2019/04/10

Queen of Suffering - A Spiritual History of Korea by Ham Sok Hon

Queen of Suffering - A Spiritual History of Korea by Ham Sok Hon



Queen of Suffering

A Spiritual History of Korea

by

Ham Sok Hon


hangul.gif (5367 bytes)

Contents

Chapter I.Humanity, History and Religion
Chapter II.Korea: The Formative Elements
Chapter III.Early Promise and Failure
Chapter IV.The North: Prize and Peril
Chapter V.The Broken Axle of History
Chapter VI.The Just and the Unjust
Chapter VII.Disaster Upon Disaster
Chapter VIII.The Coming of Christianity
Chapter IX.Liberation
Chapter X.The Korean War
Chapter XI.The Meaning of Suffering

Also from this edition:

Foreward
Author's Preface to the English Edition
IntroductionKingdoms, Dynaties and Events

This document, originally scanned and edited by Tom Coyner of the Tokyo Monthly Meeting.
Copyright Information: © 1985 Friends World Committee for Consultation. Permission given by the FWCC for this reproduction.  All rights reserved by the FWCC.


Quakerism in Japan: 1885-1943 - Appendix I

Quakerism in Japan: 1885-1943 - Appendix I



APPENDIX I
A Japanese View of Quakers (abridged) by Dr. Inazo Nitobe

The starting point of Quaker teaching is the belief in the existence of the Inner Light. … Whatever the name, it means the presence of a Power not our own, the indwelling of a Personality, other than human, In each one of us. Such a doctrine is ... as old as the oldest form of mysticism. Buddhism is full of references to it. ... The Zen Sect of Buddhism makes it its aim to comprehend it. ...

Let it be far from me to turn Quakerism into Oriental mysticism. Quakerism stays within the family of Christianity. ... Unlike Orientals, George Fox and his followers conceived ... of light as a person, but by making their person eternal and existent before the world was, Quakerism came to much the same conclusion as the old mystics.

Were these mystics misguided, building their houses on the sands of fantasy and clothing themselves in garments woven of cobwebs? ... Modern psychologists do not seem to deny that there can be a gradual development in consciousness. ... [self-consciousness] is a state of development not very difficult for us to attain, in fact every normal being attains it. But is there not a stage still higher, where we can merge ourselves in the great universe? ... Curiously enough the Cosmic sense as described by those who attain it, is very much the same everywhere-whether it be by a Buddhist priest, a Shinto votary, or an American farmer.

The central doctrine of Quakerism is the belief in this Cosmic sense, which they call the Inner Light and all the doctrines and precepts of Quakerism are only corollaries drawn from this premise. ...

Is there then no superiority in the so-called revealed religion, by which is meant, I presume, the revelation of Godhead in the person and life of Jesus Christ? ... We read Lao-tze; we read Buddhist saints; I've study Oriental mystics, ... we are brought very near to the idea of redemption, atonement, salvation. ... but we feel that we have not reached our finality. ... Yes, we see light, but not the one thing essential-perfect, living Personality.



Return to our Page    Appendix II  Table of Contents

Quakerism in Japan: 1885-1943 - Church Union and After



Quakerism in Japan: 1885-1943 - Church Union and After







CHURCH UNION AND AFTER

In 1936 Japan Yearly Meeting celebrated the Fiftieth Anniversary of Quaker work in Japan. Fraternal delegates came from Philadelphia to share in the occasion, and it was a feast of good-will and hope. Whatever the subsequent developments, it was a bright spot in the memories of all concerned. But the international sky was already dark, and the storm broke the next year,--in north China. With war came a heightening of nationalistic feeling. What had begun as a struggle between China and Japan, soon became a whirlwind that drew the whole Pacific area into its vortex. To drive Western imperialism from the Orient was the Japanese slogan. There followed a time which was especially lacerating to the feelings of Japanese Christians, as well as to those of the West. Its connections with Western churches did Japanese Christianity no good in the eyes of the public. Missionaries found themselves in an embarrassing position, and by 1940 a large proportion of them had returned to their home countries. The year before that the Religious Organizations Bill passed the Diet, and became law. By it Christianity was recognized as one of the three religions of Japan, but it had to pay its price for recognition, which was, --union of all the denominations into one organization; severance of financial and other relations with missions from abroad; and an acceptance of a degree of government supervision. The union clause was not unpopular among many Japanese Christians. There bad been a more or less well-developed agitation for it before that time anyhow.

It was harder however for some churches than for others. The Episcopal Church held out against it until the fall of 1943, and then yielded because continued existence as a separate entity had practical difficulties that seemed insuperable. If that were true for such a strong organization, we may believe there would have been no hope for the little group of Friends. But it was a wrench to give up its independent existence. It meant, accepting the whole ecclesiastical program,--ordained ministers, sacraments, creeds, etc. At its last Yearly Meeting, in 1941 the decision was made, however, and the Japan Yearly Meetings of Friends ceased to exist soon thereafter.

It is not true that the government of Japan has adopted an attitude of persecution toward Christianity. It has recognized the service to Japanese society that Christianity has made, and it desires its help in the present crisis. But it wants the kind of Christianity that it can manipulate and make useful in its own way. In this sense it is a time of grave danger to the "Church of Christ in Japan."

What is left of Japanese Quakerism? Let us recognize first of all that spiritual values exist in the hearts of men, not in organizations. To the extent that members of Friends have been able to carry over into the new organization, the spiritual values received from their Quaker faith, let us give thanks. They will not die. There is a type of character which is of more importance than any organization, and it will go echoing down the ages., It needs no denominational tag.

But there is a "remnant", a stock from which fresh growth may sprout when a more favorable time comes. Let us attempt an inventory of the more tangible results from Friends' fifty years in Japan. To begin with material assets,-the meeting houses of course go with the meeting members to the union church. Besides them there is in Tokyo a furnished residence, a dormitory for young men, and the well-appointed buildings of the girls' school; in Mito some property on the main business street, and the buildings of an old peoples' home. These are all held by a Japanese Holding Company, and so are not subject to confiscation as enemy property. The girls' school and the old peoples' home are both carrying on outside the church, as far as organization is concerned. They have their own governing body of trustees. The men's dormitory in Tokyo was still functioning in September of 1943, but with the difficulties in provisioning, in getting help, and in the demands of the military on the young men, it may be necessary to close it down.

Last, but not least, there are two small group's left which may definitely be called Friends, both in Tokyo. The first of these is the Friends Center Committee. It was formed some years before the war began, to represent Friends to those of various countries who, come to Japan with an interest in Quakerism, and to serve the Jewish refugees who were coming in large numbers to Japan at that time. Gilbert Bowles was a member of the committee as long as he was in Japan. Now its members are Seiju Hirakawa, Iwao Ayusawa, and Yasukuni Suzuki. This committee has charge of the dormitory; it arranges for the Inazo Nitobe Memorial Lectures and it gathers other Friends, individual members who did not go with their meetings into the union movement, for meetings for wor ship, or for the consideration of some topic of common interest, as opportunity arises. To these people the tenet of inward faith without the aid of outward form seemed too precious to give up. They have an office in the dormitory, and a small Friends' library is also housed there. When communication with Japan becomes possible again, they will be instruments with whom Friends from outside can hope to make connections.

The other group of which we spoke is the group of Young Friends. They number perhaps ten or twelve. Many of them are second generation Christians, and quite a few have grown up with Friends. Four at least have had a year's study at

Pendle Hill, and all are trained to think. They are "convinced" Friends, whatever their forebears. They too felt that the Quaker heritage was too precious to be lost, and have continued to meet for worship and study and discussion. They and the Friends Center Committee plan to cooperate in holding meetings. The lives of these young Friends are before them, and perhaps we can not do better than leave the future of Quakerism in Japan with them, at this point, praying for them God's guidance and blessing.

Return to our Page Appendix I



Quakerism in Japan: 1885-1943 - Quaker Service and Work for Peace



Quakerism in Japan: 1885-1943 - Quaker Service and Work for Peace


QUAKER SERVICE AND WORK FOR PEACE

Quaker Service Friends have ever been mindful of suffering bodies as well as darkened souls, and have labored to bring relief to both. In Japan so many sudden catastrophes occur. A bit of thoughtlessness in the manipulation of the charcoal fire, and a high wind, may wipe out half a town in a few hours. And one never knows where the tremors of earthquakes that are of such frequent occurrence will end. Under such circumstances the habit of sharing is well developed. Bureau drawers are made to disgorge out-grown clothes; an accumulation of tea pots comes out of the corners of closets; a cup full of rice from the family supply, combined with those of the neighbors' makes a filling meal for people who have just lost everything. Already we have spoken of relief to flood sufferers. In some degree relief has been administered to victims of such natural catastrophes by all the Friends' groups, as occasion has demanded.

Friends have done yeoman's service too in the cause of temperance. From the very beginning Temperance Societies were formed in all the localities where Friends were working, and great earnestness for the cause was displayed. Friends co-operated too with the national Temperance Society and the W.C.T.L. One result was a village not far from Tsuchiura whose village organization absolutely banned the use of sake, and kept it up for years. Many personal efforts to help friends escape from the habit were also made.

One member of the Mito Meeting tells of walking to his home outside the city, after dark at night, when only a young boy, and soon after he had joined the Meeting. On the way he saw a man intoxicated, lying in the ditch by the side of the road. He trembled with what seemed to him the enormity of his responsibility' under these circumstances. At first he started to walk on and leave the man there, but he heard a voice say to him very clearly, "If your Christian faith has any meaning, you will go back and help him". He did, and the incident stays in his memory as one of the turning points in his spiritual life.

But some moments are too tremendous to be handled by any small group, and one of them was the noon hour on September lst, 1923, when the great Tokyo earthquake occurred. This is not the place to go into detail on the sufferings, or the activities to relieve them, in the days that followed. But Friends did rise to the emergency, and gave organized and effective relief. They began almost immediately giving personal help to their own members, but when money was cabled them from the American Friends Service Committee, they set to work in earnest on a larger scale. A Service Committee(11) was formed on September 10.

This committee weighed the possibilities carefully, and eventually received permission from the city to build 28 small dwelling houses and an assembly hall, in one corner of a city park. These houses were rented to families who had lost their homes, and a democratic organization was effected. Meetings for entertainment and uplift were held in the assembly hall. Two years later they were moved further out of the city, and set up again in a group that was called "Friends Village". Gradually the householders bought their homes and the group was liquidated.

