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Gandhi Biography-Autobiography | Gandhi Philosophy | Gandhi's Writings | Non-violence | Education | Health | God | Religion |
Village Development | For Children | Economics | Journalism | Miscellaneous | Comic Books | Books by Vinoba Bhave | Gandhi Journals



GANDHI AUTOBIOGRAPHIES / BIOGRAPHIES


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An Autobiography or
The Story of My Experiments with Truth


Translated by (from Gujarati) : Mahadev Desai
Printed and Published by :Navajivan Mudranalaya,
Ahemadabad-380014 India
Email:jitnavjivan10@gmail.com
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Gandhi's Autobiography :
Moral Lessons


By: K. D. Gangrade



Published by :
Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti, New Delhi


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सत्याचे प्रयोग अथवा आत्मकथा
(मराठी)


Translated by: Sitaram Patwardhan

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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GANDHI A Biography for Children and Beginners


Written by : Ravindra Varma


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

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Gandhiji's Autobiography( Abridged )


Abridged by :
Bharatan Kumarappa
Printed and Published by :
Navajivan Mudranalaya,
Ahemadabad-380014 India
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Gandhiji's Autobiography( Abridged - Kannada)



Courtesy :
Karnataka Gandhi Smarak Nidhi
Gandhi Bhavan, Bangalore, India



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GANDHI: A Life



By : Krishna Kripalani



Published by :
National Book Trust, India
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Mohandas K. Gandhi Autobiografia Minha Vida E Minhas Experiencias Com A Verdade


(Portuguese)

Published by :
Palas Athena


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MAHATMA GANDHI
His Life & Times


By : Louis Fischer


Published by :
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan,
K. M. Munshi Marg, Mumbai, MS, India.

GANDHI'S PHILOSOPHY




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Epigrams from Gandhiji
(Gandhi Quotes)



Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by : S. R. Tikekar
Published by :
Publication Division,
New Delhi 110 003, India 

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All Men Are Brothers

(Life & thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi
as told in his own words)

Compiled & Edited by:
Krishna Kripalani
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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Selections from Gandhi
(Encyclopedia of Gandhian Thoughts)
Written by :
Nirmal Kumar Bose
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India



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Mind of Mahatma Gandhi
(Encyclopedia of
Gandhi's Thoughts)
Compiled & Edited by:
R. K. Prabhu & U. R. Rao
With Forewords by :
Acharya Vinoba Bhave &
Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 

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India Of My Dreams


By: Krishna Kripalani
Compiled: R. K. Prabhu
With a foreword by:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

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or
Indian Home Rule



Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

GANDHI'S WRITINGS



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Unto This Last
a paraphrase
Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Translated fron the Gujarati by :
Valji Govindji Desai
 

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From Yeravda Mandir


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Translated from Gujarati by :
Valji Govindji Desai
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

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Trusteeship


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by :
Ravindra Kelekar




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The Law and The Lawyers


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled & Edited by:
S. B. Kher
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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Satyagraha in South Africa


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Translated from the Gujarati by:
Valji Govindji Desai
General Editor : Shriman Narayan
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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Selected Letters of Mahatma Gandhi



Written by : M. K. Gandhi
General Editor : Shriman Narayan
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India




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Gandhiji Expects


By : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by:
H. M. Vyas
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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Prayer


By : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled & Edited by :
Chandrakant Kaji
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India



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Gokhale
My Political Guru



By : M. K. Gandhi


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India






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Self-restraint v. Self-indulgence



By: M.K. Gandhi



Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad - 380014, India.



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Everyman's a... b... c... of GANDHI


Compiled by: Mahendra Meghani



Published by :
Sabarmati Ashram Preservation and Memorial Trust and Lokmilap Trust



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The Miracle of Calcutta




By: Manubehn Gandhi



Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad - 380014, India.





PDFs
Mahatma - Vol 1 to 8


By : D. G. Tendulkar
Foreword by:
Jawaharlal Nehru
Published by :
Publication Division,
New Delhi, India

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The Voice of Truth


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
General Editor : Shriman Narayan

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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"Going to Wipe their Tears"


Written by : Pyarelal
Compiled from 'Mahatma Gandhi : The Last Phase' By Mahendra Meghani

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India





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MAHATMA GANDHI
The Last Phase
Volume IX
Book One
By: Pyarelal

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad - 380014, India.



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MAHATMA GANDHI
The Last Phase
Volume IX
Book Two
By: Pyarelal

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad - 380014, India.



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MAHATMA GANDHI
The Last Phase
Volume X

By: Pyarelal


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad - 380014, India.





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In Search of the Supreme
Volume I
By: M. K. Gandhi

Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.



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In Search of the Supreme
Volume II
By: M. K. Gandhi

Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.



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In Search of the Supreme
Volume III
By: M. K. Gandhi

Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.





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Social Service, Work & Reform
Volume I
By: M. K. Gandhi

Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.



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Social Service, Work & Reform
Volume II
By: M. K. Gandhi

Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.



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Social Service, Work & Reform
Volume III
By: M. K. Gandhi

Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.





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Political and National Life and Affairs
Volume I
By: M. K. Gandhi
Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.



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Political and National Life and Affairs
Volume II
By: M. K. Gandhi
Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.



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Political and National Life and Affairs
Volume III
By: M. K. Gandhi
Compiled and Edited by:
V. B. Kher

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.





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Evil Wrought By The English Medium


By: M.K. Gandhi

Edited By: R.K. Prabhu

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad - 380014, India.

GANDHI'S VIEWS ON NON-VIOLENCE



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My Non-violence



By: M. K. Gandhi
Compiled and Edited by :
M. K. Gandhi

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India



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Non-violence and Social Change


Editor: Dr. J. S. Mathur
Asst. Editor :
Dr. P. C. Sharma

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India



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GANDHI

The alternative to violence

By : Carlos G. Vall챕s




Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad,INDIA





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Contemporary Perspectives on Peace and Non-violence


Edited by : Siby K Joseph
& Bharat Mahodaya
Published by :
Institute of Gandhian Studies,
Gopuri, Wardha-442001,
Maharashtra, INDIA



PDF
Non-violence After Gandhi

A Study of Martin Luther King Jr.

Edited By: G. Ramachandran
T. K. Mahadevan

Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation, New Delhi
Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bombay



PDF
Non-violent Warrior


Dr. P. V. Pathak



12850 Whittington Dr,
# 104, Houston TX 77077, USA




PDF
Gandhiji's Non-violence in Theory and Practice



Selected and Compiled with
an Introduction by :
Bharti Mazmudar


Published by: Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya
On Strategic
Nonviolent Conflict :

Thinking About
The Fundamentals



By: Robert L. Hevley

Published by :
The Albert Einstein Institution



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A Discipline For Non-violence



By: Richard B. Gregg



Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House, Ahmedabad, India




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The Search For A Nonviolent Future



By : Michael N. Nagler

Foreword by : Arun Gandhi


Published by: Inner Ocean Publishing, California

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Conflict Resolution and Gandhian Ethics



By : Thomas Weber




Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation,
New Delhi, India.



