2023/06/26

지구는 인간에게 호의를 베푼 것이 아니다 - 오마이뉴스

지구는 인간에게 호의를 베푼 것이 아니다 - 오마이뉴스

지구는 인간에게 호의를 베푼 것이 아니다책 '인류세의 철학' 통해 본 후쿠시마 원전 오염수 방류 문제
23.06.26 08:43l최종 업데이트 23.06.26 
박길수(ubomanri)

후쿠시마 원전 핵 오염수 방류를 둘러싸고 일본보다 한국 사회에서의 갈등과 긴장이 더 고조되고 있다. 후쿠시마 원전 오염수의 원인이 된 동일본 대지진은 사실 우리가 '인류세'라고 하는 새로운 지질학적 시대에 들어섰음을 보여주는 많은 증거 중의 하나이다.

시노하라 마사타케의 <인류세의 철학>(시노하라 마사타케 지음, 조성환 외 옮김, 모시는사람들 펴냄, 2022)은 후쿠시마 원전 사고 이후, 새삼스럽게 '인간 존재와 생존의 조건'을 탐구한 이야기이다. 필자는 이 책을 "인간은 자연을 대하는 태도를 바꾸지 않으면 안 된다"는 메시지를 전달하는 것으로 읽었다. 그 이야기를 해 보려고 한다.


▲ [인류세의 철학: 사변적 실재론 이후 "인간의 조건" 이 책은 '후쿠시마 원전 사고' 이후 펼쳐진 폐허 위에서, 인간의 조건을 새삼스럽게 새로이 인식하는 과정을 담아 내며, '인류세'에서의 철학을 전개하고 있다.
ⓒ 박길수

관련사진보기

"호의가 계속되면 권리인 줄 안다."

이 말은 영화 <부당거래>에서 양아치 같은 '주양 검사'(류승범 粉)가 내뱉는 대사다. 영화에서 주 검사는 경찰의 눈치를 살피는 검찰 수사관(공 수사관, 정만식 粉)을, "호의가 계속되면 권리인 줄 알아!!"라고 찰지게 돌려까기 한다.

물론, 주 검사의 경우는 '호의가 계속되면 권리인 줄 안다'는 말을 악용하고 남용하고 오용하는 대표적인 사례이다. 그러나 '양아치 주' 검사의 오용 사례를 경계하는 것과 별개로, 인류 사회에 "호의가 계속되면 권리인 줄 안다"에 속하는 사람들이 많다는 점은, 매우 큰 문제다.

인류세의 관점에서 보면, 실질적으로 인류 거의 전부가 그런 부류에 속한다. 인간은 오랫동안 인간이 누리는 자연(지구)의 호의를 인간의 당연한 권리라고 착각하며 살아왔다.

자연의 호의를 인간의 권리로 알다

오늘의 시기를 '인류세'라는 지질학적인 용어로 부르기 시작한 지 20년이 지나는 시점이다(2001년 네덜란드 화학자 파울 크뤼첸이 처음 제안했다). 학술적으로 용어를 공식화하기 위한 움직임도 최근에 시작되었다.

현재 공식 지질 시대 명칭인 '홀로세'가 시작된 것이 1만 년 전이므로, 현생인류는 '지질 시대'가 바뀌는 것을 '직관(直觀)'하는 최초의 인간-인류가 될 기회를 얻었다. 그 기회가 지옥으로 가는 열차를 탈 수 있는 티켓일 뿐이라는 점이 문제이기는 하지만.


아주 최근까지 인류는 '자연'이나 '지구'를 무한 에너지, 무한 원재료 공급처로 간주하며 살아왔다(아니, 사실은 꽤 오래전부터 그렇지 않다는 것을 알고 있었지만, 편의상, 그리고 이익을 위해 모른 척하고 내처 달려왔다. 그리고 그것을 '성장과 발전'이라는 이름으로 호도해 왔다).

최근 들어 '인간중심주의'를 자성(自省)하는 흐름이 나타나기 전까지는 그것을 '천부인권'이라 부르며, 인간이 누리는 자유, 소유, 향유의 권리는 신성불가침한 것이라고 구가(謳歌)해 왔다.

당대의 것뿐이 아니라 미래세대에게 베풀어질 호의까지도, 마구잡이로 가불해서 흥청망청 소비해 왔다. 경고가 날이 갈수록 높아져 왔지만, 폭탄 돌리기는 멈추지 않았다. 인간의 시간이 언제까지나 계속될 거라고 믿고 싶었던 거다.

그런데, 아니었다. 호의를 베푼 것이 아니었다. 자연(지구)은 그동안 자신이 빌려준 것들의 목록을, 그 이자까지 차곡차곡 기록하고 있었다. 그뿐만 아니라 그 돌려받는 방식을 아주 거친 것으로 예비해 놓고 있었다. 자비란 없다. 애초에 호의가 없었으니, 당연한 귀결이다.

이제 '인류세'를 맞이하여, 인간은 그동안 누려온 것을 모두 토해내야 하는 시간이 '돌아왔다.' 지금 살아 있는 사람들이 당대에 누린 몫뿐만이 아니라, 이미 죽어 땅속에 묻힌 사람들(최소 200년 전까지 소급해서)이 누리고 간 것까지, 모두 뱉어내야 한다(다른 한 가지 방법은, 그중 일부라도 상환을 미루는 것이다. 리볼링! 그리고 실제로 지금 인류는 그렇게 하고 있다).

이제부터는 '지구'의 시간이다. 시시각각 다가드는 지구 차원의 불길한 예후들(기후재난과 코로나19 펜데믹 등)을 접하며 인류 대중은, 그동안 일부 선각자들이 소리 높여 외치던 바 "인간은 지구 전체의 만물과 세세히 연결된 존재다. 더불어 사는 길을 택하지 않으면, 파멸, 공멸, 전멸을 면치 못한다"는 것을 점점 실감하며, 그 사실을 깨닫기 시작했다.

다시 책으로 돌아와 '사변적 실재론 이후의 인간의 조건'이라는 부제가 붙은 <인류세의 철학>은 2011년 3월 11일의 동일본 대지진과 그로 말미암은 후쿠시마 원전사고 이후 펼쳐진, '인간 생존의 조건'이 파괴된 폐허지 위에는 무엇이 남게 되는지를 보면서 쓴 책이다.

