2018/08/16

US-Led Economic War, Not Socialism, Is Tearing Venezuela Apart



US-Led Economic War, Not Socialism, Is Tearing Venezuela Apart




US-Led Economic War, Not Socialism, Is Tearing Venezuela Apart


Americans have been trained by decades of Cold War propaganda to look for any confirmation that ‘socialism means poverty.’ But in the case of Venezuela and other states not governed by the free market, this cliche simply doesn’t ring true.
by Caleb T. Maupin




July 12th, 2016


By Caleb T. Maupin









A pro-government supporter wears a T-Shirt with image of Venezuela’s late President Hugo Chavez, as he waits for results during congressional elections in Caracas, Venezuela, Sunday, Dec. 6, 2015.
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WASHINGTON — (ANALYSIS) The political and economic crisis facing Venezuela is being endlessly pointed to as proof of the superiority of the free market.

Images and portrayals of Venezuelans rioting in the streets over high food costs, empty grocery stores, medicine shortages, and overflowing garbage bins are the headlines, and the reporting points to socialism as the cause.

The Chicago Tribune published a Commentary piece titled: “A socialist revolution can ruin almost any country.” A headline on Reason’s Hit and Run blog proclaims: “Venezuelan socialism still a complete disaster.” The Week’s U.S. edition says: “Authoritarian socialism caused Venezuela’s collapse.”




Indeed, corporate-owned, mainstream media advises Americans to look at the inflation and food lines in Venezuela, and then repeat to themselves clichés they heard in elementary school about how “Communism just doesn’t work.”

In reality, millions of Venezuelans have seen their living conditions vastly improved through the Bolivarian process. The problems plaguing the Venezuelan economy are not due to some inherent fault in socialism, but to artificially low oil prices and sabotage by forces hostile to the revolution.

Starting in 2014, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia flooded the market with cheap oil. This is not a mere business decision, but a calculated move coordinated with U.S. and Israeli foreign policy goals. Despite not just losing money, but even falling deep into debt, the Saudi monarchy continues to expand its oil production apparatus. The result has been driving the price of oil down from $110 per barrel, to $28 in the early months of this year. The goal is to weaken these opponents of Wall Street, London, and Tel Aviv, whose economies are centered around oil and natural gas exports.
And Venezuela is one of those countries. Saudi efforts to drive down oil prices have drastically reduced Venezuela’s state budget and led to enormous consequences for the Venezuelan economy.

At the same time, private food processing and importing corporations have launched a coordinated campaign of sabotage. This, coupled with the weakening of a vitally important state sector of the economy, has resulted in inflation and food shortages. The artificially low oil prices have left the Venezuelan state cash-starved, prompting a crisis in the funding of the social programs that were key to strengthening the United Socialist Party.

Corruption is a big problem in Venezuela and many third-world countries. This was true prior to the Bolivarian process, as well as after Hugo Chavez launched his massive economic reforms. In situations of extreme poverty, people learn to take care of each other. People who work in government are almost expected to use their position to take care of their friends and family. Corruption is a big problem under any system, but it is much easier to tolerate in conditions of greater abundance. The problem has been magnified in Venezuela due to the drop in state revenue caused by the low oil prices and sabotage from food importers.


The Bolivarian experience in Venezuela

Americans have been trained by decades of Cold War propaganda to look for any confirmation that “socialism means poverty.” A quick, simplistic portrait of the problems currently facing Venezuela, coupled with the fact that President Nicolas Maduro describes himself as a Marxist, can certainly give them such a confirmation. However, the actual, undisputed history of socialist construction around the world, including recent decades in Venezuela, tells a completely different story.

Hugo Chavez was elected president of Venezuela in 1999. His election was viewed as a referendum on the extreme free market policies enacted in Venezuela during the 1990s. In December, when I walked through the neighborhoods of central Caracas, Venezuelans spoke of these times with horror.


Demonstrators gather in Bolivar Square to show their support of Venezuela’s President Nicolas Maduro, in Caracas, Venezuela. The demonstrators gathered as the Organization of American States is meeting to discuss a report from Secretary General Luis Almagro denouncing violations of the Venezuela’s constitution.

Venezuelans told of how the privatizations mandated by the International Monetary Fund made life in Venezuela almost unlivable during the 1990s. Garbage wouldn’t be collected. Electricity would go off for weeks. Haido Ortega, a member of a local governing body in Venezuela, said: “Under previous governments we had to burn tires and go on strike just to get electricity, have the streets fixed, or get any investment.”

Chavez took office on a platform advocating a path between capitalism and socialism. He restructured the government-owned oil company so that the profits would go into the Venezuelan state, not the pockets of Wall Street corporations. With the proceeds of Venezuela’s oil exports, Chavez funded a huge apparatus of social programs.


After defeating an attempted coup against him in 2002, Chavez announced the goal of bringing Venezuela toward “21st Century Socialism.” Chavez quoted Marx and Lenin in his many TV addresses to the country, and mobilized the country around the goal of creating a prosperous, non-capitalist society.

In 1998, Venezuela had only 12 public universities, today it has 32. Cuban doctors were brought to Venezuela to provide free health care in community clinics. The government provides cooking and heating gas to low-income neighborhoods, and it’s launched a literacy campaign for uneducated adults.

During the George W. Bush administration, oil prices were the highest they had ever been. The destruction of Iraq, sanctions on Iran and Russia, strikes and turmoil in Nigeria — these events created a shortage on the international markets, driving prices up.

Big oil revenues enabled Chavez and the United Socialist Party to bring millions of Venezuelans out of poverty. Between 1995 and 2009, poverty and unemployment in Venezuela were both cut in half.

After the death of Chavez, Nicolas Maduro has continued the Bolivarian program. “Housing Missions” have been built across the country, providing low-income families in Venezuela with places to live. The Venezuelan government reports that over 1 million modern apartment buildings had been constructed by the end of 2015.

The problems currently facing Venezuela started in 2014. The already growing abundance of oil due to hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, was compounded by Saudi Arabia flooding the markets with cheap oil. The result: massive price drops. Despite facing a domestic fiscal crisis, Saudi Arabia continues to expand its oil production apparatus.
The price of oil remains low, as negotiations among OPEC states are taking place in the hopes that prices can be driven back up. While American media insists the low oil prices are just the natural cycle of the market at work, it’s rather convenient for U.S. foreign policy. Russia, Venezuela, Ecuador, and the Islamic Republic of Iran all have economies centered around state-owned oil companies and oil exports, and each of these countries has suffered the sting of low oil prices.

The leftist president of Brazil, Dilma Rousseff, has already been deposed due to scandal surrounding Petrobras, the state-owned oil company which is experiencing economic problems due to the falling price of oil. Although much of Brazil’s oil is for domestic consumption, it has been revealed that those who deposed her coordinated with the CIA and other forces in Washington and Wall Street, utilizing the economic fallout of low oil prices to bring down the Brazilian president.

The son of President Ronald Reagan has argued that Obama is intentionally driving down oil prices not just to weaken the Venezuelan economy, but also to tamper the influence of Russia and Iran. Writing for Townhall in 2014, Michael Reagan bragged that his father did the same thing to hurt the Soviet Union during the 1980s:

“Since selling oil was the source of the Kremlin’s wealth, my father got the Saudis to flood the market with cheap oil.

Lower oil prices devalued the ruble, causing the USSR to go bankrupt, which led to perestroika and Mikhail Gorbachev and the collapse of the Soviet Empire.”

The history of socialist construction

Prior to the 1917 revolution, Russia was a primitive, agrarian country. By 1936, after the completion of the Five-Year Plan, it was a world industrial power, surpassing every other country on the globe in terms of steel and tractor production. The barren Soviet countryside was lit up with electricity. The children of illiterate peasants across the Soviet Union grew up to be the scientists and engineers who first conquered outer space. The planned economy of the Soviet Union drastically improved the living standards of millions of people, bringing them running water, modern housing, guaranteed employment, and free education.

There is no contradiction between central planning and economic growth. In 1949, China had no steel industry. Today, more than half of all the world’s steel is produced in China’s government-controlled steel industry.

Cuba has wiped out illiteracy, and Cubans enjoy one of the highest life expectancies in Latin America.