Another project was for more distressed people in one of the slum sections of the city. Here barracks were erected and food and clothing distributed. A program of music, movies, talks on hygiene, a medical clinic, Christian talks and hymn singing, attempted to minister to the whole man. This was carried on for four years after the earthquake.

In addition to the assistance given at the time of the earthquake the A.F.S.C. sent Hugh and Elizabeth Borton to Japan for a three years' period, to work with the mission and to give especial attention to Japan-American relations.

Work for Peace
As early as the autumn of 1889 a Japan Peace Society had been formed, Akasaka Friends taking the initiative. Its purpose was to study the problems of war and peace. A little later the magazine "Peace" was issued, under the editorship of Manji Kato. But this beginning was cut short by government order, at the time of the Sino-Japanese War in 1894, as was also another beginning made in Yokohama, just at the eve of the war. Both of these attempts were made not by organized Friends Meetings, but by individual Friends. Non- Friends were admitted, and the activities of these societies, however short their duration, represent the beginning of the Christian Peace Movement in Japan. By the time of the Russo-Japan War in 1904, although there was no organization, the pacifist position was widely recognized, and many prominent people were associated with it. Among them was Kanzo Uchimura, with whom our story began. Friends seem to have lost their lead to some extent, during this time.

An interest in the movement had reached many public-spirited men, outside of the Christian church, and was fanned by Gilbert Bowles. He was assisted by a young man, named Setzuzo Sawada(12), who later became prominent in the diplomatic world. As a result of their efforts an organization called the Japan Peace Society was again formed in 1906. At first its leadership was prevailingly Christian, but later under the presidency of Count (later Marquis) Okuma, its scope and influence became broader. Anti-Japanese agitation on the Pacific coast made their work difficult, and after a quarter of a century of effective service, war, this time in Manchuria (1931), again nipped the promising bud. The two Christian organizations,--World Alliance for International Friendship through the Churches and the Fellowship of Reconciliation were hardier plants, with which Japanese Friends continued to cooperate. Seiju Hirakawa served as secretary of the latter for a long period of years.

The Yearly Meeting had from the beginning a Peace Committee and it was by its recommendation that representatives were appointed to the London All Friends Conference of 1920. They brought back a report that very much stirred up enthusiasm for peace in the Yearly Meeting, when it was made at its 1921 sessions. A minute was adopted, giving expression to their renewed sense of loyalty to the cause. In 1924 when feeling was very strong about the Immigration Law which the American government had enacted the Yearly Meeting Peace Committee issued a declaration, challenging the attention of the Home and Foreign Ministers of the government. Again in 1931 after the beginning of the Manchurian Incident, Friends cooperated with other Christian sects of peace principles, in the following declaration to the Prime Minister and other members of the Cabinet: "We deeply deplore the international strife with our neighbor, China. Desirous of attaining lasting peace, based on the broad way of love for humanity, not only between our two countries, but among all the nations of the world, we confidently look to you for efforts to that end."

On several occasions Peace Retreats were planned by the Standing Committee of the Yearly Meeting, when for two or three days, those especially interested, would withdraw to some place where they could be uninterrupted, and there discuss quietly the implications of peace and war. It was mental and spiritual gymnastics such as this that helped to produce the internationalism of such men as Seiju Hirakawa and Yasukuni Suzuki, head resident of the young men's dormitory in Tokyo. Opportunities for its expression come to them often in personal relations with Chinese and Korean students in the capital; in service rendered to European Jews who drifted to Japan without any economical support for the present, or hope for the future; and in propagating the spirit of internationalism among the students of the universities in Tokyo. A trip to Shanghai after 1932 helped Suzuki-san further to realize the true results of war and an imperialistic policy.

Friendly personal relationships between the nationals of the two countries may be of more significance than any number of declarations made by organizations. One example was the visit of S.H. Fong of West China Yearly Meeting, to Japan. He was on his way home after a year or two spent in England, and was urged to see Japan. He was very much averse to doing so, having received most unfavorable impressions of Japanese character. With the feeling of taking his life in his hands, he finally introduced himself to Japanese Friends. Some of their leading spirits spent two or three days with him in intimate and frank exchange of views, and in worship together, in a quiet hotel on the seashore of Ibaraki Province. He was entirely disarmed in the course of it, and the whole group entered into deep fellowship together. One Friend remarked that to see Mr. Fong wearing a Japanese kimono about the hotel, had given her quite a new feeling for China, and before he left, he bought Japanese trinkets to take home to his family, although he had previously advocated the boycott against Japanese goods. Later his home in Chengtu was destroyed in a Japanese air-raid. When the news of it came to Hijirizaka Meeting, a collection was made, and a gift of money was sent through safe hands, as a mark of penitential brotherhood.

Other visits back and forth have been made in the interests of mutual understanding. Gilbert Bowles, Mansaku.Nakamura and Seiju Hirakawa were such emissaries, at one time going as far as West China. Letters of Christian good will were exchanged between the two Yearly Meetings, even after feelings in both countries were running high.

One very good place to see the peace movement in Japan in its practical workings was at the Bowles' dinner table, at which Minnie P. Bowles presided with her inexhaustible spirit of hospitality. Gilbert Bowles at the other end of the table, would be directing the conversation into channels that made all the guests assembled there from many quarters, feel at home and enlightened.

Westerners often ask about the conscientious objector movement in Japan. If there is such a movement, it is not allowed to become public. It will not become a widespread movement, I think, because Japanese ways of thinking are different from those of the West in so many respects. In the first place they have been taught in the feudal days of the past, as well as in imperialistic times in the present, the duty of absolute obedience on the part of the subject to his overlord. Because the whole is, more important than any of its parts, there is nothing to do but to sacrifice the individual judgment, even at such times as it repudiates the demands made on it by that whole. In such cases they feel that this is not sin for them, because it has been taken out of their hands and is therefore no longer their moral responsibility.

Then again the family organization is so much stronger with them than with Anglo-Saxon people. A family conclave, including parents and uncles, is held to determine the young man's future steps in life. Of course he has a chance to express his own desires, but he certainly does not have the freedom to choose his own way that the young men of the West have. Besides, the consequences of his deeds come back not only to himself, but to his whole family. The conscientious objector stand comes out of a more individualistic society than obtains in Japan, I believe.

Quaker Strains from Other Sources
Lest it be thought that Japanese Quakerism is one of which the Philadelphia Mission was the sole purveyor, an account should be given without more delay, of the many contributions that have been made from other sources, and which have helped to preserve its cosmopolitan quality.

From the very beginning there was Dr. Whitney whose name has already been mentioned. He was the first American student at the medical school of the Tokyo University, and after he had taken his degree, he founded a hospital in Akasaka Ward of Tokyo, neighboring Shiba. That was in 1886. Dr. Henry Hartshorne was another who came to Japan on a professional medical errand, but who gave concerned counsel to the little group of Friends in its beginning days. His daughter, Anna C. Hartshorne, remained its friend through her long years of educational service in Tokyo. Meanwhile George Braithwaite had come from England, and Dr. Whitney had married his sister, Mary, and brought her to Japan. Thus a new center of Friends was formed. A little gathering of very zealous believers grew up around the hospital. At first they did not call themselves Friends, but as time went on the need for some connection with a Christian group was felt. And gradually its members and those at Hijirizaka came to know each other. Individuals from the older group took responsibilities from time to time for the Akasaka group, and finally in 1939, after much conference on the subject, the Akasaka Meeting was recognized as a Monthly Meeting of the Japan yearly Meeting, the ninth and last to be set up. Teiko Kudo a very earnest and consecrated woman, ministers to it.

The group of English Friends was represented in the Mission Committee by the son of George and Lettice Braithwaite, G. Burnham Braithwaite, and his wife, Edith Lamb Braithwaite. Burnham's knowledge of the language, learned as a child learns it, was of great value to the work. Canadian Friends have also served on the Fission Committee, and their Board has shared in the financial as well as the spiritual support of the work.

Among the Japanese Friends are some who have had broad international experience, and who have brought back to the little Quaker group in their own country some of the air of that bigger world. Foremost among these was Dr. Inazo Nitobe, a member of Baltimore Yearly Meeting, which he joined when a student at Johns Hopkins University. His marriage to a member of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting made the tie with America stronger. Later, seven years in the Secretariat of the League of Nations, taking an active and highly valued part in the solving of world problems, confirmed his international viewpoint. At such times as he could be in Japan, he was in demand on all sides and led an almost unbelievably busy life. Friends will therefore never forget the occasions when he took time for them, attending and addressing their Yearly Meetings, conducting a conference group one winter on Sunday mornings for the members of Hijirizaka Meeting, or occasionally dropping in unannounced to their meetings for worship. His weightiness, his simplicity, his lovable qualities, left a deep impress on all he met, Portions of his view of Quakerism are appended to this account.

Then there is Iwao Ayusawa, a one-time student of Haverford College, whose years in America were followed by a long residence in Geneva, and work in connection with the International Labour Office. His Quaker home in America, together with friendship with Dr. Nitobe, and connection with the Friends' group in Geneva, were the formative influences in his Quaker faith. He joined Japan Yearly Meeting on his return, and has been a most concerned member. His work as executive secretary of the World Economic Research Institute in Tokyo, still takes him into international fields. Like so many people in the West of late, he has been especially interested in encouraging the study of post war economic organization.

Takeo Iwahashi and his wife came to us from London Yearly Meeting, joined during years of study in Edinburgh. Pendle Hill, a school near Philadelphia, has done great service for Japanese students, who have come back to their country to share the catholicity of view, and the sense of responsibility for service, acquired there. Among these are Kikue Kurama, Ryumei Yamano, Masa Uraguchi, and Tane Takahashi.



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Quakerism in Japan: 1885-1943



Quakerism in Japan: 1885-1943



Quakerism in Japan
A Brief Account of the Origins and Development
of the Religious Society of Friends

1885-1943by
Edith F. Sharpless
1944


Notes on this reproduction


Contents
Chapter I. Historical Background

Chapter II. Religious Background

Chapter III. Educational Period

Chapter IV. Quaker Service and Work for Peace

Chapter V. Church Union and After

Appendix I. A Japanese View of Quakerism

Appendix II. 50th Anniversary of Japanese Quakerism

Appendix III. Roster of Friends Foreign Mission
(1885-1941)

Foreward

Bibliography




Photographs


This document, originally scanned and edited by Tom Coyner, attendee of the Tokyo Monthly Meeting, April 1999.