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The Origins ofNonviolence

Tolstoy and Gandhi in their Historical Settings


By: Martin Green



Published by :
HarperCollins, India

GANDHI'S VIEWS ON EDUCATION


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Towards New Education


By : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by: Bharatan Kumarappa

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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To Students


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by : Bharatan Kumarappa

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

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Peace Education or Education for Peace


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by : M. S. Deshpande

Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation,
221-223 Deen Dayal Upadyay Marg,
New Delhi 110002, India.

GANDHI'S VIEWS ON HEALTH



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Key to Health



Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Translated by : Sushila Nayar

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The Moral Basis of Vegetarianism



Written by : M. K. Gandhi

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

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Nature Cure



Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Edited by : Bharatan Kumarappa
Foreword by : Morarji Desai





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Diet and Diet Reform

Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Edited by : Bharatan Kuamarappa
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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Sevagram to Shodhgram



Written by : Dr. Abhay Bang
Translated by : Arvind Gupta

Published by :
Mumbai Sarvodaya Mandal,
299 Tardeo Road, Nana Chowk, Mumbai, MS, India

GANDHI'S VIEWS ON GOD


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Truth Is God


By : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by: R. K. Prabhu
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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Pathway to GOD


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by : M. S. Deshpande
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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My God


By : M. K. Gandhi


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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Ramanama


By : M. K. Gandhi



Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

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Discourses on the Gita


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Translated from the Original Gujarati by : Valji Govindji Desai
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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Essence of Hinduism


By : M. K. Gandhi
Complied and edited by:
V. B. Kher


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.




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Gandhi's Challenge To Christianity


By : S. K. George



Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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Practice and Precepts of Jesus


By : J. C. Kumarappa


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

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What Jesus Means To Me


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by : R. K. Prabhu
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India




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TheGita according to Gandhi


By : Mahadev Desai



Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India


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The Message of the Gita


By : M. K. Gandhi



Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

GANDHI'S VIEWS ON RELIGION


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Ethical Religion


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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My Religion
Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled and Edited by :
Bharatan Kumarappa
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.

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What is Hinduism?


By : M. K. Gandhi


Published by :
Indian Council of Historical Research, National Book Trust, India.

GANDHI'S VIEWS ON VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT


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Constructive Programme
(Its Meaning & Place)

Written by : M. K. Gandhi
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Village Industries


Written by : M. K. Gandhi


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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Panchayat Raj


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by : R. K. Prabhu
Published by :
Indian Council of Historial Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India



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Ashram Observances in action


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Translated from the original Gujarati by : Valji Govindji Desai
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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Village Swaraj


Written by : M. K. Gandhi
Compiled by : H. M. Vyas

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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Gandhiji on VILLAGES

Selected and Compiled with
an Introduction by :
Divya Joshi

GANDHI BOOKS FOR CHILDREN [ Gandhi Peace Examination Books ]


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Our Bapu


By : Begum Qudsia Zaidi
Foreword by : Jawaharlal Nehru
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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Gandhi's Life in his own words


Compiled by : Krishna Kripalani


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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(Abridged)
Gandhi - Ganga


Compiled by :
Mahendra Meghani
Translated by:
Mrs Jyoti Verma


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The Story of My Life


Selected and Compiled with an Introduction by : Divya Joshi
By : M. K. Gandhi
Abridged and Simplified with Topics for Essays by :Bharatan Kumarappa 
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Gandhi Katha


Written by : Umashankar Joshi
Translated by : Divya Joshi
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GANDHIJI


Written by : Jugatram Dave
Translated by : Jyoti Verma
Published by :
Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal
Printed by :
Navajivan Publishing House



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A Pinch Of Salt
Rocks An Empire


Compiled & Edited by :
Sarojini Sinha
Illustration by : Mrinal Mitra
Published by : Children's Book Trust


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The Story of Gandhi


Written by : Rajkumari Shanker
First Edition : 1969

Published by :
Children's Book Trust
New Delhi, India.

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GANDHI a pictorial biography


By : B. R. Nanda

Published by :
Publications Division,
Ministry of Information and Broadcasting
Government of India




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Gandhi through the Eyes of Children



By : Sunitichandra Mishra



Published by :
Smashwords, Inc.



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Everyone's Gandhi


Transmitted by : Gandhi Peace Foundation and Press Trust of India
First Edition : 1997
Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation,
New Delhi, India.



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The Story of Dandi March


Written By : Sandhya Rao

Published by :
Tulika Publishers,
Chennai 600 018, India

Courtesy :
Tulika Publishers

GANDHI'S VIEWS ON ECONOMICS






PDF
Economy of Permanence
A quest for a social order based on non-violence


By:J. C. Kumarappa
With a foreword from:M. K. Gandhi
Published by :
Sarva Seva Prakashan,
Rajghat, Varanasi-221001, INDIA..




PDF
Gandhian Economic Thought
By : J. C. Kumarappa






Published by :
Sarva Seva Prakashan,
Rajghat, Varanasi-221001, INDIA.

GANDHI'S VIEWS ON JOURNALISM



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Journalist Gandhi
Selected Writings of Gandhi


Compiled By:
Sunil Sharma
Published by :
Gandhi Book Centre
Bombay Sarvodaya Mandal
299 Tardeo Road, Nana Chowk,
Mumbai 400 007, MS, India.

MISCELLANEOUS


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Mohan-Mala


Compiled by : R. K. Prabhu



Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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Bapu - My Mother


By : Manubehn Gandhi
Translated from Gujarati by :
Chitra Desai
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India
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Ba and Bapu


By : Mukulbhai KalarthiTranslated from the original Gujarati by : Gurdial Mallik
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India



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The Epic Fast


By : Pyarelal




Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.

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GANDHI - His Relevance for
our times


Edited by : G. Ramachandran &
T. K. Mahadevan

Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation, New Delhi
Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, Mumbai

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MAHATMA GANDHI

Essays & Reflections
on his Life and Work
Edited by : S. Radhakrishnan
Published by :
George Allen & Unwin Ltd.
Museum Street
London


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This was Bapu


Compiled by:
R. K. Prabhu


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

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Anecdotes of Gandhi

Abridged from the book,
'This Was Bapu'
Compiled by:
R. K. Prabhu
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India

PDF
Mr. Gandhi : The Man



By:
Millie Graham Polak
Published by :
Vora & Co., Publishers Ltd. Bombay


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Bahuroopi Gandhi


Written by :
Anu Bandopadhyaya
Forwarded by :
Jawaharlal Nehru


PDF
Gandhi for the new generation



By: Gunvant Shah


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.