People hold up images showing Fidel Castro, second from right, Venezuela’s late President Hugo Chavez, center, and Cuba’s revolutionary hero Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara, bottom left and right, during a May Day march in Revolution Square in Havana, Cuba, Wednesday, May 1, 2013. The image of Chavez carries the words in Spanish “Chavez : Our best friend.” (AP Photo/Ramon Espinosa)
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When the Marxist-Leninist governments of Eastern Europe collapsed in the early 1990s, economists like Jeffrey Sachs of Columbia University, who can be counted among capitalism’s “true believers,” predicted rapid economic growth. Since the 1990s, conditions in what George W. Bush called the “New Europe” have become far worse than under socialism. The life expectancy has decreased and infant mortality has risen. Human and drug traffickers have set up shop. In endless polls, the people of Eastern Europe repeatedly say life was better before the defeat of Communism.

Russia’s recovery from the disaster of the 1990s has come about with the reorientation of the economy to one centered around public control of its oil and natural gas resources — much like Venezuela. The Putin government has also waged a crackdown on the small number of “oligarchs” who became wealthy after the demise of the Soviet Union. Once strong state to control the economy was re-established, Russia’s gross domestic product increased by 70 percent during the first eight years of Putin’s administration. From 2000 to 2008, poverty was cut in half, and incomes doubled.


Neoliberal capitalism has failed


It is only because these facts are simply off-limits in the American media and its discussions of socialism and capitalism that the distorted narrative about Venezuela’s current hardships are believed.


American media has perpetuated a cold-war induced false narrative on the nature of socialism.

When discussing the merits of capitalism and socialism, American media usually restricts the conversation to pointing out that socialist countries in the third world have lower living standards than the United States, a country widely identified with capitalism. Without any context or fair comparison, this alone is supposed to prove the inherent superiority of U.S.-style capitalism.

If the kind of neoliberal “free trade” advocated by U.S. corporations was the solution to global poverty, Mexico, a country long ago penetrated with the North American Free Trade Agreement, would be a shining example of development, not a mess of drug cartels and poverty. The same can be said for oil-rich countries like Nigeria, where exports are massive but the population remains in dire conditions.

The governments of Bangladesh, Honduras, Guatemala, Indonesia, and the Philippines have done everything they can to deregulate the market and accommodate Western ”investment.” Despite the promises of neoliberal theoreticians, their populations have not seen their lives substantially improve.

If one compares the more market-oriented economy of the U.S., not to countries in the global south attempting to develop with a planned economy, but to other Western countries with more social-democratic governments, the inferiority of the “free market” can also be revealed.

The U.S. is rated 43 in the world in terms of life expectancy, according to the CIA World Factbook. People live longer in Germany, Britain, Spain, France, Sweden, Australia, Italy, Iceland — basically, almost every other Western country. Statistics on the rate of infant mortality say approximately the same thing. National health care services along with greater job security and economic protections render much healthier populations.

Even as the social-democratic welfare states of Europe drift closer to the U.S. economic model with “austerity cuts,” the U.S. still lags behind them in terms of basic societal health. Western European countries with powerful unions, strong socialist and labor parties, and less punitive criminal justice systems tend to have healthier societies.

The American perception that socialism or government intervention automatically create poverty, while a laissez faire approach unleashes limitless prosperity, is simply incorrect. Despite the current hardships, this reality is reflected in the last two decades of Venezuela’s history.


A punishment vote, not a vote for capitalism

The artificially low oil prices have left the Venezuelan state cash-starved, prompting a crisis in the funding of the social programs that were key to strengthening the United Socialist Party.

It is odd that the mainstream press blames “socialism” for the food problems in Venezuela, when the food distributors remain in the hands of private corporations. As Venezuelan political analyst Jesus Silva told me recently: “Most food in Venezuela is imported by private companies, they ask for dollars subsidized by the government oil sales to do that; they rarely produce anything or invest their own money.”

According to Silva, the economic sanctions imposed on Venezuela by the U.S., in addition to the oil crisis, have made it more difficult for the Venezuelan government to pay the private food importing companies in U.S. dollars. In response, the food companies are “running general sabotage.”

“Venezuela’s economy depends on oil sales. Now that oil prices are dropping down, the challenge is to get other sources of economic income,” he explained. “Meanwhile, the opposition is garnering electoral support due to the current economic crisis.”

When the United Socialist Party and its aligned Patriotic Pole lost control of Parliament in December, many predicted the imminent collapse of the Bolivarian government. However, months have passed and this clearly has not taken place.

While a clear majority cast a voto castigo (“punishment vote”) in December, punishing the government for mismanaging the crisis, the Maduro administration has a solid core of socialist activists who remain loyal to the Bolivarian project. Across Venezuela, communes have been established. Leftist activists live together and work in cooperatives. Many of them are armed and organized in “Bolivarian Militias” to defend the revolution.

Even some of the loudest critics of the Venezuelan government admit that it has greatly improved the situation in the country, despite the current hardships.

In December, I spoke to Glen Martinez, a radio host in Caracas who voted for the opposition. He dismissed the notion that free market capitalism would ever return to Venezuela. As he explained, most of the people who voted against the United Socialist Party — himself included — are frustrated with the way the current crisis is being handled, but do not want a return to the neoliberal economic model of the 1999s.

He said the economic reforms established during the Chavez administration would never be reversed. “We are not the same people we were before 1999,” Martinez insisted.

The United Socialist Party is currently engaging in a massive re-orientation, hoping to sharpen its response to economic sabotage and strengthen the socialist direction of the revolution. There is also talk of massive reform in the way the government operates, in order to prevent the extreme examples of corruption and mismanagement that are causing frustration among the population.

The climate is being intensified by a number of recent political assassinations. Tensions continue to exist on Venezuela’s border with the U.S.-aligned government of Colombia. The solid base of socialist activists is not going to let revolution be overturned, and tensions continue to rise. The Maduro and the United Socialist Party’s main task is to hold Venezuela together, and not let the country escalate into a state of civil war.

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    troopersama day ago


    Saying that Saudi oil dumping was aimed at destabilizing Venezuela is just plain stupid. Saudi pumping was intended to kill the oil frackers in the US, by driving down the price of oil to under the fracking production cost.

    That's it. There was no other reason.

    It didn't work simply because the Saudis didn't understand that even by bankrupting the frackers, all they did was drive them into dormancy. The frackers were bought for pennies in bankruptcy auctions, and the new owners simply waited for the Saudis to crack. It was obvious the Saudis couldn't keep their pump-and-dump trade war going forever, and eventually oil prices would have to rise again.

    Venezuela suffered horribly for it because the Chavez government made the entire economy petro-based. No diversity at all. Collapse was inevitable.

    So yeah, socialism failed because the guy at the top was stupid.


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    troopersama day ago


    Sounds like tankie bullsh*t to me, but okay.


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    Elton Hartzler3 months ago


    . . . Is Maupin really that stoopit? What about Chile? They don't have any oil at all, no natural resources except copper but it's the most prosperous, wealthiest country in all of Latin America. How that happen?
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    Tom Tom4 months ago


    The U.S. did not cause incredible inflation in Venezuela. The bus driver did that.

    How socialism works:

    1. Middle class gets wealthy due to Capitalism.
    2. Send their children to leftist universities
    3. Children graduate, take up positions in the gov't and
    eventually take over.
    4. Once they take over, because they want to "help people" and
    because they've been brainwashed by idiot Marxist BMW-driving
    college professors, bring in socialism though the vote and through
    their mechanisms of control of the gov't.
    5. Full socialism, print LOTS of money to "help the people."
    6. Prices go - duh - UP.
    7. Caps on prices are set by the gov't.
    8. Everything sells out
    9. Black market takes over from idiots in gov't. its how people survive.
    10. Gov't clamps down on the business owners and arrests them, blaming
    them for what the gov't did.
    11. Hyper-inflation followed by deflation follows.
    12. People riot and hang the socialists.
    13. The people take over and restore democratic capitalism.
    14. The middle class, once again, gets wealthy on capitalism, and sends their children to leftists Marxist colleges to get "educated."

    Repeat
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    Greg Vezina Tom Toma day ago


    The capitalist based US government has printed $Trillions of dollars and given them free to the failed banks since 2008 when they should have gone bankrupt and the public should have owned all of them just like we did GM and Chrysler. Iceland took over all their banks and put their bankers in jail.

    Socialism doesn't destroy societies it is the greed and selfishness associated with the hording of capital using tax avoidance measures that ensures that it doesn't get reinvested that does. If we had any measure of "fair enterprise" and a "fair tax" system in our global economy both capitalism and socialism would work together to improve the quality of life of all of us.

