2024/06/30

A History of the World in 100 Objects - Neil MacGregor. Wikipedia

A History of the World in 100 Objects - Wikipedia


A History of the World in 100 Objects

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A History of the World in 100 Objects
Presentation
FormatAudio
Production
Audio formatMP3
No. of episodes103 
Publication
ProviderBBC
Related
Websitehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nrtd2 
Cover of A History of the World in 100 Objects, the companion book by Neil MacGregor

A History of the World in 100 Objects was a joint project of BBC Radio 4 and the British Museum, consisting of a 100-part radio series written and presented by British Museum director Neil MacGregor. In 15-minute presentations broadcast on weekdays on Radio 4, MacGregor used objects of ancient art, industry, technology and arms, all of which are in the British Museum's collections, as an introduction to parts of human history. The series, four years in planning, began on 18 January 2010 and was broadcast over 20 weeks.[1] A book to accompany the series, A History of the World in 100 Objects by Neil MacGregor, was published by Allen Lane on 28 October 2010.[2] The entire series is also available for download along with an audio version of the book for purchase. The British Museum won the 2011 Art Fund Prize for its role in hosting the project.

In 2016, a touring exhibition of several items depicted on the radio programme, also titled A History of the World in 100 Objects, travelled to various destinations, including Abu Dhabi (Manarat Al Saadiyat), Taiwan (National Palace Museum in Taipei), Japan (Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum in Tokyo, Kyushu National Museum in Daizafu, and Kobe City Museum in Kobe), Australia (Western Australian Museum in Perth and National Museum of Australia in Canberra), and China (National Museum of China in Beijing and Shanghai Museum in Shanghai).[3][4][5]

The ownership claims of the British Museum over some of these objects is highly contested, in particular those belonging to the Benin Bronzes and the Elgin Marbles, which are the subject of continued international controversy.[6]

Content[edit]

Object 68
Object 68, the Hindu deity couple Shiva and Parvati sculpture with radio series information panel.

The programme series, described as "a landmark project",[7] is billed as 'A history of humanity' told through a hundred objects from all over the world in the British Museum's collection.

In these programmes, I'm travelling back in time, and across the globe, to see how we humans over 2 million years have shaped our world and been shaped by it, and I'm going to tell this story exclusively through the things that humans have made: all sorts of things, carefully designed, and then either admired and preserved, or used, broken and thrown away. I've chosen just a hundred objects from different points on our journey, from a cooking pot to a golden galleon, from a Stone Age tool to a credit card.[8]

Telling history through things, whether it's an Egyptian mummy or a credit card, is what museums are for, and because the British Museum has collected things from all over the globe, it's not a bad place to try to tell a world history. Of course, it can only be "a" history of the world, not "the" history. When people come to the museum they choose their own objects and make their own journey round the world and through time, but I think what they will find is that their own histories quickly intersect with everybody else's, and when that happens, you no longer have a history of a particular people or nation, but a story of endless connections.[8]

Accompanying the series is a website, described by The Guardian as "even more ambitious [than the radio series itself] that encourages users to submit items of their own for a place in world history", along with much interactive content, detailed information on all the objects featured in the radio programmes and links to 350 other museum collections across the UK.[9] The radio programmes are available on the website permanently for listening or downloading.

The museum has adapted exhibitions for the series by including additional easily identifiable plaques for the 100 objects with text based on the programme and adding a section to the gallery maps showing the location and numbers of the 100 objects.

On 18 January 2010, an hour-long special of The Culture Show on BBC2 was dedicated to the launch of the project.[10]

The first part of the series was broadcast on weekdays over six weeks between 18 January and 26 February 2010. After a short break, the series returned with the seventh week being broadcast in the week beginning 17 May 2010.[11] It then took another break in the middle of July and returned on 13 September 2010, running until the 100th object was featured on Friday 22 October 2010.

It has been repeated a number of times, mostly recently over the summer of 2021.

