2019/12/25

Natural farming - Wikipedia

Natural farming - Wikipedia

Natural farming

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Masanobu Fukuoka, originator of the natural farming method
Natural farming is an ecological farming approach established by Masanobu Fukuoka (1913–2008), a Japanese farmer and philosopher, introduced in his 1975 book The One-Straw Revolution. Fukuoka described his way of farming as 自然農法 (shizen nōhō) in Japanese.[1] It is also referred to as "the Fukuoka Method", "the natural way of farming" or "do-nothing farming". The title refers not to lack of effort, but to the avoidance of manufactured inputs and equipment. Natural farming is related to fertility farming, organic farming, sustainable agriculture, agroecology, agroforestry, ecoagriculture and permaculture, but should be distinguished from biodynamic agriculture.
The system works along with the natural biodiversity of each farmed area, encouraging the complexity of living organisms—both plant and animal—that shape each particular ecosystem to thrive along with food plants.[2] Fukuoka saw farming both as a means of producing food and as an aesthetic or spiritual approach to life, the ultimate goal of which was, "the cultivation and perfection of human beings".[3][4] He suggested that farmers could benefit from closely observing local conditions.[5] Natural farming is a closed system, one that demands no human-supplied inputs and mimics nature.[6]
Fukuoka's ideas radically challenged conventions that are core to modern agro-industries; instead of promoting importation of nutrients and chemicals, he suggested an approach that takes advantage of the local environment.[7] Although natural farming is considered a subset of organic farming, it differs greatly from conventional organic farming,[8] which Fukuoka considered to be another modern technique that disturbs nature.[9]
Fukuoka claimed that his approach prevents water pollution, biodiversity loss and soil erosion, while providing ample amounts of food.[10]

Fukuoka's principles[edit]

In principal, practitioners of natural farming maintain that it is not a technique but a view, or a way of seeing ourselves as a part of nature, rather than separate from or above it.[11] Accordingly, the methods themselves vary widely depending on culture and local conditions.
Rather than offering a structured method, Fukuoka distilled the natural farming mindset into five principles:[12]
  1. No tillage
  2. No fertilizer
  3. No pesticides or herbicides
  4. No weeding
  5. No pruning
A young man helps harvest rice by hand at a natural farm in a production still from the film "Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness"
A young man helps harvest rice by hand at a natural farm, in this production still from the film "Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness"
Though many of his plant varieties and practices relate specifically to Japan and even to local conditions in subtropical western Shikoku, his philosophy and the governing principles of his farming systems have been applied widely around the world, from Africa to the temperate northern hemisphere.
Principally, natural farming minimises human labour and adopts, as closely as practical, nature's production of foods such as rice, barley, daikon or citrus in biodiverse agricultural ecosystems. Without plowing, seeds germinate well on the surface if site conditions meet the needs of the seeds placed there. Fukuoka used the presence of spiders in his fields as a key performance indicator of sustainability.[citation needed]
Fukuoka specifies that the ground remain covered by weeds, white clover, alfalfa, herbaceous legumes, and sometimes deliberately sown herbaceous plants. Ground cover is present along with grain, vegetable crops and orchards. Chickens run free in orchards and ducks and carp populate rice fields.[13]
Periodically ground layer plants including weeds may be cut and left on the surface, returning their nutrients to the soil, while suppressing weed growth. This also facilitates the sowing of seeds in the same area because the dense ground layer hides the seeds from animals such as birds.
For summer rice and winter barley grain crops, ground cover enhances nitrogen fixation. Straw from the previous crop mulches the topsoil. Each grain crop is sown before the previous one is harvested by broadcasting the seed among the standing crop. Later, this method was reduced to a single direct seeding of clover, barley and rice over the standing heads of rice.[14] The result is a denser crop of smaller, but highly productive and stronger plants.
Fukuoka's practice and philosophy emphasised small scale operation and challenged the need for mechanised farming techniques for high productivity, efficiency and economies of scale. While his family's farm was larger than the Japanese average, he used one field of grain crops as a small-scale example of his system.