저자는 대지진에 의해 여지 없이 파괴된 인간 삶의 조건(문명으로 구축한 시설물, 사회구조)들을 보면서, 인간이 '사물로서의 행성' 위에서 살아가는 존재임을 실감하였다고 고백한다.

인간 생활은 그것이 무언가를 하는 것과 활발하게 관련되는 것인 한, 언제나 다수의 인간과 그들이 만들어내는 사물세계에 입각하고 있다. 인간생활은 이 세계를 떠나는 일도 없고 초월하는 일도 없다.
시노하라가 한나 아렌트의 말을 인용한 이 대목은 인간 삶이 사물(지구도 하나의 사물이다) 세계에 의해 조건 지어진다는 생각을 표현하고 있다. 인간이 지구의 호의라고 생각하며 남용한 지구의 자연 사물은 실은 인간 자신의 살과 같은 존재임을, 알아차려야 한다는 말이기도 하다. 특히 이 책은 지금 첨예한 문제가 되고 있는 후쿠시마 원전 사고의 현장에서 들려주는 목소리라는 점에서 시사하는 바가 크다.

지구로부터 날아드는 청구서


▲ 비인간, 인간을 넘어 인간으로 비인간 동물, 비인간 사물이 인간의 자리를 대신할 날이 다가오고 있다. 인간은 이제, 겸손해져야 한다. (사진은 올해 '서울국제도서전'의 주제)
ⓒ 박길수

관련사진보기

문제는 깨달음/회개보다 청구서가 먼저, 이미 들이닥쳤다는점이다. 그것이 이른바 '인류세 담론'이다. "빚쟁이가 몰려온다!"고 외치는 것이다! 시베리아(2019), 호주(2019-2020), 유럽(2021)에 이은 올해(2023) 캐나다의 대화재 그리고 그 어간의 중국과 유럽의 대홍수 등은 모두가 지구가 그동안 베푼 호의를 회수하는 과정이다. 그리고 올해와 내년에 걸친 '울트라 폭염' 등으로 청구서는 계속해서 날아들 것이다.

그런 지경에, 후쿠시마 원전 오염수 방류라니! 인간은 자연(지구) 앞에서 겸허해져야 한다. 인간과 자연의 관계를 새롭게 설정해야 한다. 그동안 갑질한 것에 대한 반성도 필요하다(물론 그렇다고 빚이 탕감되는 것은 아니다). 그 값은 치러야 한다. 지구는 인간과 비인간 존재가 더불어사는 공생체(共生體)라는 걸 깨닫고, 거기에 갚하는 삶의 방식으로 '돌아가야 한다.'

문제는, 아직도 대다수의 인간이, "지구가 베푸는 호의는 덫에 가까운 고리채"인 줄 모르고 여전히 흥청망청 소비하고 있다는 데 있다. 현대인은 그렇게 소비하지 않으면 살지 못하는 것으로 착각하며 살아가도록 길들여져 왔다.

혹은 이렇게 사는 게 정상은 아니라는 걸 알면서도, 모르는 척 자기세뇌를 거듭한다. 이제, 마약 중독자가 마약을 끊을 때만큼의 고통스런 금단현상을 각오하고, '마약과도 같은 빚지는 인생-성장주의'를 끝장내야 한다.

후쿠시마 원전 오염수 문제는 그 첫단추다. 첫단추를 잘 끼는 일도 중요하지만, 우리는 앞으로 눈코 뜰 새 없이 바쁘게 단추를 끼워 가야 하고, 그 단추의 크기도 점점 크질 것이라는 점을 인지해야 한다. 후쿠시마 원전 오염수 방류 같은 건 애당초 빌미를 주지 말아야 한다.


덧붙이는 글 | - 이 기사는 필자의 블로그에도 일부 수정하여 공유합니다.
- 이 글을 쓴 필자는 [인류세의 철학: 사변적 실재론 이후 '인간의 조건]을 발간한 도서출판 모시는사람들의 대표입니다.



인류세의 철학 - 사변적 실재론 이후의 ‘인간의 조건’

시노하라 마사타케 (지은이), 조성환, 이우진, 야규 마코토, 허남진 (옮긴이), 모시는사람들(2022)




저작권자(c) 오마이뉴스(시민기자), 무단 전재 및 재배포 금지 오탈자 신고
태그:#인류세, #호의, #후쿠시마, #지구인문학, #지구

The History of Hell: Turner, Alice K., Donadio & Olson 지옥의 역사

The History of Hell: Turner, Alice K., Donadio & Olson: 9780156001373: Amazon.com: Books






The History of Hell Paperback – October 13, 1995
by Alice K. Turner (Author), Donadio & Olson (Author)
4.4 4.4 out of 5 stars 92 ratings
3.9 on Goodreads
640 ratings




































Hardcover
$18.71
Other options from $13.47
Paperback
$16.47

A “lively...generously illustrated” (Washington Post Book World) survey of how, over the past four thousand years, religious leaders, artists, writers, and ordinary people in the West have visualized Hell-its location, architecture, purpose, and inhabitants. Illustrations; full-color inserts.






About the Author


ALICE K. TURNER served as the fiction editor of Playboy from 1980 to 2000.


Product details
Publisher ‏ : ‎ HarperOne; First Edition (October 13, 1995)
Language ‏ : ‎ English
Paperback ‏ : ‎ 288 pages



Read reviews that mention
history of hell editor of playboy coffee table subject matter well written bought this book interesting read reading this book hell it is a place hell in his book turner christian dante ancient bible fire historical god ideas infernal

Top reviews

Top reviews from the United States


Lee Roy Eddie

5.0 out of 5 stars If you are not familiar with hell it is a place that has been recommended to most peopleReviewed in the United States on August 26, 2014
Verified Purchase
Pack your bags and get ready for a hot vacation down in "HELL." This book tells the history of hell through era's of history dating back 5 millennium. There are not any fancy hotels though, no room service and there is not even cable! "For crying out loud" which is what you will be doing during your stay there. If you are not familiar with hell it is a place that has been recommended to myself and most people whom I ask, adults mainly. If a person was to examine all the faiths and pick any one at random then for sure there will be a religion that will damn you to hell. If you do not espouse to any faith then you are for sure going to hell according to so called experts. Either way, no matter what you believe, no matter how good and beneficent a humanitarian you are Hell awaits you. Watch the film "Red State" and top it off with all 17 seasons of "South Park" with audio commentary. You may be forever packing the right clothes(or at least while being alive) and preparing for your vacation to hell because "Plato's Retreat" was closed along with the "Turkish Bath's" in the late 1980's. Happy Trails. :-)

9 people found this helpful


HelpfulReport

Shane Liberty

5.0 out of 5 stars Excellent. Hope to see it on Kindle soonReviewed in the United States on May 21, 2017
Verified Purchase
I bought this book a while back and as a Christian Universalist who does not believe in 'eternal hell punishment' it is excellent.