Reception[edit]

Maev Kennedy of The Guardian described the programme as "a broadcasting phenomenon", while Tim Davie, head of music and audio at BBC radio, commented that "the results have been nothing short of stunning", exceeding the BBC's wildest hopes for the programme. At the time of the writing of Kennedy's article, just before the start of the last week of the series, the radio broadcasts regularly had up to four million listeners, while the podcast downloads had totalled 10,441,884. Of these, just over half, 5.7 million, were from the UK. In addition, members of the public had uploaded 3,240 objects with the largest single contribution coming from Glasgow historian Robert Pool who submitted 120 objects all relating to the City of Glasgow, and other museums a further 1,610, and 531 museums and heritage sites across the UK had been mounting linked events – an unprecedented partnership, MacGregor said. Museums all over the world are now copying the formula, as thousands of visitors every day set out to explore the British Museum galleries equipped with the leaflet mapping the objects.[12]

Writing in The IndependentPhilip Hensher described the series as "perfect radio", saying "Has there ever been a more exciting, more unfailingly interesting radio series than the Radio 4/British Museum venture, A History of the World in 100 Objects? It is such a beautifully simple idea, to trace human civilisations through the objects that happen to have survived. Each programme, just 15 minutes long, focuses on just one thing, quite patiently, without dawdling. At the end, you feel that you have learnt something, and learnt it with pleasure and interest. For years to come, the BBC will be able to point to this wonderful series as an example of the things that it does best. It fulfils, to a degree that one thought hardly possible any more, the BBC's Reithian agenda of improvement and the propagation of learning and culture."[13]

Dominic Sandbrook in The Telegraph said that the "joyously highbrow" series "deserves to take its place alongside television classics such as Kenneth Clark's Civilisation and Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man."[14]

In 2019, 100 Histories of 100 Worlds in 1 Object was launched as a response to the original 100 Objects project.[15] Addressing critiques by the same project of the Radio 4 series that pointed to the programme's perceived failure [...] ‘[ to engage with the provenance and repatriation of objects]’,[16] especially those which were collected under colonial conditions of duress, the response project sought instead to democratize curatorial narratives with input from source and diaspora communities who hold long-standing relationships with objects now-held in museums.[17] The project aims to focus on voices from the “Global South” that the original series left out. Co-initiated and facilitated by Dr Mirjam Brusius and Dr Alice Stevenson, the project works collaboratively and has an editorial board with members from India, Namibia, Thailand, Ghana, Nigeria, Torres Strait Islands, Aotearoa, Jamaica, USA, Mexico and the United Kingdom.[18]

Objects[edit]

Making us human (2,000,000–9,000 BC)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor reveals the earliest objects that define us as humans."[19] First broadcast week beginning 18 January 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
1Mummy of HornedjitefEgypt300–200 BCBBCBMAmartya Sen, John Taylor
2Stone (basalt) chopping toolOlduvai GorgeTanzania1.8–2 million years oldBBCBMSir David AttenboroughWangari Maathai
3Hand axeOlduvai Gorge, Tanzania1.2–1.4 million years oldBBCBMSir James DysonPhil Harding, Nick Ashton
4Swimming Reindeer from Montastruc rock shelterFrance13,000 years oldBBCBMThe Most Reverend Rowan WilliamsSteve Mithen
5Clovis spear pointNew Mexico, USA13,000 years oldBBCBMMichael Palin, Gary Haynes

After the Ice Age: food and sex (9,000–3,000 BC)[edit]

"Why did farming start at the end of the Ice Age? Clues remain in objects left behind."[19] First broadcast week beginning 25 January 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
6Bird-shaped pestlePapua New Guinea4,000–8,000 years oldBBCBMMadhur JaffreyBob Geldof, Martin Jones
7Ain Sakhri loversIsraelabout 11,000 years oldBBCBMMarc QuinnIan Hodder
8Clay model of cattleEgyptabout 3500 BCBBCBMFekri Hassan, Martin Jones
9Maya maize god statueHondurasAD 715BBCBMSantiago Calva, John Staller
10Jōmon potJapanabout 5000 BCBBCBMSimon Kamer, Takashi Doi

The first cities and states (4,000–2,000 BC)[edit]

"What happens as people move from villages to cities? Five objects tell the story."[19] First broadcast week beginning 1 February 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
11King Den's sandal labelEgyptabout 2,985 BCBBCBMToby WilkinsonSteve Bell
12Standard of UrIraq2600–2400 BCBBCBMLamia Al-GailaniAnthony Giddens
13An Indus sealPakistan2600–1900 BCBBCBMRichard RogersNayanjot Lahiri
14Jadeite axefrom the Alps, found in England4000–2000 BCBBCBMMark Edmonds, Pierre Petrequin
15Early writing tabletIraq3100–3000 BCBBCBMGus O'DonnellJohn Searle