Yoshikazu Kawaguchi[edit]

Yoshikazu Kawaguchi at Akame Natural Farm School
Widely regarded as the leading practitioner of the second-generation of natural farmers, Yoshikazu Kawaguchi is the instigator of Akame Natural Farm School, and a related network of volunteer-based "no-tuition" natural farming schools in Japan that numbers 40 locations and more than 900 concurrent students.[15] Although Kawaguchi's practice is based on Fukuoka's principals, his methods differ notably from those of Fukuoka. He re-states the core values of natural farming as:
  1. Do not plow the fields
  2. Weeds and insects are not your enemies
  3. There is no need to add fertilizers
  4. Adjust the foods you grow based on your local climate and conditions
Kawaguchi's recognition outside of Japan has become wider after his appearance as the central character in the documentary Final Straw: Food, Earth, Happiness, through which his interviews were translated into several languages.[16] He is the author of several books in Japan, though none have been officially translated into English.
Since 2016, Kawaguchi is no longer directly instructing at the Akame school which he founded. He is still actively teaching however, holding open farm days at his own natural farm in Nara prefecture.[17]

Climax ecosystems[edit]

In ecology, climax ecosystems are mature ecosystems that have reached a high degree of stability, productivity and diversity (see old-growth forest). Natural farmers attempt to mimic those virtues, creating a comparable climax ecosystem, and employ advanced techniques such as intercropping, companion planting and integrated pest management.[citation needed]

No-till[edit]

Natural farming recognizes soils as a fundamental natural asset. Ancient soils possess physical and chemical attributes that render them capable of generating and supporting life abundance. It can be argued that tilling actually degrades the delicate balance of a climax soil:
  1. Tilling may destroy crucial physical characteristics of a soil such as water suction, its ability to send moisture upwards, even during dry spells. The effect is due to pressure differences between soil areas. Furthermore, tilling most certainly destroys soil horizons and hence disrupts the established flow of nutrients. A study suggests that reduced tillage preserves the crop residues on the top of the soil, allowing organic matter to be formed more easily and hence increasing the total organic carbon and nitrogen when compared to conventional tillage. The increases in organic carbon and nitrogen increase aerobic, facultative anaerobic and anaerobic bacteria populations.[18]
  2. Tilling over-pumps oxygen to local soil residents, such as bacteria and fungi. As a result, the chemistry of the soil changes. Biological decomposition accelerates and the microbiota mass increases at the expense of other organic matter, adversely affecting most plants, including trees and vegetables. For plants to thrive a certain quantity of organic matter (around 5%) must be present in the soil.
  3. Tilling uproots all the plants in the area, turning their roots into food for bacteria and fungi. This damages their ability to aerate the soil. Living roots drill millions of tiny holes in the soil and thus provide oxygen. They also create room for beneficial insects and annelids (the phylum of worms). Some types of roots contribute directly to soil fertility by funding a mutualistic relationship with certain kinds of bacteria (most famously the rhizobium) that can fix nitrogen.
Fukuoka advocated avoiding any change in the natural landscape. This idea differs significantly from some recent permaculture practice that focuses on permaculture design, which may involve the change in landscape. For example, Sepp Holzer, an Austrian permaculture farmer, advocates the creation of terraces on slopes to control soil erosion. Fukuoka avoided the creation of terraces in his farm, even though terraces were common in China and Japan in his time. Instead, he prevented soil erosion by simply growing trees and shrubs on slopes.

Variants of natural farming[edit]

Ladybirds consume aphids and are considered beneficial by natural farmers that apply biological control.
Although the term "natural farming" came into common use in the English language during the 1980s with the translation of the book One Straw Revolution, the natural farming mindset itself has a long history throughout the world, spanning from historical Native American practices to modern day urban farms.[19][20][21]
Some variants, and their particularities include:

Fertility farming[edit]

In 1951, Newman Turner advocated the practice of "fertility farming", a system featuring the use of a cover crop, no tillage, no chemical fertilizers, no pesticides, no weeding and no composting. Although Turner was a commercial farmer and did not practice random seeding of seed balls, his "fertility farming" principles share similarities with Fukuoka's system of natural farming. Turner also advocate a "natural method" of animal husbandry.[22]