I pretty much do all my reading on kindle now. Are you guys ever going to make it available in Kindle format? With a bit of research through Amazons site, it's really not too hard. Would love to see it.

Also, after, you might consider making an audio version, as I love listening to books when they are available in this format as well. Although that takes time so if possible, just get it on Kindle since I did it for my dad's book and it is surprisingly easy.

For a fair price that we could work out, I might even be able to help if you were interested.

And, I have professional studio recording equipment which I could also do an audio version if interested also :)

Author leave a reply and I will figure out a way to get in touch :D

4 people found this helpful


HelpfulReport

Orville Dunworth

3.0 out of 5 stars Too dismissive but nice picturesReviewed in the United States on March 26, 2013
Verified Purchase
The author makes the mistake here of proclaiming hell a "myth", from the get-go. This is a faulty approach for a number of reasons, first and foremost it negates any possible wonder on the (admittedly slight) possibility of some netherworld of unceasing torment. Rather than disseminate the historical records of what people once (or presently) thought or believed about Hell and Satan and allow the reader to absorb and ruminate, the subject is summarily rejected as fantasy.

Personally, I know enough to know I don't have the answers to any of the mysteries of life, and I would never presume to say otherwise. Here, what could have been an interesting impetus to deeper thought is instead a term paper on the folly of the very idea of Hell. An unfortunate missed opportunity to allow the audience to make up their own mind, like a stupid Spielberg preachy movie (read Amistad).

On the plus side, the illustrations within are stunning, with a lot of art I had not seen before. My rating reflects the content of the images.

5 people found this helpful


HelpfulReport

LARA1407

4.0 out of 5 stars All you need to know about hellReviewed in the United States on July 20, 2015
Verified Purchase
This seems like a really good book, showing the author's extensive knowledge of the history from ancient Egypt to modern times. As someone who teaches and needs to know where the author got her sources from, I was seriously upset with the lack of endnotes, which seems to have become increasingly common in history books these days. However, she knows her stuff (since I know it too), so I won't hold it against the publisher, who undoubtedly made the decision.

4 people found this helpful


HelpfulReport

John Craven

5.0 out of 5 stars Very historical and very hellishReviewed in the United States on December 15, 2006
Verified Purchase
I totally forgot that I bought this book from Amazon. Then I saw it and realized, "oh yeah. If I bought this in an actual bookstore, my parents would find out!!!!" Actually, I accidentally gave this review 5 stars when I should have given it 1. There is far too much hell as history and far too little (read: none) recipes on demon-summoning. I got around this by dressing up my little brother as the devil and smearing him with pig's blood, but the effect was not the same.

Only buy this if you're the nerdy kind of evil goth. I'm not.

3 people found this helpful


HelpfulReport

Tom Reilly

4.0 out of 5 stars Ms. Turner died, recently; I wonder, ...Reviewed in the United States on December 20, 2017
Verified Purchase
Ms. Turner died, recently; I wonder, if there is an after-life, where is she now? I thought the book was very interesting but had a somewhat anti-Christian slant.

One person found this helpful


HelpfulReport

Quimby's Mom

4.0 out of 5 stars Great book, but there was a hole cut in ...Reviewed in the United States on March 3, 2015
Verified Purchase
Great book, but there was a hole cut in one of the pages. So sad to see books defaced. I bought it pre-owned though. This was absolutely NOT the seller's fault.



HelpfulReport

Katie

5.0 out of 5 stars great readReviewed in the United States on February 14, 2013
Verified Purchase
I am very pleased with this product and will look forward to doing business with this merchant again in the future, The product arrived in great condition and everything met my expectations. This book is not from one religious point of view only. It's more historical than anything else.

One person found this helpful


HelpfulReport

See all reviews


Top reviews from other countries

Tom
3.0 out of 5 stars FineReviewed in the United Kingdom on January 17, 2019
Verified Purchase

Not amazing, not terrible. Would have been better with more detail, quoted sources etc.
Report

Amazon Customer
5.0 out of 5 stars Five StarsReviewed in the United Kingdom on January 18, 2016
Verified Purchase

Was very impressed with the oredring process and the quality of the book received
Report
See all reviews
===

Displaying 1 - 10 of 66 reviews
Profile Image for Paul Bryant.
Paul Bryant
2,198 reviews
9,536 followers

Follow
September 3, 2016
PEEP BOOTHS IN HEAVEN

“Abominable fancy” is the Christian theological idea that one of the pleasures of the blessed in Heaven is the contemplation of the torments of the sinners in Hell. I was thinking about that, and it seemed to me that it might be considered a little embarrassing to be seen guffawing at someone having a hot poker shoved up their fundament, so I imagine, in consideration of the feelings of the blessed, they will have arranged these viewings to be held in a series of booths, like a peep show. You would go in to your booth and switch on the viewing screen and you would see the ongoing grisly tortures. (This would not be allowed here on Earth, or at least you would have to pay a lot of dough, like in that movie Hostel. But in Heaven, it's free.)

But I’m also thinking that seeing random people being tortured will get tiresome after, say, a few thousand years, so there must be a way to spice it up a bit, and what better than to watch someone you actually knew on Earth being tortured. So I think there must be a kind of request system – you fill in a form giving the name of the person you want to see, could be your son’s games instructor or the old bat who lived at No 37 and threw boiling water on your cat, or it could be Saddam Hussain, and then it would be like ordering a dvd from Lovefilm, you’d build up a list of torturees and you might have to wait quite a while for the more popular ones (Heinrich Himmler, Myra Hindley) but no one else would be interested in your brother-in-law, so you’d get to see him writhing and howling in agony any time you wanted.

