"수상과 관계없이 '올해의 책' 모두가 훌륭한 출판계 성취입니다" 입력2023.12.30. 오전 4:31 기사원문 이혜미 기자
[제64회 한국출판문화상 본심 이모저모] 제64회 한국출판문화상 심사위원들이 15일 서울 중구 한국일보사에서 본심 심사를 하고 있다. 왼쪽부터 시계방향으로 표정훈 출판평론가, 김수영 한양여대 문예창작과 교수, 조영학 번역가, 김지은 아동문학평론가, 홍성욱 서울대 생명과학부 교수, 윤경희 문학평론가, 백승종 역사가. 김예원 인턴기자
"금상, 은상 같은 상의 가장 토대가 되는 상이 바로 '입선'입니다. '뽑혔다'는 뜻인데, 예심에서 분야별로 10권씩 뽑힌 것이 입선입니다. 이미 선택을 받은 것입니다."(백승종 심사위원)
15일 서울 중구 한국일보사에서 열린 제64회 한국출판문화상 본심 심사. 5개 부문에서 총 6권(어린이·청소년 부문은 공동수상)의 수상작을 모두 선정한 뒤 심사위원들은 본심 문턱을 넘지 못했으나 훌륭한 성취를 이룬 분야별 후보작을 상찬했다. 한국일보는 올해부터 본심 진출작 50종을 '후보작'이 아닌 '올해의 책'으로 이름 붙이기로 했다. 저마다 뛰어난 '올해의 책'의 면면을 다시 한번 톺아본다.
"압도적 저작" "새로운 충격" 찬사 잇따른 올해의 책들
저술·학술 부문에서 '노비와 쇠고기'를 쓴 한문학자 강명관은 "한문에서 끌어낼 수 있는 모든 소재를 평생에 걸쳐 치열하게 발굴해내고 그것을 대중과 호흡할 수 있는 언어로 서술한 점에서 압도적으로 훌륭한 저자"라는 찬사를 받았다. 박빙의 경쟁 끝에 '빈곤 과정'에 상이 돌아가자, 표정훈 출판평론가는 "책의 완성도나 내용은 두 책 모두 100점"이라고 말했다.
교양 부문에선 강렬한 문제의식을 지닌 책이 다수 포진한 해였다. 심사위원들은 공동 수상을 막판까지 고민할 정도로 수상작 선정에 어려움을 겪었다. '디지털 폭식 사회' '에이징 솔로' '각자도사 사회'의 예리한 사유가 호평을 받았다. '장인과 닥나무가 함께 만든 역사, 조선의 과학기술사'에 대해서는 "완전히 새로운 충격을 주는 역사책"이라는 평가가 이어졌다.
번역 부문 심사는 오역이 적고, 우리말로 잘 읽히는지가 중요한 기준이 됐다. 올해는 '학술적 번역'이라고 이름 붙일 만한, 학문으로서의 훌륭한 번역 작업이 많았다. 1982년 천병희 번역본 이후로 41년 만에 고대 희랍어 원전 번역을 내놓은 서양고전학자 이준석의 '일리아스'가 대표적 예다. 김수영 한양여대 교수는 "일리아스 번역이라는 엄청난 노고는 수상 여부와 관계없이 꼭 언급을 하고 박수를 쳐야 될 일"이라 말했다.
호메로스 지음. 이준석 옮김. 아카넷·844쪽·3만5,000원
제64회 한국출판문화상 본심 과정에서 윤경희 문학평론가가 의견을 말하고 있다. 김예원 인턴기자
급변하는 출판 환경, 남은 질문들 제64회 한국출판문화상 본심 과정에서 홍성욱 서울대 생명과학부 교수가 의견을 말하고 있다. 김예원 인턴기자
편집 부문 심사과정에선 출판 환경이 바뀐 시대에 편집을 어떻게 구획하고 정의해야 하는지에 대한 토론이 벌어졌다. 1인 출판사가 늘면서 편집·디자인 등 여러 작업을 외주를 주는 경우가 늘었다. 그렇다면 '편집의 공을 누구에게 돌려야 하는가' '외주 디자이너나 편집자의 손을 빌린다고 하더라도 책을 개괄하고 좋은 외부 인력을 골라 쓰는 것 역시 편집 기획력이 아닌가' 하는 물음이 제기됐다.