Native American[edit]

Recent research in the field of traditional ecological knowledge finds that for over one hundred centuries, Native American tribes worked the land in strikingly similar ways to today's natural farmers. Author and researcher M. Kat Anderson writes that "According to contemporary Native Americans, it is only through interaction and relationships with native plants that mutual respect is established."[21]

Nature Farming (Mokichi Okada)[edit]

Japanese farmer and philosopher Mokichi Okada, conceived of a "no fertilizer" farming system in the 1930s that predated Fukuoka. Okada used the same Chinese characters as Fukuoka's "natural farming" however, they are translated into English slightly differently, as nature farming.[23] Agriculture researcher Hu-lian Xu claims that "nature farming" is the correct literal translation of the Japanese term.[23]

Rishi Kheti[edit]

In India, natural farming of Masanobu Fukuoka was called "Rishi Kheti" by practitioners like Partap Aggarwal.[24][25] The Rishi Kheti use cow products like buttermilk, milk, curd and its waste urine for preparing growth promoters. The Rishi Kheti is regarded as non-violent farming[citation needed] without any usage of chemical fertilizer and pesticides. They obtain high quality[citation needed] natural or organic produce having medicinal values. Today still a small number of farmers in Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu use this farming method in India.[citation needed]

Zero Budget Farming[edit]

Zero Budget Farming is a variation on natural farming developed in, and primarily practiced in southern India. It also called spiritual farming .The method involves mulching, intercropping, and the use of several preparations which include cow dung. These preparations, generated on-site, are central to the practice, and said to promote microbe and earthworm activity in the soil.[26] Indian agriculturist Subhash Palekar has researched and written extensively on this method.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ 1975 (in Japanese) 自然農法-わら一本の革命 (in English) 1978 re-presentation The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming.
  2. ^ "Life and Death in the Field | Final Straw – Food | Earth | Happiness". www.finalstraw.org. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  3. ^ Floyd, J.; Zubevich, K. (2010). "Linking foresight and sustainability: An integral approach". Futures. 42: 59–68. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2009.08.001.
  4. ^ Hanley, Paul (1990). "Agriculture: A Fundamental Principle" (PDF). Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 3 (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2013. Retrieved April 28,2014.
  5. ^ Colin Adrien MacKinley Duncan (1996). The Centrality of Agriculture: Between Humankind and the Rest of Nature. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. ISBN 978-0-7735-6571-5.
  6. ^ Trees on Organic Farms, Mirret, Erin Paige. North Carolina State University, 2001
  7. ^ Stephen Morse; Michael Stockin (1995). People and Environment: Development for the Future. Taylor & Francis Group. ISBN 978-1-85728-283-2.
  8. ^ Elpel, Thomas J. (November 1, 2002). Participating in Nature: Thomas J. Elpel's Field Guide to Primitive Living Skills. ISBN 1892784122.
  9. ^ What Does Natural Farming Mean? Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machineby Toyoda, Natsuko
  10. ^ Priya Reddy; Prescott College Environmental studies (2010). Sustainable Agricultural Education: An Experiential Approach to Shifting Consciousness and Practices. Prescott College. ISBN 978-1-124-38302-6.
  11. ^ "Masanobu Fukuoka and Natural Farming | Final Straw – Food | Earth | Happiness". www.finalstraw.org. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  12. ^ Helena Norberg-Hodge; Peter Goering; John Page (1 January 2001). From the Ground Up: Rethinking Industrial Agriculture. Zed Books. ISBN 978-1-85649-994-1.
  13. ^ 1975 (in Japanese) 自然農法-わら一本の革命 (in English) 1978 re-presentation The One-Straw Revolution: An Introduction to Natural Farming
  14. ^ Masanobu Fukuoka (1987). The Natural Way of Farming: The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy. Japan Publications. ISBN 978-0-87040-613-3.
  15. ^ (Japan)), Hokazono, S.(Mie Univ., Tsu; K., Ohara (2007-01-01). "The role of a learning site for urban residents hoping to do farming: Focusing on the spread of 'natural farming' by the Akame Natural Farming School". Journal of Rural Problems (Japan) (in Japanese). ISSN 0388-8525.
  16. ^ "Final Straw – Food - Earth - Happiness". www.finalstraw.org.
  17. ^ "'Body and Earth Are Not Two': Kawaguchi Yoshikazu's NATURAL FARMING and American Agriculture Writers". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-04-16.
  18. ^ Sylvia, D.M.; Fuhrmann, J.J.; Hartel, P.G.; Zuberer, D.A. (1999). Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. pp. 39–41. ISBN 0130941174.
  19. ^ Lydon, Patrick (2015-09-16). "Social Practice Artwork: A Restaurant and Garden Serving up Connections to Urban Nature". The Nature of Cities. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  20. ^ "Artwork / Urban Empathy Garden | SocieCity". sociecity.org. 2015-06-23. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  21. ^ Jump up to:a b ANDERSON, M. KAT (2005-01-01). "Native American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural Resources". Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California's Natural Resources (1 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 9780520238565. JSTOR 10.1525/j.ctt1ppfn4.
  22. ^ Newman Turner (1951). Fertility Farming. Faber and Faber Limited. ISBN 978-1601730091.
  23. ^ Jump up to:a b Xu, Hui-Lian (2001). NATURE FARMING In Japan (Monograph). T. C. 37/661(2), Fort Post Office, Trivandrum - 695023, Kerala, India: Research Signpost. ISBN 81-308-0111-6. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  24. ^ "Masanobu Fukuoka: The man who did nothing By Malvika Tegta" "DNA Daily News and Analysis". "Published: Sunday, Aug 22, 2010, 2:59 IST". "Place: Mumbai", India. (Retrieved 1 December 2010)
  25. ^ "Natural farming succeeds in Indian village By Partap C Aggarwal" in the 1980s Satavic Farms (India), "Slowly, bit by bit, we found ourselves close to what is called ‘natural farming’, pioneered in Japan by Masanobu Fukuoka. At Rasulia we called it 'rishi kheti' (agriculture of the sages)."
  26. ^ "Zero Budget Natural Farming in India" (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