    The good news is we are learning the real costs to society of throwing people to the wolves is greater than providing them with the basic minimum needs for survival. Capitalism doesn't care about anything except profits at any cost.

    Providing housing for homeless is cheaper and better for society
    https://phys.org/news/2017-...


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    fuzzy5 months ago


    Russia depends on oil and Russia seems to be coping with the oil price fluctuations. Venezuela went full tilt "socialist" without a clear contingency plan to deal with a natural decline in oil prices or an "economic" war by oil price manipulation. If new technologies came out that reduced the reliance on oil Venezuela would be in the same position. Oil was the piggy bank they were looting to give out freebies to everyone. When that piggy back went in decline everything came to a complete halt.
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    suedi8 months ago


    Wouldn't it be nice if socialism worked...but it doesn't. The whole idea of socialism falls apart. The gov't controls all industry but obviously can't control outside forces that drive their only industry down. First, you should never put all your eggs in one basket. Second, you can't control the outside forces. And, third, you can't control those in power...they are always corrupted by their own power. Capitalism, pure capitalism, is the only way to go. People work for themselves, make their own destinies. There's enough to help those in need. That's the USA. Our poor are rich compared to the poor in other countries. Keep capitalism.
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    Dutch NotreDame9 months ago


    Were you people BORN morons, or was it something you all worked at ?
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    Slowhand Dutch NotreDamea day ago


    Pretty sad when the truth is put in front of these fools and they can't accept it because of lies they have been told their entire lives. Some people have no ability to actually think for themselves and can only manage what the government tells them. Well most of us were told those same lies but we have been able to look past the BS and see a clearer picture of the world, where the US has its hand in every single Country in this world. The only Countries they don't have their fingers in are the ones that they class as their "enemies". Enemies actually means " the Countries that don't have a Rothschild-Controlled Central Bank"!


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    Tom Tom Dutch NotreDame4 months ago


    they were brainwashed.
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    Terrell Taylor10 months ago


    *"The artificially low oil prices have left the Venezuelan state cash-starved, prompting a crisis in the funding of the social programs that were key to strengthening the United Socialist Party.

    Corruption is a big problem in Venezuela and many third-world countries. This was true prior to the Bolivarian process, as well as after Hugo Chavez launched his massive economic reforms. In situations of extreme poverty, people learn to take care of each other. People who work in government are almost expected to use their position to take care of their friends and family. Corruption is a big problem under any system, but it is much easier to tolerate in conditions of greater abundance. The problem has been magnified in Venezuela due to the drop in state revenue caused by the low oil prices and sabotage from food importers."*

    Exactly! The problem with extremely socialistic government is that it cannot adapt to outside forces or internal problems as well as a system of government that allows for a vastly more free economy. Governments are notorious for not knowing how to adapt to changes in any given economy let alone being able to actually turn a profit on anything.
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    Slowhand Terrell Taylora day ago


    As if your capitalist system isn't corrupt! Its the most corrupt. To suggest that corruption is a Socialist thing is pretty naive!


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    troopersam Slowhanda day ago


    Wow, the intellectual superiority of whataboutism!

    Seriously, if Chavez hadn't been so stupid as to make the entire Venezuelan economy petro-based, this MIGHT not have happened. Blame him, tankie.


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    Gusbruma year ago


    Most Americans have been brainwashed, and I mean BRAINWASHED with capital B, about socialism for half a century, and are deeply incapacitated to ever post or write a comment about socialism that doesn't come straight from the propaganda textbooks of the Cold War era. Reading some of the comments here, one realize how childishly, clumsy, shallow and irrelevant these comments really are. They lack even the most fundamental intellect to even be worthy of a basic debate.
    The majority of Americans know as much about socialism, as the dog Laika knew about rocket launching.
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    troopersam Gusbruma day ago


    Come to think of it, you socialist tankies have a lot in common with Laika. You really have no idea what's going on, you let yourself get put into a position with little say about it, and ultimately, it kills you...and still you'll worship the one who killed you.

    Good dog, Laika. Good dog.


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    Gusbrum troopersama day ago


    I bet the Laika dog could interpret texts better than you do.


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    Elton Hartzler Guest3 months ago


    > > > Thank you for sharing that. I didn't know they'd screw up their own oil industry, especially when it's the only thing they had going for themselves. Makes sense when you think about it, though. Consider yourself plagiarized.
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    Youria year ago


    very interesting article , don't agree with all the arguments but most of the assessment especially how Saudi Arabia and the US changing the price of oil set the motion for instability as well as how the capitalist corporate/state media frames the debates and narratives is crucial to understanding what is happening as well as basic history and suppressed truth regarding Venezuela.
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    Tom Tom Youri4 months ago


    that has to do with these current wars, Youri, nothing to do with Venezuela destroying itself.
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    waicheah Youri7 months ago


    i disagree. US oil producers suffer greatly due to low oil prices. a lot of people lost their jobs. a lot of US producers are small private companies which are great at adapting to changing circumstances, a lot of them takes on more debts to go through tough time. US producers responds to mkt price, not dictation from US government, in regards to production. OPEC's members set members' production volumes. US is not even a OPEC members. Mkt supplies & demands dictates oil prices, not US government.
    Anybody who watches closely OPEC's members meeting regarding quota on productions & news of demand from CHina would know that, supply & demand at work, dictating oil prices. in this case, Venezuela only has themselves to blame for their bloated social programs & for not diversifying their investments when time is good. NOrway, for example put the oil money in a funds, investing in some other areas, preparing for the day oil price is low.


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    troopersam waicheaha day ago


    The Saudis didn't care a bit about the Venezuelans, and their dumping oil on the market to lower the price wasn't aimed at them. It was aimed at US oil frackers. It was intended to drop the price below the cost of fracking, so that the frackers would go out of business.

    The Saudis just couldn't do it forever, which was what they would have had to do. The frackers were bought out in bankruptcy auctions and the new owners just waited for oil prices rose again to a level that made it worthwhile to start fracking again.


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    Slowhand waicheaha day ago


    The Government doesn't care about the jobs lost or the people put out. They have their own agenda to fulfill - "The Big Picture" so to speak. If that means dropping the price of oil to destroy Venezuela so they can continue to attack any Socialist systems, then that becomes the priority, not jobs or peoples' livelihoods.


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    Youri waicheah7 months ago


    it is true that Venezuela should've diversified its economy and taken the the kind of actions you suggested but its also true economic sabotage is being waged against them as well for obvious reasons.


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    waicheah Youri7 months ago


    http://www.miamiherald.com/...


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    waicheah Youri7 months ago


    http://www.americanthinker....


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    waicheah Youri7 months ago


    http://www.breitbart.com/je...


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    waicheah Youri7 months ago


    world demand for oil is not what it used to be. China has reach its peak. All commodity prices had been suppressed, including oil. All nations have to face the new reality & adapt. No collusion is need. worlds's supply & demand will determine the price. Russia suffered for a while but now has been increasing oil sales steadily to China. Saudi suffered too. There are doing austerity at home to bring down their expenditure & pondering on bringing their oil company to an IPO. US small companies had been laying off people & closing oil rigs. Now, they have been increasing rig counts because of technological innovation. US advantage is because US is very competitive because US is using very different technology than Saudi or Russia or Venezuela. This is similar to the situation in which US is not competitive in manufacturing compare to China. but when new technology is invented to bring down cost, US can still compete. There is no point in claiming victimhood. the key is to adapt to changing ciscumstances. This applies to companies & individual as well.


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    JC_VAa year ago


    It's odd how Venezuela was a shining light only a few years ago, but somehow, magically, they've been laid low by machinations that take on the scope of conspiracy theory. Funny how the low price of oil has had no such effects on many other oil-rich nations.

    When you're rewarding your people with toilet paper, you really need to self-examine than start more conspiracy theories :)
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    timcooper62a year ago


    Wait....I thought you guys believe that all Venezuela has to do is print more bolivar and all their problems will be solved. That's what you proponents of MMT want for the United States.
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    timcooper62a year ago


    Nevermind the millions Stalin killed. Other than that, things were just peachy in soviet Russia. Geez
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    troopersam timcooper62a day ago


    Tankies gonna be tankies, bro.