Copyright Information. Originally published in 1944 by the Friends World Committee for Consultaton.

2019/04/05

THE QUAKER SHOP TURNS 50

THE QUAKER SHOP TURNS 50 

Kerry O’Regan 


The Quaker Shop is celebrating its fiftieth birthday
this year. I’ve just been reading a report written in 1982 by
Ngaire Thorp, the first Quaker Shop manager. In it she talks about the promptings which led to the shop’s establishment. This was 1967 and the Vietnam War and its human consequences were very much part of Quaker consciousness. She says, of reports from

Ngaire Thorp Vietnam:
As we listened to the letters from Quaker workers in that country … we knew that our normal methods of raising money had to change. So the Adelaide meeting resolved to find a way other than “our normal methods” to
raise money specifically for “the relief of Civilian War Victims in Vietnam”. Initially, they thought in terms of some kind of jumble sale of second-hand goods. There was a system at the time whereby various charities left donation tubs at the Adelaide Railway Station. The local Quakers gained permission to be part of this scheme and installed a collection tub of their own. They subsequently sold the donated goods at a stall they ran at a Baptist church, for three hours per week. The work involved in setting up and dismantling the stall was significant, with limited outcome in terms of money actually raised, so when Ngaire saw a To Rent sign in a shop on Kensington Road, Norwood, she jumped at the opportunity. Quaker ways are notoriously slow and ponderous, but this was an opportunity which required an immediate decision. Fortunately there was a business meeting scheduled for just about then, and at it a decision was made to go ahead and rent the property, I imagine, not without considerable misgivings and trepidation. But go ahead they did, at a rental of $10 per week. This rented property was not the current shop, but one a couple of doors down, but renting was just the beginning. Friends had to deal with the bureaucracy involved in obtaining a second hand dealer’s licence, and that took a while – finding out what needed to be done and then finding out how to do it. In the meantime, an optimistic sign was placed in the window: Opening soon – The Quaker Shop to aid civilians wounded in Vietnam

And the doors finally opened on 1st July, 1968.
It wasn’t until four years later, in 1972, that the current shop premises became available for purchase, and Adelaide Meeting managed to raise enough funds to buy the current site (including the shop and flat next door), the meeting presumably going through even more anxious discernment than they had with merely renting. But the proposal was agreed to and the purchase made. Over the fifty years there have been things that have changed and things that have
remained the same. While Adelaide Local Meeting still owns the shop premises, Regional Meeting has taken over the management of the shop and has entrusted that responsibility to the QSSANT (Quaker Service South Australia and Northern Territory) Committee who appoint the shop manager, oversee the general running of the shop, and make decisions about disbursement of funds.

These funds, of course, no longer go to the civilian wounded in Vietnam. There was a period when the shop sent clothing and books to several Aboriginal communities in Central Australia, and a large dot painting which takes pride of place in the shop is testament to the gratitude with which these donations were received, but the main recipient currently is QSA (Quaker Service Australia). 

Last year, the shop contributed $74 000 to the work of QSA. We also contribute regularly to the Australian Refugee Association, and on an ad hoc basis to the Refugee Advocacy Service of South Australia. The premises were “old” at the time of purchase in 1972 and have needed the care and
consideration associated with that fact. A major improvement was undertaken in 2015/16 with renovations and extensions undertaken under the able stewardship of the then manager Topsy Evans. These gave the place and its occupants a whole new lease of life. We are giving it another spruce-up in recognition of this fifty-year occasion. The front façade has been repainted and the large signs above the awning (which were there since 1972, and looked it) have been replaced with identical but bright shiny new ones. 

Despite the extensions, it would be impossible to fit all the fifty-year-celebration
participants into the shop itself, so the event will of necessity be, at least in part, out in the open. We thought that might not be very pleasant in July, so are planning to have the big event on 1st October, the Monday of the long weekend, when the weather should be much more conducive to outdoor activity. I had been working as a volunteer at the shop for seven years before I took over as
manager at the beginning of last year, but had no idea of the complexity of the operation before I assumed responsibility for managing it (which is maybe just as well). There are currently fifty-five volunteers on our books and they do so much more than sell stuff in the shop. Which brings me to a little commercial. People have a life outside the shop and are sometimes not available for their regular three-hour shifts. I do have a few people who fill in occasionally, but could really do with several more. (The more there are, the less any one individual is called upon). Of course, people who would like to volunteer on a regular basis are most welcome as well, but if your time and energy are limited… 

To quote again from Ngaire’s article:

One has really to work at the Quaker Shop to realise for oneself its vitality. 

Come check it out.

THE BACKHOUSE LECTURE BY CHO-NYON KIM

THE BACKHOUSE LECTURE BY CHO-NYON KIM

The Backhouse Lecture ‘An Encounter between Quaker Mysticism and Taoism in Everyday Life’ was delivered by Cho-Nyon Kim, professor of Sociology and of Daejon Meeting in South Korea. Cho-Nyon Kim explores his spiritual journey in the Korean religious environment, in which Confucianism, Buddhism. Taoism and Christianity have all influenced cultural practice and been integrated into daily life. He asks how we can live a simple life in a complex world. He focuses on how we can create a peaceful society in the face of nationalism and self-centredness. 

Quakerism has similarities to Taoism in its mysticism and its sense of waiting in a meditative way. He concludes that he must “lead my life in the manner of those who always seek truth with an open mind”. 

Cho-Nyon Kim visited Adelaide on July 16th. He was on his own as his wife did not come to Australia. Harald Ehmann was able to take him to all the places of interest with regard to The First Nations People during day, and translated into English from German with which language Kim was more confident. 

Olga Farnill writes: on Mon, 16th July, 2018, fifteen Friends met at the home of Inga and Michael Tolley, to hear South Korean Professor Cho Nyon Kim, who teaches Sociology at the University of Tae-Jeon. He is one of a very small number of Quakers in Korea. 

They follow their weekly meetings with an hour of study of topics such as Taoism, Quakerism, Eastern classics, and the Bible. There are 10 million Christians in South Korea, out of a total population of 45 million. Buddhists form a larger group. Cho Nyon explained that political tensions between the Left and Right have been entrenched even within S Korea, since World War Two. The boundary between North and South was drawn by Russia and the US, who both had agents operating throughout Korea to convert people to their side. Tensions remain in the South as many have kept a leftist allegiance, although the Communist Party is banned in South Korea. This has caused divisions within communities and families, which obstructs the peace process between North and South. 

President Mun has made continuing attempts to prevent war, including meeting with President Kim. South Koreans want a peace treaty, but are sceptical of the very slow process. People in either country still cannot communicate with friends in the other. The Quakers of South Korea are contributing to the peace process by planning strategy with Buddhists and other supporters. A meeting in September, 2017, decided on a pilgrimage to two major areas of strongest conflict, inviting discussion between Left and Right-wing sympathisers. This began on March 1st, 2018 (a day commemorating the 1919 movement for Independence from Japan. The pilgrimage covered the cities of Seoul, Tsung-Nam and Tae-Jeon. These peace -making efforts have received good publicity, and will be repeated in other areas in September, 2018. Then, next year, the group will share its experiences and publish a Peace Statement.

SILVER WATTLE QUAKER RETREAT

SILVER WATTLE QUAKER RETREAT
Upcoming Courses Please let all your friends (not just Quakers) know about these upcoming courses. 


  • Toward a Good Relationship with Earth (Rowe Morrow, 20-23 Sept) 
  • Quakers and Concerns (Sue Ennis & Catherine Heywood, 4-7 Oct) 
  • Art, Nature, & Spirit (Brenda Roy & others, 19-25 Oct) 
  • Indigenous Spirituality (David Carline & others, 2-4 Nov) 
  • Year-End Retreat (David & Trish Johnson, 28 Dec - 3 Jan) 


More details on the Silver Wattle website


WHY BECOME A FIR AT SILVER WATTLE?

 Why indeed? Well, let me try to answer your question. FIR stands for Friend in Residence. When you come to us as a FIR, you are invited to join in, what we call, our Rhythm of the Day. It is based on the ancient monastic traditions of both East and West. They, in turn, are linked to the rhythms of the Cosmos. This is perhaps our best kept secret. The Rhythm of the Day is a structured balanced lifestyle designed to nurture the Contemplative in you. And we regard this as the most important gift we can offer you during your stay with us. 

Why? Because when we act out of a contemplative perspective, we are more likely to respond to the promptings of the Spirit. This is called being a ‘contemplative in action’. For most of us, it doesn’t come naturally. It is the work of a lifetime. After all, it is God’s kingdom on Earth we are called to build, not our ego’s. How then does this Rhythm of the Day work? It consists of three elements. 

Firstly, there is the experience of living in community. This concerns our relationships with one another. It might appeal particularly to those who live alone, in an isolated location or in an impersonal suburb that fosters our need for companionship. 

Then there is our prayer life which nurtures our relationship with the Divine. It reminds us that we have been created and sustained by a loving Creator. 

Finally, there is the service you provide that helps to maintain Silver Wattle as a viable and vibrant Retreat Centre, available to both Quakers and others, who choose to avail of its opportunities and resources.

SPEAKING OF GOD Kerry O’Regan 1808

SPEAKING OF GOD 
Kerry O’Regan

 It was that Guardian article about God language and Britain Yearly Meeting that prompted me to think more deeply about my own position – in particular the statement in the article that some Friends were “offended” by such language. I thought no, that’s not it for me. I’m not offended by talk of God. Not re-traumatised by childhood or later tales of a vengeful and demanding God. No. It’s more a puzzlement. A non-comprehension. You know how George Fox said “and this I knew experimentally”? Well, I must confess I have
no “experimental” knowledge of God. I have had no experience, no encounter, that I can attach the label “God” to. I am like someone who has never experienced chocolate. They can hear others speak of chocolate – hear them describe its appearance, texture, smell, taste. They can accept the reality of that experience for another person, but ultimately, for them, the word has no real, experiential meaning. So it is for me and God. I hear people use God language and I think What? Nor does it help to use soft synonyms like Spirit or The Divine. It’s like saying to our non-chocolate person: What if we use other words for chocolate? That might help. It doesn’t. 

