2024/09/11

100 Best Books of the 21st Century The New York Times Book Review.

 100 Best Books of the 21st Century

The New York Times Book Review.

Stack of 20 books

As voted on by 503 novelists, nonfiction writers, poets, critics and other book lovers — with a little help from the staff of



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Many of us find joy in looking back and taking stock of our reading lives, which is why we here at The New York Times Book Review decided to mark the first 25 years of this century with an ambitious project: to take a first swing at determining the most important, influential books of the era. In collaboration with the Upshot, we sent a survey to hundreds of literary luminaries, asking them to name the 10 best books published since Jan. 1, 2000.


Stephen King took part. So did Bonnie Garmus, Claudia Rankine, James Patterson, Sarah Jessica Parker, Karl Ove Knausgaard, Elin Hilderbrand, Thomas Chatterton Williams, Roxane Gay, Marlon James, Sarah MacLean, Min Jin Lee, Jonathan Lethem and Jenna Bush Hager, to name just a few. And you can also take part! Vote here and let us know what your top 10 books of the century are.


We hope you’ll discover a book you’ve always meant to read, or encounter a beloved favorite you’d like to pick up again. Above all, we hope you’re as inspired and dazzled as we are by the breadth of subjects, voices, opinions, experiences and imagination represented here.


The 100 Best Books of the 21st Century

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The Books

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Book cover for Tree of Smoke

100


Tree of Smoke

Denis Johnson 2007


Like the project of the title — an intelligence report that the newly minted C.I.A. operative William “Skip” Sands comes to find both quixotic and useless — the Vietnam-era warfare of Johnson’s rueful, soulful novel lives in shadows, diversions and half-truths. There are no heroes here among the lawless colonels, assassinated priests and faith-stricken NGO nurses; only villainy and vast indifference.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Missionaries,” by Phil Klay or “Hystopia,” by David Means.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for How to Be Both

99


How to Be Both

Ali Smith 2014


This elegant double helix of a novel entwines the stories of a fictional modern-day British girl and a real-life 15th-century Italian painter. A more conventional book might have explored the ways the past and present mirror each other, but Smith is after something much more radical. “How to Be Both” is a passionate, dialectical critique of the binaries that define and confine us. Not only male and female, but also real and imaginary, poetry and prose, living and dead. The way to be “both” is to recognize the extent to which everything already is. — A.O. Scott, critic at large for The Times


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Jeff in Venice, Death in Varanasi,” by Geoff Dyer or “The Argonauts,” by Maggie Nelson.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Bel Canto

98


Bel Canto

Ann Patchett 2001


A famed opera singer performs for a Japanese executive’s birthday at a luxe private home in South America; it’s that kind of party. But when a group of young guerrillas swoops in and takes everyone in the house hostage, Patchett’s exquisitely calibrated novel — inspired by a real incident — becomes a piano wire of tension, vibrating on high.


Why I love itBook cover for Bel Canto

My wife and I share books we love with our kids, and after I raved about “Bel Canto” — the voice, the setting, the way romance and suspense are so perfectly braided — I gave copies to my kids, and they all loved it, too. My son was in high school then, and he became a kind of lit-pusher, pressing his beloved copy into friends’ hands. We used to call him the Keeper of the Bel Canto. — Jess Walter, author of “Beautiful Ruins”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Nocturnes,” by Kazuo Ishiguro or “The Piano Tuner,” by Daniel Mason.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Men We Reaped

97


Men We Reaped

Jesmyn Ward 2013


Sandwiched between her two National Book Award-winning novels, Ward’s memoir carries more than fiction’s force in its aching elegy for five young Black men (a brother, a cousin, three friends) whose untimely exits from her life came violently and without warning. Their deaths — from suicide and homicide, addiction and accident — place the hidden contours of race, justice and cruel circumstance in stark relief.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Breathe: A Letter to My Sons,” by Imani Perry or “Memorial Drive: A Daughter’s Memoir,” by Natasha Trethewey.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.



Book cover for Wayward Lives,<br /> Beautiful Experiments: Intimate Histories of Riotous Black Girls, Troublesome Women, and Queer Radicals

96


Wayward Lives,

Beautiful Experiments

Saidiya Hartman 2019


A beautiful, meticulously researched exploration of the lives of Black girls whom early-20th-century laws designated as “wayward” for such crimes as having serial lovers, or an excess of desire, or a style of comportment that was outside white norms. Hartman grapples with “the power and authority of the archive and the limits it sets on what can be known” about poor Black women, but from the few traces she uncovers in the historical record, she manages to sketch moving portraits, restoring joy and freedom and movement to what, in other hands, might have been mere statistics. — Laila Lalami, author of “The Other Americans”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “In the Wake: On Blackness and Being,” by Christina Sharpe or “All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley’s Sack, A Black Family Keepsake,” by Tiya Miles.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Bring Up the Bodies

95


Bring Up the Bodies

Hilary Mantel 2012


The title comes from an old English legal phrase for summoning men who have been accused of treason to trial; in the court’s eyes, effectively, they are already dead. But Mantel’s tour-de-force portrait of Thomas Cromwell, the second installment in her vaunted “Wolf Hall” series, thrums with thrilling, obstinate life: a lowborn statesman on the rise; a king in love (and out of love, and in love again); a mad roundelay of power plays, poisoned loyalties and fateful realignments. It’s only empires, after all.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Pico Iyer, writer. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “This Is Happiness,” by Niall Williams or “The Western Wind,” by Samantha Harvey.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for On Beauty

94


On Beauty

Zadie Smith 2005


Consider it a bold reinvention of “Howards End,” or take Smith’s sprawling third novel as its own golden thing: a tale of two professors — one proudly liberal, the other staunchly right-wing — whose respective families’ rivalries and friendships unspool over nearly 450 provocative, subplot-mad pages.


I love this lineBook cover for On Beauty

“You don’t have favorites among your children, but you do have allies.”


Let’s admit it: Family is often a kind of war, even if telepathically conducted. — Alexandra Jacobs, book critic for The Times


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Crossroads,” by Jonathan Franzen.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Station Eleven

93


Station Eleven

Emily St. John Mandel 2014


Increasingly, and for obvious reasons, end-times novels are not hard to find. But few have conjured the strange luck of surviving an apocalypse — civilization preserved via the ad hoc Shakespeare of a traveling theater troupe; entire human ecosystems contained in an abandoned airport — with as much spooky melancholic beauty as Mandel does in her beguiling fourth novel.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Ann Napolitano, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Severance,” by Ling Ma or “The Passage,” by Justin Cronin.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.



Book cover for The Days of Abandonment

92


The Days of Abandonment

Elena Ferrante; translated by Ann Goldstein 2005


There is something scandalous about this picture of a sensible, adult woman almost deranged by the breakup of her marriage, to the point of neglecting her children. The psychodrama is naked — sometimes hard to read, at other moments approaching farce. Just as Ferrante drew an indelible portrait of female friendship in her quartet of Neapolitan novels, here, she brings her all-seeing eye to female solitude.


I love this lineBook cover for The Days of Abandonment

“The circle of an empty day is brutal, and at night it tightens around your neck like a noose.”


It so simply encapsulates how solitude can, with the inexorable passage of time, calcify into loneliness and then despair. — Alexandra Jacobs


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Eileen,” by Ottessa Moshfegh or “Aftermath: On Marriage and Separation,” by Rachel Cusk.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Human Stain

91


The Human Stain

Philip Roth 2000


Set during the Clinton impeachment imbroglio, this is partly a furious indictment of what would later be called cancel culture, partly an inquiry into the paradoxes of class, sex and race in America. A college professor named Coleman Silk is persecuted for making supposedly racist remarks in class. Nathan Zuckerman, his neighbor (and Roth’s trusty alter ego), learns that Silk, a fellow son of Newark, is a Black man who has spent most of his adult life passing for white. Of all the Zuckerman novels, this one may be the most incendiary, and the most unsettling. — A.O. Scott


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Stephen L. Carter, author and law professor. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Vladimir,” by Julia May Jonas or “Blue Angel,” by Francine Prose.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Sympathizer

90


The Sympathizer

Viet Thanh Nguyen 2015


Penned as a book-length confession from a nameless North Vietnamese spy as Saigon falls and new duties in America beckon, Nguyen’s richly faceted novel seems to swallow multiple genres whole, like a satisfied python: political thriller and personal history, cracked metafiction and tar-black comedy.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Stephen King, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Man of My Time,” by Dalia Sofer or “Tomás Nevinson,” by Javier Marías; translated by Margaret Jull Costa.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Return: Fathers, Sons and the Land in Between

89


The Return

Hisham Matar 2016


Though its Pulitzer Prize was bestowed in the category of biography, Matar’s account of searching for the father he lost to a 1990 kidnapping in Cairo functions equally as absorbing detective story, personal elegy and acute portrait of doomed geopolitics — all merged, somehow, with the discipline and cinematic verve of a novel.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “A Day in the Life of Abed Salama: Anatomy of a Jerusalem Tragedy,” by Nathan Thrall, “House of Stone: A Memoir of Home, Family, and a Lost Middle East,” by Anthony Shadid or “My Father’s Fortune,” by Michael Frayn.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Collected Stories<br /> of Lydia Davis

88


The Collected Stories

of Lydia Davis

2010


Brevity, thy name is Lydia Davis. If her work has become a byword for short (nay, microdose) fiction, this collection proves why it is also hard to shake; a conflagration of odd little umami bombs — sometimes several pages, sometimes no more than a sentence — whose casual, almost careless wordsmithery defies their deadpan resonance.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Ninety-Nine Stories of God,” by Joy Williams or “Tell Me: Thirty Stories,” by Mary Robison.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Detransition, Baby

87


Detransition, Baby

Torrey Peters 2021


Love is lost, found and reconfigured in Peters’s penetrating, darkly humorous debut novel. But when the novel’s messy triangular romance — between two trans characters and a cis-gendered woman — becomes an unlikely story about parenthood, the plot deepens, and so does its emotional resonance: a poignant and gratifyingly cleareyed portrait of found family.


Why I love itBook cover for Detransition, Baby

Peters’s sly wit and observational genius, her ability to balance so many intimate realities, cultural forces and zeitgeisty happenings made my head spin. It got me hot, cracked me up, punched my heart with grief and understanding. I’m in awe of her abilities, and will re-read this book periodically just to remember how it’s done. — Michelle Tea, author of “Against Memoir”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “I Heard Her Call My Name: A Memoir of Transition,” by Lucy Sante or “Didn’t Nobody Give a Shit What Happened to Carlotta,” by James Hannaham.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom

86


Frederick Douglass

David W. Blight 2018


It is not hard to throw a rock and hit a Great Man biography; Blight’s earns its stripes by smartly and judiciously excavating the flesh-and-bone man beneath the myth. Though Douglass famously wrote three autobiographies of his own, there turned out to be much between the lines that is illuminated here with rigor, flair and refreshing candor.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Tiya Miles, writer and history professor. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Grimkes: The Legacy of Slavery in an American Family,” by Kerri K. Greenidge or “Freedom National: The Destruction of Slavery in the United States, 1861-1865,” by James Oakes.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Pastoralia

85


Pastoralia

George Saunders 2000


An ersatz caveman languishes at a theme park; a dead maiden aunt comes back to screaming, scatological life; a bachelor barber born with no toes dreams of true love, or at least of getting his toe-nubs licked. The stories in Saunders’s second collection are profane, unsettling and patently absurd. They’re also freighted with bittersweet humanity, and rendered in language so strange and wonderful, it sings.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Swamplandia!,” by Karen Russell or “Friday Black,” by Nana Kwame Adjei-Brenyah.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

84


The Emperor of All Maladies

Siddhartha Mukherjee 2010


The subtitle, “A Biography of Cancer,” provides some helpful context for what lies between the covers of Mukherjee’s Pulitzer Prize-winning book, though it hardly conveys the extraordinary ambition and empathy of his telling, as the trained oncologist weaves together disparate strands of large-scale history, biology and devastating personal anecdote.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Annette Gordon-Reed, writer and history professor. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End,” by Atul Gawande, “Do No Harm: Stories of Life, Death, and Brain Surgery,” by Henry Marsh or “I Contain Multitudes: The Microbes Within Us and a Grander View of Life,” by Ed Yong.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for When We Cease to Understand the World

83


When We Cease to Understand the World

Benjamín Labatut; translated by Adrian Nathan West 2021


You don’t have to know anything about quantum theory to start reading this book, a deeply researched, exquisitely imagined group portrait of tormented geniuses. By the end, you’ll know enough to be terrified. Labatut is interested in how the pursuit of scientific certainty can lead to, or arise from, states of extreme psychological and spiritual upheaval. His characters — Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger, among others — discover a universe that defies rational comprehension. After them, “scientific method and its object could no longer be prised apart.” That may sound abstract, but in Labatut’s hands the story of quantum physics is violent, suspenseful and finally heartbreaking. — A.O. Scott


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Rigor of Angels: Borges, Heisenberg, Kant, and the Ultimate Nature of Reality,” by William Egginton, “The Noise of Time,” by Julian Barnes or “The End of Days,” by Jenny Erpenbeck; translated by Susan Bernofsky.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Hurricane Season

82


Hurricane Season

Fernanda Melchor; translated by Sophie Hughes 2020


Her sentences are sloping hills; her paragraphs, whole mountains. It’s no wonder that Melchor was dubbed a sort of south-of-the-border Faulkner for her baroque and often brutally harrowing tale of poverty, paranoia and murder (also: witches, or at least the idea of them) in a fictional Mexican village. When a young girl impregnated by her pedophile stepfather unwittingly lands there, her arrival is the spark that lights a tinderbox.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Liliana’s Invincible Summer: A Sister’s Search for Justice,” by Cristina Rivera Garza or “Fever Dream,” by Samanta Schweblin; translated by Megan McDowell.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Pulphead

81


Pulphead

John Jeremiah Sullivan 2011


When this book of essays came out, it bookended a fading genre: collected pieces written on deadline by “pulpheads,” or magazine writers. Whether it’s Sullivan’s visit to a Christian rock festival, his profile of Axl Rose or a tribute to an early American botanist, he brings to his subjects not just depth, but an open-hearted curiosity. Indeed, if this book feels as if it’s from a different time, perhaps that’s because of its generous receptivity to other ways of being, which offers both reader and subject a kind of grace.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Sunshine State,” by Sarah Gerard, “Consider the Lobster,” by David Foster Wallace or “Yoga for People Who Can’t Be Bothered to Do It,” by Geoff Dyer.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Story of the Lost Child

80


The Story of the Lost Child

Elena Ferrante; translated by Ann Goldstein 2015


All things, even modern literature’s most fraught female friendship, must come to an end. As the now middle-aged Elena and Lila continue the dance of envy and devotion forged in their scrappy Neapolitan youth, the conclusion of Ferrante’s four-book saga defies the laws of diminishing returns, illuminating the twined psychologies of its central pair — intractable, indelible, inseparable — in one last blast of X-ray prose.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Scott Turow, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Years That Followed,” by Catherine Dunne or “From the Land of the Moon,” by Milena Agus; translated by Ann Goldstein.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for A Manual for<br /> Cleaning Women

79


A Manual for

Cleaning Women

Lucia Berlin 2015


Berlin began writing in the 1960s, and collections of her careworn, haunted, messily alluring yet casually droll short stories were published in the 1980s and ’90s. But it wasn’t until 2015, when the best were collected into a volume called “A Manual for Cleaning Women,” that her prodigious talent was recognized. Berlin writes about harried and divorced single women, many of them in working-class jobs, with uncanny grace. She is the real deal. — Dwight Garner, book critic for The Times


I love this lineBook cover for A Manual for<br /> Cleaning Women

“I hate to see anything lovely by myself.”


It’s so true, to me at least, and I have heard no other writer express it. — Dwight Garner


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Flamethrowers,” by Rachel Kushner or “The Complete Stories,” by Clarice Lispector; translated by Katrina Dodson.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Septology

78


Septology

Jon Fosse; translated by Damion Searls 2022


You may not be champing at the bit to read a seven-part, nearly 700-page novel written in a single stream-of-consciousness sentence with few paragraph breaks and two central characters with the same name. But this Norwegian masterpiece, by the winner of the 2023 Nobel Prize in Literature, is the kind of soul-cleansing work that seems to silence the cacophony of the modern world — a pair of noise-canceling headphones in book form. The narrator, a painter named Asle, drives out to visit his doppelgänger, Asle, an ailing alcoholic. Then the narrator takes a boat ride to have Christmas dinner with some friends. That, more or less, is the plot. But throughout, Fosse’s searching reflections on God, art and death are at once haunting and deeply comforting.