External links[edit]

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Mokichi Okada - Wikipedia Nature Farming



Mokichi Okada - Wikipedia



Mokichi Okada
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Mokichi Okada

Mokichi Okada (岡田茂吉 Okada Mokichi, 23 December 1882 – 10 February 1955) was the founder of the Church of World Messianity, in which he is known by the honorific title Meishū-sama (明主様, lit. "Lord of Light")[1]. He is also the founder of Johrei, a healing ritual that claims to use "divine light" to dissolve the spiritual impurities that are the source of all physical, emotional, and personal problems.


Contents
1Biography
2Nature Farming
3See also
4References
5External links


Biography[edit]

According to his official biography,[2] Okada was born to a poor family in Tokyo and, after many trials and tribulations, eventually made his fortune in the jewellery business.

Initially a follower of Shinto offshoot Oomoto,[3] Okada claimed to have received a special revelation from God in 1926, leading him to found a new religion in 1935 to spread the teachings. Okada soon expanded to open a rehabilitation center centering on the healing powers of light, but it was shut down in 1936 as a violation of the Medical Practitioners' Law (医師法違反).[4]

The Sangetsu (山月) school of ikebana, inspired by Mokichi Okada, was founded in June 1972.[5] The Mokichi Okada Association (MOA) was established in 1980 to continue his work "toward the creation of a new civilization to be undertaken without confining Okada's principles and their implementation within a religious framework" (MOA[6] acquired the status of a legal entity as a limited liability intermediary corporation in 2005, then transferred to one of general corporation in 2009, officially called MOA International Corporation). Much of Okada's extensive art collection is now housed in the MOA Museum of Art in Atami, Japan.


