107]

Psychologist Daniel Burston has critiqued Peterson's views on academia. On Marxism, postmodernism, feminism, Burston faults Peterson's thought as oversimplified.[108] On the general state of academia, Burston generally agrees[109] with Peterson's criticisms of identity politics in academia,[112] as well as Peterson's charge that academia is "riddled with Left-wing bias and political correctness".[109] On summarizing the decline of the university, Burston disagrees with Peterson's critique against the Left, arguing that Peterson overlooks the degree to which the current decline of the humanities and social sciences are due to university administration focus.[109]

Postmodernism and identity politics

Peterson says that "disciplines like women's studies should be defunded", advising freshman students to avoid subjects like sociology, anthropology, English literature, ethnic studies, and racial studies, as well as other fields of study that he believes are corrupted by "post-modern neo-Marxists".[113][114][115] He believes these fields to propagate cult-like behaviour and safe-spaces, under the pretense of academic inquiry.[114][113] Peterson had proposed a website using artificial intelligence to identify ideologization in specific courses, but postponed the project in November 2017 as "it might add excessively to current polarization".[116][117]

He has repeatedly stated his opposition to identity politics, stating that it is practiced on both sides of the political divide: "[t]he left plays them on behalf of the oppressed, let's say, and the right tends to play them on behalf of nationalism and ethnic pride". He considers both "equally dangerous", saying that what should be emphasized, instead, is individual focus and personal responsibility.[118] He has also been prominent in the debate about cultural appropriation, stating that the concept promotes self-censorship in society and journalism.[119]

Peterson's perspectives on the influence of postmodernism on North American humanities departments have been compared to the Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory, including his use of "Cultural Marxism" and "postmodernism" as interchangeable terms and his take of postmodern philosophy as an offshoot or expression of neo-Marxism.[64][120][121][122][123]

Several writers have associated Peterson with the so-called "intellectual dark web", including journalist Bari Weiss, who included Peterson in the 2018 New York Times article that first popularized the term.[124][125][126][127][128]

An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code

Main article: An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code

On 27 September 2016, Peterson released the first installment of a three-part lecture video series, entitled "Professor against political correctness: Part I: Fear and the Law".[14][129][48] In the video, he stated that he would not use the preferred gender pronouns of students and faculty, saying it fell under compelled speech, and announced his objection to the Canadian government's Bill C-16, which proposed to add "gender identity or expression" as a prohibited ground of discrimination under the Canadian Human Rights Act, and to similarly expand the definitions of promoting genocide and publicly inciting hatred in the hate speech laws in Canada.[a][130][129][131]

Peterson speaking at a Free Speech Rally in October 2016

Peterson stated that his objection to the bill was based on potential free-speech implications if the Criminal Code were amended, claiming he could then be prosecuted under provincial human-rights laws if he refuses to call a transgender student or faculty member by the individual's preferred pronoun.[131][132] Furthermore, he argued that the new amendments, paired with section 46.3 of the Ontario Human Rights Code, would make it possible for employers and organizations to be subject to punishment under the code if any employee or associate says anything that can be construed "directly or indirectly" as offensive, "whether intentionally or unintentionally".[133][better source needed] According to law professor Brenda Cossman and others, this interpretation of C-16 is mistaken, and the law does not criminalize misuse of pronouns,[132][134][135][136] though commercial litigator Jared Brown has described a scenario (albeit one he thinks unlikely) in which a person could end up in prison for contempt of court for persistently refusing to comply with a court order to refer to another person by their preferred gender pronouns.[137]

The series of videos drew criticism from transgender activists, faculty, and labour unions; critics accused Peterson of "helping to foster a climate for hate to thrive" and of "fundamentally mischaracterising" the law.[138][14] Protests erupted on campus, some including violence, and the controversy attracted international media attention.[134][139][140] When asked in September 2016 if he would comply with the request of a student to use a preferred pronoun, Peterson said "it would depend on how they asked me.… If I could detect that there was a chip on their shoulder, or that they were [asking me] with political motives, then I would probably say no.… If I could have a conversation like the one we're having now, I could probably meet them on an equal level."[140] Two months later, the National Post published an op-ed by Peterson in which he elaborated on his opposition to the bill, saying that gender-neutral singular pronouns were "at the vanguard of a post-modern, radical leftist ideology that I detest, and which is, in my professional opinion, frighteningly similar to the Marxist doctrines that killed at least 100 million people in the 20th century."[141]

In response to the controversy, academic administrators at the University of Toronto sent Peterson two letters of warning, one noting that free speech had to be made in accordance with human rights legislation, and the other adding that his refusal to use the preferred personal pronouns of students and faculty upon request could constitute discrimination. Peterson speculated that these warning letters were leading up to formal disciplinary action against him, but in December the university assured him he would retain his professorship, and in January 2017 he returned to teach his psychology class at the University of Toronto.[14][142]

In February 2017, Maxime Bernier, candidate for leader of the Conservative Party of Canada, stated that he had shifted his position on Bill C-16, from support to opposition, after meeting with Peterson and discussing it.[143] Peterson's analysis of the bill was also frequently cited by senators who were opposed to its passage.[144] In April 2017, Peterson was denied a Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (SSHRC) grant for the first time in his career, which he interpreted as retaliation for his statements regarding Bill C-16.[40] However, a media-relations adviser for SSHRC said, "Committees assess only the information contained in the application."[145] In response, Rebel News launched an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign on Peterson's behalf,[146] raising C$195,000 by its end on 6 May, equivalent to over two years of research funding.[147] In May 2017, as one of 24 witnesses who were invited to speak about the bill, Peterson spoke against Bill C-16 at a Canadian Senate Committee on Legal and Constitutional Affairs hearing.[144]

In November 2017, Lindsay Shepherd, the teaching assistant of a Wilfrid Laurier University first-year communications course, was censured by her professors for showing, during a classroom discussion about pronouns, a segment of The Agenda in which Peterson debates Bill C-16 with another professor.[148][149][150] The reasons given for the censure included the clip creating a "toxic climate", being compared to a "speech by Hitler",[16] and being itself in violation of Bill C-16.[151] The censure was later withdrawn and both the professors and the university formally apologized.[152][153][154] The events were cited by Peterson, as well as several newspaper editorial boards[155][156][157] and national newspaper columnists,[158][159][160][161] as illustrative of the suppression of free speech on university campuses. In June 2018, Peterson filed a $1.5-million lawsuit against Wilfrid Laurier University, arguing that three staff members of the university had maliciously defamed him by making negative comments about him behind closed doors.[162] As of September 2018, Wilfrid Laurier had asked the court to dismiss the lawsuit, saying it was ironic for a purported advocate of free speech to attempt to curtail free speech.[163]

