2021/02/26

What is a Quaker Ministry? (What Isn’t?) – Jon Watts

What is a Quaker Ministry? (What Isn’t?) – Jon Watts




Jon Watts

Quaker Songwriter & Video Maker


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What is a Quaker Ministry? (What Isn’t?)


For the past 5 years, I have been writing songs about Quakers, blogging about Quakerism, making videos about Quakers, vlogging about Quakerism, and traveling amongst Friends, sharing my music and my thoughts.

Now I have arrived at a turning point. The original call that I felt to commit to music was for five years. I knew that I would then stand back and re-evaluate, ask the hard questions, and change course if I felt called to.



I have decided to do this re-evaluation publicly, posting a “state of the art” report on my website and asking the query: “How can Jon Watts continue to be of service, considering his natural gifts and passions?”

…and, considering the current state of the art, “How can he be financially supported in this work?”

I have received more messages than I could have imagined, most of them encouraging me to continue, helping me to brainstorm financing, and affirming the value of my work.

I have also received a few messages of discouragement in my continuing along this path. These concerns seem to focus on my use of the word ministry.

And while I continue to be in private dialogue with these particular Friends about my continued use of this word, I thought that it was also worth exploring publicly.
What is “Ministry”?


Quakers believe that everyone has access to that of God within them. This is why we worship in silent waiting on 1st day mornings, and why we do not have hierarchical structures managing our corporate decisions. Our goal is to allow God to lead our congregation, and to decide our business. We can each be a channel for the voice of the Spirit, if we listen and humble ourselves.



Thus our congregation is traditionally not led by a single minister on 1st day mornings, but instead we wait until God selects the minister. Who will stand up this Sunday and be filled with the Spirit’s message? We don’t pretend to know.

Many of us, as Quakers, have the experience at one time or other of being selected to be the vessel for the Spirit in a worship setting. We often find that we have human resistance, human obstacles to overcome in order to faithfully deliver the message that has been given us.

It is a labor of love, for when we are faithful to the message we have been given, we are clothed in righteousness. Friends can be stirred, uncomfortable, hurt, liberated, and can have any number of other responses to our ministry, but when we know that the message has truly come from the Spirit, we can trust that God has a plan for healing transformation, and we can know that it might not look like we would expect it to.

This is a seriously valuable tool that Quakers have cultivated for inward transformation and for cultural transformation. Deep listening. Getting low. Opening one’s heart and ears to messages of Truth from unexpected sources.

 Trusting.

What is “Entertainment”?

I have been recording and releasing my own music since I was a Senior in high school (that was 2001 for those of you keeping score). After self-releasing 4 albums of my own music and organizing a handful of shows featuring my songwriting, I stood back and looked at myself as an artist.

Who was I writing songs for?
Who was benefiting from my efforts?
Who was my biggest fan?

The answers, as I examined each of these questions, were all “me”.

It was seriously uncomfortable to examine myself in this way, but also somewhat liberating: I found that I was building myself up with, hiding behind, and providing myself validation with… my music. My pursuing music was fundamentally self serving.

And I was not unique. We live in a culture of celebrity. In place of our actual deity, we raise up deities out of our midst and worship them on our magazine covers. We fundamentally believe that they are better, more deserving, worth our studying them.

Those of us with a void in our chest where self-love is supposed to be can tend to see this as an opportunity. If I could just raise myself up to be deified, then I could feel loved, valuable, OK.

In the age of the internet, it is getting easier and easier to see who falls into this category. Who is desperately calling for our attention? Who is trying to raise themselves up to a higher status by making themselves into a celebrity? We are correct to be dubious of anyone who seems to be acting from this motivation.

And it doesn’t take an enlightened person to realize that the “celebrity-solution” is a myth. Just read an interview with someone who has attained celebrity. Look behind the veil of their public presentation to the true state of their lives, their relationships.

What we learn is that the self-love void cannot be filled by anything external. It is un-salvable, infinitely able to consume external validation and transform it into self-doubt. The self-doubter might be able to fill their void briefly by attaining celebrity, but it will come back. And it will be hungrier.

I know I labeled this section “what is entertainment” and then talked about the state of entertainers, but this truly is the price of our sitting back and passively expecting to be entertained: self-obsessed ego monsters, living on a pedestal and consuming our attention to feed their insatiable egos. A mad cycle.

We call it “self-serving”, but really this kind of behavior serves no one. Only destruction. The unraveling.

Drawing a Line

But what does this all mean for me? Does rejecting our culture of celebrify-ing artists mean that I should reject an artistic path altogether?



Any endeavor that does not serve a community is an empty endeavor. But could my music be a service?

(Could celebrity, for that matter? This is maybe another blog post)

In 2006 I turned to the model of Quaker ministry to inform my making music. Getting low. Being humble. Only writing songs that felt like a message from the Spirit. Knowing that the message is not my own. Attempting to be a vessel. Releasing my agenda, knowing that my own perspective is severely limited. Letting go and letting God.

(It is worth mentioning that these are very difficult practices, especially with the culture all around pressuring us to frame everything with the self at the center. I don’t claim to be perfect or even consistently successful in my experimenting with holding these practices as a musician.)

I picked up my music again after I was made low in this way. The first album I recorded was solely meant to be of service: exploring stories of Early Quakers and putting them to song. Inviting other Quakers to come into the studio and play on the album. Listening to the Spirit, being held accountable by a support committee.

And indeed, it was anything but an empty endeavor. It was powerful. We were all broken apart, remade. Including myself as artist. Especially myself as artist. Our faith was deepened.

But when I went out into the world to share this Spirit-given ministry with the wider world of Friends, I immediately ran into a wall of feedback: I was told, “Open your eyes more, be more engaging and less prayerful”. In other words, “Entertain us!”

Oh! What paradox!

“Giving Ministry” VS “Having a Ministry”

Quakers have long held a common practice of recognizing Friends amongst us with a clear call to ministry. Often these would be the Friends in our Meetings who would speak often, or who would speak passionately, or most faithfully.