Nature Farming[edit]
Main article: Nature Farming

In 1936, Okada established an agricultural system originally called "no fertilizer farming" or "Nature Farming".[7][8] Offshoots such as the Sekai Kyusei Kyo, promoting "Kyusei nature farming", and the Mokichi Okada Association formed after his death to continue promoting the work in Japan and South-East Asia.[9]

According to the International Nature Farming Research Center in Nagano, Japan, it is based on the theories that:
  1. Fertilizers pollute the soil and weaken its power of production.
  2. Pests would break out from the excessive use of fertilizers
  3. The difference in disease incidence between resistant and susceptible plants is attributed to nutritional conditions inside the body.
  4. Vegetables and fruits produced by nature farming taste better than those by chemical farming.[10]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Arman Hassan, the main antagonist in the anime series Tiger Mask II, is called so by his subordinates.
  2. ^ Johrei History Archived August 14, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  3. ^ JapanFile - the website of Kansai Time Out magazine - Japanese culture, news, events, music, literature, and reporting Archived November 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ "岡田茂吉(1882-1955)". FFortune.net. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  5. ^ "sangetsu". Sangetsu.org. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  6. ^ "一般社団法人ＭＯＡインターナショナル". MOAInternational.or.jp. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
  7. ^ "Overview of organic agriculture". Kristiansen, P. and Merfield, C. (2006) Overview of organic agriculture. In: Kristiansen, P.; Taji, A. and Reganold, J. (Eds.) Organic Agriculture: a Global Perspective, CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, pp. 1–23. "Independent developments were occurring in Japan. In 1936, Mokichi Okada began practicing 'nature farming'. Nature farming includes spiritual and well as agronomic aspects with a view to improving humanity."
  8. ^ Sustainable Agriculture: Definition and Terms. Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 99-02, September 1999. Compiled by: Mary V. Gold, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture
  9. ^ Setboonsarng, S. and Gilman, J. 1999. Alternative Agriculture in Thailand and Japan. HORIZON Communications, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
  10. ^ Scientific Proof of Mokichi Okada's Nature Farming Theories by Xu, Hui-lian. Agricultural Experiment Station, International Nature Farming Research Center, Nagano

External links[edit]
MOA International Home Page



Nature Farming

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to navigationJump to search
"Nature Farming" was established in 1936 by Mokichi Okada, the founder of the Church of World Messianity, an agricultural system originally called "no fertilizer farming" or 自然農法 (shizen nōhō) in Japanese.[1]
Offshoots such as the Sekai Kyusei Kyo, promoting ‘Kyusei nature farming’, and the Mokichi Okada Association formed after his death to continue promoting the work in Japan and South-East Asia.[2]
ZZ2, a farming conglomerate in South Africa has translated the term to Afrikaans, "Natuurboerdery".[3]
According to the International Nature Farming Research Center in Nagano, Japan,[4] it is based on the theories that:
  • Fertilizers pollute the soil and weaken its power of production.
  • Pests would break out from the excessive use of fertilizers
  • The difference in disease incidence between resistant and susceptible plants is attributed to nutritional conditions inside the body.
  • Vegetables and fruits produced by nature farming taste better than those by chemical farming.
The term is sometimes used for an alternative farming philosophy of Masanobu Fukuoka.

Natural Farming[edit]

Main article: Natural Farming
Another Japanese farmer and philosopher, Masanobu Fukuoka, conceived of an alternative farming system in the 1930s separately from Okada and used the same Japanese characters to describe it.[5] This is generally translated in English as "Natural Farming" although agriculture researcher Hu-lian Xu claims that "nature farming" is the correct literal translation of the Japanese term.[5]

See also[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

  • 自然農法解說 / Shizen nōhō kaisetsu by Mokichi Okada. Publisher: 榮光社出版部 Eikōsha Shuppanbu, Tōkyō 1951.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Sustainable Agriculture: Definition and Terms. Special Reference Briefs Series no. SRB 99-02, September 1999. Compiled by: Mary V. Gold, Alternative Farming Systems Information Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture
  2. ^ Setboonsarng, S. and Gilman, J. 1999. Alternative Agriculture in Thailand and Japan. HORIZON Communications, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
  3. ^ Silent, Taurayi, (March 2011). An investigation of natuurboerdery (natural farming) approach : a ZZ2 case study (Thesis). Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch.
  4. ^ Scientific Proof of Mokichi Okada's Nature Farming Theories by Xu, Hui-lian. Agricultural Experiment Station, International Nature Farming Research Center, Nagano
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b Xu, Hui-Lian (2001). NATURE FARMING In Japan (Monograph). T. C. 37/661(2), Fort Post Office, Trivandrum - 695023, Kerala, India.: Research Signpost. ISBN 81-308-0111-6. Retrieved 6 March 2011.