어린이·청소년 부문에선 어린이 그림책과 동화집 두 권이 공동수상했다. 어린 독자가 줄어드는 가운데서도 분투하는 어린이·청소년 도서를 격려하는 차원에서 심사위원들은 만장일치로 공동수상을 결정했다. 수상작 외에도 '너를 위한 B컷' '갈림길' '느티나무 수호대' 등이 호평받았다.
2] Indian philosophy A Very Short Introduction, Sue Hamilton 3] ** [전자책] 인도철학강의, 아카마쓰 아키히코 2021
4] **인도사상사 The Indian Way John M Koller 허우성 (옮긴이)2023 4] **인도철학사 길희성 2022, 2019, 2001, 1984 === 5] 영적 휴머니즘 - 종교적 인간에서 영적 인간으로, 길희성 5] 2 META RELIGION 인간의 궁극적인 문제에 대한 분석과 해결, 최준식 === 6] 인도철학사 1 | S. 라다크리슈난 (지은이), 이거룡 1996-
6] S Radhakrishnan - Indian Philosophy - Volume 1-2 : Internet Archive === 우파니샤드 : 귓속말로 전하는 지혜 - 청소년 철학창고 02 웨단따 철학 마에다 센가쿠
Patanjali (Sanskrit: पतञ्जलि, romanized: Patañjali),[pronunciation?] also called Gonardiya or Gonikaputra, was a Hindu author, mystic and philosopher. Estimates based on analysis of his works suggests that he may have lived between the 2nd century BCE and the 4th century CE. [1] Patanjali is regarded as an avatar of Adi Sesha.[2]
He is believed to be an author and compiler of a number of Sanskrit works.[3] The greatest of these are theYoga Sutras, a classical yoga text. There is speculation as to whether the sage Patañjali is the author of all the works attributed to him, as there are a number of known historical authors of the same name. A great deal of scholarship has been devoted over the 20th century to the issue of the historicity or identity of this author or these authors.[4]
Amongst the more important authors called Patañjali are:[5][6][7]
The author of the Mahābhāṣya, an ancient treatise on Sanskrit grammar and linguistics, based on the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini. This Patañjali's life is dated to mid 2nd century BCE by both Western and Indian scholars.[8][9][10][11] This text was titled as a bhashya or "commentary" on Kātyāyana-Pāṇini's work by Patanjali, but is so revered in the Indian traditions that it is widely known simply as Mahā-bhasya or "Great commentary". As per Ganesh Sripad Huparikar, actually, Patanjali (2nd century BCE), the forerunner among ancient grammatical commentators, "adopted an etymological and dialectical method of explaining in the whole of his 'Mahābhāshya' (Great Commentary), and this has assumed, in the later commentary literature the definite form of 'Khanda-anvaya'." So vigorous, well reasoned and vast is his text, that this Patanjali has been the authority as the last grammarian of classical Sanskrit for more than 2,000 years, with Pāṇini and Kātyāyana preceding him. Their ideas on structure, grammar and philosophy of language have also influenced scholars of other Indian religions such as Buddhism and Jainism.[12][13]
The compiler of the Yoga sūtras, a text on Yoga theory and practice,[14] and a notable scholar of Samkhya school of Hindu philosophy.[15][16] He is variously estimated to have lived between 2nd century BCE to 4th century CE, with many scholars narrowing this period down to between 2nd and 4th century CE. [17][14][18]The Yogasutras is one of the most important texts in the Indian tradition and the foundation of classical Yoga.[19] It is the Indian Yoga text that was most translated in its medieval era into forty Indian languages.[20]
The author of a medical text called Patanjalatantra. He is cited and this text is quoted in many medieval health sciences-related texts, and Patanjali is called a medical authority in a number of Sanskrit texts such as Yogaratnakara, Yogaratnasamuccaya and Padarthavijnana.[21] There is a fourth Hindu scholar also named Patanjali, who likely lived in 8th-century CE and wrote a commentary on Charaka Samhita and this text is called Carakavarttika.[22] According to some modern era Indian scholars such as P.V. Sharma, the two medical scholars named Patanjali may be the same person, but completely different person from the Patanjali who wrote the Sanskrit grammar classic Mahābhashya.[22]
According to Monier Monier-Williams, the word "Patañjali" is a compound[26] name from "patta" (Sanskrit: पत, "falling, flying")[27] and "añj" (अञ्ज्, "honor, celebrate, beautiful") or "añjali" (अञ्जलि, "reverence, joining palms of the hand").[28][29]
Many scholars including Louis Renou have suggested that the Patañjali who wrote on Yoga was a different person than the Patanjali who wrote a commentary on Panini's grammar.[30][31] In 1914, James Wood proposed that they were the same person.[32] In 1922, Surendranath Dasgupta presented a series of arguments to tentatively propose that the famed Grammar text and the Yoga text author may be identical.[33]
The view that these were likely two different authors is generally accepted,[34][35] but some Western scholars consider them as a single entity.[36][37]
Some in the Indian tradition have held that one Patañjali wrote treatises on grammar, medicine and yoga. This has been memorialised in a verse by Bhoja at the start of his commentary on the Yogasutras called Rājamārttanda (11th century), and the following verse found in Shivarama's 18th-century text:[38]
English translation: I bow with my hands together to the eminent sage Patañjali, who removed the impurities of the mind through yoga, of speech through grammar, and of the body through medicine.