The beginning of science and literature (1500–700 BC)[edit]

"4,000 years ago, societies began to express themselves through myth, maths and monuments."[19] First broadcast week beginning 8 February 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
16Flood tabletIraq700–600 BCBBCBMDavid Damrosch, Jonathan Sacks
17Rhind Mathematical PapyrusEgyptabout 1550 BCBBCBMEleanor Robson, Clive Rix
18Minoan Bull-leaperCrete1700–1450 BCBBCBMSergio Delgado, Lucy Blue
19Mold gold capeWales1900–1600 BCBBCBMMary Cahill, Marie Louise Sørensen
20Statue of Ramesses IIEgyptabout 1,250 BCBBCBMAntony Gormley, Karen Exell

Old world, new powers (1100–300 BC)[edit]

"Across the world new regimes create objects to assert their supremacy."[19] First broadcast week beginning 15 February 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
21Lachish ReliefsIraq700–692 BCBBCBMPaddy AshdownAntony Beevor
22Sphinx of TaharqaSudanabout 680 BCBBCBMZeinab Badawi, Derek Welsby
23Early Zhou dynasty gui ritual vesselChina1100–1000 BCBBCBMDame Jessica Rawson, Wang Tao
24Paracas TextilePeru300–200 BCBBCBMZandra Rhodes, Mary Frame
25Gold coin of CroesusTurkeyc. 550 BCBBCBMJames Buchan, Paul Craddock

The world in the age of Confucius (500–300 BC)[edit]

"Can meanings hidden in friezes and flagons tell us as much as the writings of great men?"[19] First broadcast week beginning 22 February 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
26Oxus Chariot modelTajikistan500–300 BCBBCBMMichael AxworthyTom Holland
27Parthenon sculpture: Centaur and LapithGreeceabout 440 BCBBCBMMary BeardOlga Palagia
28Basse Yutz FlagonsFrancec. 450 BCBBCBMJonathan MeadesBarry Cunliffe
29Olmec stone maskMexico900–400 BCBBCBMCarlos FuentesKarl Taube
30Chinese bronze bellChina500–400 BCBBCBMDame Evelyn GlennieIsabel Hilton

Empire builders (300 BC – AD 1)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor continues his global history told through objects. This week he is with the great rulers of the world around 2,000 years ago."[20] First broadcast week beginning 17 May 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
31Coin of Lysimachus with head of AlexanderTurkey305–281 BCBBCBMAndrew MarrRobin Lane Fox
32Pillar of AshokaIndiaabout 238 BCBBCBMAmartya Sen, Michael Rutland
33The Rosetta StoneEgypt196 BCBBCBMDorothy ThompsonAhdaf Soueif
34Chinese Han lacquer cupChinaAD 4BBCBMRoel SterckxIsabel Hilton
35Meroë Head or Head of AugustusSudan27–25 BCBBCBMBoris Johnson, Susan Walker

Ancient pleasures, modern spice (AD 1–600)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor explores the ways in which people sought pleasure 2,000 years ago."[19] First broadcast week beginning 24 May 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
36The Warren CupIsraelAD 5–15BBCBMBettany HughesJames Davidson
37North American otter pipeUSA200 BC – AD 100BBCBMTony Benn, Gabrielle Tayac
38Ceremonial ballgame beltMexicoAD 100–500BBCBMNick Hornby, Michael Whittington
39Admonitions ScrollChinaAD 500–800BBCBMShane McCausland, Charles Powell
40Hoxne pepper potEnglandAD 350–400BBCBMChristine McFadden, Roberta Tomber

The rise of world faiths (AD 200–600)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor explores how and when many great religious images came into existence."[19] First broadcast week beginning 31 May 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
41Seated Buddha from GandharaPakistanAD 100–300BBCBMClaudine Bautze-PicronThupten Jinpa
42Gold coin of Kumaragupta IIndiaAD 415–450BBCBMRomila ThaparShaunaka Rishi Das
43Silver plate showing Shapur IIIranAD 309–379BBCBMTom Holland, Guitty Azarpay
44Hinton St Mary MosaicEnglandAD 300 – 400BBCBMDame Averil CameronEamonn Duffy
45Arabian bronze handYemenAD 100–300BBCBMJeremy FieldPhilip Jenkins