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    Ian Carnela year ago


    Petrobas was corrupt and heavily partnered with the russian state oil company AND the russian mob.

    as for Israeli foreign policy having an interest in keeping oil prices low ? where's that come from ? an unfounded accusation, with nothing to back it up, just to add another smear

    as for Iran, the economic sanctions aren't about their oil, socialism or anything except their foreign policy .

    as far as i can tell , this is just one big propagandist smear piece.

    as for Venezuela, it was corrupt before Chavez. and now that he's gone, it's corrupt once again. he was actually one of the few Venezuelan government officials that "Walked the walk".
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    David Christian Ian Carnel8 months ago


    Venezuela has shortages of food and medicine and hyperinflation under Chavez too - http://www.telegraph.co.uk/...


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    Jacques Shellaca year ago


    Marxists are autocratic capitalists. The conflict isn't between pro-capitalist and anti capitalist forces, as being "against capitalism" makes as much sense as being "against gravity." The fight is between free market advocates and economic autocrats. What the Venezuelan Marxists are fighting for is the imposition of an autocratic form of capitalism in the country, one where only the socialist elite are allowed to own and control capital. Thus far it's made several members of the Chavez family into billionaires, so it's no surprise that the socialists are fiercely defending their kleptocracy despite widespread misery and suffering among the Venezuelan public.
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    ipatrol Jacques Shellac9 months ago


    You say that as if capitalism, a system which has existed only for the last 400 years of human history, is a law of nature. A classic misconception.


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    Jacques Shellac ipatrol9 months ago


    A classic heresy. It derives from my rejection of the Marxist religion, a Manichean faith where "capitalism" is posited as an evil entity opposed to "virtuous" Marxists.

    Again. Marxists are autocratic capitalists. The argument isn't for or against "capitalism" (the true rejection of which implies a return to the barter system). It is whether or not workers are to be allowed to own and control the fruits of their own productive labor. Marxists demand all capital control be exercised by an autocratic hereditary socialist elite, and intend to impose such control by any and all means at their disposal. Thus, for example, why the Chavez, Castro, Kim and Assad families are so rich, while the sullen people they lord over are so miserable. It explains the old Bolshevik nomenklatura and the fuerdai in the PRC. Their outraged victims are "reactionaries" because they respond negatively and "react" to being robbed, enslaved, tortured, starved, murdered, etc.
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    ipatrol Jacques Shellac9 months ago


    So you think that capitalism has actually existed for thousands of years? Even in feudalism?


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    Jacques Shellac ipatrol9 months ago


    Marxism is a form of feudalism, because it's a hereditary system for assuming control of a society. Marxists are capitalists, because they invest and control capital.

    This isn't rocket science.
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    Morgaine68a year ago


    "Since the 1990s, conditions in what George W. Bush called the “New Europe” have become far worse than under socialism. The life expectancy has decreased and infant mortality has risen. "

    Be specific. Dubya referred to the former Vysegrad Four (Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia) as "New Europe". These CENTRAL European countries have actually done fairly well since the end of communism. Czechia (Czech Republic) actually has the LOWEST infant mortality rate in the world. Despite years of Western-instigated civil war in Yugoslavia, Croatia and Slovenia are doing fairly well. Hungary and Poland have had political crises, but economically are no worse than under Communism.

    Further east, however, you are correct: I worked for EastWest Institute, a policy studies NGO in Prague, in the 90s and several of those countries-- particularly Ukraine and Belarus in particular begged for help from the US and Western Europe b/c of Russia's growing imperialism. We ignored them, and now what they feared has happened.

    I am in complete agreement with you about the US's treatment of Venezuela and how much progress was made there under Chavez (and Maduro's attempts to continue the work), as well as your assessment of Rousseff in Brazil. I believe that it is also part of a global (perhaps often even subconscious) War on Women, that also brought down the South Korean woman leader. Both women did NOTHING that men in their positions haven't done in the past; and both were working to equalise economic and social institutions.

    Such threats to privileged Western (and also Asian perhaps) patriarchy MUST BE STOPPED. We're seeing it in action in the US under this gross excuse for a "president".

    Just please be accurate and specific in your analysis, so that no one has the opportunity to accuse you of cherry picking or "fake news" and therefore denigrating the rest of your analysis.
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    Unfettered Firea year ago


    Capitalism is designed to benefit the capitalists - only. Worker co-ops threaten their self-tailored system. Capitalism claims to espouse empowerment of the individual, but a person has vastly more power by belonging to a worker co-op than a cog in a totalitarian-run model of business, the corporation.

    Richard Wolff: Is Capitalism Fading?




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    Christopher L Banackaa year ago


    another onion website??
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    troopersam Christopher L Banackaa day ago


    Tankie fan fiction.


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    Rassaha year ago


    So explain how Norway is thriving then? This is ENTIRELY due to government setting up welfare programs based on oil revenues, after nationalizing and seizing oil assets from local and foreign companies, and then continuing to nationalize and drive business and investment out.
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    David Christian Rassaha year ago


    Norway PURCHASED the assets, not seized them. It's called Nordic CAPITALISM for a reason kid.
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    Gusbrum David Christiana year ago


    It's called Nordic Capitalism??? You invent the words out of thin air..
    For your information the system of Norway is called Nordic Model and it is highly socialist in terms of welfare and taxation. And it is a viable alternative to the winner-take-all brand of American capitalism that has resulted in poverty, a lack of affordable quality health care and education, a deteriorating social safety net, a lack of retirement security, massive scandals in the financial markets and tremendous income disparity. The opposite of the successful social democracies in Europe.
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    David Christian Gusbrum8 months ago


    I didn't invent the phrase Nordic Capitalism - https://en.wikipedia.org/wi...

    Try reading more, typing less. It's based on free market capitalism.
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    Morgaine68 Gusbruma year ago


    No, it's not socialist.

    the workers do not own the means of production.

    it is capitalist with a strong social welfare state, as is all of Western and Central Europe.
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    Shawn Bibby Morgaine689 months ago


    People have so much emphisis on meanings of words its redicules. It is part socialist part captialist. Working together, is the only way.


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    PeterRBolton Morgaine68a year ago


    You're correct. It is not socialist. But it is still much, much closer to socialism that what you have in most of the rest of the world and is arguably the best social and economic framework yet to have been developed for a human society. It is generally called social democracy and to say that "the workers do not own the means of production" doesn't mean that it has the same kind of top-heavy, CEO-, shareholder- and board-dominated style of capitalism of the United States, UK and other neoliberal bastions. For starters, there are many more checks on the power of capital. Unionization is over 80%, there are firm regulations on businesses, there are social protections which give workers more leverage and weaken the power of the employer class to exploit and abuse.

    Germany and Scandinavia have more of an agreed compromise between labor and capital. True, it is not pure socialism, but it is not pure capitalism either and it goes much further in striking a balance between the two than the neoliberal societies. To say that all that that amounts to is capitalism with a strong welfare state is simply false.

알라딘: 우린 다르게 살기로 했다 - 혼자는 외롭고 함께는 괴로운 사람들을 위한 마을공동체 탐사기



알라딘: 우린 다르게 살기로 했다 - 혼자는 외롭고 함께는 괴로운 사람들을 위한 마을

조현 (지은이) | 휴(休) | 2018-08-17








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--------------------



동서양 문화는 물론 인도와 이집트, 이스라엘과 티베트, 중국과 우리나라의 오지 등을 순례하며 ‘정신의 원형’을 탐구해온 종교전문기자 조현이 자본주의 방식과 다르게 살아가는 사람들의 행복한 삶과 그 비결을 담아낸 책으로 돌아왔다.

<우린 다르게 살기로 했다>는 혼자는 외롭고 더불어 살아가자니 괴로운 사람들에게 함께하는 삶의 가치와 행복의 의미를 되짚어보게 한다. 저자는 1999년 대안문명 시리즈로 영국 브루더호프공동체를 신문에 소개하면서부터 최근까지 대안적 삶을 살아가기 위해 만든 마을과 공동체를 탐사 취재해왔다. 특히 이 책을 집필하려고 최근 3년간 국내 마을과 공동체를 재방문하여 함께 어울려 살아보았고, 외국 언론들조차도 접근이 어려운 해외 공동체만을 찾아 순례했다.