Why I love itBook cover for Septology

I had not read Fosse before he won the Nobel Prize, and I wanted to catch up. Luckily for me, the critic Merve Emre (who has championed his work) is my colleague at Wesleyan, so I asked her where to start. I was hoping for a shortcut, but she sternly told me that there was nothing to do but to read the seven-volume “Septology” translated by Damion Searls. Luckily for me, I had 30 hours of plane travel in the next week or so, and I had a Kindle.


Reading “Septology” in the cocoon of a plane was one of the great aesthetic experiences of my life. The hypnotic effects of the book were amplified by my confinement, and the paucity of distractions helped me settle into its exquisite rhythms. The repetitive patterns of Fosse’s prose made its emotional waves, when they came, so much more powerful. — Michael Roth, president of Wesleyan University


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Armand V,” by Dag Solstad; translated by Steven T. Murray.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for An American Marriage

77


An American Marriage

Tayari Jones 2018


Life changes in an instant for Celestial and Roy, the young Black newlyweds at the beating, uncomfortably realistic heart of Jones’s fourth novel. On a mostly ordinary night, during a hotel stay near his Louisiana hometown, Roy is accused of rape. He is then swiftly and wrongfully convicted and sentenced to 12 years in prison. The couple’s complicated future unfolds, often in letters, across two worlds. The stain of racism covers both places.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Sarah Jessica Parker, actress and editor. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Hello Beautiful,” by Ann Napolitano or “Stay with Me,” by Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow

76


Tomorrow, and Tomorrow, and Tomorrow

Gabrielle Zevin 2022


The title is Shakespeare; the terrain, more or less, is video games. Neither of those bare facts telegraphs the emotional and narrative breadth of Zevin’s breakout novel, her fifth for adults. As the childhood friendship between two future game-makers blooms into a rich creative collaboration and, later, alienation, the book becomes a dazzling disquisition on art, ambition and the endurance of platonic love.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Normal People,” by Sally Rooney or “Super Sad True Love Story,” by Gary Shteyngart.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Exit West

75


Exit West

Mohsin Hamid 2017


The modern world and all its issues can feel heavy — too heavy for the fancies of fiction. Hamid’s quietly luminous novel, about a pair of lovers in a war-ravaged Middle Eastern country who find that certain doors can open portals, literally, to other lands, works in a kind of minor-key magical realism that bears its weight beautifully.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Gary Shteyngart, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Seven Moons of Maali Almeida,” by Shehan Karunatilaka or “A Burning,” by Megha Majumdar.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Olive Kitteridge

74


Olive Kitteridge

Elizabeth Strout 2008


When this novel-in-stories won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 2009, it was a victory for crotchety, unapologetic women everywhere, especially ones who weren’t, as Olive herself might have put it, spring chickens. The patron saint of plain-spokenness — and the titular character of Strout’s 13 tales — is a long-married Mainer with regrets, hopes and a lobster boat’s worth of quiet empathy. Her small-town travails instantly became stand-ins for something much bigger, even universal.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Nick Hornby, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Tom Lake,” by Ann Patchett or “Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage,” by Alice Munro.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Passage of Power

73


The Passage of Power

Robert Caro 2012


The fourth volume of Caro’s epic chronicle of Lyndon Johnson’s life and times is a political biography elevated to the level of great literature. His L.B.J. is a figure of Shakespearean magnitude, whose sudden ascension from the abject humiliations of the vice presidency to the summit of political power is a turn of fortune worthy of a Greek myth. Caro makes you feel the shock of J.F.K.’s assassination, and brings you inside Johnson’s head on the blood-drenched day when his lifelong dream finally comes true. It’s an astonishing and unforgettable book. — Tom Perrotta, author of “The Leftovers”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “G-Man: J. Edgar Hoover and the Making of the American Century,” by Beverly Gage, “King: A Life,” by Jonathan Eig or “American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer,” by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Secondhand Time: The Last of the Soviets

72


Secondhand Time

Svetlana Alexievich; translated by Bela Shayevich 2016


Of all the 20th century’s grand failed experiments, few came to more inglorious ends than the aspiring empire known, for a scant seven decades, as the U.S.S.R. The death of the dream of Communism reverberates through the Nobel-winning Alexievich’s oral history, and her unflinching portrait of the people who survived the Soviet state (or didn’t) — ex-prisoners, Communist Party officials, ordinary citizens of all stripes — makes for an excoriating, eye-opening read.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Gulag,” by Anne Applebaum or “Is Journalism Worth Dying For? Final Dispatches,” by Anna Politkovskaya; translated by Arch Tait.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Copenhagen Trilogy: Childhood, Youth, Dependency

71


The Copenhagen Trilogy

Tove Ditlevsen; translated by Tiina Nunnally and Michael Favala Goldman 2021


Ditlevsen’s memoirs were first published in Denmark in the 1960s and ’70s, but most English-language readers didn’t encounter them until they appeared in a single translated volume more than five decades later. The books detail Ditlevsen’s hardscrabble childhood, her flourishing early career as a poet and her catastrophic addictions, which left her wedded to a psychotic doctor and hopelessly dependent on opioids by her 30s. But her writing, however dire her circumstances, projects a breathtaking clarity and candidness, and it nails what is so inexplicable about human nature.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The End of Eddy,” by Édouard Louis; translated by Michael Lucey.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for All Aunt Hagar’s Children

70


All Aunt Hagar’s Children

Edward P. Jones 2006


Jones’s follow-up to his Pulitzer-anointed historical novel, “The Known World,” forsakes a single narrative for 14 interconnected stories, disparate in both direction and tone. His tales of 20th-century Black life in and around Washington, D.C., are haunted by cumulative loss and touched, at times, by dark magical realism — one character meets the Devil himself in a Safeway parking lot — but girded too by loveliness, and something like hope.


I love this lineBook cover for All Aunt Hagar’s Children

“It was, I later learned about myself, as if my heart, on the path that was my life, had come to a puddle in the road and had faltered, hesitated, trying to decide whether to walk over the puddle or around it, or even to go back.”


The metaphor is right at the edge of corniness, but it's rendered with such specificity that it catches you off guard, and the temporal complexity — the way the perspective moves forward, backward and sideways in time — captures an essential truth about memory and regret. — A.O. Scott


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Office of Historical Corrections,” by Danielle Evans or “Perish,” by LaToya Watkins.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness

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The New Jim Crow

Michelle Alexander 2010


One year into Barack Obama’s first presidential term, Alexander, a civil rights attorney and former Supreme Court clerk, peeled back the hopey-changey scrim of early-aughts America to reveal the systematic legal prejudice that still endures in a country whose biggest lie might be “with liberty and justice for all.” In doing so, her book managed to do what the most urgent nonfiction aims for but rarely achieves: change hearts, minds and even public policy.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Locking Up Our Own: Crime and Punishment in Black America,” by James Forman Jr., “America on Fire: The Untold History of Police Violence and Black Rebellion Since the 1960s,” by Elizabeth Hinton or “Caste: The Origins of Our Discontent,” by Isabel Wilkerson.


 I want to read it

Interested? Reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Friend

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The Friend

Sigrid Nunez 2018


After suffering the loss of an old friend and adopting his Great Dane, the book’s heroine muses on death, friendship, and the gifts and burdens of a literary life. Out of these fragments a philosophy of grief springs like a rabbit out of a hat; Nunez is a magician. — Ada Calhoun, author of “Also a Poet: Frank O’Hara, My Father, and Me”


Why I love itBook cover for The Friend

“The Friend” is a perfect novel about the size of grief and love, and like the dog at the book’s center, the book takes up more space than you expect. It’s my favorite kind of masterpiece — one you can put into anyone’s hand. — Emma Straub, author of “This Time Tomorrow”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Autumn,” by Ali Smith or “Stay True: A Memoir,” by Hua Hsu.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Far From the Tree: Parents, Children, and the Search for Identity

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Far From the Tree

Andrew Solomon 2012


In this extraordinary book — a combination of masterly reporting and vivid storytelling — Solomon examines the experience of parents raising exceptional children. I have often returned to it over the years, reading it for its depth of understanding and its illumination of the particulars that make up the fabric of family. — Meg Wolitzer, author of “The Interestings”


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Anand Giridharadas, writer and journalist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Strangers to Ourselves: Unsettled Minds and the Stories That Make Us,” by Rachel Aviv or “NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity,” by Steven Silberman.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for We the Animals

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We the Animals

Justin Torres 2011


The hummingbird weight of this novella — it barely tops 130 pages — belies the cherry-bomb impact of its prose. Tracing the coming-of-age of three mixed-race brothers in a derelict upstate New York town, Torres writes in the incantatory royal we of a sort of sibling wolfpack, each boy buffeted by their parents’ obscure grown-up traumas and their own enduring (if not quite unshakable) bonds.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Shuggie Bain,” by Douglas Stuart, “Fire Shut Up in My Bones,” by Charles Blow or “On Earth We’re Briefly Gorgeous,” by Ocean Vuong.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Plot Against America

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The Plot Against America

Philip Roth 2004


What if, in the 1940 presidential election, Charles Lindbergh — aviation hero, America-firster and Nazi sympathizer — had defeated Franklin Roosevelt? Specifically, what would have happened to Philip Roth, the younger son of a middle-class Jewish family in Newark, N.J.? From those counterfactual questions, the adult Roth spun a tour de force of memory and history. Ever since the 2016 election his imaginary American past has pulled closer and closer to present-day reality. — A.O. Scott


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Annette Gordon-Reed, writer and history professor. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Biography of X,” by Catherine Lacey or “The Netanyahus: An Account of a Minor and Ultimately Even Negligible Episode in the History of a Very Famous Family,” by Joshua Cohen.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Great Believers

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The Great Believers

Rebecca Makkai 2018


It’s mid-1980s Chicago, and young men — beautiful, recalcitrant boys, full of promise and pure life force — are dying, felled by a strange virus. Makkai’s recounting of a circle of friends who die one by one, interspersed with a circa-2015 Parisian subplot, is indubitably an AIDS story, but one that skirts po-faced solemnity and cliché at nearly every turn: a bighearted, deeply generous book whose resonance echoes across decades of loss and liberation.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Interestings,” by Meg Wolitzer, “A Little Life,” by Hanya Yanagihara or “The Emperor’s Children,” by Claire Messud.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Veronica

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Veronica

Mary Gaitskill 2005


Set primarily in a 1980s New York crackling with brittle glamour and real menace, “Veronica” is, on the face of it, the story of two very different women — the fragile former model Alison and the older, harder Veronica, fueled by fury and frustrated intelligence. It's a fearless, lacerating book, scornful of pieties and with innate respect for the reader’s intelligence and adult judgment.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Gary Shteyngart, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Quick and the Dead,” by Joy Williams, “Look at Me,” by Jennifer Egan or “Lightning Field,” by Dana Spiotta.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for 10:04

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10:04

Ben Lerner 2014


How closely does Ben Lerner, the very clever author of “10:04,” overlap with its unnamed narrator, himself a poet-novelist who bears a remarkable resemblance to the man pictured on its biography page? Definitive answers are scant in this metaphysical turducken of a novel, which is nominally about the attempts of a Brooklyn author, burdened with a hefty publishing advance, to finish his second book. But the delights of Lerner’s shimmering self-reflexive prose, lightly dusted with photographs and illustrations, are endless.


I love this lineBook cover for 10:04

“Shaving is a way to start the workday by ritually not cutting your throat when you’ve the chance.”


“10:04” is filled with sentences that cut this close to the bone. Comedy blends with intimations of the darkest aspects of our natures, and of everyday life. Who can shave anymore without recalling this “Sweeney Todd”-like observation? — Dwight Garner


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Love Affairs of Nathaniel P.,” by Adelle Waldman, “Open City,” by Teju Cole or “How Should a Person Be?,” by Sheila Heti.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Demon Copperhead

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Demon Copperhead

Barbara Kingsolver 2022


In transplanting “David Copperfield” from Victorian England to modern-day Appalachia, Kingsolver gives the old Dickensian magic her own spin. She reminds us that a novel can be wildly entertaining — funny, profane, sentimental, suspenseful — and still have a social conscience. And also that the injustices Dickens railed against are still very much with us: old poison in new bottles. — A.O. Scott


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Mary Roach, writer. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “James,” by Percival Everett or “The Heaven & Earth Grocery Store,” by James McBride.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Heavy: An American Memoir

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Heavy

Kiese Laymon 2018


What is the psychic weight of secrets and lies? In his unvarnished memoir, Laymon explores the cumulative mass of a past that has brought him to this point: his Blackness; his fraught relationship to food; his family, riven by loss and addiction and, in his mother’s case, a kind of pathological perfectionism. What emerges is a work of raw emotional power and fierce poetry.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Jami Attenberg, author. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Men We Reaped,” by Jesmyn Ward or “Another Word for Love,” by Carvell Wallace.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Middlesex

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Middlesex

Jeffrey Eugenides 2002


Years before pronouns became the stuff of dinner-table debates and email signatures, “Middlesex” offered the singular gift of an intersex hero — “sing now, O Muse, of the recessive mutation on my fifth chromosome!” — whose otherwise fairly ordinary Midwestern life becomes a radiant lens on recent history, from the burning of Smyrna to the plush suburbia of midcentury Grosse Pointe, Mich. When the teenage Calliope, born to doting Greek American parents, learns that she is not in fact a budding young lesbian but biologically male, it’s less science than assiduously buried family secrets that tell the improbable, remarkable tale.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Riley Sager, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Nix,” by Nathan Hill, “The Heart’s Invisible Furies,” by John Boyne or “The Signature of All Things,” by Elizabeth Gilbert.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Stay True

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Stay True

Hua Hsu 2022


An unlikely college friendship — Ken loves preppy polo shirts and Pearl Jam, Hua prefers Xeroxed zines and Pavement — blossoms in 1990s Berkeley, then is abruptly fissured by Ken’s murder in a random carjacking. Around those bare facts, Hsu’s understated memoir builds a glimmering fortress of memory in which youth and identity live alongside terrible, senseless loss.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Lucy Sante, writer. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Truth & Beauty: A Friendship,” by Ann Patchett, “The Best Minds: A Story of Friendship, Madness, and the Tragedy of Good Intentions,” by Jonathan Rosen or “Just Kids,” by Patti Smith.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America

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Nickel and Dimed

Barbara Ehrenreich 2001


Waitress, hotel maid, cleaning woman, retail clerk: Ehrenreich didn’t just report on these low-wage jobs; she actually worked them, trying to construct a life around merciless managers and wildly unpredictable schedules, while also getting paid a pittance for it. Through it all, Ehrenreich combined a profound sense of moral outrage with self-deprecating candor and bone-dry wit. — Jennifer Szalai, nonfiction book critic for The Times


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Min Jin Lee, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Poverty, by America,” by Matthew Desmond or “The Working Poor: Invisible in America,” by David K. Shipler.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Flamethrowers

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The Flamethrowers

Rachel Kushner 2013


Motorcycle racing across the arid salt flats of Utah; art-star posturing in the downtown demimonde of 1970s New York; anarchist punk collectives and dappled villas in Italy: It’s all connected (if hardly contained) in Kushner’s brash, elastic chronicle of a would-be artist nicknamed Reno whose lust for experience often outstrips both sense and sentiment. The book’s ambitions rise to meet her, a churning bedazzlement of a novel whose unruly engine thrums and roars.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “City on Fire,” by Garth Risk Hallberg or “The Girls,” by Emma Cline.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11

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The Looming Tower

Lawrence Wright 2006


What happened in New York City one incongruously sunny morning in September was never, of course, the product of some spontaneous plan. Wright’s meticulous history operates as a sort of panopticon on the events leading up to that fateful day, spanning more than five decades and a geopolitical guest list that includes everyone from the counterterrorism chief of the F.B.I. to the anonymous foot soldiers of Al Qaeda.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001,” by Steve Coll or “MBS: The Rise to Power of Mohammed bin Salman,” by Ben Hubbard.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Tenth of December

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Tenth of December

George Saunders 2013


For all of their linguistic invention and anarchic glee, Saunders’s stories are held together by a strict understanding of the form and its requirements. Take plot: In “Tenth of December,” his fourth and best collection, readers will encounter an abduction, a rape, a chemically induced suicide, the suppressed rage of a milquetoast or two, a veteran’s post-­traumatic impulse to burn down his mother’s house — all of it buffeted by gusts of such merriment and tender regard and daffy good cheer that you realize only in retrospect how dark these morality tales really are.