The Silk Road and beyond (AD 400–700)[edit]

"Five objects from the British Museum tell the story of the movement of goods and ideas."[19] First broadcast week beginning 7 June 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
46Gold coins of Abd al-MalikSyriaAD 696–697BBCBMMadawi Al-RasheedHugh Kennedy
47Sutton Hoo helmetEnglandAD 600–700BBCBMSeamus HeaneyAngus Wainwright
48Moche warrior potPeruAD 100–700BBCBMGrayson PerrySteve Bourget
49Korean roof tileKoreaAD 700–800BBCBMJane Portal, Choe Kwang Shik
50Silk princess paintingChinaAD 600–800BBCBMYo Yo MaColin Thubron

Inside the palace: secrets at court (AD 700–950)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor gets an insight into the lives of the ruling elites 1200 years ago."[19] First broadcast week beginning 14 June 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
51Yaxchilan Lintel 24Maya relief of royal blood-lettingMexicoAD 700–750BBCBMSusie Orbach, Virginia Fields
52Harem wall painting fragmentsIraqAD 800–900BBCBMRobert Irwin, Amira Bennison
53Lothair Crystalprobably GermanyAD 855–869BBCBMLord Bingham, Rosamund McKitterick
54Statue of TaraSri LankaAD 700–900BBCBMRichard GombrichNira Wickramasinghe
55Chinese Tang tomb figures, specifically the Tang dynasty tomb figures of Liu TingxunChinaabout AD 728BBCBMAnthony Howard, Oliver Moore

Pilgrims, raiders and traders (AD 900–1300)[edit]

"How trade, war and religion moved objects around the globe 1000 years ago."[19] First broadcast week beginning 21 June 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
56Vale of York HoardEnglandabout AD 927BBCBMMichael Wood, David and Andrew Whelan
57Hedwig glass beakerprobably SyriaAD 1100–1200BBCBMJonathan Riley-SmithDavid Abulafia
58Japanese bronze mirrorJapanAD 1100–1200BBCBMIan Buruma, Harada Masayuki
59Borobudur Buddha headJavaAD 780–840BBCBMStephen Bachelor, Nigel Barley
60Kilwa pot sherdsTanzaniaAD 900–1400BBCBMBertram Mapunda, Abdulrazek Gurnah

Status symbols (AD 1200–1400)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor examines objects which hold status and required skilful making."[19] First broadcast week beginning 28 June 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
61Lewis Chessmenprobably made in Norway, found in ScotlandAD 1150–1200BBCBMMartin AmisMiri Rubin
62Hebrew astrolabeSpainAD 1345–1355BBCBMSir John Elliott, Silke Ackermann
63Bronze Head from IfeNigeriaAD 1400–1500BBCBMBen Okri, Babatunde Lawal
64The David VasesChinaAD 1351BBCBMJenny UglowCraig Clunas
65Taino Ritual SeatSanto DomingoCaribbeanAD 1200–1500BBCBMJose Oliver, Gabriel Haslip-Viera

Meeting the gods (AD 1200–1400)[edit]

"Objects from the British Museum show how the faithful were brought closer to their gods."[19] First broadcast week beginning 5 July 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
66Holy Thorn ReliquaryFranceAD 1350–1400BBCBMSister Benedicta WardRight Reverend Arthur Roche
67Icon of the Triumph of OrthodoxyTurkeyAD 1350–1400BBCBMBill ViolaDiarmaid MacCulloch
68Shiva and Parvati sculptureIndiaAD 1100–1300BBCBMShaunaka Rishi DasKaren Armstrong
69Sculpture of TlazolteotlMexicoAD 900 – 1521BBCBMMarina WarnerKim Richter
70Hoa Hakananai'aEaster IslandAD 1000–1200BBCBMSir Anthony CaroSteve Hooper

The threshold of the modern world (AD 1375–1550)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor explores the great empires of the world in the threshold of the modern era."[19] First broadcast week beginning 13 September 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
71Tughra of Suleiman the MagnificentTurkeyAD 1520–1566BBCBMElif ŞafakCaroline Finkel
72Ming banknoteChinaAD 1375BBCBMMervyn KingTimothy Brook
73Inca gold llamaPeruabout AD 1500BBCBMJared DiamondGabriel Ramon
74Jade dragon cupCentral Asiaabout AD 1420–49BBCBMBeatrice Forbes ManzHamid Ismailov
75Dürer's RhinocerosGermanyAD 1515BBCBMMark PilgrimFelipe Fernandez-Armesto