Recognizing a ministry means coming together as a community to acknowledge one Friend’s particular gifts, recognizing their potential service to the congregation (possibly to the wider body), coming together to help cultivate their faithfulness in using their gifts, to support them and to hold them accountable to the Spirit.




Over the years, that practice of recognizing ministers amongst us solidified into a list of criteria for Friends Ministers.
A Friends minister travels with an elder.
A Friends minister is rooted in a Monthly Meeting.
A Friends minister travels under a temporary “concern”.
A Friends minister travels with a traveling minute from their home Meeting.

Etcetera

The only way that I know all of this, though, is because I’ve studied history.

Most modern liberal Quaker Meetings have no practice of recognizing ministers. No practice of supporting ministers, cultivating faithfulness in their use of their gifts, no practice of publicly acknowledging the gift of ministry, no practice of writing or receiving traveling minutes.

“The Burden of Vision”

Those modern Friends who have felt a call to ministry therefore have a difficult choice in front of them:
Go out into the world on their own, lacking the structures of support and accountability.

-or-

Wrestle with their home Meeting, putting off their call to ministry until such time as their congregation comes together to re-claim the tools of recognizing ministers. This is a process that can happen over the course of years or not at all.



To ask a Friend with a call to ministry to first teach their home Meeting how to recognize ministers… this is a difficult thing to ask of a budding minister. I have seen more than a few calls to ministry ignored or burned up in this process of wrestling with the lack of tools in home communities.

I want to take a moment to honor those Friends who have faithfully and patiently waited or laid down a call to ministry as their Meeting discussed (or didn’t discuss!) their relationship with supporting ministers.
All or Nothing?

I have not chosen the path that I just described.

In the past five years I have gone in and out of periods of having support committees. I have no traveling minute, just a smattering of supportive words from different Meetings and institutions that I have played for. I travel with an elder when I can, which ends up being about half the time. I maintain my own finances, booking, and website, and I have moved every so often, meaning that my local Meeting is often not very familiar with me or my work.

I would be the first to say that this is clearly not the ideal circumstance for a Friends minister.

But where does the responsibility lie?
Should I drastically change my trajectory, considering that no local Friends organization is holding me accountable and supporting my ministry?

(ie stop blogging, writing and performing about Quakers? What are the wider implications of this conclusion? Any blogger who writes about Quakerism should be a formally recognized minister? Anyone who posts on Facebook? Any Friend who writes a song and uploads it to youtube? Where do we draw this line?)
Should I continue exactly as I have been, blogging, vlogging, writing music, performing, only stop calling it a ministry?

(Is this just a matter of semantics? In trying to keep our understanding of ministry pure are we deaf to the new ways that ministry is rising amongst us? Is it responsible of me to not at least attempt some accountability to Friends considering my level of visibility?)
Or should we recognize that my circumstances are thematic for a new age and transition our institutions accordingly into practices that are more faithful considering the realities of the modern age?
All of the above?
Something entirely different?

Thank you for your faithful consideration of this issue, Friends. I would love to hear your thoughts.Posted onOctober 18, 2012CategoriesBlogTagsQuakers

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8 thoughts on “What is a Quaker Ministry? (What Isn’t?)”

Julian Brelsfordsays:
October 18, 2012 at 9:33 pm


Jon –In response to your questions, let me ask you to consider a couple things. Take what you like. Get rid of the rest.  
  1. Consider making the west philly Quaker community your home community. You’ve moved a few times, yes, but having a home community is pretty nice. Why not us? 
  2. Two, consider making music for money. You know those highly profitable musicians? The ones who make plenty of money? Maybe they’re ministers. Maybe they’re not, who knows? Maybe it’s completely possible for your to charge money for your music, and have it be ministry. 
  3. Lastly, think about non-arts jobs as ministry. You know, serving coffee, doing whatever it is that people who work in an office do, or the kind of job people like you and me know how to get. If you did that stuff, could you make it ministry? How bout the people who are doing it right now? 
What makes it ministry or not-ministry?
Reply

Julian Brelsfordsays:
October 18, 2012 at 9:36 pm


PS — i didn’t mean to suggest that you should do something other than use donations of money / food / place to sleep at night as one of the primary sources of resources to keep on keepin’ on. Consider that as well.
Reply

Chuck Fagersays:
October 19, 2012 at 1:13 am


Jon,

Some feedback:

First, I think your understanding of the “solidified criteria” for “recognizing” ministry among Friends has been subjected to a narrow, obsolete, and often dysfunctional perspective.

You write: “Quakers have long held a common practice of recognizing Friends amongst us with a clear call to ministry.”

Actually, this “practice” is by no means as “common” as this statement suggests, especially over the past century. The FGC branch specifically rejected it by the mid-1920s. And in the pastoral branches “ministry” has been equated with ordination in the larger Protestant sense, which is not the same thing at all.

In recent decades, some Friends, much influenced by romanticized remnants of a Wilburite Orthodox perspective, have worked to resurrect this “common practice” model. But this project has had more rhetorical success than actual practical impact. It works for a few people, in limited settings, but not many, and not widely. And personally I don’t think it will get much further in our actual community life. I regard it as about the same as saying we should all return to one version of plain dress, or take up riding in buggies like the Amish. Ain’t gonna happen, for better or for worse. The most its continued advocacy can do is sow controversy and potential division among a group which already has enough challenges.

You write: “Most modern liberal Quaker Meetings have no practice of recognizing ministers. No practice of supporting ministers, cultivating faithfulness in their use of their gifts, no practice of publicly acknowledging the gift of ministry, no practice of writing or receiving traveling minutes.”

That’s right; and there are good reasons for this. For one, today’s meetings are not built the way the Orthodox-Wilburite (or O-W) groups were — and not even the surviving Conservative groups are now built that way either, really. Modern liberal meetings exist within a social-cultural setting worlds apart from that of the small O-W subculture, one that is evolving further away from it.