So what am I doing here among Quakers? Someone pretty much summed it up recently (at least from the belief perspective; there are other aspects). “Other religious groups tell you what to believe; Quakers ask you what you believe.” 

Experientially, I also relate to what the novelist AS Byatt says of her experience of Quakers: "Their religion is wonderful – you simply sat in silence and listened to the nature of things". I really value sitting in silence and listening to the nature of things. And then there’s the testimonies of course, and a sense of these are my people.

I do experience what Capital A Atheists, like Richard Dawkins, (and, ironically, the Lutheran theologian Rudolf Otto who actually invented the term) call the Numinous – a generalised sense of awe and reverence. But I have no sense of an I-Thou encounter with an Other. No sense of Spirit. No sense of being led or guided. When I was a child, I was told that that sense was all about God. I believed that. But only because that was what I was told; I had no other basis for such a belief. I’m totally accepting of others’ God experiences. In fact, I quite envy them. I would love to have a connection with an all-loving Spirit who would guide my path with infinite wisdom. I even have my Samuel Here I am response all ready. But so far, nothing from the chocolate corner. So that’s why I struggle, even among Quakers, with talk of God and The Will of God and Spirit
and so on. I just hear chocolate, chocolate, chocolate, and I think Huh? I did stop coming at one stage. For a few years, in fact. 

My sense of puzzlement (What are they talking about?) became too great, and I stayed away. I didn’t resign my membership, however. I retained my identity as “Quaker”. (And that raises the whole issue of what it means to be a Quaker – but that’s another story.) I’ve been back for quite a while now, though sometimes rather uneasily, with all the talk of God (or was that “chocolate”?) that swirls around me. I’ll wear it as long as I canst.  


REZA ASLAN. GOD. A HUMAN HISTORY. Reviewed by Reg Naulty.

REZA ASLAN. GOD. A HUMAN HISTORY. Reviewed by Reg Naulty.

Bantam Press. London. 2017. P. 298. $35. isbn. 9780593079836 [tpb] 

Here, according to Aslan, is the beginning of the religious impulse "It is the result of ... our ingrained, intuitive, and wholly experiential belief that
we are, whatever else we are, embodied souls. Our quest in the following chapters is neither to prove nor disprove the existence of the soul [there is no proof either way]. Rather it is to demonstrate how this universal belief in the existence of the soul led to the concept of an active, engaged, divine presence that underlies all of creation."[p. 47]
Somewhat surprisingly, numerous studies on the cognition of children have shown an instinctual propensity for "substance dualism" - the belief that the body and mind/soul are distinct in form and nature. One scientist, Paul Bloom, has argued that it is a natural by product of our possession of two distinct cognitive systems - one for dealing with material objects, the other for social entities [p.278] 

Aslan argues, persuasively, that humanity projected the soul onto nature, investing trees, winds, clouds and storms etc with spirits - hence animism, and religion was launched. 

Aslan started life as a Muslim, became a Christian, then a Muslim again. He is a Sufi, and an unorthodox one at that. He is a pantheist. He is quick to point out that some of the most influential Sufis were pantheists, as indeed they were, eg., Jalal ad - Din Rumi [d. 1273] and Ibn Arabi [d.1240] The thesis, championed by Feuerbach, that religion is a projection of human qualities on to external beings or being, is pursued so much in the book, that Aslan`s presentation and defence of pantheism towards the end is unexpected. 

He explains how pantheism arose in Islam:
"The issue is fairly straightforward: if God is indivisible, and God is Creator,
how could there be any division between Creator and Creation? Are they not necessarily the same? [p.158]"

To which the ready reply is "No. God creates a world distinct from himself. " Aslan`s re-phrasing provides no advance: "The only way to accept the proposition of a singular, eternal and indivisible God was to obliterate any distinction between Creator and Creation." The final sentence of the book is "You are God." 

Well, if the Pope and Richard Dawkins are also God, there are contradictions in God. Aslan writes "I pray to God not to ask for things but to become one with God." If he is God, there is no need to do that. 

Aslan`s final difficulties with pantheism do not negate the book as a whole. His account of the development of the idea of God from pre-historic times to Judaism is masterful. He turns up all kinds of interesting things. For example, the Sumerians, in, roughly, Iraq, around 50000 BC, drained marshes, built canals and irrigation systems, and invented the wheel and the sailboat. Sometime in the 4th century BC, they invented writing. One of their stories, about a great flood, is remarkably like the biblical story, which was written much later. The first monotheist in recorded history was Akhenaten, a young pharaoh from the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom in Egypt, about 1353BC. He was followed, about 200 years later by Zarathustra in Persia, who called God Ahura Mazda, which means Wise Lord, although He had no name and was known through six "evocations" which God had brought forth from his own being: wisdom, truth, power, love, unity and immortality. 

Ahura Mazda made the heavens and earth, the night and the day, separated light from darkness, and determined the path of the sun and stars. Then there is, in Hinduism, the God Shiva, who made its way up from being a minor God in the Hindu pantheon, through the ranks of the superior Gods, absorbing their attributes on the way, until, at the top at last, Shiva became creator and destroyer, healer and afflicter, ascetic and hedonist, the god of storms, and the lord of the dance. The origins of Judaism and Christianity are done well. It is important to note that Muhammad`s God is the God of Judaism. He made no bones about it. When he first received his revelations [the Koran] he told his followers that if they doubted his words, the people of the book would corroborate them. 

At a different place in the Koran, it is written of the Jews "of your prophet they have made a jest and a pastime." What an endless tragedy that turned out to be. Aslan tells the story very well. Even someone who has read a lot about religion will enjoy and profit from this book. 

• Reg Naulty is a member of Canberra Regional Meeting and a former senior lecturer in philosophy and religion at Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga.

2019/04/03

How Kim Jong Il Starved North Korea - The Atlantic

How Kim Jong Il Starved North Korea - The Atlantic





How Kim Jong Il Starved North Korea
JORDAN WEISSMANNDEC 20, 2011


What kind of disastrous economic policy results in the death by starvation of up to 3 million people in a nation with the population of Texas?


Reuters

When North Korean dictator Kim Jong Il died of a coronary this weekend after 17 years in power, the homuncular tyrant left his country much as he found it -- poor and desperately hungry.



For the last two decades, North Korea has grappled with food crisis upon food crisis, the result of a dysfunctional government and its erratic leader. In 1994, the year Kim inherited North Korea's reins from his late father, the country was in the midst of a severe agricultural decline. The newly minted despot transformed it into a famine that would claim as many as three million lives. Food shortages have plagued the country ever since.


It begs the question: How did one man starve a nation of roughly 23 million people? The answer: By clinging to a broken economic system designed to do little but ensure his own survival.

Agriculture has always been a dicey proposition in North Korea, where the cold, mountainous terrain is short on high-quality farmland. A normal economy could cope by importing food. But during the 1980s, the North Korean government embarked on a policy of radical self-sufficiency known as juche. Farmers were expected to overcome mother nature and grow enough crops to feed the entire population. To do it, they relied on heaps of chemical fertilizer. But that crutch was yanked away in 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed.






The demise of the USSR threw North Korea's entire economy into chaos, and agriculture was among its most important casualties. Without imports of cheap fuel (self-sufficiency had its limits), the country's industrial base fractured, and production of fertilizer dwindled. Farm yields plummeted, and the government started a campaign urging citizens to consume less. Its cheery slogan: "Let's eat only two meals a day."



It was against this background that the Kim Jong Il took power. The country was at a crossroads, says Marcus Noland, a leading expert on North Korea at the Peterson Institute for International Economics. With the USSR gone, the prospects for a small, isolated, neo-Stalinist regime looked rather grim. The government could have opened up its economy, much like Vietnam did with great success. Instead, North Korea chose to stay frozen in time.

"The mystery is why the North Koreans did not understand the historical magnitude of the change around them," Noland says.

One Cold War relic in desperate need of reform was the country's food distribution system. Crops such as rice and corn were raised on collectivist farms, then doled out by the state. The process served a political purpose by funneling cheap food to the country's outsized military, as well as citizens in the capital of Pyongyang, which together made up the base of Kim's power. But it was also ready to collapse.


AFTER THE COLD WAR, THE FARMER WAR


In 1995, when the globe first learned about the North Korean famine, massive floods decimated as much as 15% of North Korea's farmable land. Local officials began hoarding food they were charged with distributing. And a fuel shortage made it impossible to move crops around the country. The government appealed to the United Nations World Food Program for humanitarian aid, blaming the floods for the disaster. Yet even as he sought help from abroad, Kim deepened the crisis at home by stumbling into a war with his country's farmers.



Without enough food to go around, the North Korean regime had turned to triage. Pyongyang and the military had to eat, so the government cut rations for farmers instead, slashing the portion of their harvest they could keep to feed their own families. Predictably, there were severe consequences. Faced with the unappealing prospect of going hungry, farmers began hiding their grain. In 1996, the World Food Program found that half the country's corn crop had gone missing. Reports spread of farmers' roofs collapsing under the weight of stashed food. Soldiers were sent to guard the fields at harvest time, but as a United States Institute for Peace report noted, they were easily bribed. After all, the soldiers were hungry, too.

From there, the situation only degenerated. Despite the international community's wariness toward the Kim regime, food aid did begin to flow. But much of it was stolen by well-connected elites, who re-sold the aid at marked-up prices. Farmers started doing the same thing with their own crops. As a result, food prices soared, and the poorest continued to starve.






Farmers stole their own crops. Elites stole the aid. Impoverished Koreans starved. Because the country's statistics are so unreliable, nobody knows the exact number of casualties caused by the famine. But common estimates peg the number of deaths between one million to three million.


THE GHOSTS OF 1994


The great famine finally began to subside in 1998. There were better harvests. The world continued delivering food aid. And North Koreans adjusted to the new private food markets. But history had a habit of repeating itself under Kim. The government set in motion a second, albeit milder, food crisis when it outlawed the private sale of grain in 2005, forcing the country to rely once again on the public food system. The situation worsened once foreign governments cut off aid following the military's first nuclear test.

Then just in October, Reuters published a report on the growing fears about yet another food shortage.