PDF
The Murder of
the Mahatma



By:
G. D. Khosla
Published by :
Jaico Publishing House, 125 Mahatma Gandhi Road, Mumbai 400001



PDF
Mahatma Gandhi As A Student


Compiled and edited by :
J. M. Upadhyaya
Published by :
Publication Division
Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
Government of India

PDF
Gandhi and His Asrhams


by : Mark Thomson


Published by :
Popular Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.,
Mumbai 400034, MS, India

PDF
GANDHI

His life and thought
By : J. B. Kripalani

Published by :
Publication Division
Ministry of Information & Broadcasting
Government of India



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Gandhi wields the weapon of Moral Power


by : Gene Sharp


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.

PDF
Continuing Relevance of Swadeshi


Edited by : Siby K Joseph
& Bharat Mahodaya
Published by :
Institute of Gandhian Studies,
Gopuri, Wardha-442001
Maharashtra, INDIA

PDF
Contextualising Gandhian Thought
Edited by : Siby K Joseph
Published by :
Institute of Gandhian Studies, Gopuri,
Wardha-442001,
Maharashtra, INDIA



PDF
Gandhi, Environment and Sustainable Future


Edited by : Siby K Joseph
& Bharat Mahodaya
Published by :
Institute of Gandhian Studies,
Gopuri, Wardha-442001
Maharashtra, INDIA

PDF
Reflections on
HIND SWARAJ


Edited by : Siby K Joseph
& Bharat Mahodaya
Published by :
Institute of Gandhian Studies,
Gopuri, Wardha-442001,
Maharashtra, INDIA
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Gandhiji on KHADI


Selected and Compiled with
an Introduction by :
Divya Joshi



PDF
Gandhi and Marx


by : K. G. Mashruwala
Introduction by : Vinoba Bhave
Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.

PDF
Speeches and Writings
of M. K. Gandhi


With an introduction by :
C. F. Andrews


Published by :
G. A. Natesan & Co, Madras
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PDF
Is Gandhi Out of date



Written by :
Dr. Vishwanath Tandon






PDF
Mahatma Gandhi and
Leo Tolstoy Letters


Edited with Introduction
and Notes by:
B. Srinivasa Murthy
Foreword by :
Virginia Hartt Ringer
Published by :
Long Beach Publications

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Spitting At The Sun
Assassination of Gandhi : Facts vs. Falsehood

Written by: Chunibhai Vaidya
Translated by: Ramesh Dave

Published by : Gujarat Loksamiti, Ahmedabad, India

PDF
Non-violent Struggles of the Twentieth Century: Retrospect and Prospect


Edited by : Siby K Joseph
& Bharat Mahodaya

Published by :
Institute of Gandhian Studies,
Gopuri, Wardha-442001
Maharashtra, INDIA





PDF
Trusteeship


Edited by:
George Goyder

Published by :
Leslie Sawhny Programme for training for democracy,
Trusteeship Foundation
Friedrich-Naumann-Stiftung
Courtesy :
Trusteeship Foundation



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Gandhiji on Trusteeship Management


An Anthology of Gandhiji's Thoughts on Trusteeship Management

Published by :
The Indian Centre For Encouraging Excellence, Bombay
Courtesy :
Trusteeship Foundation

PDF
New Trend in Philonthropy


Translated by : Hina Manerikar

Published by :
Mumbai Sarvodaya Mandal and Trusteeship Foundation




PDF
Trusteeship: A Path Less Travelled


Edited By: Siby Joseph
Bharat Mahodaya
Ram Chandra Pradhan


Published by :
Institute of Gandhian Studies, Gopuri, Wardha, MS, India.

PDF
Business and Ethics

Can earn profit in Ethical Business


By :
Amol Karnad
Published by: Alacrity Foundations Pvt. Ltd.

PDF
Contemplating Gandhi

Essays on Mahatma's life and thought
By : Chandrashekhar Dharmadhikari
Translated from Hindi by : Ramchandra Pradhan
Published by :
Institute of Gandhian Studies,
Gopuri, Wardha-442001
Maharashtra, INDIA




PDF
Gandhiji on Environment



Selected and Compiled with
an Introduction by :
Divya Joshi
Published by: Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya


PDF
Gandhiji on Religious Conversion


Selected and Compiled with
an Introduction by :
Sandhya Mehta
Published by: Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya


PDF
Gandhiji on Communal Harmony


Selected and Compiled with
an Introduction by :
Bharati Mazmudar
Published by: Mani Bhavan Gandhi Sangrahalaya




PDF
Teachings of
Mahatma Gandhi


Edited By :
Jag. Pravesh Chander

With a Foreword by:
Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Published by :
The Indian Printing Works, Lahore.

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MAHATMA GANDHI

His life, Writings and Speeches


With a foreword by :
Mrs. Sarojini Naidu


Courtesy :
www.archive.org


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Gandhi in Anecdotes



By:
Ravindra Varma


Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.




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Kasturba Gandhi


By: Aparna Basu



Published by :
Gandhi National Memorial Society, Aga Khan Palace, Pune.


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MAHATMA GANDHI

Peaceful Revolutionary


By :
Haridas T. Muzumdar


Courtesy :
www.archive.org


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Gandhi's India

Unity in Diversity






Published by :
Director, National Book Trust
New Delhi, India.




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The Mahatma and The Poet

Letters and debates between Gandhi and Tagore 1915-1941
Compiled and Edited by:
Sabyasachi Bhattacharya




Published by :
Director, National Book Trust
New Delhi, India.


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The Spiritual Basis of Satyagraha



By: Ravindra Varma




Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.





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The Mahatma beyond Gandhi

Compiled by:
Kalpana Desai


Published by :
Sarvodaya International Trust,
Maharashtra Chapter, Mumbai



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Gandhi Remembered

By:
Horace Alexander




Published by :
Pendle Hill
Library of Congress USA.


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Satyagraha in Champaran



By : Rajendra Prasad

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.





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MOBI-Kindle
This was Senani


Narrator: Rambhau Joshi

English Translation by:
Prof. S. B. Hudlikar


Published by :
Prof. S.B. Hudlikar, Mumbai



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MAHATMA Gandhi - An American Profile

By: Srimati Kamala


Published by :
The Gandhi Peace FOundation
221/223 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, New Delhi 110 002.


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GANDHI

A Very Short Introduction
By:
Bhikhu Parekh




Published by :
Oxford University Press


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Industrialize - And Perish!


By : M.K. Gandhi

Compiled by : R.K. Prabhu

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.





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MOBI-Kindle
The Way to Communal Harmony


By : M.K. Gandhi

Compiled by : U.R. Rao

Published by :
Navajivan Publishing House,
Ahmedabad, India.

COMIC BOOKS ON MAHATMA GANDHI

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MAHATMA GANDHI
(In comic book form)


By: Eric Francis

Published by :
A Purohit & Sons Publication

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Beely Bug looks for the truth


By: Guy Saddy
and Carol Shaben
Published by :
Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti and Gandhi Canadian Foundation

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MOBI-Kindle


Thus Spake Bapu

By: Srimati Kamala


Published by :
The Gandhi Peace FOundation
221/223 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg, New Delhi 110 002.