Why I love itBook cover for Tenth of December

Nobody writes like George Saunders. He has cultivated a genuinely original voice, one that is hilarious and profound, tender and monstrous, otherworldly and deeply familiar, much like the American psyche itself. With each of these stories, you feel in the hands of a master — because you are. — Matthew Desmond, author of “Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Delicate Edible Birds: And Other Stories,” by Lauren Groff, “Oblivion: Stories,” by David Foster Wallace or “The Nimrod Flipout: Stories,” by Etgar Keret, translated by Miriam Shlesinger and Sondra Silverston.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Runaway

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Runaway

Alice Munro 2004


On one level, the title of Munro’s 11th short-story collection refers to a pet goat that goes missing from its owners’ property; but — this being Munro — the deeper reference is to an unhappy wife in the same story, who dreams of leaving her husband someday. Munro’s stories are like that, with shadow meanings and resonant echoes, as if she has struck a chime and set the reverberations down in writing.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Jeremy Denk, pianist and writer. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Homesickness,” by Colin Barrett or “The Collected Stories of Lorrie Moore.”


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Train Dreams

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Train Dreams

Denis Johnson 2011


Call it a backwoods tragedy, stripped to the bone, or a spare requiem for the American West: Johnson’s lean but potent novella carves its narrative from the forests and dust-bowl valleys of Spokane in the early decades of the 20th century, following a day laborer named Robert Grainier as he processes the sudden loss of his young family and bears witness to the real-time formation of a raw, insatiable nation.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Karl Ove Knausgaard, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “That Old Ace in the Hole,” by Annie Proulx or “Night Boat to Tangier,” by Kevin Barry.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Life After Life

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Life After Life

Kate Atkinson 2013


Can we get life “right”? Are there choices that would lead, finally, to justice or happiness or save us from pain? Atkinson wrestles with these questions in her brilliant “Life After Life” — a historical novel, a speculative novel, a tale of time travel, a moving portrait of life before, during and in the aftermath of war. It gobbles up genres and blends them together until they become a single, seamless work of art. I love this goddamn book. — Victor LaValle, author of “Lone Women”


I love this passageBook cover for Life After Life

“‘Fox Corner — that’s what we should call the house. No one else has a house with that name and shouldn’t that be the point?’


‘Really?’ Hugh said doubtfully. ‘It’s a little whimsical, isn’t it? It sounds like a children’s story. The House at Fox Corner.’


‘A little whimsy never hurt anyone.’


‘Strictly speaking, though,’ Hugh said, ‘can a house be a corner? Isn’t it at one?’


So this is marriage, Sylvie thought.”


“Her brilliant ear. Her humor. Her openness. Her peculiar gifts. Some of her books are perfect. The rest are merely superb.” — Amy Bloom, writer


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Light Perpetual,” by Francis Spufford or “Neverhome,” by Laird Hunt.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Trust

50


Trust

Hernan Diaz 2022


How many ways can you tell the same story? Which one is true? These questions and their ethical implications hover over Diaz’s second novel. It starts out as a tale of wealth and power in 1920s New York — something Theodore Dreiser or Edith Wharton might have taken up — and leaps forward in time, across the boroughs and down the social ladder, breathing new vitality into the weary tropes of historical fiction. — A.O. Scott


Why I love itBook cover for Trust

Be prepared for some serious mind games! Set in New York City in the 1920s and ’30s, the story of a Manhattan financier and his high-society wife is told through four “books” — a novel, a manuscript, a memoir and a journal. But which version should you trust? Is there even one true reality?


As we sift our way through these competing narratives, Diaz serves us clues and red herrings in equal measure. We know we are being gamed, but we’re not sure exactly which character is gaming us. While each reader will draw their own conclusion when they reach the end of this complex and thrilling book, what is never disputed is the ease with which money and power can bend reality itself. — Dua Lipa, singer and songwriter behind the Service95 Book Club


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “This Strange Eventful History,” by Claire Messud or “The Luminaries,” by Eleanor Catton.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Vegetarian

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The Vegetarian

Han Kang; translated by Deborah Smith 2016


One ordinary day, a young housewife in contemporary Seoul wakes up from a disturbing dream and simply decides to … stop eating meat. As her small rebellion spirals, Han’s lean, feverish novel becomes a surreal meditation on not just what the body needs, but what a soul demands.


I love this lineBook cover for The Vegetarian

“I want to swallow you, have you melt into me and flow through my veins.”


“The Vegetarian” is a short novel with a mysterious, otherworldly air. It feels haunted, oppressive … It’s a story about hungers and starvation and desire, and how these become intertwined.” — Silvia Moreno-Garcia, author of “Mexican Gothic”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “My Year of Rest and Relaxation,” by Ottessa Moshfegh or “Convenience Store Woman,” by Sayaka Murata; translated by Ginny Tapley Takemori.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Persepolis: The Story of a Childhood

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Persepolis

Marjane Satrapi 2003


Drawn in stark black-and-white panels, Satrapi’s graphic novel is a moving account of her early life in Iran during the Islamic Revolution and her formative years abroad in Europe. The first of its two parts details the impacts of war and theocracy on both her family and her community: torture, death on the battlefield, constant raids, supply shortages and a growing black market. Part 2 chronicles her rebellious, traumatic years as a teenager in Vienna, as well as her return to a depressingly restrictive Tehran. Devastating — but also formally inventive, inspiring and often funny — “Persepolis” is a model of visual storytelling and personal narrative.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Martyr!,” by Kaveh Akbar or “Disoriental,” by Négar Djavadi; translated by Tina Kover.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for A Mercy

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A Mercy

Toni Morrison 2008


Mercies are few and far between in Morrison’s ninth novel, set on the remote colonial land of a 17th-century farmer amid his various slaves and indentured servants (even the acquisition of a wife, imported from England, is strictly transactional). Disease runs rampant and children die needlessly; inequity is everywhere. And yet! The Morrison magic, towering and magisterial, endures.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Year of Wonders,” by Geraldine Brooks or “The Love Songs of W.E.B. Du Bois,” by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Goldfinch

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The Goldfinch

Donna Tartt 2013


For a time, it seemed as if Tartt’s vaunted 1992 debut, “The Secret History,” might be her only legacy, a once-in-a-career comet zinging across the literary sky. Then, more than a decade after the coolish reception to her 2002 follow-up, “The Little Friend,” came “The Goldfinch” — a coming-of-age novel as narratively rich and riveting as the little bird in the Dutch painting it takes its title from is small and humble. That 13-year-old Theo Decker survives the museum bombing that kills his mother is a minor miracle; the tiny, priceless souvenir he inadvertently grabs from the rubble becomes both a talisman and an albatross in this heady, haunted symphony of a novel.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Stephen King, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Freedom,” by Jonathan Franzen or “Demon Copperhead,” by Barbara Kingsolver.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Argonauts

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The Argonauts

Maggie Nelson 2015


Call it a memoir if you must, but this is a book about the necessity — and also the thrill, the terror, the risk and reward — of defying categories. Nelson is a poet and critic, well versed in pop culture and cultural theory. The text she interprets here is her own body. An account of her pregnancy, her relationship with the artist Harry Dodge and the early stages of motherhood, “The Argonauts” explores queer identity, gender politics and the meaning of family. What makes Nelson such a valuable writer is her willingness to follow the sometimes contradictory rhythms of her own thinking in prose that is sharp, supple and disarmingly heartfelt. — A.O. Scott


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Karl Ove Knausgaard, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “My 1980s and Other Essays,” by Wayne Koestenbaum, “No One Is Talking About This,” by Patricia Lockwood or “On Immunity,” by Eula Biss.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Fifth Season

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The Fifth Season

N.K. Jemisin 2015


“The Fifth Season” weaves its story in polyphonic voice, utilizing a clever story structure to move deftly through generational time. Jemisin delivers this bit of high craft in a fresh, unstuffy voice — something rare in high fantasy, which can take its Tolkien roots too seriously. From its heartbreaking opening (a mother’s murdered child) to its shattering conclusion, Jemisin shows the power of what good fantasy fiction can do. “The Fifth Season” explores loss, grief and personhood on an intimate level. But it also takes on themes of discrimination, human breeding and ecological collapse with an unflinching eye and a particular nuance. Jemisin weaves a world both horrifyingly familiar and unsettlingly alien. — Rebecca Roanhorse, author of “Mirrored Heavens”


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Rebecca Roanhorse, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “American War,” by Omar El Akkad or “The Year of the Flood,” by Margaret Atwood.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945

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Postwar

Tony Judt 2005


By the time this book was published in 2005, there had already been innumerable volumes covering Europe’s history since the end of World War II. Yet none of them were quite like Judt’s: commanding and capacious, yet also attentive to those stubborn details that are so resistant to abstract theories and seductive myths. The writing, like the thinking, is clear, direct and vivid. And even as Judt was ruthless when reflecting on Europe’s past, he maintained a sense of contingency throughout, never succumbing to the comfortable certainty of despair. — Jennifer Szalai


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Gary Shteyngart, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “We Don’t Know Ourselves: A Personal History of Ireland,” by Fintan O’Toole, “Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin,” by Timothy D. Snyder or “To End All Wars: A Story of Loyalty and Rebellion, 1914-1918,” by Adam Hochschild.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for A Brief History <br />of Seven Killings

42


A Brief History

of Seven Killings

Marlon James 2014


“Brief”? For a work spanning nearly 700 pages, that word is, at best, a winky misdirection. To skip even a paragraph, though, would be to forgo the vertiginous pleasures of James’s semi-historical novel, in which the attempted assassination of an unnamed reggae superstar who strongly resembles Bob Marley collides with C.I.A. conspiracy, international drug cartels and the vibrant, violent Technicolor of post-independence Jamaica.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Telex From Cuba,” by Rachel Kushner or “Brief Encounters With Che Guevara,” by Ben Fountain.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Small Things Like These

41


Small Things Like These

Claire Keegan 2021


Not a word is wasted in Keegan’s small, burnished gem of a novel, a sort of Dickensian miniature centered on the son of an unwed mother who has grown up to become a respectable coal and timber merchant with a family of his own in 1985 Ireland. Moralistically, though, it might as well be the Middle Ages as he reckons with the ongoing sins of the Catholic Church and the everyday tragedies wrought by repression, fear and rank hypocrisy.


Why I love itBook cover for Small Things Like These

This is the book I would like to have written because its sentences portray a life — in all its silences, subtleties and defenses — that I would hope to live if its circumstances were mine. It’s never idle, I guess, to be asked what we would give up for another. — Claudia Rankine, author of “Citizen”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Rachel Incident,” by Caroline O’Donoghue or “Mothers and Sons,” by Colm Tóibín.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for H Is for Hawk

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H Is for Hawk

Helen Macdonald 2015


I read “H Is for Hawk” when I was writing my own memoir, and it awakened me to the power of the genre. It is a book supposedly about training a hawk named Mabel but really about wonder and loss, discovery and death. We discover a thing, then we lose it. The discovering and the losing are two halves of the same whole. Macdonald knows this and she shows us, weaving the loss of her father through the partial taming (and taming is always partial) of this hawk. — Tara Westover, author of “Educated”


I love this passageBook cover for H Is for Hawk

“There is a time in life when you expect the world to be always full of new things. And then comes a day when you realize that is not how it will be at all. You see that life will become a thing made of holes. Absences. Losses. Things that were there and are no longer.”


Chosen by Tara Westover.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Friend,” by Sigrid Nunez or “Braiding Sweetgrass,” by Robin Wall Kimmerer.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for A Visit From the Goon Squad

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A Visit From the Goon Squad

Jennifer Egan 2010


In the good old pre-digital days, artists used to cram 15 or 20 two-and-a-half-minute songs onto a single vinyl LP. Egan accomplished a similar feat of compression in this Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, a compact, chronologically splintered rock opera with (as they say nowadays) no skips. The 13 linked stories jump from past to present to future while reshuffling a handful of vivid characters. The themes are mighty but the mood is funny, wistful and intimate, as startling and familiar as your favorite pop album. — A.O. Scott


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Girl, Woman, Other,” by Bernardine Evaristo, “Doxology,” by Nell Zink or “Telegraph Avenue,” by Michael Chabon.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Savage Detectives

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The Savage Detectives

Roberto Bolaño; translated by Natasha Wimmer 2007


“The Savage Detectives” is brash, hilarious, beautiful, moving. It’s also over 600 pages long, which is why I know that my memory of reading it in a single sitting is definitely not true. Still, the fact that it feels that way is telling. I was not the same writer I’d been before reading it, not the same person. Arturo Belano and Ulises Lima, the wayward poets whose youth is chronicled in “Detectives,” became personal heroes, and everything I’ve written since has been shaped by Bolaño’s masterpiece. — Daniel Alarcón, author of “At Night We Walk in Circles”


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Lucy Sante, writer. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Old Drift,” by Namwali Serpell or “The Literary Conference,” by César Aira; translated by Katherine Silver.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Years

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The Years

Annie Ernaux; translated by Alison L. Strayer 2018


Spanning decades, this is an outlier in Ernaux’s oeuvre; unlike her other books, with their tight close-ups on moments in her life, here such intimacies are embedded in the larger sweep of social history. She moves between the chorus of conventional wisdom and the specifics of her own experiences, showing how even an artist with such a singular vision could recognize herself as a creature of her cohort and her culture. Most moving to me is how she begins and ends by listing images she can still recall — a merry-go-round in the park; graffiti in a restroom — that have been inscribed into her memory, yet are ultimately ephemeral. — Jennifer Szalai


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Leaving the Atocha Station,” by Ben Lerner, “All Fours,” by Miranda July or “Swimming in Paris: A Life in Three Stories,” by Colombe Schneck; translated by Lauren Elkin and Natasha Lehrer.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Between the World and Me

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Between the World and Me

Ta-Nehisi Coates 2015


Framed, like James Baldwin’s “The Fire Next Time,” as both instruction and warning to a young relative on “how one should live within a Black body,” Coates’s book-length letter to his 15-year-old son lands like forked lightning. In pages suffused with both fury and tenderness, his memoir-manifesto delineates a world in which the political remains mortally, maddeningly inseparable from the personal.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Bonnie Garmus, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “American Sonnets For My Past and Future Assassin,” by Terrance Hayes, “Don’t Call Us Dead,” by Danez Smith or “Black Folk Could Fly,” by Randall Kenan.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic

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Fun Home

Alison Bechdel 2006


“A queer business.” That’s how Bechdel describes her closeted father’s death after he steps in the path of a Sunbeam Bread truck. The phrase also applies to her family’s funeral home concern; their own Victorian, Addams-like dwelling; and this marvelous graphic memoir of growing up gay and O.C.D.-afflicted (which generated a remarkable Broadway musical). You forget, returning to “Fun Home,” that the only color used is a dreamy gray-blue; that’s how vivid and particular the story is. Even the corpses crackle with life. — Alexandra Jacobs


Why I love itBook cover for Fun Home: A Family Tragicomic

I read “Fun Home” with creative writing students in a course I teach at Dartmouth College called “Investigative Memoir.” The first time I taught it, a student wrote in their anonymous course evaluation, “I should not have been exposed to this” — the censorious voice tends to be passive. The last time I taught it, a student said that if they’d found this in their high school library — in a state in which such books are now all but illegal in high school libraries — it would have changed their life. I’m long past my schooling, but “Fun Home” still changes my life every time I return. — Jeff Sharlet, author of “The Undertow: Scenes from a Slow Civil War”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Blankets,” by Craig Thompson, “My Dirty Dumb Eyes,” by Lisa Hanawalt or “Small Fry,” by Lisa Brennan-Jobs.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Citizen

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Citizen

Claudia Rankine 2014


“I, too, am America,” Langston Hughes wrote, and with “Citizen” Rankine stakes the same claim, as ambivalently and as defiantly as Hughes did. This collection — which appeared two years after Trayvon Martin’s death, and pointedly displays a hoodie on its cover like the one Martin wore when he was killed — lays out a damning indictment of American racism through a mix of free verse, essayistic prose poems and visual art; a National Book Critics Circle Award finalist in both poetry and criticism (the first book ever nominated in two categories), it took home the prize in poetry in a deserving recognition of Rankine’s subtle, supple literary gifts.