Hell was a popular subject in religious books for centuries and Alice Turner comments

It is not going too far to say that the Hell scenes of early apocalypses are a form of self-righteous pornography.


ABANDON LOGIC ALL YE WHO ENTER HERE

The whole idea of Hell being everlasting gets Christians into all kinds of logical conundrums.

What, after all, was the point of Hell after the Last Judgement? Punishment can be deterrent, corrective, curative or vindictive… But infinite pain at the end of time for those whose sins were, after all, finite? This would be neither curative nor deterrent. How could it be other than vindictive?

You know, Alice Turner is right. So the idea seems to be that God creates millions of human beings knowing that only a tiny minority of them will escape the infinite tortures of Hell. What kind of dear Lord and Father of mankind is that? The idea is horrendous. It’s sadistic is what it is.

The little child is in the red hot oven. Hear how it screams to come out! See how it turns and twists itself about in the fire. It beats its head against the roof of the oven. It stamps its little feet on the floor.

From The Sight of Hell by the Reverend Joseph Furniss, 1882. A book written specifically for young people. Best seller too.

So horrendous that, eventually, thoughtful Christians became very uncomfortable with the doctrine and they began taking it apart. They replaced it with annihilationism and universalism. The first says that bad people just die when they die and simply don’t get an afterlife. The second says that bad people do go to Hell but that eventually they will be purged of their sins and forgiven and released from Hell. That gave rise to other Christians saying well, if God eventually forgives everyone, what’s the flooking point of the whole flooking shebang anyway? What a lot of botheration – creating a whole universe, creating the human race, sending Jesus, heaven, hell, if everyone end up the same, playing Yes We’ll Gather at the River on the autoharp and gazing raptly? Was the game worth the candle?

Don’t ask me, pal. I just review here.

HELL 2.0

Let’s try and figure this thing again. When you have the person of Jesus as Saviour, and you have the idea of Hell as the thing he is saving us all from, certain ineluctable deductions then follow. Iddy bitty babies and white-bearded Jewish patriarchs gave Christians a big but strangely similar problem. What happened to them if the babies died before being baptised (as often happened in plague times) or the good patriarchs lived and died way before Jesus? Could we really have a hard-line no-baptism no-heaven system? Meaning that if Heaven was not your destination, you were hellbound, and the itty babies and the patriarchs would get the hot oven treatment for all of eternity? You wouldn't get Moses supposing that his toeses were roses in Hell, of that I assure you. You know, that even seemed harsh to the stern Christians of the 4th century. But as Alice turner puts it (p82)

Either baptism is a solemn and holy sacrament washing away Original Sin or it is not; you cannot have it both ways.

So eventually to resolve this the idea of Purgatory grew up. Purgatory was a kind of de-coking plant for souls where all the black gungy sins are burned off with a few quick centuries of eye gouging and red hot poking - then they run you through a sinometer and if you score 90% pure or over then okay, you’re done.

The Sopranos Season 2, From Where to Eternity

Christopher Moltisanti is getting concerned about the awful things he has been doing lately. He consults with his spiritual adviser Paulie (Walnuts) Gualtieri who says nah, he won’t go to hell, he’ll go to purgatory :

Christopher: How long do you think we've got to stay there?
Paulie: That's different for everybody. You add up all your mortal sins and multiply that number by 50. Then you add up all your venial sins and multiply that by 25. You add that together and that's your sentence. I figure I'm gonna have to do 6,000 years before I get accepted into heaven and 6,000 years is nothin' in eternity terms. I can do that standing on my head.


HELL ON EARTH


I saw Before Midnight yesterday, highly recommended, and Julie Delpy playing Celine threw out a definition of Hell, but it was a description of our own world:

The only upside for a woman in being over 35 is you don’t get raped so much.

In Christopher Marlowe’s renowned Doctor Faustus, the devil Mephistopheles agrees with Celine :

Faust. Where are you damn’d?
Meph. In hell.
Faust. How comes it then that thou art out of hell?
Meph. Why, this is hell, nor am I out of it.


Yes, the idea that this world is actually Hell can seem very convincing if you turn on the news at any time in the last, say, 3000 years.

I KNOW WHERE I AM GOING

My Muslim friend thinks I am going to Hell. I say come on, what did I ever do? I smoked a little dope and I didn’t return a couple of library books? It was years ago! He says no, it’s not that, it’s because you aren’t a Muslim, Sorry and all, but I don’t make the rules. I say - That's a bit harsh, don't you think? He says he's sorry but the solution is in my hands.

godreads

29 likes

11 comments

Like

Comment

Nathan Dehoff
655 reviews
2 followers

Follow
February 5, 2021
I enjoyed the hell out of this book. In a casual style, it explores the concept of Hell throughout history, in both religion and popular culture. It begins with early takes on the world of the dead, including the Mesopotamian, Egyptian, and Greek. A lot of the geographical features that came to be associated with underworlds first showed up in Mesopotamian mythology, while the Egyptian world of the dead was very complicated, with multiple zones and dangers. Tartarus was originally a prison for the Titans, but came to be a place of punishment for dead mortals as well. Hades has multiple rivers, and was inhabited by monsters. Christian thought struggled with working together the various ideas of the afterlife presented by what became the New Testament: Jesus' mentions of a fiery place of punishment, the parable of Lazarus (not the guy who came back from the dead) ending up in the bosom of Abraham while the rich man who ignored him went to Hell, the Kingdom of Heaven, and the upcoming resurrection and Last Judgment. It's been a common question as to what the need is for immediate reward and punishment after death when that's going to happen at the end of the world anyway, and whether eternal damnation is really in line with Jesus saving the world from sin. Another common theme in early Christianity was Jesus' harrowing of Hell, which had its antecedents in the tales of Inanna, Orpheus, and others. Purgatory was devised to provide a way for people to pay for their sins in a finite way. Jesus' mother Mary came to be regarded as the ruler of Purgatory, who would intercede with her son to get people out of Purgatory. The Protestants, who wanted to remove most Catholic trappings, threw out Purgatory with the rest. Religiously themed plays often depicted Hell, and the Hellmouth from Anglo-Saxon art became a common prop. Dante's Inferno placed Hell underneath Jerusalem, with Satan in the center of the Earth. It was thoroughly laid out into nine circles, each with its own sorts of sinners, and also incorporated the rivers from the Greek Hades and a city that was home to fallen angels. The city of Dis came to be seen as a medieval citadel. The Jesuits regarded Hell as a ridiculously crowded place full of squalor. And John Milton wrote of the place as a separate part of the universe from Earth, and that the city of Pandemonium was incredibly opulent. There's even a mention in the book of Tobias Swinden claiming in 1714 that Hell would have to be located in the Sun. Turner reports more modern versions of Hell being less literal, more symbolic and often satirical. She doesn't go into that much detail on most of what she mentions, making a lot of them tantalizing inducements to further reading. There's a lot of fascinating art as well, and it's disappointing that most of it is small, at least in the edition of the book I got from the library; but it's cool that it's there.