BOOKS BY/ON ACHARYA VINOBA BHAVE


Book Online
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Talks on the Gita
Written By:
Vinoba Bhave
Published by :
Paramdham Prakashan,
(Gram-seva Mandal), Pavnar,
Wardha - 442 111, India.
Book Online
PDF
Moved By Love

Translated by :
Marjorie Sykes
Published by :
Paramdham Prakashan,
(Gram-seva Mandal), Pavnar,
Wardha - 442 111, India.
Book Online
PDF
My Dear Pranav


Written by : L. N. Godbole
Foreword by :
Usha Chandrasekhar
Published by :
Indian Centre for Encouraging Excellence, Court Chambers, III Floor, Bombay 400 020





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Hundred Facets of Vinoba


Written by :
N.Krishnaswamy

Published by :
Sahitya Mandira
Bangalore






Book Online
Drops of Ambrosia
Acharya Vinoba Bhave Quotes

Price : Rs. 250/-
Published by :
Yagna Prakashan
Vadodara 390001, India


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Science and Self-knowledge


By : Vinoba
Translated and Edited by :
Dr. Jitendra Nath Mohanty
Published by : Akhil Bharat
Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan,
Rajghat, Kashi, India.




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Swaraj Shastra


By : Vinoba Bhave
Translated by :
Bharatan Kumarappa

Published by :
Sarva Seva Sangh, Varanasi


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Where Silence Speaks


Edited by : Usha
Translated by : Pranati Pratap

Published by :
Paramdham Prakashan
Pavnar 442111, Dist. Wardha, MS, India


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Vinoba Darshan


Photographs By : Gautam Bajaj



Published by :
Paramdham Prakashan
Paunar, Wardha 442111
MS, India.




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Vinoba: His life and work


By : Shriman Narayan

Published by :
Popular Prakashan, Mumbai, India.
Courtesy :
Digital Library of India


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VINOBA: Sage of the Age


By : Usha


Published by :
Karnataka Gandhi Smarak Nidhi
Gandhi Bhavan, Kumara Park East, Bangalore 560001, Karnataka, India.


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The Steadfast Widsom


By : Vinoba
Translated by :
Lila Ray
Published by :
Sarva Seva Sangh Prakashan,
Rajghat, Varanasi 221001, India.
For more books on and by Vinoba

JOURNALS BY M.K. GANDHI



External Link
The Indian Opinion
(1903-1915)



Courtesy :
Gandhi Heritage Portal

External Link
Navajivan
(1919-1932)



Courtesy :
Gandhi Heritage Portal

External link
Young India
(1919-1931)



Courtesy :
Gandhi Heritage Portal



External Link
Harijan
(1933-1956)



Courtesy :
Gandhi Heritage Portal

External Link
Harijan Sevak
(1933-1956)



Courtesy :
Gandhi Heritage Portal

External link
Harijan Bandhu
(1933-1956)



Courtesy :
Gandhi Heritage Portal

JOURNALS BY OTHERS



Book Online
PDF
Bhoodan Movement
(Land Gift Movement)
(Special issue on Bhoodan)
By : ANASAKTI DARSHAN
Price : Rs. 150/-

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Gandhi Marg
Vol. 34, No. 1, April-June 2012
(Quarterly Journal of the Gandhi Peace Foundation)


Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation,
New Delhi 110002, India.
Contact gpf18@rediffmail.com to Subscribe.

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Gandhi Marg
Vol. 34, No. 3 & 4, July-December 2012
(Quarterly Journal of the Gandhi Peace Foundation)

Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation,
New Delhi 110002, India.
Contact gpf18@rediffmail.com to Subscribe.



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Gandhi Marg
Vol. 39, No. 2&3,
Combined Issue
July-Sept.& Oct.-Dec. 2017
(Quarterly Journal of the Gandhi Peace Foundation)


Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation,
New Delhi 110002, India.
Contact gpf18@rediffmail.com to Subscribe.

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Gandhi Marg
Vol. 39, No. 4,
Special Issue
Jan.-March 2018
(Quarterly Journal of the Gandhi Peace Foundation)


Published by :
Gandhi Peace Foundation,
New Delhi 110002, India.
Contact gpf18@rediffmail.com
to Subscribe.

At the feet of Mahatma Gandhi - by Rajendra Prasad | PDF
The Essential Gandhi - by Louis Fischer | PDF
Gandhiji As We Know Him- by Chandrashanker Shukla (External link)
Stray Glimpses of Bapu - by Kaka Kalelkar (External link)
Reminiscences of Gandhiji - by Chandrashaker Shukla (External link)
Practical Non-violence - by K.G. Mashruwala | PDF
The Essential Gandhi - by Louis Fischer | PDF
Handbook of Peace and Conflict Studies - Edited by Charles Webel and Johan Galtung (Courtesy: https://guessoumiss.files.wordpress.com) |PDF
The Gandhi Story in his own words - by Mahendra Meghani (Courtesy: https://archive.org) | PDF
Women Behind Mahatma Gandhi - by Eleanor Morton (Courtesy: https://archive.org) | PDF
Gandhi Faces The Storm - by Gene Sharp | PDF| EPUB
Gandhi - by Carl Heath ( Courtesy:www.archive.org) | PDF| EPUB
Bliss was it to be young with Gandhi - Childhood Reminiscences of Narayan Desai | EPUB
Gandhi's Passion - The life and legacy of Mahatma Gandhi - by Stanley Wolpert | PDF | EPUB
Education for living creatively and peacefully - by Devi Prasad | PDF | EPUB
Mahatma Gandhi (Biography) - by Anne Schraff | PDF
Letters to Sardar Patel | PDF
Letters to Maniben Patel | PDF (External link)
Famous Letters of Mahatma Gandhi - Compiled and Edited by R.L. Khipple | PDF
Mahatma Gandhi - 100 Years - Edited by S. Radhakrishnan | PDF | EPUB | MOBI
Mahatma Gandhi - 125 Years - by B.R. Nanda | PDF
My Days with Gandhi -by Nirmal Kumar Bose | PDF
The story of Nayee Talim (Basic Education) - by Marjorie Sykes | PDF
Thambi Naidoo and His Family - by E S Reddy | PDF
An Atheist with Gandhi, by Gora (External Link) | PDF| EPUB
Africa Needs Gandhi ! - by Fr. Jude Thaddeus Langeh | PDF| EPUB
The African Element in Gandhi - by Anil Nauriya | PDF
Gandhiji And South Africa, by E. S. Reddy | PDF
Gandhiji's Vision Of A Free South Africa, a collection of articles by E. S. Reddy | PDF
Agony of Valliamma, by E. S. Reddy | PDF
Gandhi and Communal Problem | PDF
Selected Writings of Mahatma Gandhi, Selected and introduced by Ronald Duncan | PDF
Mahatma Gandhi - An Interpretation - by E. Stanley Jones | PDF
Seven Months with Mahatma Gandhi - by Krishnadas - Abridged and Edited by Richard Gregg | PDF
Mahatma Gandhi - The Man Who Became One With The Universal Being - by Romain Rolland ( Courtesy:www.archive.org) |PDF
The Economic Philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi ( Courtesy:www.archive.org) | PDF