For another, I contend that the branches that became FGC had good and sufficient reason for rejecting this model. True, they have not done well at building a replacement; but resurrecting the onetime “common practice” is not in my view the remedy, and your experience corroborates that observation.

You write: “The only way that I know all of this, though, is because I’ve studied history.”

I respectfully suggest that the major histories of Quakerism present a very limited and often quite skewed view in regard to this “common practice.” I have published essays explaining why, to which I can send you links if you’re interested.

You write: “To ask a Friend with a call to ministry to first teach their home Meeting how to recognize ministers… this is a difficult thing to ask of a budding minister. I have seen more than a few calls to ministry ignored or burned up in this process of wrestling with the lack of tools in home communities.
I want to take a moment to honor those Friends who have faithfully and patiently waited or laid down a call to ministry as their Meeting discussed (or didn’t discuss!) their relationship with supporting ministers.”

Here’s something to consider: the experience you describe is more true to much Quaker history than the romantic O-W notion. In fact, in the heyday of the “solidified criteria” and “common practice,” these were as often used to squash and stifle ministry — especially innovative or disturbing ministry — as to encourage it.

An important example: Lucretia Mott, who traveled widely as a minister, preaching not only against slavery and for women’s rights, but also for reform within the Quakerism of her time. She was subjected to repeated attempts to silence and even disown her; I have documented half a dozen of these. She was shrewd enough to fend these off, but paid a steep price in personal distress (mainly concealed from the outside world). Her persecutors were representatives of a hidebound Quaker establishment who were determined to shut out the kinds of “ministry” she embodied (and for which most Friends today honor her memory), and were skilled in applying the “common practice” as a tool of repression.

Mott’s experiences of this repressive side led her to be among the first to call openly for the dismantling of this “common practice” and its authoritarian superstructure. Many other such examples could be adduced. I’ve written further about this also. Mott’s views ultimately prevailed among liberal Friends, and I believe the benefits thereof far outweigh the costs.

You write; “In the past five years I have gone in and out of periods of having support committees. I have no traveling minute, just a smattering of supportive words from different Meetings and institutions that I have played for. I travel with an elder when I can, which ends up being about half the time. I maintain my own finances, booking, and website, and I have moved every so often, meaning that my local Meeting is often not very familiar with me or my work.
I would be the first to say that this is clearly not the ideal circumstance for a Friends minister.”

I’m not so sure. It sounds like your semi-independent and often changing circumstances are by no means unusual, especially in artistic pursuits. Maybe it’s about as ideal as you can expect. After all, are you mindful that Friends for two thirds of their history formally condemned such artistic pursuits as yours? Are you grateful the threat of disownment for making music has now been removed?

Yes, there’s more to do: it is clear the liberal RSOF has not yet figured out how to formally incorporate such arts into its community life. (The Fellowship of Quakers In The Arts documented this evolution in an aptly-named booklet, “Beyond Uneasy Tolerance.” A sample of it is here: http://fqa.quaker.org/uneasyquo.html )

But could this be as much an opportunity as a problem? (I think so.)

You write: “Most modern liberal Quaker Meetings have no practice of recognizing ministers. No practice of supporting ministers, cultivating faithfulness in their use of their gifts, no practice of publicly acknowledging the gift of ministry, no practice of writing or receiving traveling minutes.”

You are right about this situation. But again, it seems to me as much liberating as bewildering. It’s an opportunity, even an imperative, to think “outside the box” of the dysfunctional O-W model. And I wonder why you are so sure that your task is to re-educate the liberal meetings which don’t want to revive the O-W model that they should do so. I thought your “ministry” was to make music with and among Friends; that’s not the same thing.

As for your need for support, it depends on what “support” amounts to. If you mean solidarity with other Friends who have leadings in line with yours, in fellowship with whom you can find stimulation, comfort, and discernment, why not seek out or create such structures outside monthly meetings?

Especially if you are still moving frequently, the “monthly-meeting-as-the-center-of-everything-Quaker” notion is simply not able to provide such continuity of fellowship and discernment. Indeed, it may never do that for many of us. (That’s a major reason why the Fellowship of Quakers in the Arts was created in the early 1990s, as an alternative support structure.)

But if by “support” you mean that a monthly meeting disburses funds from its treasury to pay the expenses associated with your pursuit of your artistic endeavors, this too seems to me an obsolete idea, for several reasons.

One, the practice was never very widespread; most traveling ministers paid most or all of their own expenses, except for hospitality offered by some Friends along their journey.

And two, when in modern times the idea has been surfaced as a way of enabling a leading to become a kind of livelihood, it has run smack into widespread opposition to the practice of hireling ministry that is characteristic of most liberal and Conservative meetings.

This opposition is not just prejudice. It is deeply rooted in the history that led to the dismantling of the “common practice” of recording ministers, even if most modern liberal Friends are ignorant of the history they affirm. And this disinclination to such support is not going away any time soon.

In the past decade, for instance, I saw one such a struggle drag on for several years in Baltimore YM, over a proposal to “embrace and release” a Friend who had a leading to work among Native Americans. In the end, the project petered out, and has not been renewed. There was simply not a sense of the meeting to do such a thing, especially as it would be a precedent for additional proposals.

And finally, at the “bottom line,” few liberal Meetings today have the budget to undertake such financial support. This lack of resources was already true for most liberal Meetings even before the economy crashed. Now, in the ongoing depression, it is doubly, triply true: the money isn’t there.

Look around, if you doubt: in the formerly wealthy Philadelphia Yearly Meeting, the number of hireling staff is in very steep decline, due to huge financial reverses. Then go upstairs at Friends Center: AFSC is but a shadow of itself a decade ago. Down Arch Street, FGC has cut staff slots too. Guilford College laid off sixteen staff and faculty this fall. In New Hampshire, the Meeting School shut down completely. Can you not read the signs of the times?

So what, in light of this, do I suggest that you do? In a previous message, I pointed to some other examples of how Friends pursued creative leadings in challenging outward environments. I won’t repeat them here, but only underline that as these other Friends made the best of their circumstances, and ask: could it now be part of discernment for you to find your own way to your own “best,” which may not fit your “ideal”?