농사도 짓고, 밥도 해 먹고, 공동체 일자리에서 직접 일도 해보면서 그들의 행복감은 과연 어디에서 온 것인지 그 비결을 하나하나 파헤쳤다. 재산과 학력 수준, 능력, 체력, 사회성이 달라도, 서로 의지하고 돌보고 협조하고 힘이 되어주고 위로해주고 사랑해주면서 행복해지고 강해질 수 있다는 것을 그들의 삶을 통해 보여준다. 남녀노소 3백여 명에 이르는 사람들과의 깊이 있는 인터뷰로 담아낸 생생한 사례와 명쾌한 분석, 시원한 통찰은 힘겨운 시대를 견뎌내는 우리들에게 삶의 가치와 방향, 행복의 의미를 다시 한 번 생각해보게 한다.





프롤로그_왜 지금 마을과 공동체를 이야기하는가

| 1부 | 함께하니 인생이 바뀌었다

1. 함께 어울려 사는 재미
헌 탁구대 하나의 기적
해외여행보다 더 재미있는 마을살이
같이 살면서도 프라이버시를 보장하는 공유 주택

2. 엄마를 해방시킨 품앗이 육아
아이 보느니 힘든 직장인이 낫다
독박 육아가 없는 곳
공동 육아를 하면서부터 내 삶이 생겼다

3. 아이도 어른도 모두 행복한 공동체 교육
실제 삶에 별 도움이 안 되는 교육의 추억
온 마을이 아이들을 키운다
삶과 무관한 무기력한 교육이여, 안녕!

4. 주경야독, 문화가 살아 숨 쉬는 시골살이
동아리만 50개, 귀촌자들이 만든 별난 시골 마을
문화의 향기가 물씬 풍기는 마을
주경야독으로 새로운 농부의 길을 찾다

5. 돈으로부터의 자유
가진 게 없을수록 함께 살 길을 찾아야
욕망에 사로잡히면 자유로울 수 없다
천혜의 길지에 저비용의 마을을 조성하다
----------------
| 2부 | 실낙원을 낙원으로 만든 사람들

1. 달동네에 먼저 달이 뜬다
‘논골마을만들기 추진위원회’ 결성
‘떴다 홍반장’ 마을 프로그램
사랑방이 되는 교회

2. 혁명이 시작된 변방
느린 사람의 속도로 맞추어 사는 곳
대안적인 삶을 실천하다
무소유, 산 위의 삶

3. 우리 마을 희망의 일자리
공동체 안에서 일자리를 찾다
사람이 우선인 일자리

4. 어울려야 치유되는 상처
공감 속에서 살아갈 힘을 얻다
춤, 명상으로 분노를 버리다
심리 문제가 해결되면 유토피아가 열린다

| 3부 | 혼자 살아도 행복해야 한다

1. 혼자는 외롭고 함께는 괴로운 이유
맬서스와 도킨스의 인구팽창론은 허구가 되어버렸다
또 하나의 혁명, 포유류에서의 이탈이 시작되었다
외로움은 흡연과 알코올중독만큼 해롭다
고독할 수는 있지만 고립되어서는 안 된다

2. 싱글의 공동체살이
공동체 속에서 살아가는 혼삶족들
함께 살면서 배운 것들

| 4부 | 해외 공동체를 가다

1. 병든 개인과 세상의 치유자들
50대 중반, 몸의 반란이 시작되었다
‘컬트’로 비난할 수 없는 공동체 선구자들

2. 환희의 비결은 타인을 위한 삶: 태국 아속
아속의 여러 모습
나누고, 비우고, 실천하는 승려들
포틸락이 선택한 삶
진정한 베풂으로 명소가 된 시사아속

3. ‘나’로 살면 누구나 천재: 인도 오로빌
세계에서 가장 큰 공동체 마을
돈 없이도 배울 수 있다

4. 지상에 만들어가는 천국: 미국 브루더호프
저 푸른 초원 위에 그림 같은 집들
사랑과 헌신, 노동이 함께하는 천국
독재의 아픈 역사

5. 불통의 아픈 역사를 딛고 다시 소통하는 사람들: 일본 야마기시
고정관념 없이 열린 자세로 최상의 것을 실현하라
진정한 소통으로 삶을 엮어나가는 사람들

6. 눈치 보지 않는 사회를 만들자는 꿈: 일본 애즈원
그들은 왜 부유한 공동체를 떠났을까
명령도 강요도 없는 회사, 어머니 도시락
걱정이 없는 애즈원 사람들

에필로그_서로 의지하고 돕고 사랑하기를
부록_‘마을공동체가 궁금해요’ 일문일답
-------------------





첫문장
마당은 대저택에만 있는 게 아니다. 진짜 마당은 사람 속에 있다.

P.14 : 마을과 공동체가 주는 최대 장점은 노예살이에서 해방되는 것이다. 자본가들의 사냥에서 벗어나게 하는 것이다. 히말라야의 산양들은 설표에게 사냥 당하지 않으려고 천 길 낭떠러지 위만 돌아다니며 생명을 유지한다. 마을이나 공동체는 벼랑 끝은커녕 가장 좋은 환경, 친절한 동지들이 모여 있는, 가장 안전하고 행복한 곳이니 피난처도 그런 피난처가 없다. 마을공동체살이란 부익부 빈익빈과 지구 황폐화를 가속화하는 소비와 환경 파괴에 맞서는 혁명에 가담하는 것이기도 하다. 내가 만난 마을과 공동체 사람들은 이웃과 어울리느라 인터넷이나 게임이나 텔레비전에 빠져 있을 틈이 없었다. 남한테 으스댈 필요도 없고 사치를 부추기는 마케팅에도 동요되지 않으니 돈을 지출하는 일이 거의 없었다. _ <프롤로그> 중에서

P.24 : 두렵고 험난한 세상의 모든 파고를 홀로 넘어야 하는 것만큼 큰 재난은 없다. 개인을 옥죄는 게 자본만은 아니다. 누구나 살면서 몇 번쯤은 사기를 당할 수도 있고, 억울한 일을 당할 수도, 왕따를 당할 수도 있다. 이럴 때 하소연하고, 도움받을 사람 한 명 없는 세상이 지옥이 아니겠는가. 힘든 일이 있을 때 함께 걱정하고 내 일처럼 나서주는 이들이 있다는 것, 즉 힘겨운 세상에서 내 편인 공동체가 있다는 것이 천국이고 극락이 아니겠는가. 진짜 재난은 쓰나미나 지진이 아니라 몸이 아플 때, 혼자 죽어갈 때조차 모든 고통을 온전히 홀로 감당해야 하는 일이다. 목숨을 다하는 순간 누군가 곁에 있고, 함께 아파하는 이가 있다는 것만큼 큰 위로가 있겠는가. _ <프롤로그> 중에서









지은이 : 조현
저자파일
최고의 작품 투표
신간알리미 신청


최근작 : <우린 다르게 살기로 했다>,<사랑하며 춤추라>,<울림> … 총 11종 (모두보기)
소개 :
한겨레신문 종교전문기자 및 논설위원이다. 때론 그 굴레조차 벗고 떠도는 자유로운 영혼이다. 주로 찾는 곳은 히말라야 설산이나 동굴, 외딴섬…. 벗들과 어울리는 술자리도 좋아한다. 은둔 수도자들을 찾아다니면서 다른 한쪽으로 마을공동체 사람들과 교유하고 지지하며 시간이 날 때마다 그들 속에 들어가 같이 지낸다. 세상에서 가장 기운이 좋은 수도 터와 성지들을 다니고 최고의 영성가들을 만나 수행하면서 이를 선(禪)적인 글로 풀어내 ‘선사’라는 별칭으로 불린다. 2002년엔 휴직한 뒤 1년간 인도 순례를 감행했고, 2016년에도 1년간 히말라야를 트레킹하거나 해외 공동체에서 보냈다.
한겨레신문 사회부, 정치부를 거쳐 1999년부터 영성·치유·깨달음·공동체·대안적 삶에 대한 글을 주로 쓰면서 웰빙과 힐링, 공동체 바람을 일으키는 데 큰 역할을 했다. 저서로 처녀작인 《나를 찾아 떠나는 17일간의 여행》(《나를 찾아 떠나는 여행》으로 개정)은 2001년 문화체육관광부 장관이 ‘책의 날’ 직원들에게 선물한 책으로, 누리꾼들이 뽑은 ‘인문교양도서’ 1위에 선정되었다. 이어 세계 공동체 순례기인 《세계 어디에도 내 집이 있다》를 기획해 펴냈으며, 인도 여행을 다녀와 《영혼의 순례자》(《인도 오지 기행》으로 개정)를 냈다. 숨은 선사들의 발자취를 발굴한 《은둔》이 ‘불교출판문화상’과 ‘올해의 불서상’을, 오지 암자 기행인 《하늘이 감춘 땅》은 ‘불교언론문화상’을 수상했다. 한국 기독교의 숨은 영성가를 발굴한 《울림》은 감신대·서울신학대·장신대·한신대 등 주요 신학대에서 ‘100대 인문교양도서’로 선정되었으며, 역사와 신화의 땅, 그리스를 다녀와서 펴낸 《그리스 인생 학교》는 2013년 문화체육관광부 장관이 ‘여름 휴가에 읽을 책’으로 선정했다. 한국출판인회의에서 선정한 ‘우리 시대 대표작가 300인’에 뽑히기도 했다.
2001년 EBS에서 ‘조현 스페셜’이란 제목으로 일주일간 특별 강연을 한 이래 YMCA영성분과위원회, 정신과의사모임, 종교발전포럼, 서울대학병원, 서울시민청, 전주전통문화연수원 등에서 강연을 했다. 영성가·수도자·인문학자 등과 함께 지친 마음을 쉬며 치유할 수 있는 수행·치유 웹진 휴심정(well.hani.co.kr) 운영자이자 함석헌이 창간한 <씨알의 소리> 편집위원이기도 하다.