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Voted for by Daniel Alarcón, novelist and journalist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Voyage of the Sable Venus: And Other Poems,” by Robin Coste Lewis, “How to be Drawn,” by Terrance Hayes or “Ordinary Notes,” by Christina Sharpe.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Salvage the Bones

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Salvage the Bones

Jesmyn Ward 2011


As Hurricane Katrina bears down on the already battered bayou town of Bois Sauvage, Miss., a motherless 15-year-old girl named Esch, newly pregnant with a baby of her own, stands in the eye of numerous storms she can’t control: her father’s drinking, her brothers’ restlessness, an older boy’s easy dismissal of her love. There’s a biblical force to Ward’s prose, so swirling and heady it feels like a summoning.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Tiya Miles, writer and history professor. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Southern Cross the Dog,” by Bill Cheng or “The Yellow House: A Memoir,” by Sarah Broom.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Line of Beauty

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The Line of Beauty

Alan Hollinghurst 2004


Oh, to be the live-in houseguest of a wealthy friend! And to find, as Hollinghurst’s young middle-class hero does in early-1980s London, that a whole intoxicating world of heedless privilege and sexual awakening awaits. As the timeline implies, though, the specter of AIDS looms not far behind, perched like a gargoyle amid glittering evocations of cocaine and Henry James. Lust, money, literature, power: Rarely has a novel made it all seem so gorgeous, and so annihilating.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Curtis Sittenfeld, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Necessary Errors,” by Caleb Crain.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for White Teeth

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White Teeth

Zadie Smith 2000


“Full stories are as rare as honesty,” one character confides in “White Teeth,” though Smith’s debut novel, in all its chaotic, prismatic glory, does its level best to try. As her bravura book unfurls, its central narrative of a friendship between a white Londoner and a Bengali Muslim seems to divide and regenerate like starfish limbs; and so, in one stroke, a literary supernova was born.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Lionel Asbo: State of England,” by Martin Amis or “Americanah,” by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Sing, Unburied, Sing

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Sing, Unburied, Sing

Jesmyn Ward 2017


Road trips aren’t supposed to be like this: an addled addict mother dragging her 13-year-old son and his toddler sister across Mississippi to retrieve their father from prison, and feeding her worst habits along the way. Grief and generational trauma haunt the novel, as do actual ghosts, the unrestful spirits of men badly done by. But Ward’s unflinching prose is not a punishment; it loops and soars in bruising, beautiful arias.


I love this passageBook cover for Sing, Unburied, Sing

“Home is about the earth. Whether the earth open up to you. Whether it pull you so close the space between you and it melt and it beats like your heart. Same Time.”


“This passage from ‘Sing, Unburied, Sing’ means so much to me. Richie says it to the protagonist, Jojo. He’s a specter, a child ghost, a deeply wounded wanderer, and yet also so wise.” — Imani Perry, author of “Breathe” and “South to America”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Turner House,” by Angela Flournoy or “Lincoln in the Bardo,” by George Saunders.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Last Samurai

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The Last Samurai

Helen DeWitt 2000


Sibylla, an American expat in Britain, is a brilliant scholar: omnivore, polyglot, interdisciplinary theorist — all of it. Her young son, Ludo, is a hothouse prodigy, mastering the “Odyssey” and Japanese grammar, fixated on the films of Akira Kurosawa. Two questions arise: 1) Who is the real genius? 2) Who is Ludo’s father? Ludo’s search for the answer to No. 2 propels the plot of this funny, cruel, compassionate, typographically bananas novel. I won’t spoil anything, except to say that the answer to No. 1 is Helen DeWitt. — A.O. Scott


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Jonathan Lethem, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Instructions,” by Adam Levin.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Cloud Atlas

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Cloud Atlas

David Mitchell 2004


Mitchell’s almost comically ambitious novel is indeed a kind of cumulus: a wild and woolly condensation of ideas, styles and far-flung milieus whose only true commonality is the reincarnated soul at its center. The book’s six nesting narratives — from 1850s New Zealand through 1930s Belgium, groovy California, recent-ish England, dystopian Korea and Hawaii — also often feel like a postmodern puzzle-box that whirls and clicks as its great world(s) spin, throwing off sparks of pulp, philosophy and fervid humanism.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Ann Napolitano, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Same Bed Different Dreams,” by Ed Park or “Specimen Days,” by Michael Cunningham.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Americanah

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Americanah

Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 2013


This is a love story — but what a love story! Crisscrossing continents, families and recent decades, “Americanah” centers on a Nigerian woman, Ifemelu, who discovers what it means to be Black by immigrating to the United States, and acquires boutique celebrity blogging about it. (In the sequel, she’d have a Substack.) Ifemelu’s entanglements with various men undergird a rich and rough tapestry of life in Barack Obama’s America and beyond. And Adichie’s sustained examination of absurd social rituals — like the painful relaxation of professionally “unacceptable” hair, for example — is revolutionary. — Alexandra Jacobs


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Junot Díaz, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “We Need New Names,” by NoViolet Bulawayo, “Netherland,” by Joseph O’Neill or “Behold the Dreamers,” by Imbolo Mbue.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Atonement

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Atonement

Ian McEwan 2002


Each of us is more than the worst thing we’ve ever done, or so the saying goes. But what a naïve, peevish 13-year-old named Briony Tallis sets in motion when she sees her older sister flirting with the son of a servant in hopelessly stratified pre-war England surpasses disastrous; it’s catastrophic. It’s also a testament to the piercing elegance of McEwan’s prose that “Atonement” makes us care so much.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by R. L. Stine, writer. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Sense of an Ending,” by Julian Barnes, “Brooklyn,” by Colm Toíbín or “Life Class,” by Pat Barker.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Random Family

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Random Family

Adrian Nicole LeBlanc 2003


More than 20 years after it was published, “Random Family” still remains unmatched in depth and power and grace. A profound, achingly beautiful work of narrative nonfiction, it is the standard-bearer of embedded reportage. LeBlanc gave her all to this book, writing about people experiencing deep hardship in their full, lush humanity. — Matthew Desmond, author of “Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City”


Why I love itBook cover for Random Family

I hate “Random Family.” It robbed us nonfiction writers of all our excuses: Well, it’s easier for fiction writers to achieve that level of interiority. Until “Random Family” entered the chat. It’s easier to create emotion on screen. Until “Random Family” entered the chat. It’s impossible to capture and understand a community if you’re an outsider. Until “Random Family” entered the chat.


Based on a decade of painstaking reporting in a social micro-world, it is a book of total immersion, profound empathy, rigorous storytelling, assiduous factualness, page-turning revelation and literary rizz. I hate “Random Family” because it took away all the excuses. I adore it because it raised the sky. — Anand Giridharadas, author of “The Persuaders: At the Front Lines of the Fight for Hearts, Minds, and Democracy”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Invisible Child: Poverty, Survival & Hope in an American City,” by Andrea Elliott or “When Crack Was King: A People’s History of a Misunderstood Era,” by Donovan X. Ramsey.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Overstory

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The Overstory

Richard Powers 2018


We may never see a poem as lovely as a tree, but a novel about trees — they are both the stealth protagonists and the beating, fine-grained heart of this strange, marvelous book — becomes its own kind of poetry, biology lesson and impassioned environmental polemic in Powers’s hands. To know that our botanical friends are capable of communication and sacrifice, sex and memory, is mind-altering. It is also, you might say, credit overdue: Without wood pulp, after all, what would the books we love be made of?


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Stephen L. Carter, author and law professor. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Greenwood,” by Michael Christie or “Entangled Life: How Fungi Make Our Worlds, Change Our Minds & Shape Our Futures,” by Merlin Sheldrake.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage

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Hateship, Friendship, Courtship, Loveship, Marriage

Alice Munro 2001


Munro’s stories apply pointillistic detail and scrupulous psychological insight to render their characters’ lives in full, at lengths that test the boundaries of the term “short fiction.” (Only one story in this book is below 30 pages, and the longest is over 50.) The collection touches on many of Munro’s lifelong themes — family secrets, sudden reversals of fortune, sexual tensions and the unreliability of memory — culminating in a standout story about a man confronting his senile wife’s attachment to a fellow resident at her nursing home.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “So Late in the Day: Stories of Women and Men,” by Claire Keegan or “Nora Webster,” by Colm Tóibín.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Behind the Beautiful Forevers

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Behind the Beautiful Forevers

Katherine Boo 2012


If the smash movie “Slumdog Millionaire” gave the world a feel-good story of transcending caste in India via pluck and sheer improbable luck, Boo’s nonfiction exploration of several interconnected lives on the squalid outskirts of Mumbai is its sobering, necessary corrective. The casual violence and perfidy she finds there is staggering; the poverty and disease, beyond bleak. In place of triumph-of-the-human-spirit bromides, though, what the book delivers is its own kind of cinema, harsh and true.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Junot Díaz, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Nothing to Envy: Ordinary Lives in North Korea,” by Barbara Demick or “Waiting to Be Arrested at Night: A Uyghur Poet's Memoir of China's Genocide,” by Tahir Hamut Izgil; translated by Joshua L. Freeman.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City

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Evicted

Matthew Desmond 2016


Like Barbara Ehrenreich or Michelle Alexander, Desmond has a knack for crystallizing the ills of a patently unequal America — here it’s the housing crisis, as told through eight Milwaukee families — in clear, imperative terms. If reading his nightmarish exposé of a system in which race and poverty are shamelessly weaponized and eviction costs less than accountability feels like outrage fuel, it’s prescriptive, too; to look away would be its own kind of crime.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Stephanie Land, writer. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting by in America,” by Barbara Ehrenreich or “Maid: Hard Work, Low Pay, and a Mother's Will to Survive,” by Stephanie Land.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Erasure

20


Erasure

Percival Everett 2001


More than 20 years before it was made into an Oscar-winning movie, Everett’s deft literary satire imagined a world in which a cerebral novelist and professor named Thelonious “Monk” Ellison finds mainstream success only when he deigns to produce the most broad and ghettoized portrayal of Black pain. If only the ensuing decades had made the whole concept feel laughably obsolete; alas, all the 2023 screen adaptation merited was a title change: “American Fiction.”


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Jonathan Lethem, author. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Yellowface,” by R.F. Kuang or “The Sellout,” by Paul Beatty.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Say Nothing: A True Story of Murder and Memory in Northern Ireland

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Say Nothing

Patrick Radden Keefe 2019


“Say Nothing” is an amazing accomplishment — a definitive, impeccably researched history of the Troubles, a grim, gripping thriller, an illuminating portrait of extraordinary people who did unspeakable things, driven by what they saw as the justness of their cause. Those of us who lived in the U.K. in the last three decades of the 20th century know the names and the events — we were all affected, in some way or another, by the bombs, the bomb threats, the assassinations and attempted assassinations. What we didn’t know was what it felt like to be on the inside of a particularly bleak period of history. This book is, I think, unquestionably one of the greatest literary achievements of the 21st century. — Nick Hornby, author of “High Fidelity”


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Daniel Alarcón, novelist and journalist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “A Fever in the Heartland: The Ku Klux Klan's Plot to Take Over America, and the Woman Who Stopped Them,” by Timothy Egan or “We Own This City: A True Story of Crime, Cops, and Corruption,” by Justin Fenton.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Lincoln in the Bardo

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Lincoln in the Bardo

George Saunders 2017


A father mourns his young son, dead of typhoid; a president mourns his country riven by civil war. In Saunders’s indelible portrait, set in a graveyard populated by garrulous spirits, these images collide and coalesce, transforming Lincoln’s private grief — his 11-year-old boy, Willie, died in the White House in 1862 — into a nation’s, a polyphony of voices and stories. The only novel to date by a writer revered for his satirical short stories, this book marks less a change of course than a foregrounding of what has distinguished his work all along — a generosity of spirit, an ear acutely tuned to human suffering.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Alma Katsu, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Sing, Unburied, Sing,” by Jesmyn Ward, “Grief Is the Thing With Feathers,” by Max Porter or “Hamnet,” by Maggie O’Farrell.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Sellout

17


The Sellout

Paul Beatty 2015


Part of this wild satire on matters racial, post-racial, maybe-racial and Definitely Not Racial in American life concerns a group known as the Dum Dum Donut Intellectuals. One of them has produced an expurgated edition of an American classic titled “The Pejorative-Free Adventures and Intellectual and Spiritual Journeys of African-American Jim and His Young Protégé, White Brother Huckleberry Finn, as They Go in Search of the Lost Black Family Unit.” Beatty’s method is the exact opposite: In his hands, everything sacred is profaned, from the Supreme Court to the Little Rascals. “The Sellout” is explosively funny and not a little bit dangerous: an incendiary device disguised as a whoopee cushion, or maybe vice versa. — A.O. Scott


Why I love itBook cover for The Sellout

Some voices are so sharp they slice right through reality to reveal everything we’ve been hiding or ignoring or didn’t know was there. This novel cut into me — as a writer and reader and American. It’s fearless and funny and unlike anything else I’ve read. — Charles Yu, author of “Interior Chinatown”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Harry Sylvester Bird,” by Chinelo Okparanta or “We Cast a Shadow,” by Maurice Carlos Ruffin.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Amazing Adventures <br />of Kavalier & Clay

16


The Amazing Adventures

of Kavalier & Clay

Michael Chabon 2000


Set during the first heyday of the American comic book industry, from the late 1930s to the early 1950s, Chabon’s exuberant epic centers on the Brooklyn-raised Sammy Clay and his Czech immigrant cousin, Joe Kavalier, who together pour their hopes and fears into a successful comic series even as life delivers them some nearly unbearable tragedies. Besotted with language and brimming with pop culture, political relevance and bravura storytelling, the novel won the Pulitzer Prize for fiction in 2001.