9 likes

Like

Comment

Profile Image for Lee Harmon.
Lee Harmon
Author 
5 books
107 followers

Follow
January 20, 2011
This is not a new book; I dug it from my shelves just to write this review. It's not a scholarly-looking book; the oversize cover, glossy pages, and color pictures on every other page make it look more like a children's book than a theological treatise. It's not the work of a notable scholar; Ms. Turner is better known for her fiction and as an editor for Playboy. So what is this review doing on my blog today?

Against all odds, this is an important book about an important topic. Is it Alice's fault that she manages to turn it into a fun read as well?

The History of Hell begins at the beginning, with the earliest religious beliefs of an underworld. You'll explore the Egyptian Book of the Dead and Zoroastrianism. You'll move forward in time to the Greek understanding of Hades, the Platonic description of Hell, and the Hebrew teachings of Sheol. As these ideas merge into one, you begin to see glimpses of today's Christian version of Hell emerging.

In time, Purgatory arrives. Christian ideas continue to evolve through the centuries, giving birth to artwork and stories like Dante's Inferno, as imaginations let loose. Satan, once destined to chains in a dark netherworld transforms before your eyes into an evil taskmaster. Now, trident in hand, he gleefully tortures lost souls in a lake of fire forever and ever, amen.

You continue to travel through the Middle Ages, the Reformation, the Enlightenment, through the 19th century, and on into today's time, as Hell continues to evolve. Why is this journey important? Why put yourself through Hell? Because, as Christians, it's vitally important to our spiritual well-being to understand that we have made our own version of Hell. Ideas have evolved from the beginning of religion, and understanding this, knowing the "history of Hell," can set you free from the undertow of today's spiritually-damaging teachings.

And if you're going to take this frightful journey, you may as well make it an entertaining one. Pick up Alice's book.

8 likes

Like

Comment

Profile Image for Natalie.
Natalie
481 reviews
110 followers

Follow
November 12, 2021
Four thousand years of hell, as long as you’re largely after the Catholic/Christian variety and not any flavors of Eastern religions. It can get a little dry and hard to follow, but that might be because I encountered some of the religious concepts for the first time and my mind just doesn’t work well with them.

Two takeaways: Christians absolutely made this shit up as they went along; and most educated Christians, even clergy, didn’t really believe in hell at all, but considered it useful for the illiterate masses to do so as an incentive for good behavior.

The generous illustrations are really great.

Show more
art
 
female-pen
 
god-is-dead
 
...more

4 likes

Like

Comment

Profile Image for Emm.
Emm
106 reviews
42 followers

Follow
October 31, 2009
A really fun and comprehensive look at the history of Hell. Turner's writing is easy and humorous; a great introductory text!

4 likes

Like

Comment


Profile Image for Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk.
Mieczyslaw Kasprzyk
806 reviews
97 followers

Follow
October 27, 2019
This is an interesting and very easy to get into book which really does give you a good guide through the human vision of Hell and its origins in the religions of Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece. It goes through the different European cultural eras and demonstrates how our vision changed or evolved according to the times. The way Hell is integrated into the literature of those periods is very clearly laid out.
Very good for anyone who wants a clear, clean picture of how it all fits together.
history
 
non-fiction
 
philosophy

3 likes

1 comment

Like

Comment

Profile Image for Tracy.
Tracy
96 reviews

Follow
March 8, 2010
Really well done. An interesting look at the evolution of Hell from the Sumerians to the Age of Freud. Also includes some amazing art. My eight-year old picked up the book and flipped through the pictures. Funny, he wasn't at all frightened by the images. He just said, "Mom, why is everyone in Hell naked?" Good Question.
mythology
 
non-fiction
 
religion

3 likes

Like

Comment

Theresa
13 reviews
4 followers

Follow
November 11, 2007
An interesting overview of historical perceptions of Hell from literature, art and scripture from the dawn of western civilization through the age of Freud. Beautifully illustrated with works of art from each period covered. Throughout history, ideas of Hell, its location, purpose and denizens have constantly changed. The author examines the changes and the reasons for them.

2 likes

Like

Comment

Profile Image for Ben Smitthimedhin.
Ben Smitthimedhin
354 reviews
9 followers

Follow
May 19, 2017
I was at Wells Fargo once to replace a debit card that I lost, and I figured I would bring a book because I didn't know how long I was going to have to wait and my parents told me that I should never waste an opportunity. Well I didn't actually have to wait because Shian told me that she could help me open an account right away. Her computer started lagging because it had to process my long name through, so she decided to ask me what I was reading.

"The Skeletons in God's Closet.... it's about how Christians can reconcile the judgment of hell with the love of God."
"Oh..." she said.

It wasn't until after about five minutes of my theological musings on hell that I realized she wasn't interested... or maybe she was uncomfortable about the subject. I wasn't sure. She was probably taught by her supervisors to be friendly at all costs. Poor lady. Since my parents told me not to waste an opportunity and I figured I would awkwardly leeway into the Gospel like one of those awkward Christians. Sure enough, the conversation died before I could even get close.

Well, anyways this book reminded me of Shian and our conversation. And I decided that I would dedicate this review to her.