FAQs / Myths about Mahatma Gandhi

FAQs / Myths about Mahatma Gandhi

    FAQs / Myths

Father of the Nation	Responsible for Pakistan
55 Crores to Pakistan	Belligerence of Muslims
Sufficient for everybody's Need, not for Greed	Nobel Peace Prize
What Mahatma Gandhi did to save Bhagat Singh	Gandhi's letter to the Viceroy regarding the sentence of death to Bhagat Singh
Quotation of Customer	Seven Social Sins
Gandhi's 11 Vows	Scrawny Man?
Was Gandhi a Saint?	His Tradition Carried On?
Was Indira Gandhi Related to Gandhi?	Nonviolence According to Gandhi
Inventor of Nonviolence?	Is Nonviolence Hard to Practice?
What is Satyagraha?	Is Nonviolent Action Easiest Way?
Nonviolence Works?	Myth about Gandhi's Nonviolent Action
Solving Unemployment	Advocating Vegetarianism?
What do Gandhi think about Christianity?	Why Gandhiji was against Violence?
Gandhiji, you have said that men who do not work, eat stolen food. What does it mean?	Generations will remember Bhilare Guruji for saving Mahatma Gandhi in 1944 (The facts behind)
Shrimad Rajchandra's Reply to Gandhiji's Questions	महात्मा गाँधी ने दलितों के लिए क्या किया ?

Click Here for answers to some FAQs (Spitting At The Sun : Complete Book Online) | E-Book (ENGLISH) |E-Book (MARATHI) | E-Book (GUJARATI)

Answers to some FAQs in Gandhi's own words

Answers to some FAQs in Gandhi's own words on another website

마하트마 간디 - 물소리 오강남의 간디 이야기 : 네이버 카페

마하트마 간디 - 물소리 오강남의 간디 이야기 : 네이버 카페




마하트마 간디 - 물소리 오강남의 간디 이야기 | 자유게시판


2018.12.21. 18:50




soft103a(soft****)
나눔회원


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마하트마 간디

-불살생-비폭력으로 사랑 일깨운 현대 인도의 아버지




“눈에는 눈이라면 온 세상이 다 눈이 멀게 되고 말 것이다.”










20세기 가장 위대한 인류의 지도자 중 하나인 간디(1869~1948)를 보통 ‘마하트마 간디’라고 하지만 본명은 모한다스 K. 간디Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi였다. ‘마하트마’는 ‘위대한maha’ ‘영혼atman’이라는 뜻을 가진 존칭으로서, 일반적으로 타고르가 처음으로 간디에게 사용한 칭호라고 한다. 간디 스스로는 자기가 이 칭호를 받을 자격이 없다고 생각하고 이를 거북하게 여겼다.




간디의 초기 생애는 그의 『자서전: 진리에 대한 나의 실험』에 잘 나와 있다. 간디는 1869년 10월2일 현재 구자라트 주의 해안 도시 포르반다르에서 출생했다. 그의 아버지는 그 지방 정치 지도자였다. 부인들이 난산으로 잇달아 죽어가, 네 번째로 얻은 부인의 넷째이자 막내 아이가 간디였다. 어린 간디는 정식 교육을 받지 않았지만 원칙에 엄격했던 아버지와 쉬바 신을 섬기는 경건한 어머니와(어머니가 자이나교 교인이었다는 주장도 있음) 그 지방 주 종교로 불살생不殺生을 최고로 여기던 자이나교의 영향을 받으면서 자라났다. 그가 나중에 주장하고 실천한 아힘사, 채식, 단식, 관용의 정신 등은 이런 영향 아래서 형성된 것이라 볼 수 있다.




간디가 어릴 때 어느 친구가 인도인이 영국의 지배를 받는 것은 인도인들이 고기를 먹지 않아 허약해졌기 때문이라고 하면서 같이 고기를 먹기로 하자고 했다. 둘이서 강가로 가서 염소를 잡아먹었다. 집에 돌아가자 어머니가 저녁을 먹으라고 하는데 배가 고프지 않다고 하고 방으로 들어가 잤다.밤새도록 염소의 울음소리가 들리고, 자기 어머니에게 거짓말한 것에 죄책감을 느끼면서, 앞으로 결코 고기를 먹지 않기로 작정하였다고 한다.




어릴 때 읽은 인도의 고전 『마하라즈 하리쉬찬드라』에 나오는 영웅담도 그의 어린 마음을 사로잡았다. 그의 자서전에서 “그 이야기가 내 머리에서 떠나지 않아, 나는 셀 수 없이 여러 번 내 스스로 하리쉬찬드라의 역을 해보았다”고 했다. 이 이야기에 나오는 인물들을 통해 진리와 사랑을 최고의 가치로 여기는 마음이 굳어졌으리라 볼 수 있다.




간디는 그 당시 풍속대로 열세 살에 열네 살 된 신부를 맞았다. 그는 부인을 사랑했다. 그가 열네 살 때 아버지가 병으로 몸져 누웠는데, 밤마다 아버지의 다리를 주물러 드렸다. 하루는 주물러 드리는 일을 마치고 부인하고 자고 싶어 쏜살같이 부인 방에 찾아 갔는데, 조금 있다가 하인으로부터 아버지가 돌아가셨다는 전갈을 받았다. 간디는 그의 자서전에서 “정욕이 나를 눈멀게 하지 않았다면, 아버지의 임종을 보지 못하는 괴로움에서 나를 건져주었을 것”이라고 했다. 간디가 열다섯 살 때 첫 아기가 태어났지만 며칠 못 가서 죽었다. 그 후 네 명의 아들을 얻었다.




간디의 학교 성적은 보통이었다. 지방 대학에 들어갔다가 유학을 위해 중도에 그만 두었다. 1888년9월 4일 열아홉 생일 한 달 전, 영국으로 법학을 공부하러 떠났다. 본래 간디의 집안 어른들은 간디가 서양식 풍속에 오염되는 것을 염려하여 그의 런던 행을 허락하지 않았다. 그러나 어머니는 아들이 자이나교 승려 앞에서 고기와 술과 여자, 세 가지를 금하겠다는 서약을 하는 조건으로 아들의 유학을 허락했다.