Gender relations and masculinity

Peterson has argued that there is an ongoing "crisis of masculinity" and "backlash against masculinity" in which the "masculine spirit is under assault."[9][164][165][166] He has argued that the left characterises the existing societal hierarchy as an "oppressive patriarchy" but "don't want to admit that the current hierarchy might be predicated on competence."[9] He has said men without partners are likely to become violent, and has noted that male violence is reduced in societies in which monogamy is a social norm.[9][164] He has attributed the rise of Donald Trump and far-right European politicians to what he says is a negative reaction to a push to "feminize" men, saying "If men are pushed too hard to feminize they will become more and more interested in harsh, fascist political ideology."[167] He attracted considerable attention over a 2018 Channel 4 interview in which he clashed with interviewer Cathy Newman on the topic of the gender pay gap.[168][169] He disputed the contention that the disparity was solely due to sexual discrimination.[169][170][171]

Peterson's holds the view that the concept of cosmic "order" is masculine, while "chaos" is characterised as feminine. He believes that these traits exist inherently and beyond any temporal constraints, not as results of societal or cultural structures.[citation needed] To Peterson, "culture" is "symbolically, archetypally, mythically male," while "chaos — the unknown — is symbolically associated with the feminine." He has expressed that while it may be considered "unfortunate" that this is the case, any attempt to change or subvert these traits would result in a loss of humanity, saying, "You know you can say, 'Well isn't it unfortunate that chaos is represented by the feminine' — well, it might be unfortunate, but it doesn't matter because that is how it's represented. [...] And there are reasons for it. You can't change it. It's not possible. This is underneath everything. If you change those basic categories, people wouldn't be human anymore. [...] We wouldn't be able to talk to these new creatures."[172][173]

Religious views

Peterson has favourable views on the teachings of the Orthodox Church.[174][175] However, Eastern Orthodox artist Jonathan Pageau who has worked with Peterson in several dialogues about art, beauty and faith (including the "Logos" forum in Toronto) claims that Peterson is not a Christian ("He has flirted with that, but pulled back").[176]

In a 2017 interview, Peterson was asked if he was a Christian; he responded, "I suppose the most straight-forward answer to that is yes."[177] When asked if he believes in God, Peterson responded: "I think the proper response to that is No, but I'm afraid He might exist."[50] Writing for The Spectator, Tim Lott said Peterson draws inspiration from Jung's philosophy of religion and holds views similar to the Christian existentialism of Søren Kierkegaard and Paul Tillich. Lott also said that Peterson has respect for Taoism, as it views nature as a struggle between order and chaos and posits life would be meaningless without this duality.[18]

Writing in Psychoanalysis, Politics and the Postmodern University, Daniel Burston argues that Peterson's views on religion reflect a preoccupation with what Tillich calls the vertical or transcendent dimension of religious experience but demonstrate little or no familiarity with (or sympathy for) what Tillich termed the horizontal dimension of faith, which demands social justice in the tradition of the Biblical Prophets.[178]

In his video posted in October 2020, Peterson mentioned, "...with God's grace and mercy I'll be able to start generating original material once again and pick up where I left off."[179]

Influence

In 2018, Kelefa Sanneh wrote in the New Yorker that Peterson "is now one of the most influential — and polarizing — public intellectuals in the English-speaking world."[167][180][181]

Personal life

Peterson married Tammy Roberts in 1989;[14] the couple have a daughter, Mikhaila, and a son, Julian.[10][14]

Following Peterson's rise to fame, his daughter Mikhaila has built an online following herself and offers dietary advice of only eating meat.[182][183]

Starting around 2000, Peterson began collecting Soviet-era paintings.[16] The paintings are displayed in his house as a reminder of the relationship between totalitarian propaganda and art, and as examples of how idealistic visions can become totalitarian oppression and horror.[30][51] In 2016, Peterson became an honorary member of the extended family of Charles Joseph, a Kwakwakaʼwakw artist, and was given the name Alestalagie ("Great Seeker").[16][184]

Health problems

In 2016, Peterson had a severe autoimmune reaction to food and was prescribed clonazepam.[185] In late 2016, he went on a strict diet consisting only of meat and some vegetables, in an attempt to control his severe depression and the effects of an autoimmune disorder including psoriasis and uveitis.[11][100] In mid-2018, he stopped eating vegetables, and continued eating only beef (carnivore diet).[186]

In April 2019, his prescribed dosage of clonazepam was increased to deal with the anxiety he was experiencing as a result of his wife's cancer diagnosis.[187][188][189] Starting several months later, he made various attempts to lessen his intake, or stop taking the drug altogether, but experienced "horrific" benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome, including akathisia,[190] described by his daughter as "incredible, endless, irresistible restlessness, bordering on panic".[191][187] According to his daughter, Peterson and his family were unable to find doctors in North America who were willing to accommodate their treatment desires, so in January 2020, Peterson, his daughter and her husband flew to Moscow, Russia for treatment.[192] Doctors there diagnosed Peterson with pneumonia in both lungs upon arrival, and he was put into a medically induced coma for eight days. Peterson spent four weeks in the intensive care unit, during which time he allegedly exhibited a temporary loss of motor skills.[187][193]

Several months after his treatment in Russia, Peterson and his family moved to Belgrade, Serbia for further treatment.[185] In June 2020, Peterson made his first public appearance in over a year, when he appeared on his daughter's podcast, recorded in Belgrade.[185] He said that he was "back to my regular self", other than feeling fatigue, and was cautiously optimistic about his prospects.[185] He also said that he wanted to warn people about the dangers of long-term use of benzodiazepines (the class of drugs that includes clonazepam).[185] In August 2020, his daughter announced that her father had contracted COVID-19 during his hospital stay in Serbia.[194] Two months later, Peterson posted a YouTube video to inform that he had returned home and aimed to resume work in the near future.[84]

Bibliography

Books

Select publications

Films

Notes

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b The phrase "a prohibited ground of discrimination" means it is illegal to discriminate against an individual or groups of people on the grounds of (based on) race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, etc.
  2. ^ In 2020, the journal Palgrave Communications changed its name to Humanities and Social Sciences Communications.
  3. ^ Examining some statistics from Using Future Authoring to Improve Student Outcomes, the study found the Future Authoring component of Self Authoring "had a decreasing effect on the overall leaving rate (14.8% for control group) of participants by 3.3 to 4.3 percentage points", "the estimated effects tend to be larger in magnitude for students who typically have higher leaving rates (e.g. males vs. females, certificate vs. advanced diploma...) For example, males in the treatment group had leaving rates 5.9 to 8.0 percentage points lower than those in the control group (17.1% leaving rate), while the difference in leaving rates between the experimental groups for females is small and statistically insignificant".