External links[edit]



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녹색평론 - 위키백과, 나무위키



녹색평론 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전
녹색평론
위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

둘러보기로 가기검색하러 가기


녹색평론
국가 대한민국
언어 한국어
간행주기 격월간
종류 시사격월간지
창간일 1991-10-29
가격 10,000원
발행법인 녹색평론사


《녹색평론》은 1991년 10월 창간된 격월간 잡지이다.

녹색평론의 창간 목적은 사람과 사람, 사람과 자연 사이의 분열을 치유하고 공생적 문화가 유지될 수 있는 사회의 재건에 이바지하는 것이다. 생태의 관점에서 지속가능한 미래의 대안을 모색한다.

2010년 5월 현재 통권 제112호(2010년 5~6월호)가 발간되었으며, 서울, 대구, 대전, 부산 등 전국 각지에 독자모임이 활동하고 있다. 잡지에는 출판사 광고 이외에는 일반 광고가 없다.

발행 겸 편집인 : 김종철

편집자문위원 : 강수돌 강양구 박경미 박병상 박승옥 박용남 박혜영 송기호 윤병선 이계삼 이문재 장성익 천규석 최성각 하승수 황대권
외부 링크[편집]
《녹색평론》공식 누리집
녹색평론_한국잡지박물관
녹색평론 전국 독자모임



녹색평론

최근 수정 시각: 2019-06-23 19:50:39
https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89%ED%8F%89%EB%A1%A0

분류
언론
1. 개요2. 관심사3. 비판


1. 개요[편집]
김종철을 발행인 및 편집인으로 하여 생태주의자들이 발간하는 격월간시사지. 국내외 생태주의자들의 기고를 모으는 형태이며 창간부터 지금까지 항상 하얀색 종이 표지를 일관되게 유지해 왔다. 좌우노선을 막론하고 가장 급진주의적이고 전위적 그룹. 이들은 문명자체를 넘는 사고를 하고있으니까. 종말론적 주장이기도 하지만 피할 수 없다.

2012년 11월의 127호까지, 생태주의자들의 전폭적인 지지, 구독, 후원을 바탕으로 꾸준히 발행되고 있다. 녹색당이 처음 생길 때에 발행인 김종철이 주도적 역할을 한 것은 물론이요, 많은 독자들이 자발적으로 가입하였다.

2. 관심사[편집]

"격월간 녹색평론은 사람과 사람, 사람과 자연 사이의 분열을 치유하고, 공생적 문화가 유지될 수 있는 사회의 재건에 이바지하려는 의도로 발간되는 집지입니다. 우리는 모든 생명체들과 이 지구를 공유하고 있는 형제자매들입니다. 이러한 진리를 받아들이고, 그에 부합하는 비폭력적 삶의 방식을 모색하는 일은 사회적 분열과 생태계의 파손이 극에 달한 오늘날 무엇보다 절박한 과제가 되었습니다."

주된 내용은 석유로 지탱되는 물질문명의 종말 후 찾아올 "소농사회", 즉 근대화 이전 전원일기에 나오는 것 같은 고만고만한 농부들이 모여 부족하지만 서로 정을 나누고 살았다는(?!!) 시대에 대응하고자 하는 것이다. 석유는 수량이 제한된 자원이기 때문에 21세기 문명국가가 누리는 그 문명이라는 것의 폭망은 그 시기가 언제 도래하건 언젠가 반드시 올 것으로 본다. 포스트 석유시대의 모델은 극단적 독재국가(북한), 대외침략적 제국주의(일본제국주의), 무정부 상태, 소농사회(쿠바). 요렇게 4가지 외에 있을 수 없다. 석유없는 시대의 토대위에 민주주의적 가치를 실천 한다면 그것은 다같이 가난한 삶을 영위하는 것외에 다른 대안은 없다.