This tradition is discussed by Meulenbeld[21] who traces this "relatively late" idea back to Bhoja (11th century), who was perhaps influenced by a verse by Bhartṛhari (ca. 5th century) that speaks of an expert in yoga, medicine and grammar who, however, is not named. No known Sanskrit text prior to the 10th century states that the one and the same Patanjali was behind all the three treatises.[39]
In the grammatical tradition, Patañjali is believed to have lived in the second century BCE.[40] He wrote a Mahabhasya on Panini's sutras, in a form that quoted the commentary of Kātyāyana's vārttikas. This is a major influential work on Sanskrit grammar and linguistics.[8] The dating of Patanjali and his Mahabhasya is established by a combination of evidence, those from the Maurya Empire period, the historical events mentioned in the examples he used to explain his ideas, the chronology of ancient classical Sanskrit texts that respect his teachings, and the mention of his text or his name in ancient Indian literature.[41][42] Of the three ancient grammarians, the chronological dating of Patanjali to mid 2nd century B.C. is considered as "reasonably accurate" by mainstream scholarship.[43]
The text influenced Buddhist grammatical literature,[44] as well as memoirs of travellers to India. For example, the Chinese pilgrim I-tsing mentions that the Mahabhasya is studied in India and advanced scholars learn it in three years.[45]
In the Yoga tradition, Patañjali is a revered name. This Patañjali's oeuvre comprises the sutras about Yoga (Yogasūtra) and the commentary integral to the sutras, called the Bhāṣya. Some consider the sutras and the Bhaṣya to have had different authors, the commentary being ascribed to "an editor" (Skt. "vyāsa"). According to Phillipp Maas, the same person named Patanjali composed the sutras and the Bhāṣya commentary.[48]
Radhakrishnan and Moore attribute the text to the grammarian Patañjali, dating it as 2nd century BCE, during the Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE).[49] Maas estimates Patañjali's Yogasutra's date to be about 400 CE, based on tracing the commentaries on it published in the first millennium CE.[14] Edwin Bryant, on the other hand, surveys the major commentators in his translation of the Yoga Sūtras.[50] He states that "most scholars date the text shortly after the turn of the Common Era (circa first to second century), but that it has been placed as early as several centuries before that."[51] Bryant concludes that "A number of scholars have dated the Yoga Sūtras as late as the fourth or fifth century C.E., but these arguments have all been challenged", and late chronology for this Patanjali and his text are problematic.[52]
Regarding his early years, the TamilSaiva Siddhanta tradition from around 10th century AD holds that Patañjali learned Yoga along with seven other disciples from the great Yogic Guru Nandhi Deva (Nandi (Hinduism)), as stated in Tirumular's Tirumandiram (Tantra 1). His Samadhi is said to be at Rameswaram Shiva temple and a shrine for him still exists in the temple.