References

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  3. ^ Jump up to:a b c Jordan Peterson (1999). "Preface: Descensus ad Infernos". Maps of Meaning. Routledge. pp. xiii, xiv. ISBN 978-0415922227.
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External links


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"복음에 기초한 세계관은 '혐오'가 아닌 '환대', '대결'이 아닌 '대화'를 만들어 내죠" < 탐독의 시간 < 탐구생활 < 기사본문 - 뉴스앤조이

"복음에 기초한 세계관은 '혐오'가 아닌 '환대', '대결'이 아닌 '대화'를 만들어 내죠" < 탐독의 시간 < 탐구생활 < 기사본문 - 뉴스앤조이

"복음에 기초한 세계관은 '혐오'가 아닌 '환대', '대결'이 아닌 '대화'를 만들어 내죠"
[탐독의 시간] ＜세계관적 성경 읽기＞(성서유니온) 저자 전성민 교수

기자명 김은석
승인 2021.08.03 
----------------

[뉴스앤조이-김은석 사역기획국장] 세상을 기독교적 렌즈로 바라보는 인식 체계를 뜻하는 '기독교 세계관'은 1980~1990년대에 관련 서적들과 함께 국내에 널리 소개됐다. 세상 모든 영역에서 그리스도의 주 되심을 드러내야 한다고 믿는 신앙인들의 뜨거운 반향을 불러일으켰고, 그 반향이 이어져 (사)기독교세계관학술동역회와 같은 기관이 설립되기도 했다.
==

그러나 2000년대 이후 기독교 세계관에 대한 관심과 논의는 사그라져 갔다. 최근에는 근본주의 신앙을 선동하는 이들이 자기주장을 포장하는 수사로 자주 쓰이고 있다. 교회는 세상 속에 그리스도의 주 되심을 드러내는 데 실패하고 있다. 겸손·사랑·감사가 아닌 혐오와 차별, 독선과 대결이라는 수식어와 함께 사회적 신뢰를 잃고 스스로 격리되고 있다. 한국교회를 기다리는 것은 어두운 미래뿐이라는 자조와 한탄이 곳곳에 넘쳐 난다.

"가만히 있어도 미래는 온다. 우리는 우리에게 필요한 미래를 분별하고, 그런 미래를 창조할 수 있다"(20쪽)라고 시작하는 전성민 교수의 ＜세계관적 성경 읽기＞(성서유니온) 서문은, 자조와 한탄에서 벗어나 희망을 만들어 내자는 각성처럼 들린다. 이 책은 한국교회 특히 '기독교 세계관'을 적극 수용해 온 복음주의 교회가 나아갈 방향으로 다섯 가지를 제시한다. 
△지성 너머 욕망의 제자도 
△중심이 아닌 경계의 삶 
△혐오를 이기는 환대의 복음 
△대결이 아닌 대화의 세계관 
△교회 너머 인류를 위한 사명
이 그것이다. 

그리고 이 모두를 아우르는 기독교 세계관의 종착지이자 이 세상을 향한 하나님의 비전으로 '평화의 세계관'을 제시한다.

그동안 한국교회에서 기독교 세계관 논의를 주도해 온 조직신학자들과 달리 전성민 교수의 전문 분야는 구약학이다. 영국 옥스퍼드대학교에서 '구약 내러티브의 윤리적 읽기'에 관한 연구로 박사 학위(D.Phil.)를 받았다. 2005년부터 웨스트민스터신학대학원대학교에서 구약을 가르치다 2013년 가을 밴쿠버기독교세계관대학원(Vancouver Institute for Evangelical Worldview, 이하 VIEW)으로 자리를 옮겼다. 2018년 말 창립자 양승훈 교수를 이어 VIEW의 원장이 됐다.

여름방학을 맞아 방한한 전성민 교수(밴쿠버기독교세계관대학원VIEW)를 7월 13일 만나 인터뷰했다. 뉴스앤조이 김은석

그는 2019년부터 유튜브 채널 '민춘살롱'을 운영할 만큼 대중 친화적인 신학자다. ＜세계관적 성경 읽기＞역시 독자에게 친절히 다가간다. 기독교 세계관을 잘 모르거나 성경 해석에 서툰 사람도 '세계관적 성경 읽기'가 무엇인지 쉽게 이해할 수 있도록 돕는다. 특히 2부에서는 실제로 저자가 제시한 방향이 성경과 어떻게 공명하는지 본문 주해를 통해 확인해 준다. 쉬운 말로 명확한 주장을 펼치면서도, 콘텍스트를 품고 텍스트로 나아가 성경 본문을 찬찬히 곱씹게 한다.

여름방학을 맞아 잠시 방한한 전성민 교수를 7월 13일 서울 중구 카페바인에서 만나 인터뷰했다. 1시간 반가량 나눈 대화를 문답식으로 정리했다.

- 원래 전공 분야가 '구약 윤리'이고, 2013년 VIEW로 일터를 옮기시기 전까지 한국에서 구약학을 가르치셨어요. ＜세계관적 설교＞·＜세계관적 성경 읽기＞(성서유니온) 등 최근 저술 활동만 보면 연구 활동의 무게 중심이 구약에서 '기독교 세계관'으로 옮겨진 것 같아 보이는데 실제로 그러신지요?

"연구하고 가르치는 일에 세계관이라는 주제가 들어온 건 분명하죠. 저희 학교 필수과목 중에 '세계관 기초(Worldview Foundations)'라는 과목이 있거든요. 2018년에 원장이 되고 나서 그 과목을 제가 담당하게 됐으니까요. 사실 세계관이란 게 철학적 개념이잖아요. 지금까지 기독교 세계관 논의를 이끌어 온 분들을 보면 주로 기독교철학 혹은 조직신학을 하시는 분이 많았죠. 특히 한국 맥락에서는요. 그래도 성경을 토대로 세계관 논의를 풀어 보려 한 시도가 송인규 교수님의 ＜새로 쓴 기독교, 세계, 관＞ (IVP)인데, 성경 말씀이 너무 많이 나온다는 비판 아닌 비판을 받으셨다고 해요.