"The country's dysfunctional food-distribution system, rising global commodities prices and sanctions imposed over Pyongyang's nuclear and missile programs had contributed to what appears to be a hunger crisis in the North, even before devastating summer floods and typhoons compounded the emergency," the wire reported.



There are skeptics who believe that Pyongyang is exaggerating its food problems. The country is known to hold grain for its military, even as rural peasants starve, and according to Reuters, South Korean officials believe it may be stockpiling supplies in preparation of a new nuclear test.

And yet, the echoes of 1994 are haunting. Like his father before him, Kim Jong Il has left the country in the hands of a politically inexperienced son, who has yet to consolidate his own power. Once again, the transition has happened at a moment when the government may not be able to feed its own people. Hopefully, the parallels end there.

>

We want to hear what you think about this article. Submit a letter to the editor or write to letters@theatlantic.com.




JORDAN WEISSMANN is a former senior associate editor at The Atlantic.
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Ben Habib @ IPC India 2017: Permaculture as an International Social Move...

Ben Habib's discussant remarks at the Living Politics Conference + Q&A

2019/03/30

성경에서는 돼지고기 먹지 말라는데...:크리스찬 투데이





성경에서는 돼지고기 먹지 말라는데...:크리스찬 투데이







성경에서는 돼지고기 먹지 말라는데...
삼겹살 좋아하는 한국인, 그것도 크리스천인데 ‘먹어?’ ‘말어?’


황인상 기자







기사입력: 2019/02/02 [02:55] 최종편집:










▲ 성경에서 먹지 말라고 했던 돼지. ‘금기’를 통해 이루고자 했던 것들을 지금 시대와 살펴볼 필요가 있다, © 크리스찬투데이


신년을 맞아 교회 멤버들이 모이는 저녁 식사 자리에 나간 A 집사. 모처럼 고깃집에서 만나 서로의 안부를 묻고 새해 인사를 나누었다. 그런데 메뉴를 시키는 중에 멤버 중 하나가 “황금돼지해니까 돼지고기를 시키자”고 했고 대부분 그 의견에 동의했다. 그러나 B 집사가 “성경에서 돼지고기를 먹지 말라고 했는데 무슨 돼지고기”라고 반대를 걸었다. 처음에 웃자고 하는 이야기로 받아들여졌지만 이내 성경 논란으로 이어졌다. “돼지고기를 먹지 말라고 했다”는 것과 “그런 건 잘 해석해야 한다.”는 입장. 기쁘게 만난 자리는 서로 얼굴을 붉히며 헤어지게 됐다. 그런데 성경에서 정말 돼지를 어떻게 보고 있는 것일까?


사실 이 부분에 대한 것은 이스라엘 민족의 역사와 관련이 깊다. 유대인들이 떠돌던 팔레스타인 지역은 유목에 어울리는 환경을 지녔다. 차갑게 저장하지 않으면 이내 상하는 돼지고기와 같은 것은 그들에게 어울리지 않는 음식이었다. 이스라엘 민족이 돼지고기를 알게 된 것은 이방인을 통해서라고 보고 있다. 이스라엘 민족에게 이방인이란 어떤 존재일까? 그들은 바빌론의 포로 생활을 하면서 이방인의 문화와 생활을 받아들이는 것이 아닌 벗어나기 위한 노력을 많이 했다. 따라서 이스라엘 민족에게 돼지는 어쩌면 이방인의 음식이자, 그들을 상징하는 문화 자체로 비쳤을지 모른다.


이스라엘 민족들이 돼지에 가진 거리낌은 성경을 통해서도 나타난다. 그중에서 돼지와 관련 가장 많이 언급되는 말씀은 <레위기> 11장 말씀이다. 7절과 8절은 “돼지는 굽이 갈라지고 그 틈이 벌어져 있지만, 새김질을 하지 않으므로 너희에게 부정한 것이다. 너희는 이런 짐승의 고기를 먹어서도 안 되고, 그 주검에 몸이 닿아서도 안 된다”라고 한다. 아마 지금을 사는 크리스천 돼지고기 마니아들이 들으면 무서운 표현이다.





유목 생활을 했던 이스라엘 민족에게 돼지는 키우기 쉬운 가축이 아니었다. © 크리스찬투데이



성경적으로 이것을 풀어내려는 이들은 사실 명확한 답을 주지 못하고 있는 것 같다. 다만 당시 시대상을 반영해 당시 이스라엘 민족들에게 있어서 돼지라는 것이 위생 또는 유대감 형성에 큰 영향을 미치지 못하는 동물이라는 것에는 대체로 같은 의견을 모은다.
특히 성경에서 언급한 ‘굽이 갈라지고 틈이 있으나 새김질하지 않으므로 부정한 것이다’라는 표현을 주목할 필요가 있다. 레위기에서 말한 굽이 갈라진 동물로 소, 양, 염소를 생각할 수 있다. 이들과 돼지의 차이점은 바로 ‘새김질’이다. 이것을 하고 안하고가 당시 이스라엘 민족들에게 정말 중요한 것이었을까?


이것의 진위는 유대인 음식에만 붙는다는 코셔(Kosher) 인증을 살펴보면 확인할 수 있다. 지금도 뉴욕이나 LA 대도시에 자리한 코셔 인증 식품점에서는 돼지를 팔지 않는다. 역시 같은 이유인데, 돼지는 되새김질하지 않는 동물이라는 것이다. 이 같은 행위를 하는 동물인 소, 양, 염소의 공통점은 사람이 직접 먹기 힘든 마른 풀, 강한 섬유질 등을 몇 번이고 되새김질을 해 소화해낸다. 다만 돼지는 비교적 섬유소가 적은 먹이를 먹어야 하므로 기르는데 큰 비용과 노력이 든다. 물론 현대 사회에서 되새김질에 따른 기르는 비용 때문에 가축을 거르는 일은 거의 없을 것이다. 각 동물에 맞춘 사료 등이 보편화했기 때문. 그러나 사람도 먹을 것이 없는 시대에 풀도 먹지 못하는 돼지와 같은 동물은 꼭 성경에서 금하고 있지 않다고 하더라도 그렇게 반가운 가축은 아닐 것이다.






▲ 유대인들의 음식에 붙는 코셔 인증은 지금도 돼지고기에는 붙지 않는다. © 크리스찬투데이

비슷한 이유로 물고기 역시 비늘과 지느러미가 있어야 코셔 인증을 받는다. 물고기 중에 비늘이 없는 종류는 상어나 고래와 같은 것을 떠올려 볼 수 있다. 오징어와 문어와 같은 것들은 비늘과 지느러미도 없다. 그래서 이들 물고기는 코셔가 아니다. 이 내용도 잘 살펴보면 당시 중동 지방에서는 구경하기가 불가능한 어종들이다. 만약 상어나 고래 고기를 볼 수 있다면 그것은 바다 건너 이방에서 온 사람들이나 먹을 수 있는 것들이 아니었을까?


‘돼지’여서 먹지 말라는 것은 그 안에 담긴 ‘금기’ 함으로 얻을 수 있는 것들에 대해 먼저 생각해봐야 할 것 같다. 당시에 누군가 돼지 사육에 성공해 시장에서 독점권을 갖게 된다면? 혹은 오징어, 문어와 같은 어종을 수입해서 한 몫 단단히 챙길 수 있었다면? 혹은 ‘유대인이라면 돼지고기를 먹지 않는다’라는 결속 감이 없었다면? 되새김하는 동물을 보면서 하나님의 말씀을 되새겨보는 의미를 더하지 못한다면? 이 모든 가정이 사실도 됐다면 아마 유대인의 뿌리는 지금 찾기 어려울지도 모른다.

지금 시대에 돼지 사육은 그렇게 비위생적이지도 않다. 지역에 따라 차이는 있겠지만 지금 당장 사람 먹을 것도 없어 돼지를 기르는 것이 사치인 시대도 아니다. 당신이 만약 ‘유대인은 돼지고기를 먹지 않는다’라는 결속 감을 지켜야 하는 경우가 아니라면 ‘돼지’를 금기시해서 얻을 수 있는 가치가 반영되는 사회가 아니라고 생각할 수 있다. 성경에 말씀 따라 먹고 안 먹고는 사실 어떤 것이 답이라고는 할 수 없다. 다만 이 글을 보는 당신이 신약을 거부하는 유대교인이 아니고 개신교를 믿고 삼겹살을 좋아하는 한국인이라면 생각의 폭을 넓혀 볼 수는 있지 않을까 싶다.

'십일조와 삼겹살' - NEWS M





'십일조와 삼겹살' - NEWS M







'십일조와 삼겹살'



정용섭

승인 2010.04.20 12:08



<뉴스 M 아카이브>는 나누고 싶은 과거 기사 ‘다시보기’ 코너입니다.





정용섭 목사의 신학 단상(4) 헌금과 십일조



난센스 퀴즈를 하나 내자. 삼겹살과 십일조의 공통점은? 둘 다 구약성서에 등장한다는 것이다. 다른 점은? 삼겹살은 성서가 금지하는 것으로, 십일조는 권장하는 것으로 진술하고 있다는 것이다.



이젠 진짜 퀴즈다. 왜 성서는 삼겹살을 먹지 말라고 가르칠까? 왜 성서는 십일조를 드리라고 명령할까? 삼겹살은 갈라진 발을 갖고 있지만 되새김질을 하지 않는 돼지고기이기 때문이며, 십일조는 하나님의 축복을 받을 수 있는 길이기 때문이다.



이젠 신학적인 질문이다. 돼지고기를 먹지 말라는 율법이 의미하는 것은 무엇일까? 십일조의 근본 의미는 무엇일까? 돼지같이 지방질이 많은 동물의 고기는 근동 지방의 기후 조건이나 위생 조건에서 한 민족을 생존의 위기 상태로 몰아넣을 수 있을 만큼 위험했기 때문에, 즉 이스라엘 민족의 생존 차원에서 먹을거리에서 제외되었으며, 십일조는 종교와 정치가 하나였던 고대 이스라엘의 세금이면서 동시에 빈민을 구제하기 위한 사회 안전 기금의 역할을 했다.



신중하게 대답해야 할 질문. 왜 구약성서가 금지하고 있는 삼겹살을 먹는 것에 대해서는 책망하지 않으면서, 구약성서가 권장하고 있는 십일조를 하지 않는 것에 대해서는 책망할까?