Why I love itBook cover for The Amazing Adventures <br />of Kavalier & Clay

“The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay” combines eloquent prose, captivating characters, a deeply researched setting and an adventure that previously only belonged to the pulps. High art and low art and who the heck cares? Chabon opened the doors not just for comic book nerds, but for every kind of nerd, including this gay one. Chabon’s book made me the writer I am, and I’m still dazzled by it: the century's first masterpiece. — Andrew Sean Greer, author of “Less”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Carter Beats the Devil,” by Glen David Gold or “The Fortress of Solitude,” by Jonathan Lethem.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Pachinko

15


Pachinko

Min Jin Lee 2017


“History has failed us, but no matter.” So begins Lee’s novel, the rich and roiling chronicle of a Korean family passing through four generations of war, colonization and personal strife. There are slick mobsters and disabled fishermen, forbidden loves and secret losses. And of course, pachinko, the pinball-ish game whose popularity often supplies a financial lifeline for the book’s characters — gamblers at life like all of us, if hardly guaranteed a win.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Roxane Gay, writer and editor. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Homegoing,” by Yaa Gyasi, “The Covenant of Water,” by Abraham Verghese or “Kantika,” by Elizabeth Graver.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Outline

14


Outline

Rachel Cusk 2015


This novel is the first and best in Cusk’s philosophical, unsettling and semi-autobiographical Outline trilogy, which also includes the novels “Transit” and “Kudos.” In this one an English writer flies to Athens to teach at a workshop. Along the way, and once there, she falls into intense and resonant conversations about art, intimacy, life and love. Cusk deals, brilliantly, in uncomfortable truths. — Dwight Garner


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Gary Shteyngart, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Checkout 19,” by Claire-Louise Bennett or “Topics of Conversation,” by Miranda Popkey.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Road

13


The Road

Cormac McCarthy 2006


There is nothing green or growing in McCarthy’s masterpiece of dystopian fiction, the story of an unnamed man and his young son migrating over a newly post-apocalyptic earth where the only remaining life forms are desperate humans who have mostly descended into marauding cannibalism. Yet McCarthy renders his deathscape in curious, riveting detail punctuated by flashes of a lost world from the man’s memory that become colorful myths for his son. In the end, “The Road” is a paean to parental love: A father nurtures and protects his child with ingenuity and tenderness, a triumph that feels redemptive even in a world without hope. — Jennifer Egan, author of “A Visit From the Goon Squad”


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Ryan Holiday, writer and bookseller. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “On Such a Full Sea,” by Chang-rae Lee or “The Buried Giant,” by Kazuo Ishiguro.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Year of Magical Thinking

12


The Year of Magical Thinking

Joan Didion 2005


Having for decades cast a famously cool and implacable eye on everything from the Manson family to El Salvador, Didion suddenly found herself in a hellscape much closer to home: the abrupt death of her partner in life and art, John Gregory Dunne, even as their only child lay unconscious in a nearby hospital room. (That daughter, Quintana Roo, would be gone soon too, though her passing does not fall within these pages.) Dismantled by shock and grief, the patron saint of ruthless clarity did the only thing she could do: She wrote her way through it.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Megan Abbott, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “When Breath Becomes Air,” by Paul Kalanithi, “Crying in H Mart,” by Michelle Zauner or “Notes on Grief,” by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Brief Wondrous <br />Life of Oscar Wao

11


The Brief Wondrous

Life of Oscar Wao

Junot Díaz 2007


Díaz’s first novel landed like a meteorite in 2007, dazzling critics and prize juries with its mix of Dominican history, coming-of-age tale, comic-book tropes, Tolkien geekery and Spanglish slang. The central plotline follows the nerdy, overweight Oscar de León through childhood, college and a stint in the Dominican Republic, where he falls disastrously in love. Sharply rendered set pieces abound, but the real draw is the author’s voice: brainy yet inviting, mordantly funny, sui generis.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Ann Napolitano, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Deacon King Kong,” by James McBride or “The Russian Debutante’s Handbook,” by Gary Shteyngart.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Gilead

10


Gilead

Marilynne Robinson 2004


The first installment in what is so far a tetralogy — followed by “Home,” “Lila” and “Jack” — “Gilead” takes its title from the fictional town in Iowa where the Boughton and Ames families reside. And also from the Book of Jeremiah, which names a place where healing may or may not be found: “Is there no balm in Gilead?” For John Ames, who narrates this novel, the answer seems to be yes. An elderly Congregationalist minister who has recently become a husband and father, he finds fulfillment in both vocation and family. Robinson allows him, and us, the full measure of his hard-earned joy, but she also has an acute sense of the reality of sin. If this book is a celebration of the quiet decency of small-town life (and mainline Protestantism) in the 1950s, it is equally an unsparing critique of how the moral fervor and religious vision of the abolitionist movement curdled, a century later, into complacency. — A.O. Scott


I love this passageBook cover for Gilead

“Then he put his hat back on and stalked off into the trees again and left us standing there in that glistening river, amazed at ourselves and shining like the apostles. I mention this because it seems to me transformations just that abrupt do occur in this life, and they occur unsought and unawaited, and they beggar your hopes and your deserving.”


From a dog-eared, battered, underlined copy of Marilynne Robinson’s “Gilead,” I offer the following quote which undoes me every time I read it — transformation and its possibility is so much a part of what I read for. — Kate DiCamillo, novelist


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Tinkers,” by Paul Harding or “Zorrie,” by Laird Hunt.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Never Let Me Go

9


Never Let Me Go

Kazuo Ishiguro 2005


Kathy, Ruth and Tommy are boarders at an elite English school called Hailsham. Supervised by a group of “guardians,” the friends share music and rumors while navigating the shifting loyalties and heartbreaks of growing up. It’s all achingly familiar — at times, even funny. But things begin to feel first off, then sinister and, ultimately, tragic. As in so much of the best dystopian fiction, the power of “Never Let Me Go” to move and disturb arises from the persistence of human warmth in a chilly universe — and in its ability to make us see ourselves through its uncanny mirror. Is Ishiguro commenting on biotechnology, reproductive science, the cognitive dissonance necessary for life under late-stage capitalism? He’d never be so didactic as to tell you. What lies at the heart of this beautiful book is not social satire, but deep compassion.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Jessamine Chan, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Station Eleven,” by Emily St. John Mandel, “Oryx and Crake,” by Margaret Atwood or “Scattered All Over the Earth,” by Yoko Tawada; translated by Margaret Mitsutani.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Austerlitz

8


Austerlitz

W.G. Sebald; translated by Anthea Bell 2001


Sebald scarcely lived long enough to see the publication of his final novel; within weeks of its release, he died from a congenital heart condition at 57. But what a swan song it is: the discursive, dreamlike recollections of Jacques Austerlitz, a man who was once a small refugee of the kindertransport in wartime Prague, raised by strangers in Wales. Like the namesake Paris train station of its protagonist, the book is a marvel of elegant construction, haunted by memory and motion.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Anthony Doerr, writer. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Transit,” by Rachel Cusk or “Flights,” by Olga Tokarczuk; translated by Jennifer Croft.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Underground Railroad

7


The Underground Railroad

Colson Whitehead 2016


“The Underground Railroad” is a profound revelation of the intricate aspects of slavery and nebulous shapes of freedom featuring an indomitable female protagonist: Cora from Georgia. The novel seamlessly combines history, horror and fantasy with philosophical speculation and cultural criticism to tell a compulsively readable, terror-laden narrative of a girl with a fierce inner spark who follows the mysterious path of her mother, Mabel, the only person ever known to have escaped from the Randall plantations.


I could hardly make it through this plaintively brutal novel. Neither could I put it down. “The Underground Railroad” bleeds truth in a way that few treatments of slavery can, fiction or nonfiction. Whitehead’s portrayals of human motivation, interaction and emotional range astonish in their complexity. Here brutality is bone deep and vulnerability is ocean wide, yet bravery and hope shine through in Cora’s insistence on escape. I rooted for Cora in a way that I never had for a character, my heart breaking with each violation of her spirit. Just as Cora inherits her mother’s symbolic victory garden, we readers of Whitehead’s imaginary world can inherit Cora’s courage. — Tiya Miles, author of “All That She Carried: The Journey of Ashley’s Sack, a Black Family Keepsake”


I love this passageBook cover for The Underground Railroad

“Mabel had packed for her adventure. A machete. Flint and tinder. She stole a cabin mate’s shoes, which were in better shape. For weeks, her empty garden testified to her miracle. Before she lit out she dug up every yam from their plot, a cumbersome load and ill-advised for a journey that required a fleet foot. The lumps and burrows in the dirt were a reminder to all who walked by. Then one morning they were all smoothed over. Cora got on her knees and planted anew. It was her inheritance.”


Chosen by Tiya Miles.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Prophets,” by Robert Jones Jr., “Washington Black,” by Esi Edugyan or “The American Daughters,” by Maurice Carlos Ruffin.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for 2666

6


2666

Roberto Bolaño; translated by Natasha Wimmer 2008


Bolaño’s feverish, vertiginous novel opens with an epigraph from Baudelaire — “An oasis of horror in a desert of boredom” — and then proceeds, over the course of some 900 pages, to call into being an entire world governed in equal parts by boredom and the deepest horror. The book (published posthumously) is divided into five loosely conjoined sections, following characters who are drawn for varying reasons to the fictional Mexican city of Santa Teresa: a group of academics obsessed with an obscure novelist, a doddering philosophy professor, a lovelorn police officer and an American reporter investigating the serial murders of women in a case with echoes of the real-life femicide that has plagued Ciudad Juárez, Mexico. In Natasha Wimmer’s spotless translation, Bolaño’s novel is profound, mysterious, teeming and giddy: Reading it, you go from feeling like a tornado watcher to feeling swept up in the vortex, and finally suspect you might be the tornado yourself.


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Paul Tremblay, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Compass,” by Mathias Énard; translated by Charlotte Mandell.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Corrections

5


The Corrections

Jonathan Franzen 2001


With its satirical take on mental health, self-improvement and instant gratification, Franzen’s comic novel of family disintegration is as scathingly entertaining today as it was when it was published at the turn of the millennium. The story, about a Midwestern matron named Enid Lambert who is determined to bring her three adult children home for what might be their father’s last Christmas, touches on everything from yuppie excess to foodie culture to Eastern Europe’s unbridled economy after the fall of communism — but it is held together, always, by family ties. The novel jumps deftly from character to character, and the reader’s sympathies jump with it; in a novel as alert to human failings as this one is, it is to Franzen’s enduring credit that his genuine affection for all of the characters shines through.


Why I love itBook cover for The Corrections

Sometimes we have a totemic connection to a book that deepens our appreciation. I had Jonathan Franzen's brand-new doorstop of a hardcover with me when I was trapped in an office park hotel outside Denver after 9/11. The marvelous, moving, often very funny novel kept me company when I needed company most. As Franzen himself wrote, “Fiction is a solution, the best solution, to the problem of existential solitude.” — Chris Bohjalian, author of “The Flight Attendant”


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “Middlesex,” by Jeffrey Eugenides, “Commonwealth,” by Ann Patchett or “The Bee Sting,” by Paul Murray.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Known World

4


The Known World

Edward P. Jones 2003


This novel, about a Black farmer, bootmaker and former slave named Henry Townsend, is a humane epic and a staggering feat of wily American storytelling. Set in Virginia during the antebellum era, the milieu — politics, moods, manners — is starkly and intensely realized. When Henry becomes the proprietor of a plantation, with slaves of his own, the moral sands shift under the reader’s feet. Grief piles upon grief. But there is a glowing humanity at work here as well. Moments of humor and unlikely good will bubble up organically. Jones is a confident storyteller, and in “The Known World” that confidence casts a spell. This is a large novel that moves nimbly, and stays with the reader for a long time. — Dwight Garner


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Min Jin Lee, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Water Dancer,” by Ta-Nehisi Coates or “A Mercy,” by Toni Morrison.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for Wolf Hall

3


Wolf Hall

Hilary Mantel 2009


It was hard choosing the books for my list, but the first and easiest choice I made was “Wolf Hall.” (“The Mirror and the Light,” the third book in Mantel’s trilogy, was the second easiest.)


We see the past the way we see the stars, dimly, through a dull blurry scrim of atmosphere, but Mantel was like an orbital telescope: She saw history with cold, hard, absolute clarity. In “Wolf Hall” she took a starchy historical personage, Thomas Cromwell, and saw the vivid, relentless, blind-spotted, memory-haunted, grandly alive human being he must have been. Then she used him as a lens to show us the age he lived in, the vast, intricate spider web of power and money and love and need — right up until the moment the spider got him. — Lev Grossman, author of “The Bright Sword”


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Marlon James, novelist. See his full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Lion House: The Coming of a King,” by Christopher de Bellaigue or “The Books of Jacob,” by Olga Tokarczuk; translated by Jennifer Croft.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America’s Great Migration

2


The Warmth of Other Suns

Isabel Wilkerson 2010


Wilkerson’s intimate, stirring, meticulously researched and myth-dispelling book, which details the Great Migration of Black Americans from South to North and West from 1915 to 1970, is the most vital and compulsively readable work of history in recent memory. This migration, she writes, “would become perhaps the biggest underreported story of the 20th century. It was vast. It was leaderless. It crept along so many thousands of currents over so long a stretch of time as to be difficult for the press truly to capture while it was under way.” Wilkerson blends the stories of individual men and women with a masterful grasp of the big picture, and a great deal of literary finesse. “The Warmth of Other Suns” reads like a novel. It bears down on the reader like a locomotive. — Dwight Garner


stack of books facing backward

Voted for by Honorée Fanonne Jeffers, novelist. See her full top 10 here.

 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Twelve Tribes of Hattie,” by Ayana Mathis, “All Aunt Hagar’s Children,” by Edward P. Jones or “Traveling Black: A Story of Race and Resistance,” by Mia Bay.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


Book cover for My Brilliant Friend

1


My Brilliant Friend

Elena Ferrante; translated by Ann Goldstein 2012


The first volume of what would become Ferrante’s riveting four-book series of Neapolitan novels introduced readers to two girls growing up in a poor, violent neighborhood in Naples, Italy: the diligent, dutiful Elena and her charismatic, wilder friend Lila, who despite her fierce intelligence is seemingly constrained by her family’s meager means. From there the book (like the series as a whole) expands as propulsively as the early universe, encompassing ideas about art and politics, class and gender, philosophy and fate, all through a dedicated focus on the conflicted, competitive friendship between Elena and Lila as they grow into complicated adults. It’s impossible to say how closely the series tracks the author’s life — Ferrante writes under a pseudonym — but no matter: “My Brilliant Friend” is entrenched as one of the premier examples of so-called autofiction, a category that has dominated the literature of the 21st century. Reading this uncompromising, unforgettable novel is like riding a bike on gravel: It’s gritty and slippery and nerve-racking, all at the same time.


 I’ve read it

Liked it? Try “The Book of Goose,” by Yiyun Li, “Cold Enough for Snow,” by Jessica Au or “Lies and Sorcery,” by Elsa Morante; translated by Jenny McPhee.


 I want to read it

Interested? Read our review. Then reserve it at your local library or buy it from Amazon, Apple, Barnes & Noble or Bookshop.


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We let them each define “best” in their own way. For some, this simply meant “favorite.” For others, it meant books that would endure for generations.


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Designed by Aliza Aufrichtig. Produced by Aliza Aufrichtig, Josh Katz and Kevin Quealy. Edited by Tina Jordan, David Kelly, Scott Heller and Greg Cowles. Written by Leah Greenblatt, A.O. Scott, Greg Cowles, Jennifer Szalai, Dwight Garner, Alexandra Jacobs, Dave Kim, Sadie Stein, Emily Eakin, Neima Jahromi, MJ Franklin and Elisabeth Egan. Photo editing by Erica Ackerberg. Photography by Julia Gartland with styling by Alya Hameedi; Tony Cenicola, Sonny Figueroa. Additional photo editing and design work by Matt Dorfman and Tonya Douraghy. Additional production by Courtney Cox, Andrew Rodriguez, Lauryn Stallings, Tas Tobey, Jessica White and Ama Sarpomaa.


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2024/09/09

The History of Hell | America Magazine

The History of Hell | America Magazine



The History of Hell




Candida MossFebruary 09, 2024




In an interview on Italian television last month, Pope Francis was asked what he thinks about hell. The pope responded that hell is “difficult to imagine” and added that, in his personal opinion, he “like[s] to think hell is empty; I hope it is.” Even though Pope Francis was abundantly clear that his statements were “not a dogma of faith,” they sparked a backlash from those who, apparently, really do hope that people are being tortured for all eternity and have no problem admitting to it.

Several critics fell back on the tried and trusted “Hitler fallacy” (the pope hopes to see Hitler in heaven?), while others judged that the pope was preaching the ancient heresy of universalism. Most common of all was the troubling sentiment that if everyone goes to heaven, why follow Jesus at all? Truly, if the only thing preventing Catholics from becoming serial killers is fear of God’s justice, then we have much bigger problems. But the incident revealed that many people like to take their Christian eschatology straight up, without the diluting effects of divine mercy and forgiveness.
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If Hades is familiar to us from Robert Graves or Disney’s “Hercules,” then many of the infernal spaces described by Jesus seem obscure.
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As a Bible scholar and historian of early Christianity, my interest was piqued. It is certainly worth asking: What is hell for? After all, as is well known to readers of the Bible, it was not always there. The closest we come to hell in the Old Testament is Sheol, a place of darkness for an undifferentiated mass of saints and sinners. It was only after Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Levant that Greek mythology started to wend its way into biblical visions of the afterlife. The story of the rich man and Lazarus in Luke explicitly identifies the condemned man as languishing in Hades. We can practically hear the scrapes of Sisyphus pushing his boulder up the hill.

But if Hades is familiar to us from Robert Graves or Disney’s “Hercules,” then many of the infernal spaces described by Jesus seem obscure. In the Gospels, Jesus refers—usually in parables or other evasively symbolic stories—to a variety of spaces that are unfamiliar to modern readers. There is a place of “outer darkness” where people weep and their teeth chatter (or gnash if you prefer that translation). This is quite different from the fire-filled caves pictured in European artwork and modern pop culture. How can hell run both hot and cold?
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Not until late antiquity did the impression of hell that we only faintly sense in the Gospels—whiffs of sulfur, flashes of flames, the hair-raising wriggle of worms—begin to flourish. Tours of hell, allegedly given to religious heroes in visions, reveal the ever-expanding scale of the underworld. The apocalypses of Mary, Peter, Paul and other non-canonical writings from the early Christian era flesh out the details of the subterranean torture chamber. Disobedient Christians, unlucky pagans and merciless persecutors find themselves shackled and buried in a world of grime and pain. By the time we get to Dante, we have a multistoried hell of epic proportions.