제 경우, 구약학을 전공했기에 기독교 세계관을 이야기할 때 철학적 개념보다는 '성경이 어떤 세계관을 형성하고자 하는가'라는 질문을 던지고, 성경 읽기와 성경 이야기에 토대한 기독교 세계관을 이야기할 수 있다는 점에서 한국의 기독교 세계관 논의에 기여할 수 있지 않을까 바람을 갖고 있어요. 구약학에 머무르지 않고 성경 읽기와 세계관 이야기를 통합‧접목할 수 있는 기회가 생긴 게 흥미로운 자극도 되고요. 사실 저의 전공인 구약 윤리와 관련된 학문적 업적을 내고 싶은 아쉬움과 미련이 없지는 않죠. 하지만 사람이 모든 걸 다 할 수는 없으니까요. 게다가 세계관 연구뿐 아니라 제가 행정·재정 등 다양한 학교 일을 동시에 해야 하는 상황이기도 하고요."

- 교수님은 언제 처음 기독교 세계관을 접하셨어요?

"저는 1989년에 대학에 입학했습니다. 5·18민주화운동이 있은 지 십 년이 안 된 때였고, 소위 복음주의 기독교 내에서는 사회참여 문제가 이슈였죠. '과연 신앙인이 사회에서 벌어지는 일에 관심을 가져도 되는가'라는 질문에 대한 답을 많은 사람이 '기독교 세계관'이라는 개념을 통해, 혹은 그런 논의 안에서 찾았던 것 같아요. '기독교는 세계관이다. 세계에 관한 거니까 당연히 우리가 살아가는 모든 세상에 대해 관심을 갖는 게 신앙인의 도리다'라고 풀지 않았나 싶어요. 교회 대학·청년부 때 ＜죄 많은 이 세상으로 충분한가?＞·＜그리스도인의 비전＞·＜창조, 타락, 구속＞(IVP) 같은 책들을 읽었죠. 당시 개인의 사사로운 신앙생활을 넘어 사회 속 그리스도인의 책임을 고민하는 사람들에게 세계관이 돌파구를 주는 개념이었던 것 같습니다."

- 2000년대 이후로 기독교 세계관 관련 논의·운동이 사그라진 것 같고, 책에서도 "혐오와 차별, 독선과 대결의 근본주의신학이 기독교 세계관이라는 이름으로 퍼지고 있다"고 지적하셨어요. 기독교 세계관이라는 게 한물간 구시대의 운동·방법론이 아닌가 하는 생각도 들어요. 여전히 그리스도인이 세상을 살아가는 데 유효한 개념일까요?

"세계관이라는 건 원래 어떤 방법론이나 운동 같은 게 아니라 기본적으로 누구나 다 갖고 있는, 말 그대로 '세상을 보고 이해하는 관점'이지요. 좀 거칠게 말하면 누구나 가지고 있는 '개똥철학'과도 같은 거겠지요. 세계관이 치밀한 체계를 갖춰야 한다는 강박을 내려놓고 조금 느슨하고 넓게 정의하면, 누구나 갖고 있는 인생관인 거죠. 그렇다면 이건 피할 수 있는 게 아니에요. 있느냐 없느냐의 문제가 아니라 어떤 세계관을 갖고 있느냐, 그 세계관이 얼마나 적절하고, 얼마나 좋으냐의 문제죠. 신학을 얘기할 때 '모두가 신학자다'라고 말하는 것과 같아요."

- '기독교 세계관이란 이런 것'이라는 틀을 만들어 놓고 거기에 맞추는 게, 과거 기독교 세계관이라는 깃발을 들고 활동하신 분들의 접근 방식 아니었나 싶어요.

"명확히 짚어 봐야겠지만, 교조적이고 단순화한 면이 있었죠. 자체모순적이기도 했고요. 예를 들어 이원론 극복이 기독교 세계관 운동의 목표 중 하나였잖아요. 학문 영역도 그리스도의 주 되심 아래 두자고 하면서 '학문과 신앙의 통합' 같은 시도를 했어요. 가령 '사회학을 한다면 기독교사회학을 해야 한다' 이런 거잖아요? 그런데 잘 들여다보면 결국 '기독교사회학'과 '기독교사회학이 아닌 것'으로 나뉘게 되잖아요. 다시 이원론으로 돌아가는 거죠. 제가 보기엔 그냥 사회학을 잘하면 되는 거예요. 굳이 신앙적인 얘기를 대놓고 하지 않더라도, 하나님께서 주신 일반 은총 가운데 자기 학문을 잘하면 그게 넓은 의미에서 학문과 신앙의 통합이 되는 거죠.

전 교수는 기독교 세계관이 과거 사사로운 신앙을 넘어 사회참여 문제를 고민하는 그리스도인들에게 돌파구를 마련해 준 개념이라고 평가했다. 뉴스앤조이 김은석

제가 기독교 세계관의 3대 모토로 뽑은 문장들이 있어요. 첫 번째는 제임스 오어(James Orr, 1770~1816)가 말한 '기독교는 세계관이다'예요. 기독교 세계관을 이야기하면서 굳이 기독교가 세계관이라고 말하는 게 어떤 의미가 있나 싶을 수도 있지만, 기독교를 사적으로 죄 용서받는 종교로만 생각하지 않고, 인생과 세계에 관해 갖는 어떤 가치관으로 이해하자는 얘기인 거죠. 우리가 신앙적으로 고민하는 것들이 주일 예배당 너머 모든 것을 다 포함한다는 얘기예요. 지금은 당연하게 들릴 수도 있지만 1980년대 사회참여 문제가 신앙적으로 해결되지 않았던 분들에게는 굉장히 좋은 소식이었어요. 전통적 표현을 쓰자면 '죽어서 천국 가는 것'으로 끝나는 게 아니라 '이 세상에 임할 새 하늘과 새 땅과 하나님의 통치를 고대하고 그것을 모든 영역에 당겨 와야 한다'는 의미도 담아내는 말이죠.

두 번째는 아브라함 카이퍼(Abraham Kuyper, 1837~1920)의 유명한 말 '하나님께서 내 것이 아니라고 선언하는 영역은 눈꼽 만치도 없다'예요. 쉽게 말해, 주님께서는 모든 삶의 영역을 다 내 것이라고 선언했다는 거잖아요. 신앙에 대한 이해로 여전히 유효하다고 생각해요. 제가 쓴 ＜세계관적 설교＞의 주제이기도 해요. 창조·일상·공공 모든 영역이 다 그리스도와 관계하고, 그분의 보편적인 통치·질서가 임해야 한다는 거죠.