For instance, would you be better served by working to create or join an artistic Friends support network, one that could relate to monthly meetings but is not limited to them? (After all, you speak of receiving many encouraging messages; could these “messengers” become the base of your ongoing “support group”?)

Next, can you figure out how to be both artistically productive and financially responsible for yourself in an environment where Monthly Meetings and other Quaker groups have neither the wherewithal nor the inclination to take on that task?

You conclude your reflection with this thought:

“Or should we recognize that my circumstances are thematic for a new age and transition our institutions accordingly into practices that are more faithful considering the realities of the modern age?”

Frankly, this sounds like a much more promising line of inquiry and reflection. I commend it to your further attention.
Reply

Kitt Reidysays:
October 19, 2012 at 1:38 am


These are really good questions, Jon. I have similar questions for myself.

And I feel that these questions deserve more space and care than this tiny little box can hold.
Reply

Laurasays:
November 23, 2012 at 5:30 pm


I hope this blog post may be useful: http://www.stevelawson.net/2012/11/why-dont-you-have-a-proper-job/
Reply

Karen Kellersays:
July 12, 2014 at 11:03 pm


Jon, I am researching the Quakers. I came across this article/blog……….I do hope you worked out the way the Lord would take you.

I discovered I am related to Quakers going back to the 1600……….I am grateful to know the DNA of puritans is part of my make up. I am from Australia and thought my DNA that of convicts.
Reply

Mark Smithsays:
November 1, 2017 at 6:45 am


Hi Jon

I came across this page when researching Quaker Ministry. I’ve included a quote in my video Seeking Faith & Practice – My First Ministry ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x-XM0M8FnTI ). Thank you for describing ministry so well. Take care.

In friendship

Mark
Reply

Bill Samuelsays:
January 4, 2020 at 2:19 pm


Contemporary Quakers, you seem to be saying, are not going to provide the community support needed to enable you to live out your call. This is probably true. And almost all faith groups degenerate over many generations, so Quakerism is at an age for which that is to be expected.

However, you may be able to find other people with whom you could form a local community which would mutually support each other’s calls. Don’t try to attach it to an existing institutional structure. Learn from other such communities in existence, and build something that is creative and lifegiving. Network rather than fo

Brinton. CH 5 Vocal Ministry 83 FRIENDS FOR 300 YEARS.

CHAPTER 5 Vocal Ministry  83 FRIENDS FOR 300 YEARS.

Vocal ministry is an important, but not an essential element in Quaker worship.

  • Both theoretically and actually a meeting which worships in complete silence may be as valuable as one in which speaking occurs. 
  • "It was a heart tendering time, though there was not a word spoken amongst us," writes Richard Jordan in his Journal. 

Many such comments could be cited. A silent meet­ing is generally preferred to one in which speaking does not arise from an inspired source. 


But experience shows that meetings in which there is little or no vocal ministry for a length of time decline in membership and power. 

  • There are usually some mem­bers of a meeting who require no vocal aid or guidance in their worship, but there are others who are greatly in need of this help. 
  • Because the search for Truth and Life is a group search as well as an individual search, even those furthest along the way derive strength and encouragement from others in the meeting.


The author has participated in periods of meditation among the Zen sect of Buddhists in Japan. 

These gatherings, which in-eluded many persons arranged in orderly rows in a meditation hail, were held in complete silence. They seemed much like Friends meetings, but an important difference was felt. There Was no communication. Each individual was engaged in a solitary search for truth and reality. But the meditator might sometimes leave the hall and seek a brief interview with his roshi or teacher, Who would offer special guidance. The meditator would then return to his meditation. This teacher supplied, in a way very different from the Quaker way, the need for ministry.


In still another manner the spiritual director in the Catholic  Church offers help and guidance to the solitary seeker silently engaged in interior spiritual exercise.83 84

The minister among Friends differs from the Zen instructor and the Catholic director. He speaks as the immediate mouth­piece of the group of worshipers whose insight into Truth has been brought to utterance by the Holy Spirit, the Presence in the midst. 

It is as if the general spiritual potential of the meeting increased until at some particular point it crossed the boundary from silence to speech, as a spark passes from one pole to another when the electric potential is sufficiently high. 

The first person singular pronoun is seldom heard in Quaker ministry, nor does the speaker declare his own experience except as his experience may illustrate a more general truth. As Charles Lamb said of one whom he heard ministering in a Quaker meeting, "He seemed not to speak but to be spoken from."


The theory of the Quaker ministry is simple. As the worshipers sit together in silence to wait upon the Lord, anyone among them may find arising in his consciousness a message which he feels is intended for more than himself alone. 

  • It is then his obligation to deliver that message and to cease speaking when he has delivered it. 
  • He must learn to recognize the unique sense of urgency which is evidence of a divine requirement.
  • If a thought comes to him with peculiar life and power, he may be justified in assuming that this is a sign from God to speak.
  • He may sometimes be mistaken. There is no sure test of divine guidance in this or any other undertaking. 
  • If, however, through prayer and humble waiting he has become sensitive to the "still, small voice," he will be increasingly enabled to recognize a call when it comes. 
  • He will learn to recognize and reject the wish to speak which comes from a different source, however disguised, such as an inclination to exhibit his own powers or knowledge or simply a lack of inhibition. 
  • Usually he knows quite well whether what is on his mind will help the meeting or not. 
  • Often a suggestion is provided from the true Source which is intended, not for the meeting as a whole, but to be kept by the recipients as Isaac Penington cautions, "for bread at home,"

In the Quaker Journals we frequently read of the sense of bur­den and uneasiness which often precedes speaking. He who ministers does not wish to break the solemn silence.                            85.

It may seem to him an evidence of pride that, by his own decision, he should take such a responsibility upon himself. But when he becomes aware that the responsibility is not solely his, but that of the divine Master who has called him, if he is faithful, he will yield to the requirement. 