These stories might be nightmarish to us, but in antiquity, they worked precisely because they drew from the conditions of real-world captivity. As the cutting-edge exploration of Roman carceral spaces by archeologists Matthew Larsen and Mark Letteney explains, these were not hypothetical spaces. The inspiration for hell was actual incarceration. Architecturally, we can map hell’s floorplan onto the various spaces used for legal proceedings, incarceration and punishment: Hell is carved not out of the imagination but out of the rocks of real underground prisons, slave quarters and mines.

Even seemingly abstract statements had real-world referents. The strange language of “outer darkness” gestures to the ordinary spaces of domestic and agrarian punishment in which enslaved and incarcerated people were chained to walls at night. A victim of Vesuvius, for example, was found by archaeologists still shackled to a wall in a storage room off an underground kitchen in Pompeii. Although Pompeii conjures images of fire, before the eruption, most of those restrained found themselves exposed to low nighttime temperatures where their teeth really did chatter from the cold. So, too, those incarcerated in the windowless prison chambers farthest (that is, outermost) from light sources in Roman prisons were also confined in darkness.
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As it has emerged in Christianity, hell is a prison that replicates the dire working and living conditions of those enslaved and incarcerated by the Roman penal system.
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Ancient imprisonment can also explain the scatological themes present in Christian speculation about hell. As Larsen and Letteney show in their work, cesspits were a rare luxury for the incarcerated. Instead, fecal matter was everywhere—and teeming with the wriggle of intestinal parasites. The stench of human excrement filled such spaces. Similarly, in hell, people from every rank were consumed by parasitic worms or buried up to their waists and necks in excrement.

Other ancient prisoners were dispatched to mines, where they were usually physically exhausted and thirsty. Further, they ran the risk of suffocating from noxious gases or being trapped under falling rocks and debris. These working conditions explain why, from antiquity to Dante, the lower spaces of hell were reserved for the most sinful, why sinners find themselves trapped under rocks and why sulfur perfumes the air of hell. Stories about the conditions quarried fear alongside copper and marble. St. John Chrysostom, the fourth-century bishop of Constantinople and fabled preacher, could trade on this anxiety when he told his parishioners that hell is like the mines, only worse.
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As it has emerged in Christianity, hell is a prison that replicates the dire working and living conditions of those enslaved and incarcerated by the Roman penal system. Since none of us would support these conditions in the real world, it is curious that some insist on them in eternity.

But there are some critical differences between real and infernal punishment: Many of those consigned to hell in the parables are those who mistreat their social inferiors. In real life, the wealthy could avoid subterranean prisons and mines, but in the everlasting kingdom of God, everyone faced the same kind of brutal judgment. This does not make the vision of hell more palatable, but it explains why hell’s existence was appealing to those who were socially marginalized.


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Pope Francis visits ‘the periphery of the peripheries’ in Vanimo, Papua New GuineaGerard O’Connell


Pope Francis visits ‘the periphery of the peripheries’ in Vatimo, Papua New GuineaGerard O’Connell




This does not mean, however, that the parables of Jesus or tours of hell described actual eternal punishment. Many of those sent to the mines, Letteney and Larsen show, emerged from their confinement to live out the rest of their lives. So, too, in her book Hell Hath No Fury (Yale, 2021), Meghan Henning reveals that late antique descriptions of infernal torture are teaching tools. Vivid images of punishment existed to scare people and to dissuade them from sin. In the images of hell influenced by Plato, Henning’s work shows, the fires of hell are purgative: They burn the sin out of you so you can start again. These were spaces of punishment, not spaces of damnation.

The prisoners of the Inquisition who were housed in the 17th-century Palazzo Chiaramonte-Steri in Palermo, Sicily, filled their time inscribing the prison walls with images and words in Italian, Arabic, English and Sicilian. Several of them painted hell mouths summoned from Dante’s “Inferno.” Inside one monster, we read Dante’s words: “Abandon all hope, ye who enter.”The gaping jaws of the mouth open like a crescent moon as a procession of biblical patriarchs spill out into the world led by Christ.

To these prisoners, the harrowing of hell was a source of hope. Surely Francis is right to hope that hell is empty. After all, there is a precedent for freeing its occupants.
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More: Theology / History / Scripture / Art

Candida Moss

Candida Moss is the Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology at the University of Birmingham, U.K., and an award-winning author of seven books, including the forthcoming God's Ghostwriters: Enslaved Christians and the Making of the Bible. She is also a frequent news commentator for CBS and CNN.
@candidamoss

The History of Hell by Alice K. Turner | Goodreads

The History of Hell by Alice K. Turner | Goodreads

Dante's Inferno






The History of Hell


Alice K. Turner, Donadio & Olson

3.88
670 ratings69 reviews

A “lively...generously illustrated” (Washington Post Book World) survey of how, over the past four thousand years, religious leaders, artists, writers, and ordinary people in the West have visualized Hell-its location, architecture, purpose, and inhabitants. Illustrations; full-color inserts.

GenresHistoryReligionNonfictionMythologyReferencePhilosophyArt
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288 pages, Paperback

First published January 1, 1993
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Displaying 1 - 30 of 69 reviews


Paul Bryant
2,314 reviews11.1k followers

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September 3, 2016
PEEP BOOTHS IN HEAVEN

“Abominable fancy” is the Christian theological idea that one of the pleasures of the blessed in Heaven is the contemplation of the torments of the sinners in Hell. I was thinking about that, and it seemed to me that it might be considered a little embarrassing to be seen guffawing at someone having a hot poker shoved up their fundament, so I imagine, in consideration of the feelings of the blessed, they will have arranged these viewings to be held in a series of booths, like a peep show. You would go in to your booth and switch on the viewing screen and you would see the ongoing grisly tortures. (This would not be allowed here on Earth, or at least you would have to pay a lot of dough, like in that movie Hostel. But in Heaven, it's free.)

But I’m also thinking that seeing random people being tortured will get tiresome after, say, a few thousand years, so there must be a way to spice it up a bit, and what better than to watch someone you actually knew on Earth being tortured. So I think there must be a kind of request system – you fill in a form giving the name of the person you want to see, could be your son’s games instructor or the old bat who lived at No 37 and threw boiling water on your cat, or it could be Saddam Hussain, and then it would be like ordering a dvd from Lovefilm, you’d build up a list of torturees and you might have to wait quite a while for the more popular ones (Heinrich Himmler, Myra Hindley) but no one else would be interested in your brother-in-law, so you’d get to see him writhing and howling in agony any time you wanted.

Hell was a popular subject in religious books for centuries and Alice Turner comments

It is not going too far to say that the Hell scenes of early apocalypses are a form of self-righteous pornography.


ABANDON LOGIC ALL YE WHO ENTER HERE

The whole idea of Hell being everlasting gets Christians into all kinds of logical conundrums.

What, after all, was the point of Hell after the Last Judgement? Punishment can be deterrent, corrective, curative or vindictive… But infinite pain at the end of time for those whose sins were, after all, finite? This would be neither curative nor deterrent. How could it be other than vindictive?

You know, Alice Turner is right. So the idea seems to be that God creates millions of human beings knowing that only a tiny minority of them will escape the infinite tortures of Hell. What kind of dear Lord and Father of mankind is that? The idea is horrendous. It’s sadistic is what it is.

The little child is in the red hot oven. Hear how it screams to come out! See how it turns and twists itself about in the fire. It beats its head against the roof of the oven. It stamps its little feet on the floor.

From The Sight of Hell by the Reverend Joseph Furniss, 1882. A book written specifically for young people. Best seller too.

So horrendous that, eventually, thoughtful Christians became very uncomfortable with the doctrine and they began taking it apart. They replaced it with annihilationism and universalism. The first says that bad people just die when they die and simply don’t get an afterlife. The second says that bad people do go to Hell but that eventually they will be purged of their sins and forgiven and released from Hell. That gave rise to other Christians saying well, if God eventually forgives everyone, what’s the flooking point of the whole flooking shebang anyway? What a lot of botheration – creating a whole universe, creating the human race, sending Jesus, heaven, hell, if everyone end up the same, playing Yes We’ll Gather at the River on the autoharp and gazing raptly? Was the game worth the candle?

Don’t ask me, pal. I just review here.

HELL 2.0

Let’s try and figure this thing again. When you have the person of Jesus as Saviour, and you have the idea of Hell as the thing he is saving us all from, certain ineluctable deductions then follow. Iddy bitty babies and white-bearded Jewish patriarchs gave Christians a big but strangely similar problem. What happened to them if the babies died before being baptised (as often happened in plague times) or the good patriarchs lived and died way before Jesus? Could we really have a hard-line no-baptism no-heaven system? Meaning that if Heaven was not your destination, you were hellbound, and the itty babies and the patriarchs would get the hot oven treatment for all of eternity? You wouldn't get Moses supposing that his toeses were roses in Hell, of that I assure you. You know, that even seemed harsh to the stern Christians of the 4th century. But as Alice turner puts it (p82)

Either baptism is a solemn and holy sacrament washing away Original Sin or it is not; you cannot have it both ways.

So eventually to resolve this the idea of Purgatory grew up. Purgatory was a kind of de-coking plant for souls where all the black gungy sins are burned off with a few quick centuries of eye gouging and red hot poking - then they run you through a sinometer and if you score 90% pure or over then okay, you’re done.

The Sopranos Season 2, From Where to Eternity

Christopher Moltisanti is getting concerned about the awful things he has been doing lately. He consults with his spiritual adviser Paulie (Walnuts) Gualtieri who says nah, he won’t go to hell, he’ll go to purgatory :

Christopher: How long do you think we've got to stay there?
Paulie: That's different for everybody. You add up all your mortal sins and multiply that number by 50. Then you add up all your venial sins and multiply that by 25. You add that together and that's your sentence. I figure I'm gonna have to do 6,000 years before I get accepted into heaven and 6,000 years is nothin' in eternity terms. I can do that standing on my head.


HELL ON EARTH


I saw Before Midnight yesterday, highly recommended, and Julie Delpy playing Celine threw out a definition of Hell, but it was a description of our own world:

The only upside for a woman in being over 35 is you don’t get raped so much.

In Christopher Marlowe’s renowned Doctor Faustus, the devil Mephistopheles agrees with Celine :

Faust. Where are you damn’d?
Meph. In hell.
Faust. How comes it then that thou art out of hell?
Meph. Why, this is hell, nor am I out of it.


Yes, the idea that this world is actually Hell can seem very convincing if you turn on the news at any time in the last, say, 3000 years.

I KNOW WHERE I AM GOING

My Muslim friend thinks I am going to Hell. I say come on, what did I ever do? I smoked a little dope and I didn’t return a couple of library books? It was years ago! He says no, it’s not that, it’s because you aren’t a Muslim, Sorry and all, but I don’t make the rules. I say - That's a bit harsh, don't you think? He says he's sorry but the solution is in my hands.


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Nathan Dehoff
784 reviews3 followers

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February 5, 2021
I enjoyed the hell out of this book. In a casual style, it explores the concept of Hell throughout history, in both religion and popular culture. It begins with early takes on the world of the dead, including the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek. A lot of the geographical features that came to be associated with underworlds first showed up in Mesopotamian mythology, while the Egyptian world of the dead was very complicated, with multiple zones and dangers. Tartarus was originally a prison for the Titans, but came to be a place of punishment for dead mortals as well. Hades has multiple rivers, and was inhabited by monsters. Christian thought struggled with working together the various ideas of the afterlife presented by what became the New Testament: Jesus' mentions of a fiery place of punishment, the parable of Lazarus (not the guy who came back from the dead) ending up in the bosom of Abraham while the rich man who ignored him went to Hell, the Kingdom of Heaven, and the upcoming resurrection and Last Judgment. It's been a common question as to what the need is for immediate reward and punishment after death when that's going to happen at the end of the world anyway, and whether eternal damnation is really in line with Jesus saving the world from sin. Another common theme in early Christianity was Jesus' harrowing of Hell, which had its antecedents in the tales of Inanna, Orpheus, and others. Purgatory was devised to provide a way for people to pay for their sins in a finite way. Jesus' mother Mary came to be regarded as the ruler of Purgatory, who would intercede with her son to get people out of Purgatory. The Protestants, who wanted to remove most Catholic trappings, threw out Purgatory with the rest. Religiously themed plays often depicted Hell, and the Hellmouth from Anglo-Saxon art became a common prop. Dante's Inferno placed Hell underneath Jerusalem, with Satan in the center of the Earth. It was thoroughly laid out into nine circles, each with its own sorts of sinners, and also incorporated the rivers from the Greek Hades and a city that was home to fallen angels. The city of Dis came to be seen as a medieval citadel. The Jesuits regarded Hell as a ridiculously crowded place full of squalor. And John Milton wrote of the place as a separate part of the universe from Earth, and that the city of Pandemonium was incredibly opulent. There's even a mention in the book of Tobias Swinden claiming in 1714 that Hell would have to be located in the Sun. Turner reports more modern versions of Hell being less literal, more symbolic and often satirical. She doesn't go into that much detail on most of what she mentions, making a lot of them tantalizing inducements to further reading. There's a lot of fascinating art as well, and it's disappointing that most of it is small, at least in the edition of the book I got from the library; but it's cool that it's there.

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Lee Harmon
Author 5 books113 followers

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January 20, 2011
This is not a new book; I dug it from my shelves just to write this review. It's not a scholarly-looking book; the oversize cover, glossy pages, and color pictures on every other page make it look more like a children's book than a theological treatise. It's not the work of a notable scholar; Ms. Turner is better known for her fiction and as an editor for Playboy. So what is this review doing on my blog today?

Against all odds, this is an important book about an important topic. Is it Alice's fault that she manages to turn it into a fun read as well?

The History of Hell begins at the beginning, with the earliest religious beliefs of an underworld. You'll explore the Egyptian Book of the Dead and Zoroastrianism. You'll move forward in time to the Greek understanding of Hades, the Platonic description of Hell, and the Hebrew teachings of Sheol. As these ideas merge into one, you begin to see glimpses of today's Christian version of Hell emerging.

In time, Purgatory arrives. Christian ideas continue to evolve through the centuries, giving birth to artwork and stories like Dante's Inferno, as imaginations let loose. Satan, once destined to chains in a dark netherworld transforms before your eyes into an evil taskmaster. Now, trident in hand, he gleefully tortures lost souls in a lake of fire forever and ever, amen.

You continue to travel through the Middle Ages, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, through the 19th century, and on into today's time, as Hell continues to evolve. Why is this journey important? Why put yourself through Hell? Because, as Christians, it's vitally important to our spiritual well-being to understand that we have made our own version of Hell. Ideas have evolved from the beginning of religion, and understanding this, knowing the "history of Hell," can set you free from the undertow of today's spiritually-damaging teachings.

And if you're going to take this frightful journey, you may as well make it an entertaining one. Pick up Alice's book.

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Natalie
503 reviews108 followers

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November 12, 2021
Four thousand years of hell, as long as you’re largely after the Catholic/Christian variety and not any flavors of Eastern religions. It can get a little dry and hard to follow, but that might be because I encountered some of the religious concepts for the first time and my mind just doesn’t work well with them.

Two takeaways: Christians absolutely made this shit up as they went along; and most educated Christians, even clergy, didn’t really believe in hell at all, but considered it useful for the illiterate masses to do so as an incentive for good behavior.

The generous illustrations are really great.
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Emm
106 reviews51 followers

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October 31, 2009
A really fun and comprehensive look at the history of Hell. Turner's writing is easy and humorous; a great introductory text!