세 번째는 아서 홈즈(Arthur Holmes, 1890~1965)의 '모든 진리는 하나님의 진리다'예요. 굉장히 흔하게 접하면서도 우리가 그 함의를 충분히 적용하지 못하는 말인 것 같아요. 이 말을 '모든 아름다움은 하나님의 아름다움이고, 모든 선함은 하나님의 선함이다'라고 확대해 보고 싶어요. 가령 양자역학이라는 '진리'도 하나님의 진리인 거죠. 물론 그리스도교 신앙이 없는 분들에게는 제국주의적으로 들릴 수 있기는 하죠. '다 너네 거냐?'라는 말을 할 수도 있겠지만, 신앙을 가진 입장에서는 그런 관점을 가질 수밖에 없잖아요. 야고보서에서도 '온갖 좋은 은사와 온전한 선물이 다 위로부터 빛들의 아버지께로부터 내려오나니'(약 1:17)라는 말씀이 있잖아요? 저는 '아름다운 음악은 누가 지었든 하나님의 선물이다'라고 말할 수 있는 게 기독교 세계관적 이해이자 고백이라고 생각하거든요.

이렇게 기독교 세계관은 일반 은총의 토대 위에서 공공의 영역으로 나아가 그리스도인이 아닌 사람과도 대화하고 공유하는 가치를 찾을 수 있도록 열어 주는데, 기독교 세계관이라는 이름으로 다른 것을 평가·재단하며 대결해 왔던 과거는 기독교 세계관이 극복하고자 했던 이원론을 다시 가지고 들어온 셈이었던 거죠."

- 기독교 세계관 개념을 좀 더 업데이트해서 정립해야 하지 않을까요. 그래야 오해가 해소되면서 기독교 세계관이라는 말을 다시 쓸 수 있지 않을까 하는 생각도 들어요.

"맞아요. 그게 제가 유튜브 채널 '민춘살롱'을 시작한 이유예요. 제가 하는 일이 기독교 세계관과 관련된 일이니 구글 알리미에 '기독교 세계관'을 키워드로 등록해 놨어요. 인터넷상에 '기독교 세계관'이라는 단어가 들어간 웹 사이트나 동영상이 새로 등록되면 저한테 메일이 와요. 확인해 보면, 보수적인 개혁주의 조직신학, 우파 이데올로기를 토대로 한 기독교 이해, 배제와 혐오를 '기독교 세계관'이라는 이름으로 소개하고 부추기는 경우가 종종 보여요.

물론 그런 분들은 기독교 세계관에 대한 제 설명이 마음에 안 드실 수도 있겠죠. 그런데 논의를 정교하게 할 필요가 있긴 하지만, 개혁주의 신학자인 아브라함 카이퍼가 했던 중요한 작업 중에 성령론, 일반 은총이 있거든요. 그리고 리처드 마우(Richard Mouw, 1940~)가 쓴 책들도 일반 은총에 관한 게 꽤 많이 있어요. ＜문화와 일반 은총＞(새물결플러스)이라고 국내에 번역된 책도 있는데 부제가 '하나님은 모든 아름다운 것 가운데 빛나신다'예요. 일반 은총에 대한 이해가 더 필요하다고 봐요. 그리스도인이 아닌 사람들과 우리가 어떻게 같이 살아갈 수 있을지 논의할 공간을 기독교 세계관이 열어 줘야죠."

- 앞서 구글 알리미 말씀을 하셨는데, 구체적으로 어떤 콘텐츠들을 보신 건가요?

"유튜브에 들어가서 '기독교 세계관'이란 키워드로 검색하신 뒤 '민춘살롱' 영상을 빼놓고 보시면 제가 무슨 말을 하는지 바로 느낌이 오실 거예요. 그런 모습들은 세계관이라는 개념 자체가 지닌 내재적 위험성이 한국 맥락 안에서 폭발적으로 드러난 거라는 생각이 들어요. 사실 세계관이라는 게 세계를 바라보는 관점, '내가 세계를 이해하겠다'는 거잖아요? 이건 '세계를 통달하겠다'는 굉장한 프로젝트인 거고, 어찌 보면 전체주의적이고 억압적인 이데올로기가 될 수 있는 위험성을 지닌 거죠. 과거 구소련이나 히틀러도 세계관이라는 개념을 굉장히 많이 썼다고 하더라고요. 거기에 기독교라는 종교적 권위까지 얹으면 그렇게 작동할 위험이 굉장히 커지는 건 사실 같아요.

그렇다면 이제 질문 두 개가 떠오르죠. '세계관이라는 게 그런 위험과 억압성을 필수적으로 드러낼 수밖에 없는 개념인가?' 만약 그렇다면 세계관이란 개념을 써서는 안 되죠. 거기에 기독교를 붙여 봐야 기독교를 오해하게 만드는 거니까요. 그게 아니라면 '세계관을 오용하고 오해했을 뿐이니 그걸 바로잡아 의미 있게 사용할 수 있겠느냐?'가 남아요. 저는 후자를 택했어요. 이론적 근거도 있지만 현실적인 고민 때문이에요. 만약 제가 세계관이라는 개념이 지닌 위험성 때문에 더 이상 쓰지 않겠다고 선언한다고 해서 한국교회가 그 개념을 안 쓸까요? 혐오와 차별, 독선과 대결의 근본주의신학이 기독교 세계관이라는 이름으로 퍼지는 콘텍스트가 사라질까요?

아니죠. 신앙이 개인적 의미 너머 세상 속에서 하나님의 뜻과 통치를 어떻게 드러낼지 진지하게 고민하기 시작한 분들은 여전히 '기독교 세계관'이라는 이름을 만나게 되잖아요. 기독교 세계관 개념을 포기하면, 그분들이 잘못된 혹은 적절치 못한 기독교 세계관을 접하지 못하게 막을 수도 없어요. 그러니 세계관이라는 개념을 붙들고 어떤 기독교 세계관이 더 성경 전체의 정신과 가까운지 공정하고 정직하고 치밀하게 시비를 가리며 논쟁해 봐야겠다는 생각을 한 거죠."

전 교수가 운영하는 유튜브 채널 '민춘살롱'은 기독교 세계관에 관한 여러 콘텐츠를 다룬다. 민춘살롱 유튜브 채널 갈무리

- 그런 시비 가리기의 방법으로 교수님이 들고나오신 게 '성경 읽기'일 수 있겠네요. 책에 보면 세계관적 성경 읽기를 "우리의 세계관을 변화시키고 우리가 살아가는 세계를 변화시키는 성경 읽기"라고 정의하셨어요.