2013년 즈음부터 기본소득제를 적극 옹호하면서 기본소득제야말로 인민들을 필요소득보다 더 적은 임금을 주면서 착취하는 자본주의 체제를 전복시킬 수 있는 기적의 제도라고 주장하고 있다. 기본소득제 자체야 알파고를 통해서 본격적으로 알려지게 된 인공지능의 발달로 수십년 이내에 대부분의 일자리가 소멸될 것이 분명해졌으니 시일이 어찌 되든 도입이 될 가능성이 매우 높은 것이 현실이다.

LETS [1]을 좋아한다. 전세계적 거래가 안 되므로 지역에서 벌어들인 자산을 지역 내에서 쓰니 지역 경제에 좋고, 금융소득을 벌어들이지 못하니 빈부격차를 해소할 수 있다고 본다.

이재명 후보는 기본소득과 지역화폐를 당장 실천하겠노라는 공약을 내걸었지만 2017년 민주당 경선에서 떨어졌다. 그의 사상을 참고한다면 녹색평론의 사상을 이해하는 데 도움이 될 것이다.

3. 비판[편집]

1. 녹색평론에서 좋아하는 "소농사회"는 유토피아이지 현실에는 없었다. 국가의 착취를 제쳐두더라도 농촌사회가 드라마에서 보는 것 같이 정다운 사회가 절대 아니다! 귀농, 닫힌 사회 문서를 참조바람. 수십명의 사람들이 폐쇄적인 환경에서 살기 때문에 장애인 같은 약자들은 평생 인간으로서의 권리를 무시당하면서 살 확률이 매우 높다. 섬노예같은 인간으로서의 자격을 상실한 범죄가 계속 같은 지역에서 발생하는 이유이기도 하다.

2. 산업 및 기술이 극도로 고도화되지 않은 상태에서 이들이 원하는 대로 예전의 농업사회로 돌아가게 된다면 생산력 부족 및 이로 인한 기술력 퇴화로 인하여 기본소득 자체는 물론이고 인류문명이 지금까지 이룩한 성과가 무너져 버린다는 중대한 모순이 생긴다. 이렇게 되면 자신들이 그렇게 소중하게 생각하는 환경 역시 파괴될 것이다. 현대문명이 환경을 많이 훼손시킨 건 맞지만 70억이라는 인구를 부양하는 것을 감안하여 계산하면 오히려 전근대보다 환경을 덜 파괴시키면서 극단적인 빈곤을 벗어나게 했다는 성과를 거두었다. 하지만 다시 전근대로 돌아가게 된다면 사람들이 어떻게든 살려고 그나마 남은 산림을 파괴할 것이 자명한데 이렇게 되면 살아남은 대파괴 시대 이후의 후손들은 희망이 없게 된다.

산업 및 기술이 극도로 고도화되지 않은 상태에서 이들이 원하는 대로 예전의 농업사회로 돌아가게 된다면 생산력 부족으로 인하여 70억 인류 인구를 도저히 유지할 수 없다. 산업혁명이 일어나기 전 인구수로 돌아갈 수밖에 없는데 그러면 현존 인구의 90% 가량이 굶주림, 식인, 약탈로 인해 사망할 것이다. 환경을 소중히 생각한다면서 수십억명의 사람들이 죽어나가는 건 외면하는 것이 과연 옳은 것인지 의문.

3. 식인과 약탈을 막고 평화롭고 아늑한 전원생활을 즐길 수 있으려면 경찰이 총 들고 치안을 유지하면서 생태주의자들의 안전한 삶을 위협하는 사람들을 체포해야 할 것이다. 그렇지 않다면 살아남은 사람들이 이룩하게 될 사회는 생태주의보다는 생존주의/치안 부재에 가까운 삶의 형태를 띄게 될 가능성이 높다. 열심히 농사지으려 시도하는 사람이 있으면 총 든 약탈자가 농부를 죽이고 식량을 빼앗고, 농부들은 이 때문에 잠도 자지 못하고 불침번 세워가며 경비를 하고, 뭐 그런 사회. 초기 농경사회가 바로 이런 모습이었는데, 폭력을 강제적으로 중재할 권력 및 무력이 없었던 국가가 없었던 관계로 이 시기 농경사회는 앞의 석기 시대와는 비교할 수 없을 정도로(석기시대 역시 평화로운 시대였다는 일반적인 이미지와는 정반대로 환경 및 장소에 따라 달라지긴 하지만 성인남성 1/4이 분쟁에 휘말려 죽었던 살벌한 시대였다.) 부족 간 다툼이 극심하여 인류역사상 사망률이 가장 높았던 시기이기도 하다.