Whether the two works, the Yoga Sutras and the Mahābhāṣya, are by the same author has been the subject of considerable debate. The authorship of the two is first attributed to the same person in Bhojadeva's Rajamartanda, a relatively late (10th century) commentary on the Yoga Sutras,[54] as well as several subsequent texts. As for the texts themselves, the Yoga Sutra iii.44 cites a sutra as that from Patanjali by name, but this line itself is not from the Mahābhāṣya. This 10th-century legend of single-authorship is doubtful. The literary styles and contents of the Yogasūtras and the Mahābhāṣya are entirely different, and the only work on medicine attributed to Patañjali is lost. Sources of doubt include the lack of cross-references between the texts, and no mutual awareness of each other, unlike other cases of multiple works by (later) Sanskrit authors. Also, some elements in the Yoga Sutras may date from as late as the 4th century C.E.,[7] but such changes may be due to divergent authorship, or due to later additions which are not atypical in the oral tradition. Most scholars refer to both works as "by Patanjali", without meaning that they are by the same author.
In addition to the Mahābhāṣya and Yoga Sūtras, the 11th-century commentary on Charaka by the Bengali scholar Chakrapani Datta, and the 16th-century text Patanjalicarita ascribes to Patañjali a medical text called the Carakapratisaṃskṛtaḥ (now lost) which is apparently a revision (pratisaṃskṛtaḥ) of the medical treatise by Caraka. While there is a short treatise on yoga in the medical work called the Carakasaṃhitā (by Caraka), towards the end of the chapter called śārīrasthāna, it is notable for not bearing much resemblance to the Yoga Sūtras, and in fact presents a form of eightfold yoga that is completely different from that laid out by Patañjali in the Yoga Sūtras and the commentary Yogasūtrabhāṣya.
The Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali are 196 Indian sutras (aphorisms) on Yoga. It was the most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty Indian languages and two non-Indian languages: Old Javanese and Arabic.[20] The text fell into obscurity for nearly 700 years from the 12th to 19th century, and made a comeback in late 19th century due to the efforts of Swami Vivekananda and others. It gained prominence again as a comeback classic in the 20th century.[55]
Before the 20th century, history indicates the Indian yoga scene was dominated by other Yoga texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, Yoga Vasistha and Yoga Yajnavalkya.[56] Scholars consider the Yoga Sūtras of Patañjali formulations as one of the foundations of classical Yoga philosophy of Hinduism.[57][58]
The Mahābhāṣya ("great commentary") of Patañjali on the Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pāṇini is a major early exposition on Pāṇini, along with the somewhat earlier Varttika by Katyayana. Patanjali relates to how words and meanings are associated – Patanjali claims shabdapramâNaH – that the evidentiary value of words is inherent in them, and not derived externally[59] – the word-meaning association is natural. These issues in the word-meaning relation (symbol) would be elaborated in the Sanskrit linguistic tradition, in debates between the Mimamsa, Nyaya and Buddhist schools over the next fifteen centuries.[citation needed]
Patanjali also defines an early notion of sphota, which would be elaborated considerably by later Sanskrit linguists like Bhartrihari. In Patanjali, a sphoTa (from sphuT, spurt/burst) is the invariant quality of speech. The noisy element (dhvani, audible part) can be long or short, but the sphoTa remains unaffected by individual speaker differences. Thus, a single letter or 'sound' (varNa) such as k, p or a is an abstraction, distinct from variants produced in actual enunciation.[59] This concept has been linked to the modern notion of phoneme, the minimum distinction that defines semantically distinct sounds. Thus a phoneme is an abstraction for a range of sounds. However, in later writings, especially in Bhartrihari (6th century CE), the notion of sphoTa changes to become more of a mental state, preceding the actual utterance, akin to the lemma.
Patañjali's writings also elaborate some principles of morphology (prakriyā). In the context of elaborating on Pāṇini's aphorisms, he also discusses Kātyāyana's commentary, which are also aphoristic and sūtra-like; in the later tradition, these were transmitted as embedded in Patañjali's discussion. In general, he defends many positions of Pāṇini which were interpreted somewhat differently in Katyayana.
Unlike Pāṇini's objectives in the Ashtyadhyayi, which is to distinguish correct forms and meanings from incorrect ones (shabdaunushasana), Patanjali's objectives are more metaphysical. These include the correct recitations of the scriptures (Agama), maintaining the purity of texts (raksha), clarifying ambiguity (asamdeha), and also the pedagogic goal of providing an easier learning mechanism (laghu).[59] This stronger metaphysical bent has also been indicated by some as one of the unifying themes between the Yoga Sutras and the Mahābhāṣya, although a close examination of actual Sanskrit usage by Woods showed no similarities in language or terminology.