"네. 성경 읽기가 우리를 변화시킨다는 것은 ＜세계관적 설교＞ 첫 장에서도 한 얘기예요. 영화 '매트릭스'의 비유를 들자면, 성경 읽기는 빨간 약과 파란 약 중에서 빨간 약을 먹는 것이어야 한다, 기존에 가지고 있던 통념을 강화하는 게 아니라 진짜 세상을 직시할 수 있도록 변화시키는 읽기여야 한다는 식의 얘기를 했지요. '변화'라는 말은 좀 의도적으로 썼어요. 그 대상을 '세계관'이라고 한 이유도 있어요. 보통은 기존 세계관이나 큰 틀은 유지하면서 그 안에서 잘못된 부분을 돌아보고 회개하는 성경 읽기를 하잖아요. 그게 아니라 틀 자체를 고민하는 성경 읽기를 하면 좋겠다는 바람을 이 표현에 담고 싶었어요. 개인적 삶의 행위들뿐만 아니라 세계에 대한 고민이 성경 읽기를 통해서 더 생기면 좋겠다는 바람이 있었던 것 같아요."

- 드라마 이야기가 책 곳곳에 나와서 재미있었어요. '송곳'의 대사 "서는 곳이 바뀌면 풍경도 달라지는 거야", '미스터 선샤인'에 나오는 대사 "가시오. 그대가 가는 방향으로 내가 걷겠소"를 인용한 부분이 인상적이었어요.

"세계관은 관점이잖아요. 관점은 어디서 바라보느냐에 따라 달라져요. 그러니까 다양성을 꼭 염두에 둬야 하죠. '송곳'의 대사는 그걸 가장 대표적으로 보여 주고요. 내가 어떤 관점을 얘기할 때는 내가 서 있는 자리를 전제하죠. 그렇기 때문에, 설령 기독교 세계관이라 하더라도 그것을 말하고 있는 나의 삶의 자리가 어딘지 돌아보고 인식할 수 있어야 해요. 우리가 세계 바깥에서 바라보는 게 아니라 세계 안에서 바라보고 있다는 사실을 인식해야 겸손해질 수 있고, 다른 관점을 가진 이와도 대화할 수 있어요. 전체주의적‧억압적인 이데올로기가 되는 것을 피할 수 있는 거죠.

'미스터 선샤인'의 대사는 나중에 찾은 거예요. 우리는 모두 100% 객관적인 관점을 가질 수 없고, 관점이 나의 자리를 전제하고 있다면 나는 어디를 바라볼 것인가? '방향에 대한 고민'을 해야 한다는 것을 그 대사로 표현한 거죠. 제가 맨날 반복하는 말이 '기독교 세계관을 논할 때 우리에게 어떤 자리와 어떤 방향이 요구되는지를 돌아봐야 한다'라는 말이에요."

- 그리스도인에게는 요구되는 자리와 방향이 있다는 거죠?

"그렇죠. 자리만 두고 보면 '경계에 있는 삶'이라고 얘기할 수 있어요. 경계는 자리죠. 하지만 경계에 서면 중심을 바라볼 수도 있고, 바깥을 바라볼 수도 있잖아요. 그런 면에서 세계관은 방향이 있지요. 설령 기독교 세계관이라 하더라도 중립이 아니라 방향이 요구된다고 생각해요."

- 그래서였는지 기독교 세계관이 나아갈 방향으로 다섯 가지를 제시하셨어요. △지성 너머 욕망의 제자도 △중심이 아닌 경계의 삶 △혐오를 이기는 환대의 복음 △대결이 아닌 대화의 세계관 △교회 너머 인류를 위한 사명이었죠. 다른 키워드들은 선명하게 다가오는데, 개인적으로 '욕망의 제자도'라는 표현은 좀 갸우뚱했어요.

'"~의'라는 조사가 갖고 있는 다양한 층위 때문에 애매할 수 있겠네요. 욕망이라는 말 자체가 우리말에서는 좀 부정적인 뉘앙스를 주기도 하고요. 제가 하고 싶었던 얘기는 단순해요. 우리의 욕망도 하나님께서 다스리시는 대상이 돼야 한다는 거죠. 예전에 나온 제임스 사이어(James W. Sire, 1933~2018)는 ＜지성의 제자도＞(IVP)에서 우리가 예수의 제자로 살아간다는 것은 단순히 좁은 의미에서 종교적 회심뿐 아니라 지성의 영역까지도 그리스도의 주재권 안에 놓이는 것이라고 얘기했어요. 그와 같이 우리의 욕심‧욕망 역시 신앙 안에서 통제돼야 된다는 이야기를 "욕망의 제자도"라고 표현한 거죠. 우리가 어떤 결정·판단을 내리고 행동을 할 때는 옳고 그름뿐만 아니라 '욕망'이 작동하죠. 가령 누군가 책을 쓴다고 하면, 다른 사람들에게 도움이 됐으면 하는 바람도 있지만, 동시에 유명해지고 싶은 욕망도 있거든요. 그걸 솔직히 들여다봐야 해요. 그리스도인이 삶에서 분명히 씨름해야 할 영역이죠.

그런데 우리 신앙이 고민해야 할 부분을 욕망의 영역에까지 넓혀 놓으면 어떤 일이 벌어질까요? '나는 무엇을 추구하며 살아가고 있는가. 중심을 향한 욕망이 나의 삶을 추동하는 것 아닌가?' 하는 질문을 맞닥뜨리게 되죠. 거기서 저는 '중심을 향한 욕망을 내려놓고 경계를 넘는 용기를 내자'고 제안해요. 두 번째 방향인 거죠. 용기 내어 경계를 넘어서면 나와 다른 사람을 만나게 돼요. 다른 사람을 만났을 때 우리의 태도에 영향을 미치는 게 바로 복음에 대한 이해죠.

＜세계관적 성경 읽기 - 콘텍스트를 품고 다시 텍스트로＞ / 전성민 지음 / 성서유니온 펴냄 / 200쪽 / 1만 1000원

제 동료인 최종원 교수님이 ＜초대교회사 다시 읽기＞(홍성사)에서 표현한 것처럼 '민족과 인종의 경계를 초월한 공동체'는 기독교 신앙의 가장 중요한 정체성 중 하나거든요. 베드로가 이방인 고넬료를 포용했듯이 '예루살렘과 온 유대와 사마리아와 땅끝까지 이르러'(행 1:8) 복음이 전파될 때마다 성령의 역사가 일어나고, 복음은 경계를 넘어서 사람을 환대하는 힘이 되거든요. 그러니 우리가 나아갈 방향은 '혐오의 율법'이 아니라 '환대의 복음'인 거죠. 그 복음에 기초한 세계관은 '대결'이 아니라 '대화'를 만들어 내는 것이고요. 모든 진리는 하나님의 진리라는 일반 은총을 생각할 때, 우리에게는 대화가 필요해요. 기독교가 '구원의 진리'는 독점한다고 말할 수도 있겠지만, 살아가는 데 필요한 수많은 영역의 진리들은 그리스도인이 아니더라도 가질 수 있고, 우리는 그것을 배워 가야 하니까요. 대화를 통해 좁은 의미에서 '교회의 번영'이 아니라 넓은 의미에서 '하나님이 창조하신 인류와 세계의 번영'을 이뤄 가야죠."