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대한민국 공동체 18곳, 세계적인 공동체 5곳을
총망라한 단 한 권의 책!!

세상에서 가장 기운이 좋은 수도 터와 성지들을 다니고
최고의 영성가들을 만나 수행하면서 선(禪)적인 글을 써온 종교전문기자 조현!!
3년에 걸친 공동체 탐사 취재와 3백여 명의 깊이 있는 인터뷰로
함께하는 삶의 가치와 행복의 의미를 짚어보다.

자살률, 세계 최고인 나라에서 죽지 못해 산다는 사람들,
금수저의 갑질에 분노하면서도 빈곤층 대우를 받기 싫어하는 사람들,
임대주택 사람들과 한 동네에서 살거나 난민을 받아들이는 것도 거부하는 사람들,
자신이 약자일 때는 정의의 투사이지만 개인으로 돌아와서는
자신도 모르게 차별하고 박해에 가담해버리는 사람들,
혹 당신도 자본주의에 얽매여 반공동체적 삶을 살아가고 있지는 않은가!!

동서양 문화는 물론 인도와 이집트, 이스라엘과 티베트, 중국과 우리나라의 오지 등을 순례하며 ‘정신의 원형’을 탐구해온 종교전문기자 조현이 자본주의 방식과 다르게 살아가는 사람들의 행복한 삶과 그 비결을 담아낸 책으로 돌아왔다. 신간 《우린 다르게 살기로 했다》는 혼자는 외롭고 더불어 살아가자니 괴로운 사람들에게 함께하는 삶의 가치와 행복의 의미를 되짚어보게 한다. 저자는 1999년 대안문명 시리즈로 영국 브루더호프공동체를 신문에 소개하면서부터 최근까지 대안적 삶을 살아가기 위해 만든 마을과 공동체를 탐사 취재해왔다. 특히 이 책을 집필하려고 최근 3년간 국내 마을과 공동체를 재방문하여 함께 어울려 살아보았고, 외국 언론들조차도 접근이 어려운 해외 공동체만을 찾아 순례했다. 농사도 짓고, 밥도 해 먹고, 공동체 일자리에서 직접 일도 해보면서 그들의 행복감은 과연 어디에서 온 것인지 그 비결을 하나하나 파헤쳤다. 재산과 학력 수준, 능력, 체력, 사회성이 달라도, 서로 의지하고 돌보고 협조하고 힘이 되어주고 위로해주고 사랑해주면서 행복해지고 강해질 수 있다는 것을 그들의 삶을 통해 보여준다. 남녀노소 3백여 명에 이르는 사람들과의 깊이 있는 인터뷰로 담아낸 생생한 사례와 명쾌한 분석, 시원한 통찰은 힘겨운 시대를 견뎌내는 우리들에게 삶의 가치와 방향, 행복의 의미를 다시 한 번 생각해보게 한다.

“마을이나 공동체를 들여다봐야 하는 이유는,
서로 의지하고 돌보고 협조하고 힘이 되어주고 위로해주고
사랑해주면서 행복해지고 강해질 수도 있기 때문이다.”

출세하고 부자 되지 않아도 행복한 마을,
힘겨운 세상에서 언제나 내 편이 되어주는 사람들

보통 공동체라고 하면 같은 뜻을 가진 사람들이 대안적 삶을 실천하기 위해 만든 마을을 말한다. 그런데 요즘은 땅 값이 비싼 현실을 고려해 새로운 형태의 마을이 생겨나고 있다. 이 책에서는 누구나 쉽게 접근할 수 있는 국내의 마을과 공동체 18곳부터 소개했다. 기존 마을을 좀 더 사이좋고 재미있는 마을로 변화시킨 ‘전환 마을’과 도시에서 열 집 정도가 함께 집을 지어 사는 ‘공유 주택’, 그리고 뜻 맞는 사람들이 시골로 내려가 만든 공동체를 두루 살펴본다. 서울의 ‘은혜공동체’ ‘소행주 1호’ ‘은평 전환마을’ ‘밝은누리공동체’, 경기의 ‘마을 카페 다락’ ‘논골마을’ ‘공방골목’ ‘더불어숲동산교회’, 경남의 ‘민들레공동체’ ‘성모울타리공동체’ ‘오두막공동체’, 충남의 ‘시온교회’ ‘갓골’, 충북의 ‘산 위의 마을’ ‘선애빌’, 인천의 ‘창문카페’, 광주의 ‘신흥마을’, 전북의 ‘실상사’ 등 공동체의 삶과 특징, 그 안에서 살아가는 사람들의 생생한 목소리를 담아냈다.
이어 실험적인 해외 공동체 5곳, 즉 태국의 5개 아속, 인도의 오로빌, 미국의 브루더호프 4곳, 일본의 야마기시 2곳과 애즈원을 순례하면서 그들이 행복한 이유와 함께하는 삶의 가치를 추적해보았다. 특히 아속은 저자가 자신의 지병을 근본적으로 치료하고자 떠난 곳이기도 하다. 아속에서 어느 정도 효과를 보고 아유르베딕 자연 치유법으로 유명한 인도 오로빌까지 방문했다. 치유 순례가 공동체 순례로 이어진 것이다. 이 책에서 언급한 해외 대안 공동체 대부분이 새로운 가치와 삶을 추구하면서 인간?사회 실험을 하고 있기에 자칫 이상적으로 보일 수도 있겠으나, 어쩌면 그들 덕분에 우리가 시행착오를 덜 겪으며 살아가는지도 모른다. 욕망과 집착을 놓아버리고 삶의 가치관을 달리한 그들의 삶에서 우리는 물질의 힘이 아닌 마음의 힘을 엿볼 수 있다.
공동체 사람들은 이구동성으로 말한다. ‘함께 산다는 것’은 아이뿐 아니라 어른에게도 삶의 여유와 재미를 주고, 실직이나 힘든 일을 당했을 때도 내 일처럼 해결해주며, 적게 쓰면서도 몇 배의 효과를 누리는 경제적 시스템이 잘 갖춰져 있어 만족도가 높다고. 무엇보다 어디서도 느껴본 적이 없는 치유와 살맛을 줘서 ‘가장 행복한 사람들’의 행복도를 경험케 한다고 말이다.
앞으로 수십 년의 노년을 홀로 살아가고, 고독사 당하는 일이 비일비재해질 것이다. 이 책은 고립되어 살아가는 게 얼마나 위태로운지, 함께하는 삶이 얼마나 많은 이로움이 있고 행복해지는 길인지, 얼마나 세상에 도움이 되는 길인지 깨닫게 한다. 출세하고 부자 되지 않아도 행복한 마을(공동체), 힘겨운 세상에서 언제나 내 편이 되어주는 사람들의 생생한 모습을 통해 한 번쯤 ‘다른 삶’을 꿈꾸게 한다. 또 우리는 주거, 비혼, 출산, 육아, 교육 등 우리 사회의 가장 골치 아픈 문제의 실마리도 찾을 수 있을 것이다. 간디는 ‘마을공동체가 세상을 구원할 것’이라고 했다. 이 책에서 만날 수 있는 마을공동체의 생생한 모습과 증언이 이 난제 해결에 영감을 줄 것이다.