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Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk
848 reviews119 followers

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October 27, 2019
This is an interesting and very easy to get into book which really does give you a good guide through the human vision of Hell and its origins in the religions of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece. It goes through the different European cultural eras and demonstrates how our vision changed or evolved according to the times. The way Hell is integrated into the literature of those periods is very clearly laid out.
Very good for anyone who wants a clear, clean picture of how it all fits together.
history non-fiction philosophy
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Tracy
97 reviews

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March 8, 2010
Really well done. An interesting look at the evolution of Hell from the Sumerians to the Age of Freud. Also includes some amazing art. My eight-year old picked up the book and flipped through the pictures. Funny, he wasn't at all frightened by the images. He just said, "Mom, why is everyone in Hell naked?" Good Question.
mythology non-fiction religion
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Cindy
165 reviews63 followers

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June 13, 2023
I live in a pretty religious place, and the people on my street already think I’m a little bit of an odd duck, so I was positively buzzing when my neighbor approached head tilted asking “whatcha getting” as I was checking out a biblical tower of books about hell from the library (I'm researching for a story). It did feel a little weird reading this before bed with all the “gnashing of teeth” and whatnot, but at least I’m not a child. There exists a formerly popular kids’ book called The Sight of Hell (written by the appropriately named John Furniss, and still available on Amazon) that describes the dungeons of hell and reads thusly: “The little child is in the red-hot oven. Hear how it screams to come out; see how it turns and twists itself about in the fire. It beats its head against the roof of the oven. It stamps its little feet on the floor.” This is also accompanied with similarly vivid illustrations. Sweet dreams, children.
In terms of content, this book does present, as you would expect from the title, a historical view of how thought about hell changed over the years. It also summarizes influential non-Bible eschatological literature such as Dante’s Divine Comedy, and Milton’s Paradise Lost. I didn’t realize Greek views of the underworld had such a large impact on the biblical hell. It also makes a lot more sense now why there are so many paintings of Mary from the Middle Ages, as she was believed to have the ability to save souls in purgatory. I’m glad I have finally finished the book. It’s nice to be free from the clutches of eternal hellfire, at least for now.
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H. Givens
1,830 reviews34 followers

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March 6, 2018
A pretty good history of how hell has been envisioned, from the earliest history up to the modern day. It was talkier than I expected, with a few pages each for even rather obscure strains of Christianity, and I just skimmed a lot of it because it became rather more theological than I was up for today. Lucifer/Satan is mentioned occasionally when relevant, but the book makes clear in the introduction that it's about hell, not Satan. Could've used a few more pictures, but generally satisfactory.
history nonfiction religion
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Theresa
13 reviews4 followers

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November 11, 2007
An interesting overview of historical perceptions of Hell from literature, art and scripture from the dawn of western civilization through the age of Freud. Beautifully illustrated with works of art from each period covered. Throughout history, ideas of Hell, its location, purpose and denizens have constantly changed. The author examines the changes and the reasons for them.

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Ben Smitthimedhin
389 reviews11 followers

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May 19, 2017
I was at Wells Fargo once to replace a debit card that I lost, and I figured I would bring a book because I didn't know how long I was going to have to wait and my parents told me that I should never waste an opportunity. Well I didn't actually have to wait because Shian told me that she could help me open an account right away. Her computer started lagging because it had to process my long name through, so she decided to ask me what I was reading.

"The Skeletons in God's Closet.... it's about how Christians can reconcile the judgment of hell with the love of God."
"Oh..." she said.

It wasn't until after about five minutes of my theological musings on hell that I realized she wasn't interested... or maybe she was uncomfortable about the subject. I wasn't sure. She was probably taught by her supervisors to be friendly at all costs. Poor lady. Since my parents told me not to waste an opportunity and I figured I would awkwardly leeway into the Gospel like one of those awkward Christians. Sure enough, the conversation died before I could even get close.

Well, anyways this book reminded me of Shian and our conversation. And I decided that I would dedicate this review to her.

Alice Turner, who writes for Playboy magazine(!), did a fantastic job in compiling an enormous amount of information into a readable book on how hell has evolved from ancient Mesopotamian "The Great Below" through the Middle Ages and its bizarre visions of monsters with spears up their butts (I'm not kidding) to hell's eventual "disappearance" in the Freudian age where hell is allegorized as repression. The History of Hell is well-rounded in its approach; combining history, literature, psychology, art, theology, and philosophy. The illustrations were fantastic (it was also a chronicle of how Western art's depictions of hell has evolved). I had to take off a star though because Turner would throw out character names left and right without any context, so I was confused at times, especially the chapter on classical Hades.

Still would recommend it though.
Cheers, Shian.
religion-philosophy
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Carla (There Might Be Cupcakes Podcast)
301 reviews66 followers

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June 11, 2019
4 1/2 stars—the half removed only because it ended so abruptly. The author started talking about Hell in 20th century film, briefly discussed Aliens as metaphor...I turned the page...and there were the Acknowledgements and the Bibliography. What happened? Where’s The Exorcist? Where’s The Exorcism of Emily Rose, its motifs of Mary as Intercessor and sufferer as example rampant throughout the book? And those are the easy grabs. Very odd. Otherwise a fascinating book that has lined up about ten more books for me to read, and those are the most fun nonfiction books to read, aren’t they?
history religion summer-reading-challenge-2019
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skyozlem
162 reviews1 follower

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March 8, 2021
Dante okurken iyi bir yan okuma oldu benim için,

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Nancy Oakes
1,988 reviews829 followers

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January 21, 2009
from page 135, footnote:

"According to The Weekly World News of August 28, 1990, Hell is nine miles beneath the surface of a point in western Siberia where Soviet engineers drilling for oil broke through. They capped their hole after smelling the smoke and hearing the cries of the damned." Pretty interesting, huh?

The History of Hell is like the textbook for a course on (as she calls it) "Infernology". I will be up front and tell you that if you are a Christian, you're going to absolutely hate this book. The author examines in chronlogical format how hell has been depicted and understood from the time of the Sumerians through the present. Hell's heyday, of course, was during the medieval period, when works of art, sermons, pulpit manuals, papal decrees etc etc made Hell a very vivid weapon of control by the Church. Turner examines the works of the "chief architects" of hell: "Homer, Virgil, Plato, Augustine, Dante, Bosch, Michelangelo, Milton, Goethe, Blake and more." (3)

Turner's work has been criticized by some reviewers as being shallow. Personally, this isn't meant either to be a definitive or scholarly history; it is more on the order of Hell for the layman. She has also been criticized for losing steam at the end and I agree with this call. IMHO, she should have ended the book with "The Romantics," and left it at that to keep the book's potency and momentum fresh.

This is a wonderful book; if you get offended by her explanations of how the whole hell/final judgment/fire & brimstone stuff was manipulated by Christians at large throughout Christian history, or, if you're offended by the fact that the early Christians probably lifted the geography & images of hell from earlier, non-Christian cultures, then just sit quietly and look at the pictures. The works of art she's chosen as illustrations are simply magnificent.

I highly recommend this one to those interested in the topic.
nonfiction
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Lucas
20 reviews7 followers

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March 8, 2012
I must have thought this book was good. For about six years now I have been rather pissed that I misplaced it and can't seem to find it anywhere.

Here's what I remember. It was a rather sleek looking book that was beautifully illustrated. But its glossy appearence belied the large amount of information in the book. That's not to say it was delivered like a textbook on the subject. I seem to recall the author had a good sense of humor.

The book describes several concepts of Hell from different cultures. "Merry Hell" doesn't sound half bad. Also, the author believes that the Hell most Christians have been threatened with is a fiction of the church used to keep followers in line. I thought she made a convincing case for this point of view (though, admittedly, I didn't need convincing of this before reading the book).

History of Hell made me really want to read a couple of books cited on the topic. The first one was "Visions of Tundale" (may have the title wrong) and the second one was "The Frogs." Haven't done this yet mainly because I can't seem to find an English copy of Tundale.

I am almost certain that I will reread this book someday...if I can ever find it.

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Dave
779 reviews5 followers

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July 2, 2009
A great read, has a lot of really interesting information. The chapters at the beginning and end are a bit sparse (covering early Mesopotamian concepts of the afterlife and modern views of Hell, respectively), but the chapters on the medieval period, the renaissance, and enlightenment are suitably meaty.

There are definitely some old works that I'd like to take a look at now, though the only one I've found so far is a Victorian Poem, "The Goblin Market" by Christina Rossetti. (which was claimed to be a children's story, though it clearly is not, given such passages as
"They trod and hustled her,
Elbowed and jostled her,
Clawed with their nails,
Barking, mewing, hissing, mocking,
Tore her gown and soiled her stocking,
Twitched her hair out by the roots,
Stamped upon her tender feet,
Held her hands and squeezed their fruits
Against her mouth to make her eat.")

The book also contains a modest helping of illustrations that span the history of hell that are also quite good. I'm quite enamored with Bosch now.

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M.C.
29 reviews

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September 4, 2008
What is Hell? We can but perceive its existence with our mortal eyes. Why should one believe something that he or she cannot sense? Such a question reminds me of peace and other ideas that we believe in. Many of these we cannot perceive but we apparently invest faith or something of the like into them. Why?Some do it for pious reasons, others for the sole satisfaction of their feelings of uncertainty, and still there are those who have alternative reasons.

The History of Hell offers a comprehensive view into the origins and evolutions of Hell. However, I must, with disappointment, say that this text offers a more Western view into Hell rather than a blend of different cultures. True, there were mentions of Zoroastrianism, the Egyptian Book of the Dead, and the like, but in all, it lacked to offer a view that is as detailed as its accounts of the Western perspective of Hell. However, the information that was provided seemed valid--making this a most fascinating read.
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Mephistia
380 reviews53 followers

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August 7, 2009
It's interesting. I was actually a little surprised at how engrossing this book was. I loved the way the author traced Hell from the polytheistic influence on the Christian perception, through the various theological and political influences until we arrived at our most modern interpretation. I particularly enjoyed some of the religious theories she cited and how they altered theology in various ways. Some of the facts she included were a fascinating surprise -- the book as a whole was just a delightful journey of discovery.

I have to admit, I also liked it because I could never pin the author's theological beliefs down. There were points when I thought she was Catholic, other times when I'd decided she must be atheist, and once or twice when I was convinced she was some fringe religion like Mormonism. I really appreciated this ambiguity, because it never felt as though she was coming at the topic from a biased direction.
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Bogydog
48 reviews

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April 3, 2008
Hahahahha... no one I know will read this book. And, as well they shouldn't. I just had to put this on my (so-far) list, 'cause this is the book I desperately needed when writing my thesis in college. Actually, I guess that doesn't make sense, 'cause if this book existed then, then there'd be no reason to write my thesis. So... now I'm just talking to myself. Umm... oh snap! I need to figure out what I'm bring to Phoenix this weekend. Note to self: bring pants. Doo-doo-doo... man, I'm kind of hungry. Maybe a sandwich? What's that noise? A DEMON??? BEGONE FROM MY HOUSE, THOU FOUL HARBINGER OF-- okay, I'm done.
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Kirsten
2,137 reviews105 followers

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February 9, 2008
This is a fascinating cultural history of Hell. Since it focuses mainly on Hell in Western popular culture, it draws most heavily on Judeo-Christian (mostly Christian), Greek, and Roman conceptions of punishment in the afterlife. I imagine if you have done a lot of reading about the history of Hell and Satan, this probably wouldn't reveal much that's new, but for the curious layperson it's an excellent overview, related with wit and charm. I've done quite a bit of reading about the history of the Devil, but there was a lot here that was new to me. It's also marvelously illustrated, with both black & white and full color plates.
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J.M. Hushour
Author 6 books229 followers

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May 31, 2015
With an eye always on the future, I leapt at the chance of reading about Hell. Just in case. This is a fine book on Hell. There don't seem to be many books about Hell, histories anyway. This one served my purposes well because in many ways it's very much a history of how the geography of Hell evolved. Starting with Inanna, Sumerian babe-goddess who harrowed the underworld with the best of them, this book carries the story of the development of Hell's structure and torments up to Freud. It's a fun read, succinct and clever in parts with some interesting tangents. Not as detailed as the Hell devotee might want, but sufficient for the lay Hell-gazer.
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Kate Davis
513 reviews48 followers

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June 6, 2011
Can get pretty slow in parts, when she goes heavily into the literature about Hell. Overall, I'm glad I read the first few chapters especially, which showed that the generally accepted ideas of Hell aren't ones that came from Judeo-Christian scripture. I can have more sympathy towards the idea and its followers now that I understand the history behind it, and I can also be reassured that those beliefs don't need to align with mine.
nf-theology nonfiction
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Michael
205 reviews

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August 26, 2016
Eh. Interesting factoids and interesting notes about the broad sweep of cultural history, but the more I knew about the subject/time period at hand the more unsatisfied I was by Turner's oversimplification and uncritical passing off of popular history as history. Fun, but should be taken with grains of salt, ideally distilled from the tears of the damned.
history non-lds-religion
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Top reviews from other countries
Lee Roy Eddie
5.0 out of 5 stars If you are not familiar with hell it is a place that has been recommended to most people
Reviewed in the United States on 26 August 2014
Verified Purchase
Pack your bags and get ready for a hot vacation down in "HELL." This book tells the history of hell through era's of history dating back 5 millennium. There are not any fancy hotels though, no room service and there is not even cable! "For crying out loud" which is what you will be doing during your stay there. If you are not familiar with hell it is a place that has been recommended to myself and most people whom I ask, adults mainly. If a person was to examine all the faiths and pick any one at random then for sure there will be a religion that will damn you to hell. If you do not espouse to any faith then you are for sure going to hell according to so called experts. Either way, no matter what you believe, no matter how good and beneficent a humanitarian you are Hell awaits you. Watch the film "Red State" and top it off with all 17 seasons of "South Park" with audio commentary. You may be forever packing the right clothes(or at least while being alive) and preparing for your vacation to hell because "Plato's Retreat" was closed along with the "Turkish Bath's" in the late 1980's. Happy Trails. :-)
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Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 18 January 2016
Verified Purchase
Was very impressed with the oredring process and the quality of the book received
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Tom
3.0 out of 5 stars Fine
Reviewed in the United Kingdom on 17 January 2019
Verified Purchase
Not amazing, not terrible. Would have been better with more detail, quoted sources etc.
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Shane Liberty
5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent. Hope to see it on Kindle soon
Reviewed in the United States on 21 May 2017
Verified Purchase
I bought this book a while back and as a Christian Universalist who does not believe in 'eternal hell punishment' it is excellent.

I pretty much do all my reading on kindle now. Are you guys ever going to make it available in Kindle format? With a bit of research through Amazons site, it's really not too hard. Would love to see it.

Also, after, you might consider making an audio version, as I love listening to books when they are available in this format as well. Although that takes time so if possible, just get it on Kindle since I did it for my dad's book and it is surprisingly easy.

For a fair price that we could work out, I might even be able to help if you were interested.

And, I have professional studio recording equipment which I could also do an audio version if interested also :)

Author leave a reply and I will figure out a way to get in touch :D
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Julianne3205
4.0 out of 5 stars All you need to know about hell
Reviewed in the United States on 20 July 2015
Verified Purchase
This seems like a really good book, showing the author's extensive knowledge of the history from ancient Egypt to modern times. As someone who teaches and needs to know where the author got her sources from, I was seriously upset with the lack of endnotes, which seems to have become increasingly common in history books these days. However, she knows her stuff (since I know it too), so I won't hold it against the publisher, who undoubtedly made the decision.
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====
ALICE K. TURNER
The History of Hell


Dantes Inferno

THE VOLUMES OF COMMENTARY WRITTEN about Dante Alighieri (1265-1321) would fill his own Inferno, and the part of those volumes that has to do with that Inferno's engineering and geography would form a substantial subdivision. The architectural ingenuity Dante put into his landscape of Hell has always fascinated readers: modern editions of the Divine Comedy carry maps and diagrams, while illustrators have presented not only the characters and monsters of the story but also the wonderful underground embankments, moats, castles, paved trenches, and the City of Dis with walls of red-hot iron. Galileo himself did a technical report on the structure of the Inferno in 1587 as a playful student thesis. Virgil's Hades is a spectacular stage set without much depth, but Dante's Inferno is limned in three dimensions, right down to the cracks, fissures, and ruins created in the infrastructure at the time of the great earthquake that followed the Harrowing of the First Circle
Writing his great poem in exile, Dante was concerned with history, with Florentine politics, with the corruption of the clergy, with the moral position of his contemporaries, and most of all with the state of his own psyche. At a distance of seven centuries, we can no longer easily appreciate
any of these things except the last Dante is generous with his emotions.