- 책을 읽으면서 '겸손'이라는 단어가 계속 눈에 들어오더라고요. 오늘날 기독교인이 가장 결여하고 있는 성품이라는 생각도 들고요.

"저도 그렇게 생각해요. '겸손'과 함께 두루 쓴 키워드로 '사랑', '감사'가 있어요. 이 세 키워드를 스티브 윌킨스와(Steve Wilkens) 마크 L. 샌포드(Mark L. Sanford)가 쓴 ＜은밀한 세계관＞(IVP)에서 만나게 됐어요. 저는 '기독교 세계관을 왜 공부하는가?'를 저한테도 물어보고 같이 공부하는 분들에게도 물어봐요. 지금까지는 그야말로 '대결'이었어요. 뭐가 틀렸는지 분별하고 기독교 세계관으로 잘못된 걸 고치고 전쟁을 하는 게 세계관 공부의 목적이었던 거예요. 그런 전제 아래에 있다면, 완벽한 체계를 갖추고, 모든 걸 다 설명해 내며, 모순 없이 우리 삶에 잘 적용되는 게 좋은 세계관이라고 말할 수 있을 거예요.

그런데 ＜은밀한 세계관＞ 저자들은 그런 완벽한 체계를 갖춘 세계관은 실제로 우리가 살아가면서 도달할 수 없는 것이라고 말해요. 그러면 좋은 세계관은 무엇이냐? 그 세계관을 가진 사람을 더욱 겸손하게 만들고, 더욱 사랑하고 감사하는 사람으로 만드는 세계관이라고 해요. 그걸 보고 '아! 이거 되게 의미 있다'는 생각이 들어서 저도 자꾸 제안하고 있어요."

- 다른 종교인들에 비해 특히 기독교인들은 우월함에 집착하는 것 같아요. "봤지? 기독교가 최고야. 기독교는 너희들보다 완벽해" 라는 식의 태도가 몸에 밴 것 같아요.

"저도 그런 얘기를 했던 시대의 산물이고, 지금도 누가 저한테 '기독교가 최고의 세계관이고 가장 논리적이고 가장 정합성이 있는 거 아니야?'라고 물으면 '그렇지'라고 대답해요. 제가 참 좋아하고 한국에도 소개되면 좋겠다고 생각하는 책 중 하나가 제 석사과정(Th.M.) 지도교수셨던 이안 프로반 교수님(리젠트칼리지 석좌)의 ＜Seriously Dangerous Religion: What the Old Testament Really Says and Why It Matters＞란 책이에요. 구약성경의 세계관을 풀어놓은 책이라고도 할 수 있죠. 이안 프로반 교수님도 이 책에서 악의 문제, 이웃의 문제, 소망의 문제, 세상과 인간에 대한 이해 등에 있어 다른 세계관들과 비교했을 때 구약에 토대한 기독교 세계관이 훨씬 더 인간의 존엄을 지키고, 이 세상의 번영을 가져오기에도 가장 적합하다고 결론 내거든요.

저도 그렇게 생각해요. 그런데 설령 그렇다 하더라도 그것을 드러내는 방식은 사랑·겸손·감사여야 한다는 거죠. '너희 속에 있는 소망에 관한 이유를 묻는 자에게는 대답할 것을 항상 준비하되 온유와 두려움으로 하고'(벧전 3:15)라는 말씀처럼, 완벽함이나 당당함을 내세우기보다는 겸손과 온유로 얘기해야 하는 거죠. 성경이 말하는 대로 우리의 세계관이 형성된다면 겸손한 사람이 돼야 맞는 거잖아요."

전 교수는 기독교 세계관을 드러내는 방식은 사랑·겸손·감사여야 한다고 말했다. 뉴스앤조이 김은석

- VIEW에 공부하러 오시는 분들이 주로 복음주의 배경의 목회자·평신도일 텐데, 이런 말씀을 그분들에게 나눴을 때 반응이 어땠는지도 궁금하네요.

"다양하죠. 그동안 했던 고민을 해결할 단초를 찾았다는 분들도 계시고, 알던 것과 좀 달라서 소화하는 데 시간이 좀 걸릴 것 같다는 분들도 계셔요."

- "그건 아니다. 어떻게 그럴 수 있느냐"고 따지는 분은 없었나요?

"예전에 간혹 있었는데 요새는 거의 없는 것 같아요. 예전에는 기독교 세계관뿐 아니라 양승훈 교수님의 '오랜 지구론'조차 힘들어하는 분도 계셨죠. 저희 학교가 기독교 세계관이라는 이름을 내걸기 때문에 실제로 기독교 세계관에 관심을 가진 분들이 오세요. 그런데 그분들이 관심 갖고 접했던 기독교 세계관은, 기독교 세계관이라는 이름으로 포장된 근본주의신학인 경우도 있지요. 새로운 배움을 대하는 사고의 유연성이나 그런 고민을 했던 실존적인 경험 여부에 따라서 반응이 달라지는 것 같아요."

- 책 결론부에서 "기독교 세계관은 결국 평화의 세계관이어야 한다"고 하셨어요. 앞서 언급한 다섯 주제도 '평화의 세계관'이라는 말로 아우를 수 있다고 하셨고요. 책에 보니 성경에 평화를 가리키는 히브리어 '샬롬'은 209절에 237번, 헬라어 '에이레네'는 91절에 99번 등장한다는데, 평화라는 단어가 이렇게 성경에 많이 쓰인지 모르는 사람들도 많을 것 같아요. 한국교회의 미래를 여는 키워드로 평화의 세계관을 제시한 셈이신데, 어떻게 이런 결론에 이르셨나요?

"두 가지 생각이 들어요. 하나는 방금 말씀하셨던 것처럼 성경에 '평화'가 정말 많이 나와요. 그동안 우리가 기독교 세계관을 얘기할 때 주로 '창조, 타락, 구속'의 틀로 얘기했잖아요. 저는 송인규 교수님이 쓰신 ＜새로 쓴 기독교, 세계, 관＞의 가장 중요한 기여 중 하나가 이 틀 대신 골로새서 1장 16-20절을 토대로 '창조, 보존, 화목'이라는 틀을 제시한 거라고 생각해요. 인간의 타락보다, 타락에도 불구하고 이 세상을 붙드시는 하나님의 보존이 훨씬 더 중요하거든요.