The first global economy (AD 1450–1600)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor traces the impact of travel, trade and conquest from 1450 to 1600."[19] First broadcast 20 September 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
76Mechanical GalleonGermanyc. 1585BBCBMLisa JardineChristopher Dobbs
77Benin plaque: the oba with EuropeansNigeria16th centuryBBCBMSokari Douglas CampWole Soyinka
78Double-headed serpentMexico15th–16th centuryBBCBMRebecca StaceyAdriana Diaz-Enciso
79Kakiemon elephantsJapanlate 17th centuryBBCBMMiranda RockSakaida Kakiemon XIV
80Pieces of eightfrom Spain, found in BoliviaAD 1589–1598BBCBMTuti PradoWilliam J. Bernstein

Tolerance and intolerance (AD 1550–1700)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor tells how the great religions lived together in the C16th and C17th."[19] First broadcast week beginning 27 September 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
81Shi'a religious parade standardIranLate 17th centuryBBCBMHaleh Afshar, Hossein Pourtahmasbi
82Miniature of a Mughal princeIndiaabout AD 1610BBCBMAsok Kumar Das, Aman Nath
83Shadow puppet of BimaJava1600–1800BBCBMMr SumarsamTash Aw
84Mexican codex mapMexicoLate 16th centuryBBCBMSamuel Edgerton, Fernando Cervantes
85Reformation centenary broadsheetGermanyAD 1617BBCBMKaren ArmstrongIan Hislop

Exploration, exploitation and enlightenment (AD 1680–1820)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor on the misunderstandings that can happen when different worlds collide."[19] First broadcast 4 October 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
86Akan Drumfrom Africa, found in the USA18th centuryBBCBMBonnie GreerAnthony Appiah
87Hawaiian feathered helmetHawaii18th centuryBBCBMNicholas Thomas, Kyle Nakanelua
88North American buckskin mapUSA1774–75BBCBMMalcolm Lewis, David Edmunds
89Australian bark shieldAustralia1770BBCBMPhil Gordon, Maria Nugent
90Jade bi with poemChina1790BBCBMJonathan SpenceYang Lian

Mass production, mass persuasion (AD 1780–1914)[edit]

"How industrialisation, mass politics and imperial ambitions changed the world."[19] First broadcast week beginning 11 October 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
91Ship's chronometer from HMS BeagleEngland1795–1805BBCBMNigel ThriftSteve Jones
92Early Victorian tea setEngland1840–1845BBCBMCelina Fox, Monique Simmonds
93Hokusai's The Great Wave off KanagawaJapanc. 1829–32BBCBMChristine Guth, Donald Keene
94Sudanese slit drumSudan19th centuryBBCBMDominic Green, Zeinab Badawi
95Suffragette-defaced pennyEngland1903BBCBMFelicity Powell, Helena Kennedy

The world of our making (AD 1914–2010)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor explores aspects of sexual, political and economic history of recent times."[19] First broadcast week beginning 18 October 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
96"Kapital", a Russian Revolutionary Plate designed by Mikhail AdamovichRussia1921BBCBMEric HobsbawmMikhail Piotrovsky
See
In the dull village
97Hockney's In the dull villageEngland1966BBCBMShami ChakrabartiDavid Hockney
98Throne of WeaponsMozambique2001BBCBMKofi Annan, Bishop Dinis Sengulane
99Sharia-compliant Visa credit cardUnited Arab Emirates2009BBCBMMervyn King, Razi Fakih
100Solar-powered lamp and chargerChina2010BBCBMNick Stern, Aloka Sarder, Boniface Nyamu

Special editions[edit]

A special radio programme on Radio 4, first broadcast on 18 May 2011, featured one of the many thousands of items nominated on the BBC website by members of the public as an object of special significance.[21] The object chosen to be featured on the programme was an oil painting depicting a young woman that was nominated by Peter Lewis. The painting, which belonged to Lewis' uncle, Bryn Roberts, was painted from a postcard photograph of Roberts' girlfriend (and later wife), Peggy Gullup, by an anonymous Jewish artist for Roberts whilst he was a prisoner of war at Auschwitz in Poland.[22][23]