Alice Turner, who writes for Playboy magazine(!), did a fantastic job in compiling an enormous amount of information into a readable book on how hell has evolved from ancient Mesopotamian "The Great Below" through the Middle Ages and its bizarre visions of monsters with spears up their butts (I'm not kidding) to hell's eventual "disappearance" in the Freudian age where hell is allegorized as repression. The History of Hell is well-rounded in its approach; combining history, literature, psychology, art, theology, and philosophy. The illustrations were fantastic (it was also a chronicle of how Western art's depictions of hell has evolved). I had to take off a star though because Turner would throw out character names left and right without any context, so I was confused at times, especially the chapter on classical Hades.

Still would recommend it though.
Cheers, Shian.
religion-philosophy

1 like

Like

Comment


Profile Image for Cindy.
Cindy
149 reviews
57 followers

Follow
June 13, 2023
I live in a pretty religious place, and the people on my street already think I’m a little bit of an odd duck, so I was positively buzzing when my neighbor approached head tilted asking “whatcha getting” as I was checking out a biblical tower of books about hell from the library (I'm researching for a story). It did feel a little weird reading this before bed with all the “gnashing of teeth” and whatnot, but at least I’m not a child. There exists a formerly popular kids’ book called The Sight of Hell (written by the appropriately named John Furniss, and still available on Amazon) that describes the dungeons of hell and reads thusly: “The little child is in the red-hot oven. Hear how it screams to come out; see how it turns and twists itself about in the fire. It beats its head against the roof of the oven. It stamps its little feet on the floor.” This is also accompanied with similarly vivid illustrations. Sweet dreams, children.
In terms of content, this book does present, as you would expect from the title, a historical view of how thought about hell changed over the years. It also summarizes influential non-Bible eschatological literature such as Dante’s Divine Comedy, and Milton’s Paradise Lost. I didn’t realize Greek views of the underworld had such a large impact on the biblical hell. It also makes a lot more sense now why there are so many paintings of Mary from the Middle Ages, as she was believed to have the ability to save souls in purgatory. I’m glad I have finally finished the book. It’s nice to be free from the clutches of eternal hellfire, at least for now.
2023-nonfiction

1 like

Like

Comment

Displaying 1 - 10 of 66 reviews
More reviews and ratings




Leonard Swidler Wikipedia

Leonard Swidler

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Swidler 17 Nov 2005.jpg

Leonard J. Swidler (born January 6, 1929) is Professor of Catholic Thought and Interreligious Dialogue at Temple UniversityPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania, where he has taught since 1966. He is the co-founder (in 1964, with Arlene Swidler) and editor of the [1] Journal of Ecumenical Studies (quarterly). He is also the founder/president of the [2] Dialogue Institute (founded 1978), the senior advisor for iPub Global Connection a book publisher, and the founder and past president of the Association for the Rights of Catholics in the Church (1980–).

Biography[edit]

Leonard Swidler was born in Sioux CityIowa to Josephine Marie Reed Swidler (1901–62) and Samuel Swidler (1897–1984). His father was a Ukrainian Jew who had come to the U.S. at age 16, and his mother was an Irish-American Catholic. Eventually the family moved to Cumberland, Wisconsin, and then to Green Bay, where his parents owned and operated the Bay Beauty Shop until after World War II, when they bought a home in Allouez and set up a beauty parlor there. Samuel worked in a paper mill in DePere and Josephine continued to run the hair salon. In 1935 Leonard's brother Jack was born, followed in 1940 by his sister Sandra.

In 1957, while they were graduate students at the University of Wisconsin, Leonard Swidler and Arlene Anderson were married. They have two daughters, Carmel (born 1958) and Eva (born 1962), and one granddaughter, Willow (born 2000). Leonard and Arlene Swidler lived in Philadelphia since 1966. Arlene died at home in 2008 after suffering from Alzheimer's for 17 years.[3]

Swidler has published over 80 books and 200 articles.[4] He has lectured on CatholicismEcumenism, Interreligious Dialogue, and Global Ethics all over the world, including AustriaAzerbaijanBangladeshBosniaBurmaBrazilCanadaChinaEgyptEnglandGermanyHong KongHungaryIndiaIndonesiaIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLebanonMalaysiaMoroccoMyanmarNorth MacedoniaPakistan, Philippines, PolandRepublic of CongoRomaniaRussiaSaudi ArabiaSouth AfricaSpainSudanSwitzerlandTaiwanTunisia, and, of course, the United States.[5]

Swidler has edited and written about the movement Towards a Global Ethic: An Initial Declaration ratified at the Parliament of the World's Religions in 1993 and updated in 2018 by the Parliament and the leadership of Myriam Renaud, PhD. [6] [7]

Honors[edit]

  • LL.D. from La Salle University, Philadelphia, October, 1977.
  • LL.D. from St. Norbert College, DePere, WI, October, 2001.
  • Prize for 2002 from the Academic Society for the Research of Religions and Ideologies (SACRI), University of Cluj, Romania.[4]

Education[edit]

• St. Norbert College, B.A. (1946–50) - Philosophy
• St. Norbert Seminary, 1950-52 - Theology
• St. Paul Seminary (Minnesota), 1952-54 - Theology
• Marquette University, 1954-55 - M.A. in History; Philosophy and Literature Minors
• University of Wisconsin, 1955-57 - History, Philosophy and Literature
• University of Tübingen (Germany), 1957-58 - History and Theology; Licentiate in Sacred Theology (S.T.L.) in 1959
• University of Munich (Germany), 1958-59 - History and Theology
• University of Wisconsin (1961) - Ph.D. in History[8]

Teaching[edit]

• Milwaukee School of Engineering, 1955 (English)
• Edgewood College, 1955-56 (Philosophy)
• University of Wisconsin: Integrated Liberal Studies Department, 1956-57 (English and History)
• University of Maryland in Europe, 1958-60 (History and Philosophy)
• U.S.A.R. Intelligence School, Fort Sheridan, 1959 (German)
• Duquesne University, 1960-66 (History; also on Theology faculty, 1962–66)
• Professor at Temple University, Religion Department, 1966–