Quaker Journals frequently mention the sense of complete peace which follows obedience to the call. 

But there is not always peace. Sometimes the most revered of Friends sit down with a sense of uneasiness and a feeling of having "outrun the guide." This was John Woolman's experience the first time that he spoke in a meeting for worship. It was a long time before he felt able to speak again. 

Not infrequently, mention is made of a sense of dryness and consequent pain felt by well-known Friends when they found themselves unable to speak to a large company assembled with the expectation of hearing them. "Sat in suffering silence" is an occasional entry in the Journal of Job Scott. Sometimes this lack of ability to speak seems justified. Richard Jordan records, "I sat through it [the meeting] in silence, I believe to the great disappointment of many, but I was thankful in being preserved from gratifying the itching ears."

----

The purpose of vocal ministry in a Quaker meeting is different from the purpose of preaching from a pulpit. 

The primary func­tion of pulpit ministry is to teach by expounding the Scriptures and explaining the way of salvation for men. 

This the preacher exhorts his hearers to accept by an act of faith. The old-fashioned plan of salvation which concerns a future life is often replaced today by a plan of social salvation for this life.

A teaching ministry is not entirely absent from meetings of the

Society of Friends, but in general, it is exercised upon occasions especially appointed for the purpose

When exercised by a Speaker of genuine prophetic power, teaching may find an appropriate place in the solemn waiting upon the Lord. 

A more thoroughgoing instruction in religious history, theory and practice is needed in the Society of Friends, as it is elsewhere, but it fits the lecture platform better than the meeting for worship. 

George Fox says that the object of Quaker ministry is "to bring people . . . to the end of all preaching. "2

86.  


------

----          

Isaac Penington says, "The great work of the minister of Christ is to keep the con­science open to Christ.  Ministiy may supply a subject for medi­tation which will focus wandering thoughts, but he who ministers must carefully avoid making his hearers dependent upon him. 

In Catholic books giving instruction to spiritual directors there is frequent admonition that the director must not take too much on himself or give too explicit guidance. Rather he should seek to reach the Spirit of God within the person under his care. St. John of the Cross says:

Let spiritual directors . . . remember that the Holy Ghost is the principal agent here, and the real guide of souls; that He never ceases to take care of them and never neglects any means by which they may profit and draw near to God as quickly as possible and in the best way. Let them remember that they are not the agents, but instruments only, to guide souls by the rule of faith and the law of God. . . Their aim should be, then, not to guide souls by a way of their own suitable to themselves, but to ascertain if they can, the way by which God Himself is guiding them.4

Such advice is equally applicable to speakers in a Quaker meeting. The minister is an instrument of that Spirit which is in his hearers as well as in himself. If he keeps close to the one Center, he can reach any person along a particular radius.

No rules can be laid down for Quaker ministry. The Spirit leads where it will. In general, the spoken word should be a simple affirmation of truth rather than an argumentative defense of it. 

  • The method of Jesus was to state a truth which the hearer could recognize as such without debate. 
  • Just as the artist offers his picture or the poet his poem to be accepted for what it is without reasons, so the speaker should offer his message, trusting that the Light in him will answer the Light in others. 
  • The life which flows from one person to another moves the will, but if the will is coerced by arguments, it moves, if it moves at all, without full consent.
  • An analytic ministry which dissects religious experience may be as destructive of life as is the dissection of a plant or an animal. 
  • As we know the life in our bodies by direct intuition without analysis, so we recognize the life of God in the soul.

                                     87

Analysis has its peculiar scientific value, but the Spirit which passes from one person to another as a flame leaps from one coal to another grasps truth in its wholeness as a living thing united within itself. Such an experience is like that which might occur in a society of ornithologists discussing the different kinds of birds if a real and unusual bird flew into the room.

Ministry in a Friends meeting should be spontaneous in the sense that no one comes to meeting either expecting to speak or expecting not to speak. To use a figure of Jeremiah, our religion should arise from a spring, not be drawn from a reservoir. The spoken message should well up freshly and genuinely from the life of the meeting. To change the figure, a seed may have been sown earlier to await the right conditions for germination. A concern which develops finally into a spoken message may arise in the mind at any time during routine engagements of daily life or during a time of private retirement for prayer and worship. It must then be allowed to mature and be reserved until there is a clear sense that the time has arrived to give it utterance.

A Friend of the eighteenth century named Mary England dreamed that when she dipped her pitcher into the spring and drew it out at once to carry it away, the water ran out, but when she held the pitcher in the spring long enough the water did not run out. By this she took warning not to act too quickly upon an urge to speak in meeting.

Since the vocal message is followed by silence, opportunity is given for the hearers to carry it further for themselves. The spoken word in a Friends meeting ought to be suggestive of more that might have been said, rather than being in itself exhaustive. It may even be to some extent shadowy. 

Spiritual truth cannot be sharply defined like scientific truth. It exists on the dim edge of the unexplored region beyond the horizon of self-conscious thought. The language of the Spirit is symbolic and its sugges­tions are not so much facts as signs which point beyond them­selves to the unseen ground of all existence. So inarticulate Sometimes is the voice of the Spirit that it can be expressed only by a sigh, or even by complete silence.

Speaking in a Quaker meeting may concern any subject, pro­vided it be in a distinctly religious frame of reference.

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In mathematics what is a circle in one frame of reference may be an ellipse in another. Similarly, what appears one way in a secular setting may assume a very different form in a religious frame of reference. The difference between the religious and the secu­lar, like the difference between beauty and ugliness or good and evil, is, perhaps, impossible to define, but most persons have the capacity to recognize it. The important question from a religious standpoint is not "what shall we do" but "what is the will of God for us."

For religious utterance moral platitudes are not as effective as a simple call to dwell in the Spirit of the Living Christ. He who lives in that Spirit will follow naturally the teachings of the Christ of history. If we sincerely experience the Presence of Christ in the Midst, every word will be in harmony with his spirit. Similarly, if we are in conversation with some person honored for his character and achievement, all that is said is in keeping with his nature. As someone has remarked, "We may beat about the bush but we do not beat about the Burning Bush."