런던에서는 영국 신사가 되기 위해 양복도 입고, 실크 모자도 쓰고, 가죽 장갑도 끼고, 지팡이도 가지고 다니고, 댄스 교습도 받고, 바이올린, 웅변술 레슨도 받았다. 여러 번의 시행착오 끝에‘원숭이처럼’ 영국신사 흉내 내기를 그만두고 인도인으로 살아가야 하겠다는 자각에 이르게 되고,그 이후 더욱 더 인도적으로 되었다.




런던에 살 때 채식 식당을 찾아 먼 길을 오갔는데, 그 때 다리운동으로 다리가 튼튼해졌다고 한다.런던에서 사귄 채식가들 중에는 힌두교와 불교 연구에 전념하던 신지학회Theosophy Society 사람들이 있었다. 간디는 그때까지만 해도 종교에는 별로 관심이 없었지만 신지학회 사람들의 권유로 그들과 힌두교 경전 『바가바드기타』를 함께 읽으며 종교에 관심을 가지게 되고, 힌두교와 그리스도교 경전들을 읽기 시작했다.




1891년 6월 변호사 자격증을 취득. 2년 8개월의 영국 생활을 접고 인도로 돌아갔다. 가서 보니 자기가 런던에 있을 때 어머니가 이미 별세했다는 것을 알게 되었다. 학업에 지장을 줄까 통지를 하지 않았던 것이다. 고향과 뭄바이에서 변호사로 개업했지만 성공하지 못했다. 몇 가지 다른 것도 시도해 보다가 1893년 남아프리카에 있던 인도 상사에 일자리가 있다고 하여 1년 계약직으로 남아프리카에 가기로 했다.




남아프리카로 가는 기차에서 일등실 표를 사가지고 있었지만, 삼등실로 옮겨 가라는 요구를 받고 거절했다가 어느 역에서 밖으로 내동댕이쳐진 사건은 영화 『간디』를 통해서도 잘 알려져 있다. 그는 목적지로 가는 도중, 그리고 거기에서 살면서 받은 인종차별의 경험을 통해 불의에 항거하는 사회 운동의 중요성에 눈뜨기 시작했다.




간디는 인도인들의 투표권 박탈을 입법화하려는데 반대하는 운동에 참가하기 위해 남아프리카에서의 계약기간을 연장시켰다. 그리고 비록 법안을 저지하지는 못했지만 인도인들의 단결된 힘을 보여주는 데는 성공했다. 그는 1894년 나탈 인도인 의회를 창설하고 인도인들의 정치적 힘을 집결하였다. 그 후 남아공의 여러 가지 인종차별 정책에 저항하는 운동을 이끄는 일을 성공적으로 수행했다.




남아공에서의 인권운동으로 유명해진 간디는 1915년 인도로 돌아와 인도와 인도의 독립을 위한 지도자가 된다. 영국 식민지배 하에서 고통 받고 있는 인도인들과 황폐된 농촌을 위해 자원봉사자들을 규합하여 마을을 깨끗이 하고, 학교와 병원을 세우는 일에 스스로 앞장설 뿐 아니라, 마을 지도자들을 일깨워 이런 병폐와 질곡에서 벗어나는 데 힘쓰라고 촉구하기도 했다. 이런 운동을 전개하는 중, 그가 사회 소란죄로 추방당하게 되었는데, 이 때 수많은 군중들이 감옥 앞에 모여 그의 석방을 요구하고, 그 결과 그는 감옥에서 풀려났다.




많은 사람들의 지원을 엎게 된 간디는 농민들을 착취하는 지주들과 영국 식민지 정부를 향한 저항운동을 지도했다. 1930년의 그 유명한 ‘소금 행진’ 등 긴 비폭력 저항 운동을 통해 1947년 8월 15일 드디어 인도의 독립을 가져오게 했다.




독립은 했지만, 인도는 결국 이슬람 교인이 압도적인 파키스탄과 힌두교인이 주를 이루는 인도로 갈라지게 되었다. 이런 과정에서 힌두교와 이슬람의 평화적 공존을 주장하던 간디는 그의 지도력에 불만을 품은 힌두교 과격파 인물에 의해 암살당했다. 1948년 1월 30일 오후 5시 5분이었다. 죽으면서 최후로 한 말은 “헤 람(오, 신이여)”. 네루는 라디오 방송으로 그의 죽음을 알리면서 “빛이 우리의 삶에서 사라지고 어디에나 어둠이 있을 뿐”이라고 했다.


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간디의 행동을 움직인 사상과 원칙을 크게 두 가지로 요약하라면 아힘사ahiṃsā와 싸탸그라하satyagraha였다. 

아힘사는 보통 ‘비폭력’이라고 번역되지만 일체의 생명에 해를 주지 않는 것,생명을 ‘살림,’ 생명을 경외하는 것을 의미한다. 그는 “눈에는 눈이라면 온 세상이 다 눈이 멀게 되고 말 것”이라고 하며, 진리와 사랑이 결국에는 승리한다는 것을 명심하라고 했다.

샤탸그라하는 진리파지眞理把持라고 번역하는데, 우리의 행동이 감정이나 이해관계에 따라 좌우되는 것이 아니라, ‘참된 현실을 진정으로 꿰뚫어 본’ 결과에서 나와야 한다는 주장이다. 예를 들어 영국이 인도를 식민지화함으로 인도 사람들만 비인간화되는 것이 아니라, 남을 비인간화하는 영국 사람들도 똑같이 비인간화되는 것이니 인도의 독립은 감정이나 이해의 문제가 아니라 인도 사람들이나 영국 사람들 다 같이 인간화의 길을 가는데 불가결한 일이므로 이를 성취해야 한다는 식이다.

간디는 이 외에도 브라흐마차랴의 실천자였다. 36세에 부인의 동의를 얻어 금욕적인 삶을 산 것이다. 다석 류영모 선생님의 표현을 빌면 해혼解婚한 셈이다. 그의 성생활에 관해서는 여러 가지 이설이 많은 것도 사실이다. 그는 또 ‘아파리그라하’ 곧 무소유의 단순한 삶을 원칙으로 하였다.채식 뿐 아니라 나중에는 과일만 먹는 과식주의자果食主義者, fruitarian였다. 머리도 스스로 깎고, 빨래도 손수 했다. 그의 아슈람이 설립되었을 때 불가촉천민만이 할 수 있는 뒷간 청도도 마다하지 않았다. 그는 일주일 중 하루는 묵언黙言으로 보냈다.
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간디는 모든 종교 전통이 한 분 신의 각기 다른 표현이라 믿고 모든 종교에 대해 관대하였다. 모든 종교의 핵심은 자비, 불살생, 황금률 같은 진리와 사랑으로 요약된다고 보았다. 그는 스스로 힌두교인이면서도 동시에 “그리스도인, 이슬람교인, 불교인, 유대교인이기도 하다”고 했다. 그는 특히 예수의 산상수훈을 좋아하고, 그 중에 악을 대적하지 말라든가 오른 뺨을 치거든 다른 뺨마저 돌려 대라고 하는 대목에 크게 감명을 받았다.