Guest Positions while tenured at Temple University
• ACUIIS summer school at University of Graz, Austria, 1972, 1973
• Guest Professor on the Catholic Theology Faculty and the Protestant Theology Faculty of the University of Tübingen, 1972-73
• Visiting Professor at Saint Michael's College, Winouski, VT. Summer, 1976
• Exchange Professor on the Catholic Theology Faculty and the Institute for Ecumenical Research of the University of Tübingen, Summer Semester, 1982
• Exchange Professor on the Catholic Theology Faculty and the Institute for Ecumenical Research of the University of Tübingen, Summer Semester, 1985
• Guest Professor in the Philosophy Department, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China, Summer Semester, 1986
• Professor at Temple University Japan (Tokyo), Summer School, May–June, 1987
• Exchange Professor on the Protestant Theology Faculty, Hamburg University, Fall semester, 1989
• Guest Professor in the Philosophy Department, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, Summer Semester, 1990
• Professor at Temple University Japan (Tokyo), 1990-91
• Visiting Fulbright Professor at Centre for Civilisational Dialogue of the University of MalayaKualalumpur, Malaysia, summer 2003
• Visiting Fulbright Professor at Centre for Civilisational Dialogue of the University of Malaysia, Kualalumpur, Malaysia, summer 2004
• Visiting Professor, East China University, Shanghai, China, June, 2004
• Visiting Professor, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, June, 2004
• Visiting Professor, Peoples’ University, Beijing, China, June, 2004
• Visiting Fulbright Professor at Centre for Catholic Studies, Chung Chi College, [[The Chinese University of Hong Kong, November, 2007 • Visiting Fulbright Professor at Khazar UniversityBakuAzerbaijan, May 1–28, 2011 [8]

Publications[edit]

Books (including edited and translated volumes)