That type of sermon which inspires fear because of the con­sequences of sin is not typical of Quaker preaching. It is the appreciation of good rather than the dread of evil which leads the soul in the way of perfection. Yet it was said of Stephen Grellet by William J. Allinson that his ministry was "solemn, close and alarming" as well as "persuasive, prophetic and encouraging."5 The first function of the Light is to reveal sin and evil. None should hesitate to point out the dark shadow cast by obstructions to the Light. -

A realization of the terrible reality of wickedness and the con­sequent feeling of humility and dependence is the first step toward regeneration. Without it there can be no beginning of the spiritual journey. But the soul must not remain in the abyss. The object of the meeting for worship is not exposure to dark­ness, but exposure to the Light which overcomes the darkness. Worshipers should accordingly be directed to the goal and to the Life of God in man's soul which alone will give power to reach it. It was such a ministry that George Fox exercised when he wrote to Cromwell's daughter, Lady Claypole, who was "sick and much troubled in mind":

                                     89.

Whatever temptations, distractions, confusions the light doth make manifest and discover, do not look at these temptations, confusions, corruptions; but look at the Light which discovers them. . . . For looking down at sin and corruption and distraction ye are swallowed up in it but looking at the Light which discovers them, ye will see over them. [Journal I, 488]

The highest vocal exercise in a meeting for worship is spoken prayer. The worshiper may discover that the spirit of prayer in a meeting is coming to utterance through him. He then becomes the mouthpiece of the group in prayer to God. Not "I" but "we" is the language of his supplication. Prayers for oneself are gen­erally best offered in silence. To some persons prayer seems so private and intimate that audible petition is impossible. Others shrink from it for fear of insincerity or formalism. Yet nothing so effectively lays a covering over the meeting as the humble utter­ance of sincere prayer. Many are grateful for words which they themselves feel unable to utter.

To educated and uneducated, old and young, men and women, the call may come to yield to the requirement to speak in a meet­ing for worship. Three hundred years of Quaker history has made it clear that the gift of the ministry is not confined to any particular kind of person. There is no ordination other than evidence that a divine gift has been bestowed. George Fox's earliest "opening" taught him that it was not necessary to be trained at Oxford or Cambridge in order to be a minister. Some of the early Quaker preachers were highly educated, most of them were not. The same was true of the apostles and prophets of Biblical times. By no group were the first Friends more harshly treated than by university scholars at Oxford, Cambridge, Edin­burgh and Aberdeen, who were angered by the low value that Friends placed on learning as a prerequisite for the ministry. When Friends were taunted that they could not read the Scrip­tures in the original languages they replied, as did Fox,

·. . that the Word of Cod is the Original . . . and the Word is it which makes a Divine . . . and this is the Word that makes both men and women divine and brings them into the divine nature. [Ep. 249, 1667]

90.               

That Friends valued education as fitting men and women for the activities of life is shown by the schools which they set up and maintained. Though education might be a help in the spiritual life, it might also prove a hindrance and it is not an essential requirement for vocal ministry.

From the very beginning Quaker women shared the vocal ministry with men. To show that women could receive as genuine a call to this service as men, Friends had only to point to results. Barclay writes:

Cod hath effectually in this day converted many souls by the ministry of women and by them also frequently comforted the souls of his children, which manifest experience puts the thing beyond all controversy.'

Paul's instruction that women should keep silent in the church (I Cor. 14:34) was read in the light of his instruction in the same epistle regarding the headdress of women when prophesying (I Cor. 11:5, 13). A text often used by Friends to defend their position on the ministry of women was taken from Peter's quota­tion of the prophet Joel delivered at Pentecost, "I will pour out my spirit upon all flesh and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy" (Acts 2:17).

The inequality of men and women, Fox says, was a result of the Fall but "in the restoration by Christ. . . they are helps meet

·. . as they were before the Fall" (Ep. 291).

The method of laying the responsibility for ministry on the congregation as a whole rather than on a person or persons spe­cially prepared and delegated for it obviously involves serious difficulties. The ministry in Quaker meetings has always been, and will continue to be, a problem. Persons unqualified because of shallowness of experience or failure to attain the highest motivation take advantage of the liberty. George Fox warns against preaching in a "brittle, peevish, hasty, fretful mind" (Ep. 131). Some even fail to understand the religious character of the meeting and introduce subjects more appropriate to a forum or lecture platform than to a group that is gathered to wait upon the Lord. Some, who have undoubtedly received a gift in the past, may have outlived it and not be aware of their loss.

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Too much ministry may lead to overdependence on the spoken word. Joshua Evans remarks in his Journal:

At our meeting lately we had the company of four Friends who were ministers. It occurred to my mind that in a season of drought we looked to the clouds for rain. Sometimes many clouds produce but little rain, so when divers preachers are in the gallery and the minds of the people turned towards them and not to the Bishop of souls, disappointñent often happens.7

In the parable of the sower, some seed did not grow because it fell on hard ground. The ground may have become hard because so many were tramping up and down to sow seed.

The attender at a Friends meeting must accustom himself to hearing much that he feels is unprofitable, at least to himself. His forbearance in respect to speakers who are struggling, per­haps blindly, toward the Light and missing the way is in itself a valuable exercise. If the meeting is failing because of the wrong kind of ministry, each member must realize that the quality of the meeting depends partly on him and his faithfulness. He must also realize that in a Friends meeting, as in a democracy, a price is paid for freedom as contrasted with regimentation. A Friends meeting can rise higher or sink lower than a church service which is so regulated as to be conducted on a well-defined level.

As a free, unprogrammed, spontaneous vocal ministry gives rise to certain problems, a professional, programmed ministry gives rise to other problems, perhaps equally serious. The division between clergy and laity does not conduce to congregational unity. Lack of responsibility on the part of the laity does not conduce to spiritual growth. Regular preparation of a sermon in advance may result in what Barclay calls "conned and gathered stuff" (Apology 352) or what Fox calls "brain-beaten, heady stuff" (Ep. 275, 1669). Friends sometimes called this "grinding with the water that is passed." The spoken word is more alive if it springs freshly out of the life and searchings of the worshipers. In a Quaker meeting a single sentence uttered in response to a flash of insight may have more effect than a long sermon.