Another special programme was broadcast on 25 December 2020. Neil MacGregor and a roundtable of guests, comprising Mary BeardChibundu OnuzoScarlett CurtisDavid Attenborough, and Hisham Matar, discussed adding a 101st object to represent how the world has changed in the past decade since the end of the original series.[24] The objects ultimately chosen were the British Museum's collection of 'Dark Water, Burning World' sculptures by Syrian-British artist Issam Kourbaj. They depict small, fragile boats filled with matchsticks - representing the plight of refugees of the Syrian Civil War in particular and migrants in general.

Art Fund Prize[edit]

The British Museum won the 2011 Art Fund Prize for museums and galleries for its part in the A History of the World in 100 Objects series. The prize, worth £100,000, was presented to the museum by Jeremy Hunt, Secretary of State for Culture, Olympics, Media and Sport, in a ceremony at London on 15 June 2011.[25]

The chairman of the panel of judges, Michael Portillo, noted that the judges were "particularly impressed by the truly global scope of the British Museum's project, which combined intellectual rigour and open heartedness, and went far beyond the boundaries of the museum's walls".[26] The judges were also very impressed by the way that the project used digital media in ground-breaking and novel ways to interact with audiences.[26]

Touring exhibition[edit]

During 2016 and 2017 a touring exhibition of many of the one hundred objects, also titled History of the World in 100 Objects, was held in a number of countries and territories, including Australia, Japan, the United Arab Emirates, Taiwan, and China (first at the National Museum of China in Beijing, and then at Shanghai Museum).[27][28] Due to the conditions encountered while touring different countries some exhibits had to be returned to the British Museum for maintenance during tour, and were replaced by other objects from the British Museum collections. Some controversial exhibits were excluded from the exhibition in some countries. Object 90 (Jade bi with poem) was not included in the exhibition held in China because it may have been looted from the Old Summer Palace in Beijing. In addition, a piece of Chinese brocade that had been included in the touring exhibition elsewhere was not included in the exhibition in China because it was collected from the Mogao Caves by Aurel Stein under controversial circumstances.[28]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ben Hoyle (18 July 2009). "British Museum and BBC reveal history of world in 100 objects". Times Online.
  2. ^ MacGregor, Neil (2010), A History of the World in 100 Objects, Penguin Books, Limited, ISBN 978-1-84614-413-4
  3. ^ Pryor, Sally (26 August 2016). "New exhibition opening at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra tells the history of two million years in 100 objects"The Canberra Times. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  4. ^ Lowrey, Tom (8 September 2016). "A History of the World in 100 Objects explored in National Museum of Australia exhibition". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  5. ^ Wang, Jie (29 June 2017). "Big queues for fascinating world story told through 100 objects"Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  6. ^ "Elgin Marbles: UK declines mediation over Parthenon sculptures"BBC News. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  7. ^ Gillian Reynolds (18 January 2010). "A History of the World in 100 Objects, Radio 4, review"The Daily Telegraph. London.
  8. Jump up to:a b Neil MacGregor, Programme 1, broadcast 18 January 2010
  9. ^ Bunz, Mercedes (19 January 2010). "Beyond 100 objects: exploring the BBC's online history of the world"The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  10. ^ "History of the World: Culture Show Special". BBC The Culture Show. 18 January 2010.
  11. ^ Elisabeth Mahoney (18 May 2010). "A History of the World in 100 Objects"The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  12. ^ Maev Kennedy (14 October 2010). "Radio 4's A History of the World in 100 Objects draws to a close"The Guardian.
  13. ^ Philip Hensher (15 October 2010). "Philip Hensher: The objects of my affection"The IndependentArchived from the original on 18 October 2010.
  14. ^ Dominic Sandbrook (11 October 2010). "An object lesson in history from Radio Four"The Telegraph.
  15. ^ Mirjam, Brusius (May 2020). "100 Histories of 100 Worlds in One Object Conference Report German Historical Institute London Bulletin, Vol 42, No. 1" (PDF)100 Histories 100 WorldsArchived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2021.
  16. ^ "Project History"100 Histories of 100 Worlds in One Object. 12 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  17. ^ TRAFO, Blog for Transregional Research (2019). "100 Histories of 100 Worlds in one Object. An Interview with Mirjam Brusius, Subhadra Das and Alice Stevenson in: TRAFO – Blog for Transregional Research"Trafo HypothesesArchived from the original on 16 December 2019.
  18. ^ 100 Histories of 100 Worlds in 1 Object, Website (2019). "Project Team"100 Histories 100 WorldsArchived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  19. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "A History of the World in 100 objects – Programmes"Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  20. ^ "A History of the World in 100 objects — Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD)"Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  21. ^ Gillian Reynolds (12 May 2011). "A History of the World Special, Radio 4, preview"The Daily Telegraph.
  22. ^ "A History of the World Special". BBC Radio 4.
  23. ^ Jessica Elgot (19 May 2011). "He put colour in her cheeks: did her smile save his life?"Jewish Chronicle.
  24. ^ "A History of the World: Object 101". BBC Radio 4.
  25. ^ Mark Brown (15 June 2011). "British Museum wins Arts Fund prize"The Guardian.
  26. Jump up to:a b "British Museum scoops £100,000 Art Fund Prize and is crowned 'Museum of the Year'"The Art Fund. Archived from the original on 19 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  27. ^ "International exhibitions: A History of the World in 100 Objects". British Museum. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  28. Jump up to:a b Zhao, Xu (27 January 2018). "Global treasures on the Chinese stage"China Daily. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