  • Dialogue for Reunion. New York: Herder and Herder, 1962.
  • Scripture and Ecumenism (ed.) Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1965.
  • The Ecumenical Vanguard. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1965.
  • Jewish-Christian Dialogues (with Rabbi Marc Tanenbaum). Wash., DC: National Council of Catholic Men and National Council of Catholic Women, 1966.
  • Ecumenism, the Spirit and Worship (ed.) Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press 1967.
  • BultmannBarth and Catholic Theology, by Heinrich Fries (Introduction and translation). Pittsburgh: Duquesne U Press, 1967.
  • Freedom in the Church. Dayton: Pflaum Press, 1969.
  • Bishops and People (author, editor, and translator with Arlene Swidler). Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1970.
  • Women Priests in the Catholic Church?, Haye van der Meer (introduction, postscript, and translation with Arlene Swidler). Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1973.
  • Isj and Isjah (joint author with Jan Kerkhofs). Antwerp/Utrecht: Uitgeverij Patmos, 1973.
  • Jews and Christians in Dialogue (ed.). Philadelphia: Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 1975.
  • Women in Judaism. The Status of Women in Formative Judaism. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1976.
  • The Eucharist in Ecumenical Dialogue (ed.). New York: Paulist, 1976; & as Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 13, 2 (Spring, 1976).
  • Bloodwitness for Peace and Unity. Denville, NJ: Dimension Books, 1977.
  • Women Priests: Catholic Commentary on the Vatican Declaration (ed. with A. Swidler). New York: Paulist Press, 1977.
  • Jewish-Christian-Muslim Dialogue (ed.). Philadelphia: Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 1978.
  • Aufklärung Catholicism 1780-1850. Missoula, MT: Scholars Press, 1978.
  • A Commentary on the Oberammergau Passionspiel in regard to Its Image of Jews and Judaism. New York: ADL, 1978.
  • Biblical Affirmations of Woman. Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1979 (4th printing, 1991).
  • Consensus in Theology? A Dialogue with Hans Küng and Edward Schillebeeckx (editor and co-author). Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1980; also as Journal of Ecumenical Studies, vol. 17, no. 1 (Winter, 1980).
  • Jewish Monotheism and Christian Trinitarian Doctrine, Pinchas Lapide and Jürgen Moltmann (Introduction and translation). Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1980.
  • The Oberammergau Passionspiel 1984 (Das Oberammergauer Passionspiel 1984). New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1980.
  • From Holocaust to Dialogue: A Jewish-Christian Dialogue between Americans and Germans (editor and co-author). Philadelphia: Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 1981.
  • Küng in Conflict. New York: Doubleday, 1981.
  • Authority in the Church and the Schillebeeckx Case (co-editor with Piet Fransen & co-author). New York: Crossroad, 1982; also as JES, 19, 2 (Spring, 1982).
  • Tractate on the Jews by Franz Mussner (translation and Introduction). Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984.
  • The Passion of the Jew Jesus (Das Leiden des Juden Jesus) New York: Anti-Defamation League, 1984.
  • Buddhism Made Plain (with Antony Fernando). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1984 (7th printing, 1996).
  • Ed. and founder of Templum, Religion Department Newsletter, Temple University, 1985‐.
  • Religious Liberty and Human Rights (editor & author). New York/Philadelphia: Hippocrene Books/Ecumenical Press, 1986.
  • “Breaking down the Wall” between Americans & East Germans, Christians and Jews (editor & author). Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987.
  • Church in Anguish: Has the Vatican Betrayed Vatican II? (co-ed. with Hans Küng, & author). San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1987.
  • Toward a Universal Theology of Religion (editor and author). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1987.
  • A Catholic Bill of Rights (co-editor with Patrick Connor and author). Kansas City: Sheed & Ward, 1988.
  • Catholic-Communist Collaboration in Italy (co-editor with Edward Grace and author). Lanham MD: University Press of America, 1988.
  • Yeshua: A Model for Moderns. Kansas City: Sheed & Ward, 1988; 2nd expanded ed., 1993.
  • Cristãos e Não-Cristãos em Diálogo [Christians and Non-Christians in Dialogue] (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Paulinas, 1988.
  • After the Absolute: The Dialogical Future of Religious Reflection. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1990.
  • Death or Dialogue. From the Age of Monologue to the Age of Dialogue (with John Cobb, Monika Hellwig, and Paul F. Knitter Philadelphia: Trinity Press International, 1990.
  • Bursting the Bonds. A Jewish-Christian Dialogue on Jesus and Paul (editor & co-author with Gerard Sloyan, Lewis Eron, and Lester Dean). Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1990.
  • Attitudes of Religions and Ideologies towards the Outsider: The Other (co-ed. with Paul Mojzes & author). NY: Mellen Press, 1990.
  • A Bridge to Buddhist-Christian Dialogue (co-author with and trans. of Seiichi Yagi). Mahwah NJ: Paulist Press, 1990.
  • Christian Mission and Interreligious Dialogue (co-editor with Paul Mojzes and author). New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990.
  • “Alle Christen haben das Recht...” (co-editor with Patrick Connor author). Munich: Kösel Verlag, 1990.
  • Human RightsChristiansMarxists and Others in Dialogue (editor/author). New York: Paragon House, 1991.
  • Der umstrittene Jesus. Stuttgart: Quell Verlag, 1991. Kaiser Taschenbuch. Gütersloh: Chr. Kaiser/Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 1993.
  • Muslims in Dialogue. The Evolution of a Dialogue over a Generation (editor/author). New York: E. Mellen Press 1992.
  • My Witness For the Church, by Bernard Häring. Translation and Introduction. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1992.
  • The Meaning of Life At the Edge of the Third Millennium. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press, 1992.
  • Die Zukunft der Theologie im Dialog der Religionen und Weltanschauungen. Regensburg/Munich: Pustet/Kaiser Verlag, 1992.
  • Introduzione al buddismo. Paralleli con l’etica ebraico-cristiana (co-author w. Antony Fernando). Bologna: Edizioni Dehoniane, 1992.
  • IESHUA — Jesus histórico, Cristologia, Ecumenismo (in Portuguese), São Paulo: Paulinas, 1993.
  • Yeshua: Gendaijin no Moderu Iesu (translated by Seiichi Yagi). Tokyo, Shinkyo Shuppansha Pub., 1994.
  • Suffering From the Church, by Heinrich Fries. Introduction &trans. with Arlene Swidler. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1995.
  • O Sentido da Vida no Limiar do Terceiro milênio [The Meaning of Life] (in Portuguese), Sâo Paulo: Paulus, 1996.
  • Toward a Catholic Constitution. New York: Crossroad Press, 1996.
  • Bulgyo wa Grisdogyo Rulita (Buddhism Made Plain). Benedict Press. Waegwan, Korea, 1996.
  • The Uniqueness of Jesus, co-editor with Paul Mojzes. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1997.
  • Theoria—>Praxis. How Jews, Christians, Muslims Can Together Move From Theory to Practice. Antwerp: Peeters Publi., 1998.
  • For All Life. Toward a Universal Declaration of a Global Ethic: An Interreligious Dialogue. Ashland: White Cloud Press, 1999.
  • The Study of Religion in an Age of Global Dialogue (co-author with Paul Mojzes). Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000.
  • Dupa absolut. Viitorul dialogic al reflectiei religioase. Cluj, Romania: Limes, 2003.
  • Interreligious Dialogue Toward Reconciliation in Macedonia and Bosnia, co-editor with Paul Mojzes and Heinz-Gerhard Justenhoven. Philadelphia: Ecumenical Press, 2003
  • After the Absolute (Korean - tr. Chan-Su Yi). Seoul: Ehwa University Press, 2003.
  • Dialogue in Malaysia and the Globe. Kuala Lumpur. University of Malaya, 2004.
  • Our Understanding of Ultimate Reality Shapes Our Actions. Kuala Lumpur. University of Malaya, 2004.
  • Confucianism in Dialogue Today. West, Christianity, and Judaism (co-editor with Shu-hsien Liu and John Berthrong). Philadelphia: Ecumenical Press, 2005.
  • Изучуьањето на релиґиата во ерата на глобалнот дијалог (The Study of Religion). Macedonian Translation by Slobadanka Markovska. Skopje, Macedonia: Tempjum, 2005.
  • Quanqiu Duihua de Shidai. The Age of Global Dialogue. Trans. by Lihua Liu. Beijing: China Social Science Press, 2006.
  • Making the Church Our Own. How We Can Reform the Catholic Church from the Ground Up. Lanham, MD: Sheed & Ward, 2007.
  • Jesus Was a Feminist. What the Gospels Reveal about His Revolutionary Perspective. Lanham, MD: Sheed & Ward, 2007.
  • Trialogue. Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Dialogue. New London, CT: Twenty-Third Publications, 2007.
  • A Global Ethic. Journal of Ecumenical Studies, 42, 3 (Summer, 2007), editor/author.
  • Constitutional Catholicism. An Essential in Reforming the Church. Philadelphia, PA: The Ecumenical Press, 2011.
  • Club Modernity. For Reluctant Christians. Philadelphia, PA. The Ecumenical Press, 2011.
  • Democratic Bishops for the Roman Catholic Church, with Arlene Swidler. The Ecumenical Press, 2011.
  • Editor of the book series: Religions In Dialogue, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 1990–.
  • Editor and co-founder (with Arlene Swidler) of the Journal of Ecumenical Studies (quarterly), 1964–.
  • Letters to Will Does Life Have Meaning? iPub Global Connection LLC, 2017.[4]
  • Letters to Will What is Right and Wrong? iPub Global Connection LLC, 2018
  • Letters to Will What is Global Ethic?, iPub Global Connection LLC 2018
  • Letters to Will What is Buddhism?, iPub Global Connection LLC 2019
  • Letters to Will Jesus Was a Feminist and Much Much More, iPub Global Connection LLC 2019
  • The Power of Dialogue, iPub Global Connection LLC 2018
  • Breakthrough to Dialogue: The Story of Temple University Department of Religion, iPub Global Connection LLC 2019
  • Movement for a Global Ethic, iPub Global Connection LLC 2018
  • Yeshua Jesus the Jew A Model for Everyone, iPub Global Connection LLC 2020
  • Letters to Will Jesus Was a Rabbi? OMG! iPub Global Connection LLC 2020

References[edit]

  1. ^ "Journal of Ecumenical Studies"Dialogue Institute. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  2. ^ "Dialogue Institute"Dialogue Institute. Retrieved 10 January 2019.
  3. ^ Swidler, Autobiographical fragments, Temple.
  4. Jump up to:a b c Swidler, Curriculum vitæ, Temple.
  5. ^ "Dialogue Institute Staff". Archived from the original on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  6. ^ Movement for a Global Ethic: An Interreligious Dialogue
  7. ^ What is Global Ethic?
  8. Jump up to:a b "Curriculum Vitae".

External links