The professional minister is no longer challenged by Friends for receiving pay; indeed, it is recognized that he is meagerly rewarded. 92.

Nevertheless, the fact that he is paid may quite un­fairly detract from the effectiveness of his message as a sincere expression of his feelings. He is also faced with another handicap. Too often there is no silence in which the message can sink into the hearts of his hearers.

The difficulties .inherent in an unprogrammed meeting were partly roet throughout most of Quaker history by the appoint­ment of elders, whose primary duty was to counsel those who spoke in meeting. Problems raised by the freedom of a Friends meeting were more difficult in the early days of the Society than later because the movement was still fluid and unorganized. Many came into connection with it who were only partially aware of what it stood for. Even before there was a system of enrolled membership, Friends had to issue public statements of dis­ownment.

From the beginning of the Society of Friends until recent times, the Friends who were accustomed to speak in meting met together at regular intervals to advise and help one another. Monthly, Quarterly and Yearly meetings of these Friends who had a special concern for the vocal ministry did much to strengthen the spiritual life of the meeting. These were genuine "schools of the prophets." In the course of time Friends came to feel that those who were often engaged in the work of the ministry needed criticism from their hearers as well as from themselves. The following minute of Philadelphia Yearly Meet­ing, dated 1714, marks the beginning in America of an important change in these gatherings:

This meeting agrees that each Monthly Meeting where meetings of ministers are or may be held, shall appoint two or more Friends to sit with the ministers in their meetings; taking care that the Friends chosen be prudent, solid Friends.

These came to be called "elders." The meeting of ministers was then called the "meeting for ministers and elders." Ministers were admitted to this meeting when they were "approved," "recommended," or "recorded," which meant that the meeting had expressly stated unity with their ministry. 93. When such min­isters wished to visit other Friends meetings, their meeting, if it approved of the journey, granted them a "minute" expressing unity with them. This served as a kind r credential and letter of introduction. Generally, an elder accompanied a minister in his travels as guide, helper and critic.

"Eldering" is an essential element in a meeting based on the principle of freedom. Its aim is to lay as much limitation on the freedom of the individual as will enlarge the freedom of the group as a whole. Among the many kinds of equilibrium required in a Friends meeting, there must be a delicate adjustment be­tween the freedom of each and the freedom of all. If the in­dividual is too much dominated by the group, the group may never have the benefit of new and perhaps unpleasant truth which the individual is qualified to impart. Nor must the group be at the mercy of the caprices of individuals, or it may find that the main purpose in meeting together is thwarted. Only as both the group and the individual submit humbly to the divine Light of Truth will they fulfill their proper functions and live in unity.

"Eldering" came to be a synonym for adverse criticism but encouragement was often required. Since speaking in a Friends meeting is a self-assumed responsibility, humble or timid persons tend to hold back. This is especially true of the young. In 1723 Philadelphia Yearly Meeting records in its minutes:

It is to be observed that the God and fountain of all our mercies has opened and is opening in divers of our young people a divine spring of living ministry. Therefore our earnest desire is that both ministers and elders may be as nursing fathers and mothers to those that are young in the ministry.

In 1765 we find:

It is earnestly and affectionately recommended that ministers and elders watch over one another for good; to help those who are young in the ministry in the right line; discouraging forward spirits that run into words without life and power; advising against affectation of tones and gestures and everything that would hurt their service; yet encouraging the humble, careful traveller, speaking a word in season to them that are weary.

A good example of constructive eldership was given by Wil­liam Penn and recorded by the recipient. 94     At a large meeting

 

when it might have been expected that the main burden of the ministry would be assumed by certain leading Friends, a young, unknown man, John Richardson, spoke at length. Penn said to him afterwards:

The main part of the service of this day's work went on thy side and we saw it and were willing and easy to give way to the truth, though it was through thee, who appears but like a shrub, and it is but reasonable the Lord should make use of whom he pleases.8

John Rutty, a physician and writer of medical books, was an elder of Dublin Meeting. He includes in his Spiritual Diary many brief prayers, among them (in 1796) the following:

Lord, if I be not a knife among the utensils of the spiritual house, make me a whetstone.'

An elder must be able to improve the instruments which God uses to convey his truth. Fox advises:

Friends, be careful how ye set your feet among the tender plants that are springing up out of God's earth, lest ye tread upon them, hurt, bruise, or crush them in God's vineyard.10

William Dewsbury writes:

What gift so ever thou receivest, . . . whether praises, prophesy or exhortation, I am commanded of the God of heaven to lay it upon thee that thou quench not His Spirit but bring thy gift unto God's altar and in the strength of His life in the Light, sacrifice unto Him. So shall thy talent be increased and the babes shall be refreshed. And dear people of God, be tender over the least breathings of God's Spirit in one another and all wait to be clothed with a healing Spirit.'

The essence of all proper advice to ministers is that given by John Williams:

Begin with, keep with and quit with the Life.12

Ministry in the Society of Friends is sometimes classified as prophetic utterance, though no Friends would style themselves prophets. Their ministry is prophetic only in the sense that it IS given without human prearrangement under what is believed to be the direct leading of the Spirit.

95.

Such utterance may sometimes give evidence of prophetic unction. Of Samuel Fothergill it was said:

His ministry at times went forth as a flame, often piercing into the inmost recesses of darkness and obduracy; yet descended like dew upon the tender plants of our Heavenly Father's planting; with these be travailed in deep sympathy of spirit."