어떤 분들은 삼겹살과 십일조를 같은 등급으로 질문하는 것 자체를 매우 불경하게 생각할지 모르겠지만 어떤 점에서는 십일조보다 삼겹살 문제가 우리에게 훨씬 본질적인 것이다. 왜냐하면 십일조는 자기의 형편에 따라서 드릴 수도 있고 아닐 수도 있는, 많이 드릴 수도 있고, 적게 드릴 수도 있는 상대적인 제도에 불과하지만 삼겹살은 우리의 생명을 유지하는 데 절대적으로 필요한 먹을거리이기 때문이다.



그리고 기독교인으로서 무얼, 어떻게 먹고 사는가 하는 문제는 고대 유대인들의 정결의식에 따른 먹을거리의 구분만이 아니라 예수님이 가르치신 하나님나라 표상이 기본적으로 밥상 공동체라는 점에서도 역시 먹는 문제가 중요하기 때문이다.



그건 그렇다 치고, 오늘 우리는 진지한 태도로 질문해 보자. 구약성서가 금지한 삼겹살을 먹으면서도, 심지어는 당회 모임을 마친 후 단체로 개고기를 먹으러 가는 경건한 목사, 장로님들이 많은 정도이지만, 우리가 아무런 양심의 가책을 느끼지 않는 이유는 무엇일까?



구약성서의 가르침은 이미 실효성이 떨어졌기 때문인가? 좀 더 그럴듯한 대답으로, 예수 그리스도의 십자가 사건으로 율법이 아니라 복음의 세계가 열렸기 때문일까? 사도행전에 따르면 초기 기독교는 이방인 그리스도인들에게 네 가지 규정만 제외하고 모든 율법에서 자유롭게 했다. 그게 대답인가?



그렇다면 십일조로부터도 역시 자유로운 게 아닐까? 돼지고기는 레위기에 기록되어 있지만 십일조는 말라기에 기록되어 있기 때문에 오늘 우리가 다르게 해석해야 할까? 또는 우리가 율법으로부터 자유롭다는 말은 그것의 문자로부터 자유롭다기보다는 그것의 의미로부터 자유롭다는 뜻이기 때문에 돼지고기와 십일조는 구분해서 생각해야 한다고 말할 수 있을까?



이런 문제에 대답을 찾으려면 훨씬 많은 논의가 필요하다. 구약성서가 진술하고 있는 돼지고기와 십일조 전승의 지평을 충분히 파악해야 하며, 특히 율법과 복음의 관계에 대한 신학적 논의가 필요하다. 그런 것만이 아니라 돼지고기는 생명의 문제이기 때문에 창조론에 대해서, 그리고 십일조는 예배의 문제이기 때문에 예배학에 대해서 더 많은 논의가 필요하다.



그런 논의를 생략한 채 일단 필자의 견해를 밝히면 다음과 같다. 돼지고기와 십일조 문제를 굳이 구분해야 할 당위는 아무 데도 없다. 만약 구약성서의 가르침을 정확하게 지키려면 십일조를 드릴 뿐만 아니라 제7일 안식교인들처럼 토요일에 예배를 드리고 돼지고기를 먹지 말아야만 한다.



그러나 우리는 구약성서에 있는 고대 유대인들의 생활풍습이나 세계관을 있는 그대로 문자의 차원에서 추종하는 것보다 그런 형식 안에 담겨 있는 하나님의 계시를 발견하는 게 중요하다고 생각한다. 이런 점에서 우리는 돼지고기의 금지 명령을 문자대로 지키거나 아니면 우리의 필요에 따라서 무조건 먹고 즐기는 게 아니라 먹을거리에 관한 전반적인 인식을 하나님의 생명 사건에 근거해서 새롭게 심화시켜 나가야만 한다.



따라서 채식주의가 우리 시대에 필요한 것이라면 용감하게 그걸 선택해야 할 것이다. 십일조 문제도 역시 우리는 그것을 문자의 차원에서 무조건 지키거나 무조건 폐기 처분한다기보다는 생명의 공급자인 하나님과 그 하나님께 의존해서 살아야 할 인간의 관계에서, 더 나아가서 더불어서 살아가야 할 인간 사회의 평화와 질서라는 차원에서 새롭게 심화시켜 나가야 한다.



과연 오늘의 한국 교회 안에서 먹을거리를 중심으로 한 생태학적 담론이 치열하게 전개되는지, 아니면 자본과 생산과 소비의 악순환을 그대로 답습하고 있는지 되돌아보아야 하며, 물질과 부와 소유 문제를 하나님과의 관계, 더 나아가 이웃과의 관계에서 평화신학적 담론으로 끌어올리고 있는지, 아니면 교회 조직을 활성화하기 위한 도그마로 사용되거나 주술적 도구로 사용되고 있는 건 아닌지 반성해야 한다.



정용섭 목사 / 샘터교회 담임·대구성서아카데미 원장



* 대구성서아카데미에 실린 글을 필자의 허락을 받고 연재합니다.

2019/03/26

종교포럼 1회 - 한국불교의 '깨달음 지상주의' : 조성택 철학자

[펌] 화쟁, 평화롭게 싸우기 / 조성택 | Homo Dialogus



[펌] 화쟁, 평화롭게 싸우기 / 조성택 | Homo Dialogus




[펌] 화쟁, 평화롭게 싸우기 / 조성택



조성택 대표
‘화쟁’은 한국사회에서 분쟁과 갈등 상황을 해결하려고 할 때 자주 등장하는 용어다. 그런데 이 화쟁의 의미를 잘못 알고 있는 경우가 많다. 화쟁은 갈등과 다툼이 없는 평화를 의미하는 것이 아니다. 화쟁은 평화롭게 싸우는 법이다.
잘 알려진 대로 화쟁은 원효(617-686) 고유의 용어다. 원효는 화쟁론을 통해 서로 다른 주장들이 결코 모순되거나 상충되는 것이 아니라는 점을 강조하고 있다. 이 점은 원효가 들고 있는 장님 코끼리 만지기의 예화에서 잘 드러난다. 코끼리 전모를 다 볼 수 없는 장님들은 각자가 만지고 있는 부분이 코끼리의 모습이라고 주장한다. 어떤 이는 코끼리가 “벽과 같다”고 하며 또 다른 이는 “기둥과 같다”고 한다. 그야말로 ‘백가의 쟁론’이지만 각각의 장님들은 자신의 주장이 옳다는 것을 확신하고 있다. 자신의 손으로 코끼리를 만진 직접경험의 결과이기 때문이다. 이러한 상황을 두고 원효는 자신 또한 장님의 한 사람이라는 점을 전제하면서 “모두 옳다”(개시, 皆是)고 한다. 왜냐하면 각각의 주장이 모두 코끼리가 아닌 다른 것을 언급하고 있는 것은 아니기 때문이다. 그러나 원효는 또한 “모두 틀렸다”(개비, 皆非)고 한다. 어느 한 주장도 코끼리의 전모를 묘사하고 있는 것은 아니기 때문이다. 이 비유에서 중요한 것은 “모두”(皆)라고 하는 동시적 상황이다. ‘나의 옮음’이 ‘저들의 틀림’을 증명하는 것도 아니고 저들이 옳다고 해서 반드시 내가 틀린 것은 아니라는 것이다. 다만 나의 옳음과 저들의 옳음이 다를 뿐이다.
이제 코끼리의 전모를 그려내기 위해서는 어느 한 주장도 제한되거나 배제되어서는 안 된다. 다만 코끼리 아닌 것을 만지고 코끼리라 주장하거나, 거짓 증언을 하는 사람은 구별되어야 할 것이다. 그런 다음 각자는 자유롭게 자신의 주장을 펼치되 다른 사람의 주장에도 귀를 기울이는 ‘평화로운 다툼’의 과정을 통해 점차 코끼리의 전모를 완성해 갈 수 있다. 서로 모순되고 상충되는 주장들이 한 자리에 펼쳐지면서 혼란스럽기도 하고 어지럽기도 하겠지만 이 ‘평화로운 다툼’의 과정을 통해서만이 우리는 조금씩 코끼리의 전모에 다가갈 수 있기 때문이다.
‘나의 옮음’이 절대적일 수 없으며 ‘저들의 옮음’과 공존할 수 있다는 것, 그렇게 함으로써 더 큰 진리를 함께 만들어 갈 수 있다는 것, 이견과 갈등을 문제시하는 것이 아니라 더 큰 진리를 드러내는 기회이자 에너지로 만들어가는 것, 그것이 바로 지금 우리사회에 절실한 ‘화쟁의 정치학’이다.

조성택 ㅣ 화쟁문화아카데미 대표, 고려대 철학과 교수

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# 화쟁시민칼럼 1호, 2015. 02. 17 www.hwajaeng.org

불교평론

불교평론

   
지율 스님이 얻은 것과 잃은 것 / 조성택
조성택 (본지 주간 / 고려대 철학과 교수)
[22호] 2005년 03월 10일 (목)조성택  본지 주간 / 고려대 철학과 교수
  
조성택 
(본지 주간)
천성산 고속철도 관통을 막기 위한 지율 스님의 노력이 마침내 결실을 거두었다. 지율 스님은 2003년 2월 1차 단식을 시작한 이래 2005년 2월 3일까지 네 차례에 걸친 총 241일 간의 단식 투쟁을 벌였다. 이에 따라 여론 악화에 몰린 정부가 마침내 지율 스님이 요구한 환경영향 재평가를 약속한 것이다.

지율 스님의 ‘도롱뇽 살리기’는 새만금을 살리기 위한 수경 스님의 ‘삼보일배’와 함께 한국 근현대사에서 사회 참여에 적극적이지 못했던 한국불교의 부정적 이미지를 새롭게 바꾼 사건이다. 환경의 중요성에 대한 대중적 관심을 환기시켰다는 점에서, 또 그 동안 주요 국책 사업에서 형식적으로 진행되었던 환경영향 평가의 엄밀성과 구체성을 촉구했다는 점에서, 지율 스님의 노력은 긍정적으로 평가받을 면이 있다.