External links[edit]

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《전략가, 잡초》《싸우는 식물》 등으로 국내 독자들에게 사랑받는 일본의 대표적인 식물학자이자 과학 분야 베스트셀러 작가 이나가키 히데히로가 약자, 잡초에 이어 이번에는 패자에 주목했다. 흔히 생명의 역사는 혹독한 생존 경쟁에서 살아남은 승자가 이룩한 것으로 여겨진다. 그러나 아이러니하게도 생명의 진화 과정을 살펴보면 38억 년의 유구한 생명의 역사에서 살아남은 자는 생존 경쟁에서 밀려난 패자였다. 《패자의 생명사》는 최초의 생명이 생겨나고 인류가 출현하기까지 생명의 역사를 패자의 시선에서 바라보고 그들의 강인한 생존 전략을 살펴본다.

이 책은 광대한 생명의 역사를 연대기적으로 다루지 않는다. 생물들이 진화한 모습을 통해 그들이 패자에서 어떻게 역사 속 ‘진정한 승자’가 되었는지를 독특한 시선과 다양한 이야기로 보여 주고, 우리 삶의 이야기와 흥미롭게 엮어 새로운 성찰을 이끌어낸다. 다른 생명들과 인간과의 공통점을 발견하는 디테일, 역사 속 아웃사이더에 대한 끊임없는 관심은 이번 책에서도 그 힘을 유감없이 발휘한다. 깊이 있는 내용을 쉽고 명확하게 전달하는 그의 대중적인 글쓰기 역시 이나가키 히데히로의 책이 ‘믿고 보는 과학책’임을 증명해 준다.


목차


감수의 말 가장 번성한 성공적인 패자의 역사
머리말 패자가 엮은 이야기 38억 년 전

1장 경쟁에서 공생으로 22억 년 전
불가사의한 DNA의 발견 | 원핵생물에서 진핵생물로 | 약육강식의 기원 | 공존의 길 | 진핵생물의 등장 | 먹어서 공생하다 | 경쟁보다 공생 | 우리의 조상 원핵생물 | 단순한 몸을 선택한 박테리아

2장 팀을 짓는 단세포 10억 ~ 6억 년 전
다세포 생물의 시작 | 무리 짓기의 장점 | 세포가 모이는 이유 | 해저 도시에 사는 스펀지밥 | 다세포 생물의 역할 분담 | 복잡한 단세포 생물 | 다세포 생물이 태어난 이유

3장 움직이지 않는 전략 22억 년 전
상상을 초월하는 기묘한 생물 | 조상을 추적하다 | 공통의 조상에서 태어난 동식물 | 움직이지 않는 식물 세포가 획득한 것 | 생물이 선택한 세 가지 길 | 엽록체의 매력

4장 파괴자인가, 창조자인가 27억 년 전
SF에 가까운 미래 | 맹독인 산소 | 새로운 형태의 미생물 등장 | 산소의 위협 | 산소를 끌어들인 괴물 | 산소가 만들어 낸 환경 | 급속도로 변화하는 지구 환경