But anyone reading the Inferno 'just for the story" can still marvel at not only the stories the Pilgrim is told but also at the sights and sounds—and smells!
133

THE HISTORY OF HELL
Dante took every theme traced in this book—philosophic, mythic, Orphic, demonic, repulsive, fantastic, allegorical, grotesque, comic, psychological—and put them together with meticulous care for all time. His religious views were orthodox, but his imagination was not. Even if his artistic contribution had been limited to the radical step of marrying the classical attributes of Hades to those of the Christian Hell of the vision tours, it would be a milestone. But his influence went far beyond that.
On earth, Dante led a complicated life. Orphaned early, he was brought up by well-to-do relatives in the city-state of Florence, where he received an excellent education in both the classics and the poetry of his time, He was interested in vocabulary and at one point wanted to construct an "all-Italian" language merging the many dialects of the peninsula; this project was completely undermined by his decision to write the Comedy in his own Florentine dialect, which, together with the later contributions of Petrarch and Boccaccio, made Tuscan once and for all time Italy's literary language. At various times he worked as a businessman, a soldier, a politician, and a professor of philosophy. Because he ran afoul of the tangled politics of the period, he was forced to spend the last twenty years of his life in unhappy, though not uncomfortable, exile.
The most famous event of Dante's childhood was his encounter with Beatrice Portinari when he was nine and she a year younger. Theirs was a model of courtly romance, for they seldom met, each married someone else, and he continued to write poetry to her all his life. She died in 1290, a date remembered because Dante set the Comedy in 1300, just ten years later. In the poem, she appears as Divine Love or Grace, which inspires and guides the Pilgrim after Human Reason, represented by the poet Virgil, can go no farther. Dante had other reasons for choosing 1300: he was thirty-five at the time, "midway along life's journey"; it was a centennial year, and numbers are essential to the scheme of the poem. It was also the year his political troubles began.
To picture Dante's physical and ethical universe, think of the round ball of the earth pierced in the northern hemisphere to its center by a hole in the shape of an irregular cone or funnel. The center of that hole is Jerusalem, and its diameter, the width of the circle around Jerusalem, is equal in size to the radius of the earth, about 3,950 miles, though Galileo's calculations showed it a few hundred miles less. This hole was formed by the weight and force of Lucifer and his angels striking the earth as they fell
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DANTE'S INFERNO
from Heaven. The matter displaced by the impact, forced upward and backward along the tunnel Virgil and Dante use to escape, formed the mountain of Purgatory that rises in an inverted cone on an isolated island in the southern hemisphere. On top of Purgatory is the Earthly Paradise. The opening to Hell is covered by a vault of earth that Galileo calculated to be 40511/22 miles in depth, though obviously there are irregular shallower fissures such as the one by which the poets enter.* In the Dark Wood of the inferno's first canto, where the Pilgrim flees from the leopard, the lion, and the she-wolf, is a hill that must be climbed to reach the entrance to the lower depths where the famous words are inscribed: Abandon hope, all you who enter here.
To complete the picture, remember that for Dante, though notoriously not for Galileo, the earth was at the center of a Ptolemaic universe around which circled nine crystalline heavenly spheres—the moon, Mercury, Venus, the sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, the fixed stars, and the primum mobile or "first mover," which keeps the universe in order. (The three outer planets had not yet, of course, been discovered.) Beyond the spheres was the vast Empyrean, home of God, the angels, and saints, but Dante's heavens are lodged in the spheres. The nine circles of Hell are a direct inversion of the scheme; the vestibule makes a tenth area, as does the Empyrean, as does the earthly paradise atop the nine levels of Purgatory.
Dante's love of precise structure and symbolic numerology extends to the poetry itself. It is written in terza rirna, in which the first and third lines of each three-line stanza rhyme while the second rhymes with the first and third line of the next stanza. Each of the three sections, the inferno, Purgatorio, and Paradiso, is further divided in thirds, of thirty-three cantos each, with an introductory canto to make one hundred in all. To have carried off this structure so readably is amazing.
When the two poets enter the Gate of Hell in Canto III, they find themselves in the vestibule, an area where Dante places the "indecisive," those who have never committed to anything, including life—thus though they have not earned Hell they get no real death either. This vestibule slopes down to the river Acheron, the first of three circular rivers, each of which debouches into the next, finally to flow into Cocytus, the frozen lake at
"According to The Weekly World News of August 28, 1990, Hell is nine miles beneath the surface of a point in western Siberia where Soviet engineers drilling for oil broke through. They capped their hole after smelling the smoke and hearing the cries of the damned.
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Dante's Inferno
 
Map of Dante's Inferno
the center of the earth. The fourth traditional river of Hell, Lethe, Dante locates in Purgatory for dramatic reasons. All of these waters, Virgil tells the Pilgrim in an image worthy of Hesiod, flow from the tears of a great metal statue at the core of Mount Ida in Crete (the statue comes from Nebuchadnezzar's dream in Daniel 2.31-34, but the tears are Dante's).
The entire underground cone is terraced in descending ledges or circles of narrowing size down to the nethermost well or pit at the center of the earth, which holds Cocytus. Between the Acheron, across which Charon
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the boatman ferries the poets, and the Styx are Hell's first four circles, the highest of which is technically Limbo, the residence of virtuous unbaptized souls, mostly pagan. No one is punished in the First Circle, which resembles the Elysian Fields of asphodel in the Aeneid and has its own Castle of Philosophy and its own fresh little stream, which seems to have nothing to do with bitter tears. Virgil himself inhabits this circle together with Homer (Dante is thought to have known Homer's work only by reputation) and other famous pagans. The Hebrews had, of course, been rescued in the Harrowing. Dante avoids the question of unbaptized babies.
The next four circles punish the Incontinent, those who, in life, gave in to their passions. Dante followed Aristotle's ethical system in his classification of sins rather than the more common Seven Deadly Sins listing. Thus the Second Circle, guarded by Minos, holds the lustful, whirled forever in winds of desire. The Third, guarded by Cerberus, traps gluttons in a cold, smelly garbage heap. The Fourth, guarded by Plutus ("Father Rich Man" in yet another guise), pits misers and spendthrifts, many of them priests, against one another. The Styx itself, a filthy marsh, forms the Fifth Circle and also a moat for the City of Dis, as well as the boundary between Upper and Lower Hell. In the swamp, the angry tear at one another, while under the mud the slothful and sullen gurgle incoherently.
The poets are ferried by Phlegyas across the Styx from the great tower on the upper bank to the City of Dis (or Satan), the capital of Hell and home to the fallen rebel angels—who will not permit the poets to enter until an angelic messenger forces the gate. All of Lower Hell lies within the walls of this city—really a citadel—guarded by the Furies and Medusa. Immediately beyond the gate is the Sixth Circle of heretics, who burn in fiery graves; in Dante's Inferno, despite its name, the traditional punishment of fire is used only inside the walls of the citadel.
Down a steep slope guarded by the Minotaur, the poets scramble toward the Seventh Circle and the Phlegethon, the river of boiling blood guarded by the Centaurs, one of whom, Nessus, takes them across it. The Seventh Circle, which punishes the sins of Violence, is divided into three rounds, the first being the Phlegethon itself. Immersed in its horrid flow are the murderous: warmongers, tyrants, predators, gang members, psychopaths. The next round, guarded by Harpies, is the Wood of Suicides (perhaps Dante's eeriest conception), white at the wood's edge are the wastrels. Then comes the Burning Plain of usurers, blasphemers, and homosexuals, which
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the poets can cross only by following the bank of the paved conduit along which the end branch of the Phiegethon flows to a great waterfall at the edge of a cliff.
The monster Geryon flies them down the cliff's edge to the most elaborate circle of them all, and the beginning of a new and final set of sins, those of Fraudulence and Malice. Malebolge is shaped like a great stone amphitheater with a spokelike series of stone bridges leading down to a central well over ten concentric ditches or bolge. Each bolgia holds a group of sinners: in the first, horned demons chivy pimps in one direction and seducers in another. In the second, flatterers wallow in excrement; in the third, corrupt ecclesiastics, including at least one pope, are plunged upside down into something resembling a baptismal font while their feet are "baptized" with flames. False prophets and soothsayers trudge through the fourth with their heads twisted entirely around so that their tears flow down to their buttocks; Tiresias, sadly demoted from his position in the Odyssey, is here.
The Wood of the Suicides, by Gustave Doré
 
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William Blake put fossils of human bones into the stone of the bridges over the hole.
At the fifth bolgia, Dante introduces us to the Malebranche ("Evil-Claws"), a band of antic devils like those of the mystery plays who athletically and almost playfully toss "barrators"—grafters and public swindlers—into boiling pitch. The mood turns to grotesque comedy, and Canto XXI ends with a traditional fart.
Dante chose to inject comic relief at this particular point because this is his own bolgia; back on earth, he had been exiled from Florence on the grounds of barratry, or political corruption, as well as on vaguer charges of intrigue and hostility to the pope. Grim burlesque is his response to the charges, and it is no accident that the next bolgia holds the hypocrites with whom he must actually consort.
The poets find that the bridge over the sixth bolgia has been broken by the earthquake that followed the Harrowing. In order to escape the angry Malebranche, they must slide down the rubble into the realm of the hypocrites, who shuffle in single file, weeping from the weary weight of their
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The poets escape from demons down a broken bridge, by Gustave Doré.
lead-lined cloaks. Arduously, the two climb up the ruins on the other bank to regain the bridge, from which they look down to see the amazing shape-shifting in the seventh bolgia, where thieves and reptiles merge and remerge.
Deceivers burn in flames in the eighth bolgia: among them is Ulysses —Dante was firmly on Virgil's Trojan (and Italian) side when it came to the great war, and Ulysses was known for his trickery. In the ninth bolgia are the sowers of discord, horribly mutilated by a demon with a sword. Among them is Mohamet the "infidel," a heretic from Dante's point of view. This bolgia is twenty-two miles around; the cone is narrowing severely. The tenth and last bolgia, where the falsifiers (impersonators, perjurers, counterfeiters, alchemists) lie stricken with horrible diseases, is only eleven miles around and half a mile wide.
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In the well at the bottom of the Malebolge construction stand the Giants, each about fifty feet high, Dante's Titans of Tartarus. Here they guard the Pit, their heads and torsos protruding above it. Antaeus lowers the poets in his huge palm to a point about midway down the Ninth Circle.
Three rings around the center of Cocytus, the icebound lake that is the realm of Treason, hold traitors. Caina (named for Cain) holds those who betrayed their families; Antenora, traitors to their countries (Antenor, who supposedly betrayed Troy, was a hero to Homer, but Dante sided with Virgil and the Trojans). Ptolomea is for traitors to guests: Ptolomy was a captain of Jericho who arranged a banquet for his father-in-law, Simon the high priest, and his two sons, then murdered them. In the absolute center—of the Inferno and of the earth—is Judecca (from Judas, of course), for traitors to their Jords, and in its center is the greatest traitor to the greatest Lord: Dis (Satan) himself, frozen fast and mindlessly weeping as he devours the shades of Judas Iscariot, Brutus, and Cassius. It is up his hairy thigh that the poets must climb to find their exit to clean air and starlight.
Dante's portrait of Dis or Satan is both conventional and original. Vision literature tended to avoid Satan or offer only a quick thrilling glimpse, and even if Dante had read Tøndal, a centipede-like creature would never have suited him. The figure is grotesque enough. It has three faces, red (Judas) in the middle, black on the left (Brutus), yellow on the right (Cassius), and below each is a pair of wings, which fan the freezing wind of Cocytus.
The three heads were inspired by artists' conceptions. Dante, like most of Florence, must have gone to see the spectacular new Last Judgment mosaic on the cupola of the baptistry of the cathedral of San Giovanni, which was completed in 1300, two years before he was banished. Vasari tells us in Lives of the Artists (1550) that Dante was a "dear friend" of Giotto, who was also a Florentine. After banishment, he evidently visited the Scrovegni Chapel in Padua, where Giotto completed his famous frescoes around 1307. This chapel was built for Enrico Scrovegni as a penance for the depredations of his father Reginaldo, a blatantly avaricious moneylender who was said to have died screaming for the keys to his strongbox "so that no one can get my money!" Thus, in Heaven (where Giotto also placed himself), the painter shows Enrico respectfully presenting a model of the chapel to the saints. Dante, teasing his friend, retaliated by putting Papa Reginaldo in the Seventh Circle of Hell with the usurers; he is the last
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Enrico Scrovegni offers his model to the saints. Giotto himself is fifth from the left in the bottom row. Note the dead rising at bottom.
person to whom the poets speak before mounting Geryon to fly to Lower Hell.
Both of these Last Judgments feature bestial Satans with a pair of sinner-swallowing snakes emerging from where their ears should be. In description, the snakes may have seemed more peculiar than poetic, and Dante rearranged the image to parallel the Trinity. Byzantine LastJudgments with their humanoid devils had soul-eating serpents emerging from Satan's throne, a clever way of bringing the Heilmouth into the composition. Both the Florentine cupola and Giotto used that device too; the subsequent excretion of chewed sinners is implied by the seated position. Satan's hairy body developed from the devil suits in mystery plays, which were covered with hair or feathers, which is easy to see in Botticelli's drawings of Dante's Dis. Illustrators quickly gave up on the complicated sets of wings, which go back to biblical descriptions of seraphs, and most show only one pair.
What was new in Dante's literary portrait, though theologically correct and implied by Giotto's beast figure and, arguably, by some vision literature, was Satan as utterly defeated, a blob of mindlessly chewing, weeping, semi-frozen protoplasm, oblivious to the escape of the poets along his own body. Dante's view of Satan is brief, which was traditional in visions, but also artistically wise. When it comes to monsters, the distance from the impressive to the ridiculous is perilously short.
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The Inferno was a sensation as soon as it was circulated and made available to copyists. This was about 1314, while Dante was still working on the later sections of the Comedy. Illustrated copies began to appear almost immediately, and the Inferno's enormous influence also extended to public art. The fourteenth century was a great time for cathedral building in Italy, and Last Judgments commissioned for them quickly began to reflect Dante's invention. His purgatorial mountain solved the problem of how to portray Purgatory, but it was his Hell that fascinated artists.
With Dante, the history of Hell entered a new stage. He killed off vision literature altogether, and in a sense he helped to kill off Hell itself by making it possible to think about it in fictional or allegorical terms. He abandoned the old pretense of "truth" in vision literature and invited readers to join him and Virgil in a story, an artistic creation by an individual writer looking back with an appreciative and critical eye at the work of other writers. Even a simple soul looking at Nardo di Cione's mural in Florence would understand that it illustrated not a literal Hell but Dante's Hell. Though this was certainly not his intention, Dante made it easier for intellectuals of the Renaissance and the Enlightenment to reject its reality.
Of the three misers watching as the poets prepare to mount Geryon, Regina/do Scrovegni, usually identified by the pregnant sow on his coat of arms, is in the middle.
 
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From this time forward, the journey portrayed by the Comedy also served as a durable interior metaphor. In our post-Freudian age of industrious myth mapping, it is all too easy to see that literary journey to the Land of the Dead, or Hell, or its surrogates are allegories of the individual experiencing "the dark night of the soul" before a spiritual reemergence into starlight. In psychoanalysis, "the modern religion," a patient must explore with his "guide" the deep sources of his unhappiness and inability to follow the true path. Then he must endure the painful Purgatory of examining and challenging his behavior before achieving the relative paradise of mental health. A twelve-step program confronting drug abuse or alcoholism would interpret the downward spiral as the slide into addiction and destructive behavior until an individual has "bottomed out," and can turn on Satan's hairy leg to struggle toward the light; Purgatory is, then, the behavior modification necessary to reach the precarious paradise of sobriety. In the "hero journey" which Joseph Campbell, leaning on Jung, found basic to religious myth and quest adventure, the hero must venture into "the belly of the beast" before undergoing "the road of trials" toward apotheosis.
But this entirely comfortable and pervasive method of modern metaphorical thinking might not exist if Dante had never written the Comedy. It gave us a new vocabulary and a wonderfully useful way of looking directly at our spiritual lives.

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