The text of the Mahābhāṣya was first critically edited by the 19th-century orientalist Franz Kielhorn, who also developed philological criteria for distinguishing Kātyāyana's "voice" from Patañjali's. Subsequently, a number of other editions have come out, the 1968 text and translation by S.D. Joshi and J.H.F. Roodbergen often being considered definitive. Regrettably, the latter work is incomplete.
Patanjali is often stated as having claimed there was a hostility between the orthodox Brahminic (Astika) groups and the heterodox, nAstika groups (Buddhism, Jainism, and atheists), like that between a mongoose and a snake.[60]Nathan McGovern argues Patanjali never used this mongoose-snake analogy.[61]
Patanjali also sheds light on contemporary events, commenting on the recent Greek incursion, and also on several tribes that lived in the Northwest regions of the subcontinent.
Patanjali is also the reputed author of a medical text called Patanjalah, also called Patanjala or Patanjalatantra.[21][62] This text is quoted in many yoga and health-related Indian texts. Patanjali is called a medical authority in a number of Sanskrit texts such as Yogaratnakara, Yogaratnasamuccaya, Padarthavijnana, Cakradatta bhasya.[21] Some of these quotes are unique to Patanjala, but others are also found in major Hindu medical treatises such as Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita.[21]
There is a fourth scholar also named Patanjali, who likely lived in 8th-century and wrote a commentary on Charaka Samhita and this text is called Carakavarttika.[22] The two medical scholars named Patanjali may be the same person, but generally accepted to be completely different person than the Patanjali who wrote the Sanskrit grammar classic Mahabhasya.[22]
Patanjali is honoured with invocations and shrines in some modern schools of yoga, including Iyengar Yoga[24] and Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga.[25] The yoga scholar David Gordon White writes that yoga teacher training often includes "mandatory instruction"[63] in the Yoga Sutra. White calls this "curious to say the least",[63] commenting that the Yoga Sutra is "nearly devoid of discussion of postures, stretching, and breathing".[64]
^Raghavan, V.; et al. (1968). New Catalogus Catalogorum. Vol. 11. Madras: University of Madras. pp. 89–90. lists ten separate authors by the name of "Patañjali."
^Ganeri, Jonardon. Artha: Meaning, Oxford University Press 2006, 1.2, p. 12
^Radhakrishnan, S.; Moore, C.A., (1957). A Source Book in Indian Philosophy. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University, ch. XIII, Yoga, p. 453
^ Jump up to:abcMaas, Philipp A. (2006). Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert (in German). Aachen: Shaker. ISBN978-3832249878.
^ Jump up to:abcdeMeulenbeld, G. Jan (1999). History of Indian Medical Literature, vol. I part 1. Groningen: E. Forsten. pp. 141–44. ISBN978-9069801247.
^ Jump up to:abcdMeulenbeld, G. Jan (1999). History of Indian Medical Literature, vol. I part 1. Groningen: E. Forsten. pp. 143–144, 196. ISBN978-9069801247.
^Louis Renou (1940). "On the Identity of the Two Patañjalis". In Narendra Nath Law (ed.). Louis de La Vallée Poussin Memorial Volume. Calcutta. pp. 368–73.
^Woods, James Haughton (1914). he Yoga-system of Patañjali: or, the ancient Hindu doctrine of Concentration of Mind Embracing the Mnemonic Rules, called Yoga-sūtras, of Patañjali and the Comment, called Yoga-bhāshya, attributed to Veda-Vyāsa and the Explanation, called Tattvaiçāradī, of Vāchaspati-miçra. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. introduction.
^Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press, ISBN978-0231144858, pages 151, 209, 215, 263
^Maas, Philipp. A. (2006). Samādhipāda: das erste Kapitel des Pātañjalayogaśāstra zum ersten Mal kritisch ediert. Aachen: Shaker. ISBN978-3832249878.
^Ian Whicher (1998), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, State University of New York Press, ISBN978-0791438152, page 49
이혜미 기자
제64회 한국출판문화상 심사위원들이 15일 서울 중구 한국일보사에서 본심 심사를 하고 있다. 왼쪽부터 시계방향으로 표정훈 출판평론가, 김수영 한양여대 문예창작과 교수, 조영학 번역가, 김지은 아동문학평론가, 홍성욱 서울대 생명과학부 교수, 윤경희 문학평론가, 백승종 역사가. 김예원 인턴기자
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