“이 책은 혼자나 둘, 혹은 가족들끼리만의 울타리를 낮추고
이웃과 함께 어울려 사는 이야기다.
행복의 길은 ‘돌봄’과 ‘친밀’에 있었다.”

■ 혼자는 외롭고 함께는 괴로운 사람들을 위한 마을공동체

우리나라에서 도시 지역 거주 비율은 1960년대엔 40퍼센트 미만이었으나 1990년에는 81.95퍼센트, 2017년엔 91.82퍼센트로 늘었다. 농촌 마을에서는 부모가 농사일이나 다른 일을 하더라도 많은 형제자매와 할머니, 할아버지, 삼촌, 고모, 친척, 이웃집 아줌마, 아저씨, 형, 누나 등 제2, 제3의 안전망이 있었다. 엄마가 아니더라도 아이를 지켜보는 대가족과 마당이라는 천연의 안전망이 있었다. 이 안전망이 엄마의 육아 부담을 덜게 했다. 그러나 엄마와 대가족을 빼앗긴 채 제대로 돌봄을 받지 못한 이들은 분리공포를 느끼고, 인간에 대한 신뢰를 잃어 관계를 회피하고, 이로 인해 타인들과 함께 어울리는 것도 힘들어한다. 그래서 홀로 있어도, 함께 있어도 괴로워지는 것이다. 저자는 만약 어른이 되어서라도 엄마를 대신할 수 있는 공동체를 안전기지 삼는다면, 어린 시절의 트라우마를 치유하고 인간에 대한 신뢰를 충분히 회복할 수 있다고 말한다. 마음을 열고 관계 맺기에 나설 수 있고, 결혼과 출산할 용기 및 자신감도 가질 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 공동체가 사는 것이 국가가 사는 길인 셈이다. 직장맘과 아이를 위해서라도 사회적 엄마인 마을공동체가 가장 좋은 대안이 될 수 있다고 저자는 말한다.

■ 늘 함께하니 외롭지 않은 ‘혼삶족’

서울시가 1인 가구 500명을 대상으로 조사한 내용에 따르면 대체로 혼삶에 만족하지만, 10명 가운데 6명이 경제적 문제로 고민했다. 26.2퍼센트는 건강을, 25.8퍼센트는 노후 생활을 걱정했다. 젊은 시절엔 건강하고 활동력이 있어 경제력이 뒷받침되지 않아도 어느 정도 화려한 싱글로 살아갈 수 있지만, 나이가 들수록 꿈과는 멀어져가는 게 싱글의 현실이다.
요새 싱글과 돌싱 등 이른바 다양한 사람을 껴안는 공동체가 생겨나고 있다. 혼삶족도 친구나 이웃의 필요가 절실한 만큼 공유 주택에도 관심이 커지고 있다. 싱글이 더 이상 사회적으로 왕따를 당해서도, 공동체에서 분리되어서도 안 된다는 뜻이다. 소행주에는 여자 싱글들끼리 모여 사는 집이 있는가 하면, 성소수자들끼리 살아가는 집도 있다. 요즘은 이혼율이 높아 한부모가정도 많다. 은혜공동체는 남성 싱글 넷, 여성 싱글 넷, 돌싱 가족 등 15명이 집 세 채를 얻어 공동체 가정을 꾸렸다. 이후 도봉동 은혜공동체 공유 주택에 2017년 입주하여 50명가량의 대식구와 한 집에서 공동체살이를 한다. 다수의 싱글과 동거 커플, 이혼 가정 등 다양한 사람이 공동체 품에서 함께한다. 밝은누리공동체는 멤버 150명 가운데 35명이 싱글이다. 싱글 서너 명이 한 방에서 한몸살이한다. 남은 방은 서재나 휴식 방, 옷 방으로 공유한다. 거실과 부엌은 말할 것도 없다.

■ 독박 육아가 없고
삶의 여백을 가르치는 공동체 교육

공동체는 온 마을이 아이들을 키운다. 부모의 욕망으로 자식을 괴롭히지 않는다. 삶을 즐길 줄 알고, 사람들과 어울릴 줄 알고, 일상생활을 스스로 해나가게 하는 데 초점을 맞춘다. 은혜공동체는 아이들의 천국이다. 부모들이 당번제로 공동 육아를 하면서부터 자신의 삶을 즐기게 되었다. 아이들은 홈스쿨로 공부하고 스스로 많은 것을 결정한다. 누구에게나 ‘삶의 멘토’인 목자가 있어 든든함도 더한다. 밝은누리공동체엔 독박 육아가 없다. 아빠도 엄마와 동등한 부모로서 육아의 주체자다. 당번이 아닌 부모는 산책을 하거나 차를 마시거나 독서, 음악을 즐긴다. 모두 육아 품앗이 덕분이다. 조금 더 큰 아이들은 살구나무배움터, 감나무배움터, 생동중학교, 삼일학림 등 비인가학교에서 배운다. 이곳 학생들에게 학문과 삶은 별개가 아니다. 집짓기, 농사, 태극권, 철학과 수신, 마음 닦기 등 실제적이다. 소행주는 ‘우리어린이집’을 만들어 공동 육아를 시작했고, 아이들을 거의 학원에 보내지 않는다. 배울수록 오히려 불안은 증폭될 뿐이고, 미래를 위해 현재를 희생할 필요가 없다는 가치관이 확실해졌기 때문이다.

■ 문화가 살아 숨 쉬고
돈으로부터 자유로운 시골살이

전북 산내면은 귀촌자들이 만든 별난 시골 마을이다. 공부와 책읽기, 명상과 요리, 여러 운동, 술 만들기, 목공 등 모임이 50여 개나 있다. 모든 것이 그물방처럼 연결돼 있다는 ‘인드라망’ 사상에 따라 움직이는 공동체다. 충남 천북면에는 폐교될 뻔한 낙동초등학교 어린이 26명 전원이 오케스트라 단원이 됐고, 어부와 할머니들이 바리스타가 되었다. 먹거리를 퍼주는 축제가 열리며, 이 희한한 마을들을 돌아보려는 여행객이 생겨났다. 충남 홍성 갓골에선 사람들이 서넛만 모여도 우리 마을에서 ‘이게 필요하지 않을까’라며 협동조합을 만들어낸다. 흙건축얼렁뚱땅조합, 목공실, 빵집 등 협동조합만 30여 개다. 이곳은 친환경농업의 메카로 자리 잡은 풀무학교 덕에 귀촌자들이 늘었고, 사시사철 좋은 강좌와 공연 프로그램이 끊이지 않는 밝맑도서관 덕분에 시골에 살아도 문화적 갈증을 해소할 수 있게 되었다.
시골로 가면 돈벌이는 줄지만 소비에서 벗어나 적은 돈으로도 살아갈 수 있다. 타인과 살아낼 품성과 태도만 갖추고 적절한 노동력이 있다면 어디서든 환영받는다. 선애빌은 별로 가진 게 없더라도 뜻 맞는 사람들끼리 모여 공동체를 만들어 살아가는 곳이다. 생태적인 삶으로 비용을 아낄 뿐 아니라 공동체원들 모두 함께 식사하여 생활비도 줄이고 즐거움은 더한다.

■ 노후 불안이 없고
상처마저 치유되는 마음의 유토피아

노후 준비에 목매다가 현재를 살아보지 못하는 삶에서 벗어날 수 있다는 것도 공동체가 주는 큰 혜택이다. 2010년 노벨경제학상 수상자 앵거스 디턴은 미국인 45만 명을 설문 조사한 결과 연봉 7만 5000달러(약 8천만 원)까지는 소득 증가만큼 행복도도 증가하지만, 그 이상은 연봉이 높아진다고 더 행복해지지 않는다는 논문을 발표한 바 있다. 인간의 행복엔 돈 이상의 무언가가 있다는 얘기다. 그는 그것이 ‘무엇’인지는 제시하지 못했지만 공동체의 삶은 좀 더 분명히 이를 실증한다. ‘늘 함께 공유하며 산다면’ 7만 5천 달러의 절반이나 3분의 1로도 얼마든지 행복하게 살 수 있다고 공동체원들은 말한다.
공동체로 살아가는 사람들은 공동체의 주요 기능의 하나로 치유를 꼽는다. 자신을 꽁꽁 닫아둔 채로는 공동체에서 살아갈 수 없기에 마음을 열고 소통하는 것만으로도 절반은 해결된 거나 다름없다. 또 자기 역할과 쓰임새를 찾을 수 있다. 공동체가 치유력을 지니는 것은 사랑이 많은 이들이 모여들었기 때문이기도 하고, 공동체 자체가 소통하고 공감하고 배려하는 분위기를 만들어가기 때문일 수도 있다. 누군가 힘든 속내를 꺼내놓으면 서로 공감하고 지지하며 조언도 해주고, 소그룹 토론과 심리 상담을 통해 관계에서 터져 나오는 분노나 갈등을 해결한다. 개인은 타인과 관계를 어렵게 하는 심리 문제들을 안고 있게 마련이고, 이를 넘어서야 유토피아가 가능해진다고 믿는다.