지율 스님의 행동은 이러한 긍정적인 면에도 불구하고, 한국 사회의 환경 운동 방향과 환경 운동에서의 종교인의 역할과 관련하여 많은 우려를 낳고 있는 것도 사실이다. 그리고 지율 스님의 행동의 한계는 곧 한국에서의 환경 운동의 한계이기도 하다는 점에서 그 책임은 지율 스님만의 것이 아니라 우리 불교인을 포함한 한국 사회 모두의 책임이기도 하다.

따라서 미래의 바람직한 환경 운동의 방향을 모색한다는 점에서 지율 스님의 행동을 비판적으로 성찰해 볼 필요가 있다. 여기에 대해 먼저, 지율 스님에 대한 세간의 몇몇 비난들이 과연 정당한 비난인지를 살펴보고자 한다. 이는 지율 스님을 변호하기 위함이 아니라, 몇몇 잘못된 비난의 논거들이 이번 사태에 대한 문제의 본질을 가리고 있기 때문이다.

정부 측과의 합의로 지율 스님이 단식을 중단한 이후 스님에게 쏟아진 많은 비난들은 크게 두 가지이다. 하나는 공사 중단으로 인해 2조 5천 억에 달하는 국고의 손실이 생겼다는 것이다. 다른 하나는 단식이 수행자답지 못한 극단적 행동이라는 것이다. 일부 대중 언론 매체들과 네티즌들이 이 두 가지를 근거로 지율 스님을 비판하고 있으나, 이는 정당하지 못한 비난일 뿐 아니라 문제의 본질을 호도할 위험이 있다.

우선, 중단된 공사로 인한 국가 재원의 손실을 지율 스님에게 책임지우는 것은 온당치 못하다. 먼저 실시된 환경영향 평가가 철저하고 공정하게 실시되었다면, 그래서 그 결과에 대해 실질적이며 도덕적인 정당성을 정부가 자신할 수 있었다면, 정부는 어떤 경우에도 지율 스님의 단식에 굴복하지 않았을 것이다. 정부는 공사 전에 실시된 제1차 환경영향평가가 행정 절차상 요식적으로 행해졌기 때문에, 보다 공정하고 철저한 환경영향 평가를 해야 한다는 스님의 주장을 반박할 아무런 실질적이며 도덕적인 명분을 가지고 있지 못했다. 공사 시작 전에 당연히 했어야 할 환경영향 조사를 철저히 하지 못했기 때문에 벌어진 국가 재원의 낭비는 마땅히 정부가 책임을 져야 한다.

정부 측과 지율 스님이 합의한 대로 제2차 환경영향 평가에서 환경에 영향이 없다는 결론이 나온다 하더라도, 소위 ‘2조 5천 억’의 책임을 지율 스님에게 묻는 것은 있을 수 없는 일이다. 하물며 아직 결과도 나오지 않은 상황에서 재조사를 위한 공사 중단과 그것으로 인한 국고의 손실의 책임을 지율 스님에게 묻는다는 것은 부당하며, 그것은 정부의 잘못을 한 개인에게 전가하는 일이다.

다음으로, 세간에서 ‘단식은 수행자답지 못한 극단적 행동’이라고 지율 스님을 비난하고 있다. 하지만 이는 정당하지 않다고 본다. 그렇다. 단식은 극단적이다. 더구나 ‘시위’용이나 ‘협박’용이 아니라 정말로 주장의 관철을 위해 목숨을 담보로 한 단식이라면 극단적이다. 하지만 바로 그렇기 때문에 종교 수행자만이 할 수 있는 선택이다. 모든 살아 있는 존재의 행복과 안녕을 위해 자신의 삶을 기꺼이 던지겠다고 하는 것은 수행자만이 선택할 수 있는 것이고, 대승불교의 핵심인 보살행의 실천이다.

그래서 보살행을 실천하고자 한 지율 스님의 행동을 ‘단식’은 극단적이라는 이유만으로 비난하는 것은 수행의 본질이 어디에 있는지를 잘 모르기 때문에 하는 얘기라고 본다. 보살의 이타행이 레토릭이거나 헛된 구호 정도인 오늘날 한국불교의 현실을 생각하면 다른 생명을 위해 자신의 목숨을 기꺼이 버리고자 한 지율 스님의 ‘단식’을 비난할 수는 없다. 그것은 오히려 우리 불교인들의 마음을 숙연케 하는 보살행의 실천인 것이다.

물론 환경 보호라는 대전제는 옳은 일이지만, 반드시 지율 스님의 생각대로 하는 것이 옳으냐 하는 문제에 대해서는 다른 생각이 있을 수 있다. 나중에 언급하겠지만 환경 보호를 최우선시하는 사람들 가운데서도 지율 스님과 일부 환경 단체들의 주장에 동조하지 않는 사람들이 많다. 그 점에서 지율 스님을 비판할 수는 있지만, 중생 구제라는 순수한 동기에서 시작한 ‘단식’ 그 자체를 두고 수행자답지 못한 행동이라 비난하는 것은 문제의 본질을 가릴 뿐 아니라 온당치 못하다고 본다.

한편 다른 선택의 여지없이 지율 스님이 단식이라는 극단적 행동을 했다는 비난에 대해 생각해 보자.
역사적으로 단식은 ‘정치적 행위’이며, 정치적 약자가 자신의 의사를 표현하는 한 유효한 방법이었다. 한국의 경우 나라를 잃었을 때, 독재에 항거하는 민주화 운동 과정에서 많은 사람들이 단식이라는 저항 수단을 택했고, 일정한 성과를 얻었다.

지율 스님이 2003년 2월부터 2005년 2월까지 만 3년 간 네 차례의 단식을 하게 된 과정을 살펴보면, 스님에게는 별 다른 선택의 여지가 없었던 것으로 보인다. 정부와 정치인들의 계속되는 실언과 당시 대통령 후보였던 노무현 대통령의 약속 파기에 항의하는 유일한 수단은 어쩌면 단식 이외에는 없었던 것 같다.

왜 단식이라는 극단적인 방법을 택했느냐는 어느 기자의 질문에 지율 스님은 “할 수 있는 것은 다 했다. 단식은 그 방법 중의 하나고, 이전에 했던 일에 비해 극단적인 것도 아니다.”라고 대답했다. 처음부터 무작정 단식을 했던 것도 아니고 농성과 항의 그리고 법정 투쟁 등 제도권 내에서, 그리고 법치라는 테두리 내에서 할 수 있는 노력은 다 했지만, 돌아오는 것은 공권력의 막강한 힘과 정치인들의 빈말에 대한 좌절밖에 없었다.

어떤 사람들은 법정의 재판 결과에 승복하지 않느냐고 하지만 그것은 환경 보호에 관한 한국 법률 구조의 후진성을 모르는 이야기이다. 뿐만 아니라 정부의 책임하에 환경 평가를 했다고 하지만 그것이 얼마나 형식적이며 허술한지 몰라서 하는 얘기다. 민주화 과정에서 단식 투쟁이 법에 호소한 것이 아니라 자연법적 상식과 일반 대중의 여론에 호소한 것처럼, 지율 스님은 막강한 공권력과 환경 보호에 관한 법률의 허술한 구조에서 자신의 뜻을 관철하는 한 방법으로 단식이라는 투쟁 수단을 택할 수밖에 없었다고 본다.

단식에 이르는 일련의 진행과정을 살펴보지 않고, 만약 단식의 극단성만을 일방적으로 비난한다면 환경 보호에 관한 허술한 제도적·법률적 환경 그리고 정치인들의 빈말의 남발이 허용되는 한국 정치문화의 고질병을 간과하게 되어 사태의 본질을 외면하게 되는 결과가 될 것이다.


따라서 ‘국고 낭비’ 그리고 ‘단식’ 그 자체가 지율 스님을 비판하는 논거가 될 수는 없다. 하지만 보다 바람직한 환경 운동의 미래를 전망할 때, 지율 스님의 행동은 몇 가지 잘못된 점이 있으며 그 잘못된 점들을 비판적으로 성찰할 필요가 있다.

우선, 중생을 구하고자 한 수행자의 순수한 동기를 생각할 때 단식 그 자체를 비난할 수는 없다고 했다. 하지만 그러한 동기의 순수함만으로 단식이 정당화되는 것은 아니다. 자신이 속한 집단의 이익을 위해 생떼를 쓰는 단식도 있고, 민주적 정의를 위해 투쟁하는 단식도 있듯이 단식의 정당성은 그 달성하고자 하는 목적의 정당성에 있다. 환경 보호는 공익적인 것이다. 따라서 환경 보호를 위한 단식은 얼마든지 정당화될 수 있다고 본다.

문제는 천성산의 자연 환경을 지키는 방법에 있어 지율 스님의 주장이 반드시 옳으냐의 문제이다. 환경론자라고 해서 무조건 개발을 반대하는 것도 아니고, 개발론자라고 해서 환경 파괴에 아랑곳하지 않는 것이 아니다. 어디에 우선 순위를 두느냐에 따라 환경론자인지 개발론자인지의 구분이 이루어질 뿐이라고 본다.

그런데 ‘환경’과 ‘개발’이 상호 충돌하는 것은 어느 쪽이 더 많은 사람들에게 더 많은 행복을 주느냐 하는 공리적인 사실 판단의 문제만이 아니라, 당장 불편해도 미래를 위해 ‘환경’을 택한다든지 아니면 당장 많은 사람에게 구체적 혜택이 돌아가는 ‘개발’을 선호한다든지 하는 ‘가치 판단’의 문제가 개입되기 때문이다.

그래서 환경 운동은 일방적 주장으로 일관하는 것이 아니라 끊임없는 대화와 설득의 작업이 요청되는 것이다. 서로 다른 가치에 근거한 두 주장이 합의점을 찾기란 무척 어렵지만 그렇다고 해서 포기할 수 있는 것도 아니다. 환경 운동이 제대로 정착된 미국이나 독일 같은 경우를 보더라도 대화와 설득, 계몽, 교육 등을 통해 사회적으로 합의를 이끌어 가는 것이 어렵긴 하지만 불가능한 것은 아님을 알 수 있다.