그러나 그는 “나는 당신들의 그리스도Christ는 좋아하지만 당신들 그리스도인들Christians은 좋아하지 않는다”고도 했다. 간디의 사상은 많은 사람들에게 영향을 끼쳤는데, 가장 큰 예가 1960년대 미국 인권운동을 지도한 마틴 루터 킹 목사, 미얀마 민주화를 위한 여성 지도자로 1991년 노벨 평화상을 받은 아웅 산 수치 여사(최근 그의 정치적 입장에 대한 의문이 제기되고 있다), 남아공에서 흑백 차별 반대 운동을 지도하다가 1984년 노벨 평화상을 받은 데스몬드 투투 주교, 남아프리카 전 대통령으로 1993년 노벨 평화상을 받은 넬슨 만델라 같은 사람이다.

그 외에도 히틀러 정권에 저항하다가 사형 당한 신학자 디트리히 본회퍼, 영국의 가수 존 레논, 환경운동으로 2007년 노벨 평화상을 받은 미국 전 부통령 알 고어, 한국의 류영모, 함석헌 선생님 같은 이들이 간디로부터 영감을 받았다고 공언했다. 오바마 미국 대통령도 상원의원 시절 “나의 전 생애를 통해 나는 언제나 마하트마 간디를 하나의 영감으로 우러러 보았다.”고 하고, 대통령이 된 후에도 어느 고등학교에서 행한 강연에서 그가 누구와 밥을 같이 먹고 싶으냐는 질문을 받고, 서슴없이 “간디!”라고 대답하면서 “그는 내게 가장 큰 영감을 준 분”이라 했다.

간디는 1930년 타임지 올해의 인물로 선정되었고, 1999년에는 ‘세기의 인물’ 중 아인슈타인 다음으로 지목되었다. 간디의 생일 10월 2일은 인도의 국경일임은 물론, 2007년 유엔 총회에서는 ‘국제 비폭력일International Day of Non-Violence’로 선포하기도 했다. 이런 인물이 출현하였다고 하는 것은 인류를 위해 실로 다행스러운 일이라 하지 않을 수 없다. 그의 삶과 가르침 앞에 다시 한 번 경건한 마음으로 옷깃을 여미게 된다. *

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What is Satyagraha? | FAQs - Myths about Mahatma Gandhi

What is Satyagraha? | FAQs - Myths about Mahatma Gandhi
https://www.mkgandhi.org/faq/q17.htm



What Is Satyagraha ?

Gandhi called his overall method of non-violent action Satyagraha. This translates roughly as "Truth-force." A fuller rendering, though, would be "the force that is generated through adherence to Truth."

Nowadays, it's usually called non-violence. But for Gandhi, non-violence was the word for a different, broader concept-namely, "a way of life based on love and compassion." In Gandhi's terminology, Satyagraha-Truth-force-was an outgrowth of nonviolence.

It may also help to keep in mind that the terms Satyagraha and nonviolent action, though often used one for the other, don't actually refer to the exact same thing. Satyagraha is really one special form of nonviolent action-Gandhi's own version of it. Much of what's called non-violent action wouldn't qualify as Satyagraha. But we'll come back to that later.

Gandhi practiced two types of Satyagraha in his mass campaigns. 

The first was civil disobedience, which entailed breaking a law and courting arrest. When we today hear this term, our minds tend to stress the "disobedience" part of it. But for Gandhi, "civil" was just as important. He used "civil" here not just in its meaning of "relating to citizenship and government" but also in its meaning of "civilized" or "polite." And that's exactly what Gandhi strove for.
We also tend to lay stress differently than Gandhi on the phases of civil disobedience. We tend to think breaking the law is the core of it. But to Gandhi, the core of it was going to prison. Breaking the law was mostly just a way to get there.

Now, why was that? Was Gandhi trying to fill the jails? Overwhelm and embarrass his captors? Make them "give in" through force of numbers?
Not at all. He just wanted to make a statement. He wanted to say, "I care so deeply about this matter that I'm willing to take on the legal penalties, to sit in this prison cell, to sacrifice my freedom, in order to show you how deeply I care. Because when you see the depth of my concern, and how 'civil' I am in going about this, you're bound to change your mind about me, to abandon your rigid, unjust position, and to let me help you see the truth of my cause."

In other words, Gandhi's method aimed to win not by overwhelming but by converting his opponent - or as the Gandhian say, by bringing about a "change of heart."

Now, to many people, that sounds pretty naive. Well, I'll let you in on a secret. It was naive. The belief that civil disobedience succeeded by converting the opponent happened to be a myth held by Gandhi himself. And it's shared by most of his admirers, who take his word for it without bothering to check it out.

As far as I can tell, no civil disobedience campaign of Gandhi's ever succeeded chiefly through a change of heart in his opponents.

But this doesn't mean civil disobedience didn't work. As a matter of fact, it did work. The only thing off-kilter was Gandhi's explanation of how and why it worked.

Let me give a general description of what seems really to have happened when Gandhi and his followers committed civil disobedience:

Gandhi and followers break a law-politely. Public leader has them arrested, tried, put in prison. Gandhi and followers cheerfully accept it all. Members of the public are impressed by the protest, public sympathy is aroused for the protesters and their cause. Members of the public put pressure on public leader to negotiate with Gandhi. As cycles of civil disobedience recur, public pressure grows stronger. Finally, public leader gives in to pressure from his constituency, negotiates with Gandhi.

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That's the general outline. Notice that there is a "change of heart," but it's more in the public than in the opponent. And notice too that there's an element of coercion, though it's indirect, coming from the public, rather than directly from Gandhi's camp.

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Some campaigns of Gandhi's show a variation on this model. Sometimes Gandhi's opponents had superiors who wound up pressuring them or even ordering them to negotiate with Gandhi. These superiors might have been influenced by Gandhi's campaign, or by pressure from their own public-for instance, when British citizens pressured government leaders in Britain to intervene in affairs of their colonial government in India.
But the basic principle was the same: Gandhi's most decisive influence on his opponents was more indirect than direct.

Gandhi set out a number of rules for the practice of civil disobedience. These rules often baffle his critics, and often even his admirers set them aside as nonessential. But once you understand that civil disobedience, for Gandhi, was aimed at working a change of heart-whether in the opponent or the public - then it's easy to make sense of them.

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One rule was that only specific, unjust laws were to be broken. Civil disobedience didn't mean flouting all law.
In fact, Gandhi said that only people with a high regard for the law were qualified for civil disobedience. Only action by such people could convey the depth of their concern and win respect. No one thinks much of it when the law is broken by those who care nothing for it anyway.

Other rules: Gandhi ruled out direct coercion, such as trying to physically block someone. Hostile language was banned. Destroying property was forbidden. Not even secrecy was allowed.
All these were ruled out because any of them would undercut the empathy and trust Gandhi was trying to build, and would hinder that "change of heart."