5장 죽음의 발명 10억 년 전
남자와 여자라는 세계 | 라디오 사회자의 현명한 답변 | 개체 복사의 한계 | 효율적인 교환 방법 | 대장균에도 수컷과 암컷이 있다 | 다양성의 힘 | 성은 왜 두 가지일까 | 수컷과 암컷이 만들어 내는 다양성 | 수컷과 암컷의 역할 분담 | 수컷의 탄생 | 위대한 발명, 죽음 | 유한한 생명이 영원히 계속된다

6장 역경 후의 비약 7억 년 전
입이 먼저일까, 엉덩이가 먼저일까 | 성게는 친척? | 학대받은 생명의 역습

7장 실패를 딛고 대폭발 5억 5천만 년 전
기묘한 동물 | 아이디어의 원천 | 세기의 위대한 발명 | 달아난 박해자

8장 패자들의 낙원 4억 년 전
위대한 한 걸음 | 달아나기 전략 | 역경을 이겨 내고 | 끊임없는 박해 끝에 | 미지의 땅에 상륙 | 새로운 시대를 만드는 패자 | 강자들은 어떻게 되었을까 | 살아 있는 화석의 전략

9장 개척지로 진출하기 5억 년 전
육상 식물의 조상 | 식물의 상륙 | 뿌리도 잎도 없는 식물

10장 마른 대지에 도전하기 5억 년 전
육상 생활을 제한하는 것 | 획기적인 두 가지 발명 | 이동할 수 있다는 것

11장 생물계의 지배자, 공룡의 멸종 1억 4천만 년 전
다섯 차례의 대멸종 공룡의 멸종 | 생존자들 | 소형화의 길을 택한 포유류 | 여섯 번째 대멸종

12장 공룡을 멸종시킨 꽃 2억 년 전
공룡이 멸종된 이유 | 겉씨식물과 속씨식물의 차이 | 빨라진 진화의 속도 | 아름다운 꽃의 탄생 | 나무와 풀, 어느 쪽이 진화한 형태일까 | 빨라진 세대교체 | 쫓겨난 공룡들 | 멈추지 않는 속도 | 생명을 단축하는 진화

13장 꽃과 곤충의 공생 관계 출현 2억 년 전
공생하는 힘 | 속씨식물의 최초 파트너 | 과일의 탄생 | 조류의 발달 | 먹이가 되어야 성공 | 공생 관계로 이끈 것

14장 구시대적 형태로 살아가는 길 1억 년 전
구조 조정의 선택 | 쫓겨난 침엽수 | 덜 진화된 형태로 살아가는 길

15장 포유류의 니치 전략 1억 년 전
약자가 획득한 것 | 생물의 니치 전략 | 생존 경쟁의 시작 | 서식지 격리 전략 | 같은 장소에서 서식지 격리하기 | 새로운 니치는 어디에 있을까 | 포유류가 세계를 지배할 수 있었던 이유 | 멸종되어 가는 것 | 비켜 가기 전략

16장 하늘이라는 니치 2억 년 전
하늘에 진출하다 | 하늘을 정복한 자들 | 저산소 시대의 정복자 | 하늘을 지배한 익룡 | 하늘을 지배하는 것

17장 원숭이의 시작 2천 600만 년 전
속씨식물의 숲이 만든 새로운 니치 | 원숭이가 획득한 특징 | 원숭이의 먹이, 과일

18장 역경을 거쳐 진화한 풀 600만 년 전
공룡 멸종 이후 변화된 환경 | 왜 유독 식물이 적을까? | 초원 식물의 진화 | 몸을 낮추어 스스로 보호하기 | 초식 동물의 반격 | 초식 동물이 거대한 이유

19장 호모 사피엔스는 패자였다 400만 년 전
숲에서 쫓겨난 원숭이 | 인류의 라이벌 | 멸종된 네안데르탈인

20장 진화가 이끌어 낸 답
온리원일까, 넘버원일까 | 모든 생물이 넘버원 | 니치는 작은 것이 좋다 | 싸우기보다 비켜 가기 | 다양성이 중요하다 | 인간이 만들어 낸 세계 | 보통이라는 환상

맺음말 결국 패자가 살아남는다
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