4. 사람이 굶주려서 죽어가지 않을 정도의 생산력을 유지하려면 개량된 종자, 화학 비료, 관개 시설, 살충제, 가축용 항생제가 필요할 것인데, 이런 것들을 모두 누리면서 동시에 생태주의를 누리는 것은 가능할 것은 불가능하다.

5. LETS 체계는 현재는 어디까지나 화폐경제를 보완하는 의미에서 지역 사회의 사람들과 유대감을 늘리기 위한 즐거움의 수단 정도로 쓰이고 있다. 그렇다 보니 LETS에 참여하는 사람들 역시 대체로 선한 마음을 가지고 참가하고 있다. 이 수준을 넘어서 대부분의 상거래를 대안화폐로 하게 될 경우 문제가 발생한다.

공동체 내에서 '극도로 이기주의적이고 착취적인 사람이 나타난다면 어떻게 해결할 것인가'의 문제가 뒤따른다. 왕따를 시켜서 거래를 못 하게 만들 것인가? 현대처럼 취미 정도라면 단체에서 탈퇴하는 걸로 적당히 끝날 일이지만, 생계가 좌우된다면 반발은 그 정도로 끝나지 않는다.

반대로, 현재처럼 주된 상거래는 화폐에 넘기고 대안화폐를 이용한 경제활동은 영원히 취미로 남긴다는 선택지가 있지만, 그걸 바라지 않고 점차 화폐를 대체해나가길 원하는 사람들이 있으므로 두 분파 사이에서 갈등이 일어날 수 있다.

6. 결국 위와 같은 수많은 폐해를 억누르고 이들이 원하는 체제를 유지하기 위해서는 이들의 평화로운 상상과는 달리 북한을 능가하는 철저한 독재체제, 통제경제로 흑화하든지, 아니면 혼돈의 무정부상태로 떨어지는 수밖에는 없을 것이다. 공산국가들이 하나 같이 살벌한 일당독재체제를 유지했던 것도, 되지도 않을 불가능한 이상을 억지로 현실화시키려니 곳곳에서 모순과 파열음이 불거져 나와서 결국 하나하나 일일이 통제하고 자신들의 이상에 맞지 않는 사회구성원들은 숙청, 격리시키는 방법 외에는 체제를 유지할 방법이 없었기 때문이다.

실제로 이들이 주장하는대로 근대화 이전 소농사회로 돌아가려고 했던 실험이 과거에도 있었으니, 캄보디아 독재자 폴 포트가 벌인 킬링필드가 그것이다. 폴 포트가 이끄는 크메르 루주는 캄보디아 수도 프놈펜 시민들을 시골농촌으로 강제 이주시켰으며, 이들은 집단농장에서 공동으로 일하면서 공동식당에 나와서 식사해야 했다. 캄보디아의 화폐 제도는 폐지되었고 물물교환 경제로 사회를 운영했으며 크메르 루주는 보란듯이 프놈펜 중앙은행을 폭탄으로 폭파시켰다. 이 당시 외국어 구사자, 공무원, 교수, 의사, 약사 등 전문직들과 부유층 등 자본주의, 근대문명적 요소를 가진 이들은 무조건 처형해야 할 대상[2]이었다.

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[1] 비화폐적 경제. 단체를 만든 뒤 그 안에서 동조자끼리 노동, 자원 등을 화폐 없이 물물교환하는 제도(약속)
[2] 심지어 안경을 썼거나 손에 굳은 살이 없다는 이유만으로도!
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