그러나 이번 지율 스님의 경우를 보면 그러한 설득과 사회적 합의를 끌어가는 과정이 생략되었거나 아니면 있다 하더라도 부족했다. 지율 스님의 한계는 여기에 있다. 또한 그 한계는 한국 환경 운동의 한계이며 한국 사회의 한계이다. 많은 사람들의 눈에 지율 스님과 환경 운동가 혹은 환경 단체가 천성산 개발을 무조건 반대하는 것처럼 비치고 있는 것이 사실이다. 독재와 민주, 공권력의 남용과 그에 대한 민중적인 저항과 같은 이분법적인 구도로 환경과 개발을 바라보는 한국 사회의 환경 담론은 이제 바뀌어야 한다.

지율 스님은 천성산 터널공사의 무모함에만 항의할 것이 아니라, 환경과 개발을 대립적인 것으로만 보고 일방적인 자기 주장 때문에 충분한 사회적 합의를 끌어 가지 못하는 환경 운동의 현실에 대해서도 항의를 했어야만 했다.


지율 스님의 행위가 종교 근본주의적으로 비춰지고 산승의 순진한 무모함으로 비추어진 것은 환경에 관한 스님의 입장이 중도적인 것이 아니라 환경지상주의의 흑백의 논리에 서 있었기 때문이다. 더구나 분권화된 현대 사회에서 환경 운동이 운동의 정체성을 유지하기 위한 어떤 편향성이 불가피하다는 것을 인정한다 하더라도 우리는 종교인의 행위는 세속의 사회 운동 단체와 달라야 할 것을 기대한다.

그것은 한 집단의 정체성이나 특정 입장을 넘어서는 초월성이다. 그렇지만 환경과 개발을 상호 대립적인 것으로만 보고 있는 현재의 환경 담론의 한계를 지율 스님은 뛰어넘지 못했다. 더구나 불교의 입장은 중도가 아닌가? 중도가 어정쩡한 중도 봉합이 아님은 물론이다. 불교적 중도는 흑백의 이분법적 논리를 극복하는 것이다. 환경을 지키자면 개발을 포기하는 것이고, 개발을 하자면 환경을 포기하는 것이라는 지금의 환경 담론의 해독을 극복할 있는 것이 바로 불교의 중도이다.

또 스님은 자신의 극단적 희생을 강조한 나머지 환경 운동이 대중적이고 사회적 합의를 끌어가야 하는 것임에도 불구하고 여전히 명망가라든지, 자기희생을 전제로 하는 엘리트주의의 문제를 극복하지 못하고 문제를 더 악화시킨 측면이 있다. 더구나 상식으로는 이해하기 힘든 장기간의 단식은 문제의 본질을 가리고 오히려 대중들의 천박한 호기심만 자극한 결과가 되고 말았다.


물론 사태가 그 지경으로 간 것에는 스님의 책임이 아니라 일차적으로는 황색 저널리즘을 추구하는 언론의 책임이라 할 수도 있다.

하지만 언론의 그러한 행태는 어제 오늘의 문제만이 아니고 우리나라만의 문제도 아니다. 그렇기 때문에 우리는 환경 운동과 같은 중요한 사회 운동에 있어 한 사람의 희생이라든지 영웅적 행위를 경계하는 것이고, 지율 스님에게보다 신중한 처신을 부탁하는 것이다. 중생 구제를 위해 수행하는 승려의 경우 한 목숨을 버리는 것이 아까운 것일 수는 없고 당연히 칭송받아야 할 것이다. 하지만 거기에는 사안에 따른 방편적 지혜가 요청되는 것으로, 그렇지 않다면 그것은 또 다른 근본주의자의 순진한 무모함이라는 오해를 받을 위험이 있다.

스님이 단식을 풀면서 “저의 미숙함으로”라고 말한 것은 그러한 방편적 지혜의 부족함을 참회한 것이라 이해하고 싶다. 수행자는 앞서 가면서 나를 따르라고 하는 장수가 되기보다는 다소 방향이 틀리고 속도가 늦더라도, 무리에 어울려 함께 가는 자세가 필요하다. 우리가 지키고자하는 것은 자연 환경만이 아니다. 자연 환경 못지 않게 중요한 것이 바로 사회 환경이다.

사회 환경이란 일방적 주장과 흑백의 논리가 아니라 대화와 설득으로 합의점을 찾아가는 절차적 과정을 말한다. 보다 바람직한 삶을 보장하고 지속 가능한 발전을 위해서 자연 환경 못지 않게 필요하고 중요한 것이 바로 사회 환경이다. 우리는 자연 환경을 보호하고자 사회 환경을 해치는 일은 없는지 진지하게 생각해 보아야 할 것이다.

또 한 가지 지율 스님은 사회 현안에 못지 않게 자신이 몸 담고 있는 불교계 내부에 대한 비판에도 관심을 기울여야 했다. 불교 사찰이 무분별한 증축과 개축으로 자연 경관과 환경을 훼손하는 일이 많다는 지적은 어제 오늘의 일이 아니다. 종교계의 일이라 세간의 언론이나 일반 여론은 비판을 조심하고 삼가하는 경향이 있다는 점을 우리 불교인들은 알아야 한다.


자신이 몸 담고 있는 ‘집안’ 일에 대한 자성과 비판을 게을리할 때, ‘바깥’ 일에 대한 비판의 도덕적 정당성은 적을 수밖에 없으며 그 비판에 대한 공감 또한 적을 수밖에 없다. ‘삼보일배’ 그리고 지율 스님의 ‘단식’으로 불교계는 한국 사회의 환경 운동에서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있음을 증명했다.

이제 불교계 바깥만이 아니라 우리 ‘집안’ 일에 대한 냉엄한 비판과 자성에도 게을리하지 말아야 할 것이다. 그럴 때만이 ‘중생들의 안녕과 행복을 위한’ 불교 본래의 메시지를 우리 사회에 전할 수 있을 것이다.

끝으로 사족이지만 꼭 짚고 넘어갈 일이 있다. 그것은 지율 스님의 단식을 폄하하는 조갑제에 대한 불교계의 논평에 관해서이다. ‘불교언론대책위원회’의 명의로 나온 이 성명서는 그 내용이 참으로 비불교적일 뿐 아니라 그 표현이나 언사 또한 막말과 욕설이 오가는 시정잡배의 싸움질 수준이다.


조갑제의 글 자체는 불교계뿐 아니라 많은 사람들의 분노를 자아내기 충분하고, 또 비판을 받아 마땅한 글이다. 그렇다고 “창자가 없는 인간” “오장육부가 비틀린 인간” “인간이기를 포기한 정신 이상자”라는 감정적이며 막말 수준의 성명서는 도저히 중생의 정신적 스승임을 자임하는 종교계에서 나올 수준이 아니다.

일천제에게도 불성이 있다는 보편적 불성의 가르침을 실천하고, 다른 사람의 잘못에 대해 무한히 참고 베푸는 보시와 인욕바라밀을 실천하는 것이 불교 수행의 근본이 아닌가? 잘못을 지적하지 말라는 것이 아니다. 제대로 따끔하게 지적하되 그 근본에는 관용과 사랑이 바탕이 되어야 한다.

이번 불교언론대책위원회의 성명서에는 그러한 불교 본래의 정신이 결여되어 있다. 그리고 글의 형식적 요건도 중요하다. 한 개인의 푸념이 아니라 불교계를 대표해서 나가는 글이라면 명문(名文)을 요구하지는 않는다 하더라도, 최소한 문법에 맞는 글을 내놓아야 할 것이다. 왜냐하면 그것은 불교계의 얼굴이기 때문이다. ■

2005년 봄

"한국 불교, 전태일 '자비로운 분노' 실천할 때" - 매일노동뉴스



"한국 불교, 전태일 '자비로운 분노' 실천할 때" - 매일노동뉴스




"한국 불교, 전태일 '자비로운 분노' 실천할 때"전태일재단·조계종 화쟁위 '전태일 정신과 불교' 토론회 열어

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승인 2016.10.31 08:00
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▲ 전태일 재단과 대한불교조계종 화쟁위원회 주최로 28일 한국불교역사문화기념관 국제회의장에서 열린 전태일 정신과 불교 토론회. 정기훈 기자


한국 불교가 전태일 열사의 삶에서 드러난 '자비로운 분노'를 행동으로 실천해야 한다는 주문이 나왔다.

전태일재단(이사장 이수호)과 조계종 화쟁위원회(위원장 도법 스님) 공동주최로 지난 28일 오후 서울 종로구 한국불교역사문화기념관 국제회의장에서 열린 '한국 불교, 노동을 마주 보다-전태일 정신과 불교' 토론회에서 김태현 민주노총 정책연구원 연구위원은 "전태일은 고통받는 어린 여성노동자의 삶에 대한 사랑·자비의 정신과 그들을 고통스럽게 하는 비인간적 사회현실에 대한 강력한 분노를 함께 가졌다"고 분석했다.

김 연구위원은 "전태일의 정신은 생명과 인간에 대한 무한한 존중, 인간해방 사상"이라며 "일체중생이 불성을 가지고 있다는 부처의 말씀처럼, 박정희 군사정권에 의해 노동기본권을 억압당했던 사회에서 '노동자도 인간'이라고 한 위대한 각성이자 선언"이라고 말했다. 그는 이어 "지극한 인간사랑, 중생에 대한 자비심, 자비에 기반을 둔 보시와 실천, 깨달음이야말로 한국 불교가 전태일 정신으로부터 배워야 할 것"이라고 밝혔다.

조성택 고려대 교수(철학과)는 '시민보살'의 정치적 각성을 주장하며 "불교가 세상을 변혁하는 종교가 돼야 한다"고 강조했다. 조 교수는 "시민보살은 불교의 가르침을 종교의 영역에서만이 아니라 시민사회 영역으로 확대하고 실천하는 존재"라며 "불교는 시민보살을 양성하는 학교 역할을 해야 한다"고 말했다.

조 교수는 "지난 세기 한국 불교는 역사와 사회문제에 무관심했다"며 "이에 대한 반성과 함께 불교에 대한 시대적 요구와 불교적 사명을 자각하고 시민사회와 함께하는 불교로 거듭나야 한다"고 덧붙였다.

한편 도법 스님은 이날 토론회에 앞서 "비록 불교계가 전태일을 이야기하는 자리가 늦게 마련됐지만 전태일 정신을 계승하면서 그동안 간과한 부분을 새롭게 해석하고 시대상황에 맞게 쓸 수 있는 계기가 됐으면 한다"고 말했다.

배혜정 bhj@labortoday.co.kr