Of Josiah Coale, who first visited America in 1658, Sewel, the historian, writes:

When he spoke to an ungodly sorld, an awful gravity appeared in his countenance, and his words were like a hammer and a sharp sword. But though he was as a son of thunder, yet his agreeable speech flowed from his mouth like a pleasant stream, to the consolation and comfort of pious souls.14

The presence of prophets in the New Testament Church was considered an all-important precedent by the Quakers. Paul in

listing the gifts of the spirit in the order of their importance puts,

·         first apostles, second prophets, third teachers then workers of miracles, then healers, helpers, administrators, speakers in various kinds of tongues," and adds, ". • . desire the spiritual gifts, especially that you may prophesy" (I Cor. 12:28; 14:1). But the prophetic function which was ranked so high during the first century of Christian history became subordinated to the priestly office and, during the second century, it was eliminated alto­gether. Attempts to revive prophetism, such as the Montanist movement in the second century, were violently suppressed. In Christianity the ancient struggle between priest and prophet, which is responsible for so many dramatic events recorded in the Old Testament, was won very early by the priest for two reasons, the necessity of maintaining sound doctrine and the importance of a specially qualified person to administer the sacraments. "Ye are subject to the bishop as to Jesus Christ," Writes Ignatius, perhaps no more than sixty years after Paul had Written, "The spirits of prophets are subject to prophets" (I Cor. 14:32).

The presbyter, that is, the elder, or, as he eventually became, the priest, was thought necessary to control prophets whose utterances were unpredictable, upsetting, sometimes revolu­tionary.

96.              

We know very little about developments during the last third of the first Christian century, but it is probable that the Christian prophets opposed the trend toward sacerdotalism in the same way that the Hebrew prophets opposed the priestly emphasis six centuries earlier. The love feast in memory of the Last Supper, a meal eaten together as recorded in the 11th Chapter of I Corinthians, was becoming a ritual to be presided over by a person especially ordained for this service.

The two contributing causes of the decline of prophecy in the early Christian Church, the growth of a sacramental religion and of an orthodox creed, were both absent in Quakerism. The sacraments were interpreted by the Society of Friends as inward experiences directly accessible to all persons without priestly offices. No fixed authoritarian creed was ever adopted as a basis for membership, although Friends did not hesitate to state what they believed when occasion required. More important was the maintenance of a form of worship which encouraged a free, spontaneous, prophetic ministry untrammeled by outward author­ity. As a result, the prophetic type of ministry lasted much longer in the Society of Friends than it did in Christianity.

It was inevitable that in the Society of Friends, as in every religious group, the priestly type of mind should appear. As in early Christianity, so in the Society of Friends the elder assumed some of the priestly functions, though to a less degree and in a different way than in early Christianity. During the eighteenth century the influence of the elders gradually increased. Theirs was an important and necessary function. Quakerism at this time developed a distinctive cultural pattern, a clear-cut way of life.

The Quaker was distinguishable by the way he talked, dressed and behaved. The elders became guardians of tradition* and,

like all persons of priestly inclination, were more interested in the conservation of old truth than in the discovery of new. It was inevitable and necessary that Quakerism should pass through

*The enforcement of discipline as far as moral behavior was concerned was in charge of officials called overseers, first appointed in America about 1704. They are not mentioned here because they were not concerned with the ministry.

97.

this period of inward intensification which brought the Quaker religion from the meeting house and market place into the home and into every aspect of life. The elders eventually went too far, and tended too strongly to repress the untraditional springing up of new life. It was not, however, until the Philadelphia elders in the first quarter of the nineteenth century attempted to regulate theological doctrine that there was a concerted resistance to their authority. In England the transition to a freer mode of discipline took place without such schism. In America the Society of Friends became divided into branches.

The decline of a prophetic type of ministry in the twentieth century in that part of the Society of Friends which attempted to preserve a free, unprogrammed ministry cannot be attributed to the elders. They took extreme precautions to guard the living spring from all contamination. Its decline is due primarily to the high degree of intellectualism and secularism which appeared in all religious groups. Higher education, particularly college education, became more general. A self-conscious, rationalistic point of view frequently approaching humanism has resulted. The vocal ministry has increased in intellectual content. For the most part, this has been a gain. There has, however, too often been a corresponding decrease in spiritual content. There is no real reason why the intellectual and the spiritual should not develop together and reinforce each other. Human reason and the Spirit, which is more than human, are both essential, but the balance is not easy to maintain.

Within a single generation the older type of prophetic ministry, characterized by complete abandon to inner leadings however unconventional and unreasonable they might be, has largely dis­appeared from the more conservative forms of Quakerism. Else­where it disappeared earlier. The Quaker prophets were persons of unique individuality who spoke as they felt. Each of these men and women could be described in words that William Penn used regarding George Fox: "He was an original, being no man's copy." They could remind their hearers of unpleasant truths in such a spirit of love and genuineness that no anger resulted. Their faces shone with the peace of God because inner strains had been removed by obedience to the divine will.

98.

They were not troubled about their weaknesses because they were confident that God would not require of them what was "beyond their measure."

The mass-mindedness of the present epoch does not often produce such unique characters. Colleges, as well as factories, pass their product through a uniform mold. The surface world of tools, whether mental or industrial, has become so highly developed that the deeper world of ultimate meanings concerned with the final destiny of man has faded from sight. But the Spirit is still present like an underground stream waiting to be tapped and brought to the surface. The ministry which is devoted to the solution of social problems must not be abandoned, but it must be deepened and strengthened by that ministry which reaches solutions by bringing men into union with God and with one another.

Whittier's sonnet entitled "Utterance" states the problem which faces him who is called to speak in a meeting for worship:

But what avail inadequate words to reach

The innermost of Truth? Who shall essay

Blinded and weak, to point and lead the way,

Or solve its mystery in familiar speech?

Yet if it be that something not thy own,

Some shadow of the Thought to which our schemes,

Creeds, cult, and ritual are at best but dreams,

Is even to thy unworthiness made known,

Thou mayest not hide what yet thou shouldst not dare

To utter lightly, lest on lips of thine

The real seem false, the beauty undivine.

So weighing duty in the scale of prayer,

Give what seems given thee. It may prove a seed

Of goodness dropped in fallow grounds of need.