The second form of mass Satyagraha was non-co-operation.

This is just what it sounds like. Non-co-operation meant refusing to co-operate with the opponent, refusing to submit to the injustice being fought. It took such forms as strikes, economic boycotts, and tax refusals.
Of course, non-co-operation and civil disobedience overlapped. Non-co-operation too was to be carried out in a "civil" manner. Here too, Gandhi's followers had to cheerfully face beating, imprisonment, confiscation of their property-and it was hoped that this willing suffering would cause a "change of heart."
But non-co-operation also had a dynamic of its own, a dynamic that didn't at all depend on converting the opponent or even molding public opinion. It was a dynamic based not on appeals but on the power of the people themselves.
Gandhi saw that the power of any tyrant depends entirely on people being willing to obey. The tyrant may get people to obey by threatening to throw them in prison, or by holding guns to their heads. But the power still resides in the obedience, not in the prison or the guns.
Now, what happens if those people begin to say, "We're not afraid of prison. We're even willing to die. But we're not willing to obey you any longer."
It's very simple. The tyrant has no power. He may rant and scream and hurt and destroy-but if the people hold to it, he's finished.
Gandhi said, "I believe that no government can exist for a single moment without the co-operation of the people, willing or forced, and if people suddenly withdraw their co-operation in every detail, the government will come to a standstill."
That was Gandhi's concept of power-the one he's accused of not having. It's a hard one to grasp, for those used to seeing power in the barrel of a gun. Their filters do not pass it. And so they call Gandhi idealistic, impractical.

Source: Mahatma Gandhi and His Myths- By Mark Shepard

Opinion | Trump’s Decision to Withdraw From Syria Is Alarming. Just Ask His Advisers. - The New York Times

Opinion | Trump’s Decision to Withdraw From Syria Is Alarming. Just Ask His Advisers. - The New York Times

Trump’s Decision to Withdraw From Syria Is Alarming. Just Ask His Advisers.

This isn’t the first time the president and his administration have sent mixed messages.


By The Editorial Board


The editorial board represents the opinions of the board, its editor and the publisher. It is separate from the newsroom and the Op-Ed section.
Dec. 19, 2018









It was less than three months ago that John Bolton, the national security adviser, declared an expanded objective for American troops in Syria.

The goal is not just defeating the Islamic State, but also ensuring that Iranian forces leave the country, he told reporters in what seemed like an authoritative statement of official policy.

Only, as is so often the case with Donald Trump’s chaotic presidency, it apparently wasn’t.

On Wednesday, Mr. Trump summarily overruled Mr. Bolton and the rest of his national security team. He ordered the withdrawal of all 2,000 American ground troops from Syria within 30 days.

That abrupt and dangerous decision, detached from any broader strategic context or any public rationale, sowed new uncertainty about America’s commitment to the Middle East, its willingness to be a global leader and Mr. Trump’s role as commander in chief.


Soldiers have a duty to follow their leader and carry out lawful orders. But success depends on trusting that the leader knows what he’s doing and where he’s going.

Sending conflicting orders to soldiers on the battlefield, as Mr. Trump and his administration are doing, not only hampers morale and undermines allied forces like the Syrian Kurds, it could also risk getting American soldiers killed or wounded for objectives their commanders had already abandoned.


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Even some of Mr. Trump’s most ardent supporters were alarmed. “It is a major blunder,” a Republican senator, Marco Rubio of Florida, wrote on Twitter. “If it isn’t reversed it will haunt this administration & America for years to come.”

Senator Lindsey Graham, Republican of South Carolina, who generally supports Mr. Trump, said he and others in the national security establishment were “blindsided” by the announcement. He called for congressional hearings on the decision.

This isn’t the first time the president and his administration have sent mixed messages. During the 2016 campaign, Mr. Trump promised to withdraw troops from Syria and has been looking for a way do it ever since. In April, he gave the Pentagon more time to complete the mission, which since the Obama era has been strictly focused on finishing off the Islamic State. Then Mr. Bolton arrived on the job and declared that “we’re not going to leave as long as Iranian troops are outside Iranian borders, and that includes Iranian proxies and militias.”


As late as Monday, James Jeffrey, the State Department’s Syria envoy, told the Atlantic Council that the United States would stay in Syria until ISIS was defeated, Iranian influence was curbed and there was a political solution to the Syrian civil war.

But on Wednesday, Mr. Trump undercut his advisers, and American interests, by reversing course and declaring in a tweet, “We have defeated ISIS in Syria, my only reason for being there during the Trump Presidency.”

There was no attempt to use the leverage of an American withdrawal to achieve any specific political or military goal.

Mr. Trump’s assertion that the Islamic State is defeated is absurd. “We have won against ISIS,” he boasted in a video. The ability of the terrorists to strike has been significantly degraded and much of the territory they claimed for their so-called caliphate has been liberated. But the group still retains a pocket of land on the Syria-Iraq border and has roughly 20,000 to 30,000 fighters, according to military researchers. As Mr. Jeffrey said Monday, “The job is not yet done.”

No one wants American troops deployed in a war zone longer than necessary. But there is no indication that Mr. Trump has thought through the consequences of a precipitous withdrawal, including allowing ISIS forces to regroup and create another crisis that would draw the United States back into the region.

An American withdrawal would also be a gift to Vladimir Putin, the Russian leader, who has been working hard to supplant American influence in the region and who, on Thursday, enthusiastically welcomed the decision, saying, “Donald’s right.” Another beneficiary is Iran, which has also expanded its regional footprint. It would certainly make it harder for the Trump administration to implement its policy of ratcheting up what it calls “maximum pressure” on Iran.

Among the biggest losers are likely to be the Kurdish troops that the United States has equipped and relied on to fight the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. Turkey’s president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, considers many of the Kurds to be terrorists bent on destroying his country. In recent days he has vowed to launch a new offensive against them in the Syrian border region. Mr. Trump discussed his withdrawal decision in a telephone call with Mr. Erdogan on Friday.

The American withdrawal worries Israel, anxious about Iran’s robust military presence in Syria, and Jordan, which bears a considerable burden from Syrian refugees who fled the fighting across the border. While Israel withheld criticism of Mr. Trump’s decision, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said his government would escalate the fight against Iranian-aligned forces in Syria once the Americans leave.

Decisions of such consequence normally are thoroughly vetted by a president’s national security advisers. But congressional lawmakers said there were no signs that any process was followed, and a senior White House official, refusing to discuss internal deliberations, said Wednesday, “The issue here is the president made a decision.”

It’s hard not to wonder whether Mr. Trump is once again announcing a dramatic step as a way of deflecting attention from bad news, in this case a torrent of legal judgments that are tightening the legal noose around him.

That would be the worst rationale for a commander in chief sworn to protect the nation and to honor the men and women who serve in uniform.