■ ‘컬트’로 비난할 수 없는 세상의 치유자들

외국에서 공동체라고 할 때는 자연 마을이 아니라 어떤 목적을 가지고 함께 모여 사는 마을을 말한다. 자기 욕망을 실현하기 위해 애쓰는 자본주의 삶의 잔인성과 파괴성을 보고 대안을 선택해 사는 마을이다. 대부분 남다른 가치하에 모여 사유재산도 가지지 않은 채 한 가족처럼 살아간다. 특히 이 책에서 소개한 태국의 아속이나 미국의 브루더호프 같은 공동체는 매우 이상적일 수 있다. 하지만 공동체를 시작한 이들은 우리가 결단하지 못할 때 결단했고, 인간?사회 실험을 앞장서 행한 선구자이므로 ‘컬트’로 비난할 것이 아니라 경애의 마음으로 배워야 한다.
아무 대가 없이 타인을 위해 헌신하는 태국의 아속, 세계에서 가장 큰 공동체 마을 인도의 오로빌, 사랑과 헌신 그리고 노동이 함께하는 천국 미국의 브루더호프, 진정한 소통으로 삶을 엮어나가는 일본의 야마기시, 눈치 보지 않는 사회를 만들자는 일본의 애즈원까지 그들의 혁명적이 삶은 우리에게 시사하는 바가 크다. 해외 공동체들은 정서적 좌절감을 채워줄 만큼 화려해 이상향이 아니라, 그런 욕망과 집착조차 놓아버리고 삶의 가치관을 달리 했기에 이상향이 되었다. 이상향은 장소라기보다 ‘삶의 목표를 어디다 두느냐’ 그 가치관에 있었다.


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총 : 1편




삶이 불안한 싱글에게 새로운 삶의 힌트를 쮸쮸바 ㅣ 2018-08-15 ㅣ 공감(0) ㅣ 댓글 (0)


싱글이라, 한번씩, 나이 들어서도 계속 이렇게 살 수 있을까 하는 생각이 들곤 하는데...혼자 살자니 외롭고 고독사가 두렵고, 함께 살자니 피곤한 사람...이라는 부제가 끌려 책을 샀다. 싱글들이나 돌싱들이 마을공동체에 합류해 고립되지 않고 어울리며 자신의 자유를 포기하지 않으면서 어울리는 새로운 삶을 사는 모습이 인상적이었다. 공동체라는 것이 좀 유별나고 무슨 사회운동하는 사람들이 하는 것이라고 막연히 생각했던 것 같은데, 그런 거창하거나 유별난 것이 아니라 독박육아에 지치지 않고, 자유를 포기하지 않고, 노후 걱정도 크지 않고 재미있고 보람되게 살 수 있는 삶의 방식을 원하는 평범한 사람들이 살아가는 방식이라는 것이 와 닿았다. 노인인구도 많아지고, 1인가구도 많아지고, 아이를 키우기도 어려운 시대에 삶에 중요한 힌트가 될 것 같은 책이다.



2018/08/15

The Oxford Handbook of Identity Development (Oxford Library of Psychology) (9780190469238): Kate C. McLean, Moin Syed: Books



The Oxford Handbook of Identity Development (Oxford Library of Psychology) (9780190469238): Kate C. McLean, Moin Syed: Books

Identity is defined in many different ways in various disciplines in the social sciences and sub-disciplines within psychology. The developmental psychological approach to identity is characterized by a focus on developing a sense of the self that is temporally continuous and unified across the different life spaces that individuals inhabit. Erikson proposed that the task of adolescence and young adulthood was to define the self by answering the question: Who Am I? There have been many advances in theory and research on identity development since Erikson's writing over fifty years ago, and the time has come to consolidate our knowledge and set an agenda for future research.

The Oxford Handbook of Identity Development represents a turning point in the field of identity development research. Various, and disparate, groups of researchers are brought together to debate, extend, and apply Erikson's theory to contemporary problems and empirical issues. The result is a comprehensive and state-of-the-art examination of identity development that pushes the field in provocative new directions. Scholars of identity development, adolescent and adult development, and related fields, as well as graduate students, advanced undergraduates, and practitioners will find this to be an innovative, unique, and exciting look at identity development.
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The Oxford Handbook of Identity Development

Edited by Kate C. McLean and Moin Syed
Abstract


Erikson proposed that the task of adolescence and young adulthood was to define the self by answering the question, Who Am I? Following Erikson, this volume takes a developmental perspective on this question of identity, one characterized by a focus on developing a sense of the self that is temporally continuous and unified across the different life spaces that individuals inhabit. There have been many advances in theory and research on identity development since Erikson’s writing more than 50 years ago, and the time has come to consolidate our knowledge and set an agenda for future research. ... More

Keywords: Identity, development, narrative, identity status, Erikson, identity process, identity content, personality, adolescence, emerging adulthood

Bibliographic InformationPrint Publication Date: Jan 2015ISBN: 9780199936564Published online: Dec 2014DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936564.001.0001

EDITORS


Kate C. McLean, editor
Kate C. McLean, Western Washington University

Moin Syed, editor
Moin Syed is an Assistant Professor of Psychology at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. His research focuses broadly on identity development among ethnically-diverse youth and the implications of identityMore


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Subject(s) in Oxford Handbooks Online
Psychology
Contents
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Part 2 Debates:: Identity Status Perspectives on Processes of Identity Development
The Identity Statuses: Strengths of a Person-Centered ApproachElisabetta Crocetti and Wim Meeus
Commitment and Exploration: The Need for a Developmental ApproachE. Saskia Kunnen and Marijke Metz
Identity Status: On Refinding the PeopleRuthellen Josselson and Hanoch Flum
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Part 6 Applied Issues in Identity Development
Identities, Cultures, and Schooling: How Students Navigate Racial-Ethnic, Indigenous, Immigrant, Social Class, and Gender Identities on Their Pathways Through SchoolCatherine R. Cooper, Elizabeth Gonzalez, and Antoinette R. Wilson
Transformation, Erosion, or Disparity in Work Identity?: Challenges During the Contemporary Transition to AdulthoodJeylan T. Mortimer, Jack Lam, and Shi-Rong Lee
Identity and Positive Youth Development: Advances in Developmental Intervention ScienceKyle Eichas, Alan Meca, Marilyn J. Montgomery, and William M. Kurtines
A Translational Research Approach to Narrative Identity in PsychotherapyJefferson A. Singer and Adam M. Kasmark
Youths’ Constructions of Meanings About Experiences with Political Conflict: Implications for Processes of Identity DevelopmentCecilia Wainryb and Holly Recchia


Part 7 Extensions
Puberty, Identity, and Context: A Biopsychosocial Perspective on Internalizing Psychopathology in Early Adolescent GirlsMisaki N. Natsuaki, Danielle Samuels, and Leslie D. Leve
Body Image and Identity: A Call for New ResearchElizabeth A. Daniels and Meghan M. Gillen
Cultural Neuroscience of Identity DevelopmentAlissa J. Mrazek, Tokiko Harada, and Joan Y. Chiao
Parenting, Adolescent–Parent Relationships, and Social Domain Theory: Implications for Identity DevelopmentWendy M. Rote and Judith G. Smetana
Who Am I If We’re Not Us? Divorce and Identity Across the LifespanJeffrey T. Cookston and Luke N. Remy
Identity Development in the Context of the Risk and Resilience FrameworkFrosso Motti-Stefanidi
The Dynamic Role of Identity Processes in Personality Development: Theories, Patterns, and New DirectionsJennifer Pals Lilgendahl
Identity Development in the Digital Age: The Case of Social Networking SitesAdriana M. Manago
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End Matter
Index