송인규 교수님은 책에서 '왜 타락은 얘기 안하는가?라는 예상되는 비판에 대해 '보존은 타락을 전제한 개념'이라고 설명하시죠. 그렇지만 보존은 어떤 면에서 타락을 덮는 더 큰 개념이죠. 우리가 오늘을 살아갈 수 있는 이유를 창조와 더불어서 붙잡아 주는 거니까요. 그리고 구속이 아니라 '화목'이라고 하신 건 골로새서에 '화목하게' 하셨다는 표현이 있기 때문이거든요. 그러니까 기독교 세계관을 창조, 타락, 구속이 아니라 '창조하심, 붙드심, 화목하게 하심'으로 이해한다면 세 번째 화목하게 하심, 즉 '평화'가 기독교 세계관의 방향이 되는 거죠.

평화는 창조의 궁극적 지향인 거예요. 타락하지 않았더라도 이 창조된 세상이 하나님께서 원하시는 목적으로 이루어져 갈 때 우리가 경험하게 될 형태라는 거죠. 그것을 '샬롬'이라고 부르는 것이고요. 그런 면에서 평화는 성경의 큰 목표, 방향을 담아내는 가장 중요한 개념인 것 같아요. 이렇게 성경 자체에서 우리가 지금껏 너무 많이 놓친 평화의 중요성·궁극성을 회복하고 싶었던 거고요.

또 하나는 약간 전략적인 건데요. 제가 '여러분이 이야기하시는 기독교 세계관은 기독교 세계관이 아니거나 오용한 것입니다'라고 지적했을 때, '그럼 뭐가 기독교 세계관이냐'라는 질문을 듣게 되잖아요? 그럴 때 한마디로 표현할 수 있는, 지금 벌어지고 있는 현상과 반대되고 그걸 뒤집을 수 있는 말이 바로 '기독교 세계관은 평화의 세계관이다'라고 생각했어요. 약간 프레임 선점 같은 거죠. 지금은 '기독교 세계관' 하면 '창조, 타락, 구속' 이렇게 나오지만, 앞으로 '기독교 세계관은 평화'라는 말이 각인될 수 있다면, 지금 우리가 경험하는 배제와 혐오, 독선과 대결의 근본주의신학이 기독교 세계관의 이름으로 퍼지는 현상을 극복할 수 있는 전략적인 구호로 쓰일 수 있지 않을까 생각한 거예요."

Q. VIEW에서 '세계관과 평화학 M.div. 과정'을 개설한 것도 그런 큰 그림에서였나요?

"그렇다고도 할 수 있고, VIEW가 지난 20여 년간 한 경험을 좀 더 구체화한 것이기도 해요. VIEW는 ACTS Seminary라는 학교에 자리잡고 있는데 하나의 교단 신학교가 아니고 네 개의 교단 신학교가 컨소시엄을 이루고 있거든요. 침례교가 두 곳이고 캐나다복음주의독립교단(Evangelical Free Church of Canada)이라는 교단이 있고 다른 하나는 메노나이트 교단이에요. 소위 좁은 의미의 장로교 개혁주의 교단들은 없어요.

이 네 신학교가 공통 커리큘럼을 운영하는데 거기에 필수 과목 중 하나로 교회신학(Believer's Church Theology)'이 있어요. VIEW에서도 그 과목을 필수로 들어야 돼요. 여기서 아나뱁티스트·메노나이트 전통과 함께 평화주의를 배우게 돼요. 또 저희 과목 중에 '기독교 세계관과 현대사회 문제들'이라는 수업이 있어요. 예전에 로널드 사이더 교수님이 오셔서 수업해 주신 걸 저희가 녹화에서 재사용하는데, 그분도 아나뱁티스트여서 수업 중에 평화주의 관련 얘기를 하시죠. 그러니까 저희 학생분들은 공부하면서 평화주의 얘기를 반복해서 듣게 되면서 고민하고 씨름할 수밖에 없어요. 저희도 통역하면서 '아, 이게 한국교회가 놓치고 있거나, 관심을 충분히 쏟지 못하는 주제였구나' 깨닫게 됐고요.

학생분들 얘기를 들어 보면, 한국에서 이단이라고 들었던 아나뱁티스트 전통을 필수로 가르친다는 말에 처음엔 너무 놀랐다가 수업을 들으면서 '아 내가 정말 많은 부분을 놓치고 있었구나' 하고 지평이 넓어지는 경험을 했다는 분이 많아요. 그래서 M.Div. 과정을 만들 때 너도나도 하는 똑같은 것 말고 우리가 공헌할 수 있는 영역을 찾자 생각했는데, '세계관과 평화학 과정'을 하면 그게 가능하겠다는 생각을 한 거죠. 원래 기독교 세계관은 개혁주의 전통에서 나왔어요. 평화학은 아나뱁티스트 전통에서 비롯됐고요. 역사적으로 개혁주의와 아나뱁티스트는 원수지간이었잖아요. 두 전통을 창조적으로 잘 통합해 낼 수 있다면 굉장히 흥미로운 신학적 실험이 성공을 거두게 되는 거죠."

VIEW 공식 홈페이지에 소개된 '세계관과 평화학 목회학 석사 과정'. VIEW 홈페이지 갈무리

전성민 교수는 자신이 세계관과 관련된 세 번째 책을 쓰게 된다면, '평화의 세계관'을 더 구체적으로 진술하게 될 것이라고 예고했다. 전 교수의 말대로, 기독교 세계관은 평화의 세계관이 되어 한국교회에 새로운 미래를 가져올 수 있을까? 사실 책만 읽고서는 의구심이 가시지 않았다. 기독교 세계관이 근본주의신학의 포장재로 쓰일 만큼 질척한 현실이 가져다주는 피로감이 너무 컸다. 이 책을 펴낸 출판사가, 매일 성경을 읽지만 혐오와 차별, 독선과 대결의 신앙을 벗어나지 못하는 독자들로부터 압력을 받아 한 경제학자의 연재를 중단시킨 곳이라는 현실도 아이러니했다. 그러나 인터뷰를 진행하고 정리하면서 의구심은 기대감으로 변했다. VIEW가 지속해 나갈 신학적 실험은 어떤 열매를 맺게 될까. 그리고 전성민 교수가 한 걸음 더 내디딘 후 써 내려갈 '평화의 세계관'은 어떤 모습일까.
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