2024/07/01

박정미 - 과학적으로 사고하며 존재의 의미를 찾는다는 것의 허무함과 우울

박정미 - 과학적으로 사고하며 존재의 의미를 찾는다는 것의 허무함과 우울 -브라이언 그린,... | Facebook



박정미

prdenStooscf7muh3f137c1h9fu5am09u4625h46t0l17991u3lf1umc1t62 ·



과학적으로 사고하며 존재의 의미를 찾는다는 것의 허무함과 우울
-브라이언 그린, <엔드 어브 타임>을 읽고

우리시대 일급의 과학자, 그것도 인문학적 교양이 넘치는 저자가 이 세상의 시작과 끝, 존재의 의미에 대해 숙고한 결과물을 펼쳐냈다. 그는 컬럼비아대학 물리학과와 수학과 교수이자 우주론에서 중요한 업적을 쌓은 브라이언 그린.
그 명성만큼 현존하는 과학적 성과물을 거의 다 검토하고 철저하게 과학적 사고를 밀고 나간게 보인다. 그래서 문제다. 그와의 대화는 지적으로 풍성한 향연 속에 즐겁지만 책을 덮고 홀로 남겨진 지금 유물론적 존재론과 환원주의적 방법론을 소화시키지 못해 괴롭다.

이 책에서 그는 우주의 역사를 이끄는 두 주인공으로 열역학제2법칙(엔트로피증가법칙), 그 중에서도 엔트로피2단계과정과 진화론을 내세우면서 우주의 기원과 끝, 인간존재의 구조와 의미를 이끌어냈다.

<열역학제2법칙과 엔트로피의 춤>

열역학제2법칙에 따르면 생물이든 무생물이든, 입자단계이든 거대 천체수준이든, 물질이든 에너지든 간에 우주 모든 만물은 소모되고, 퇴화하고, 쇠퇴할 수 밖에 없다. 그러나 특수한 상황에서 특정 물리계(시스템)가 형성되면 계 내의 엔트로피가 감소하는 경우가 있는데, 이를 ‘엔트로피 2단계 과정’이라고 한다. 물리계에 흐르는 에너지는 엔트로피를 외부로 방출하면서 새 질서를 유지하고, 심지어는 질서를 창출할 수 있다는 것이다.
지금으로부터 138억년전쯤 모종의 대 사건으로 우주의 역사는 시작되었다. 빅뱅으로 불리는 이 사건으로 균일한 인플라톤장으로 채워져있던 미세영역(지름이 10억X10억X10억분의 1미터)에서 에너지가 분해되어 밀어내는 중력이 작동을 멈췄고, 그 일대의 공간이 입자로 채워지면서 가장 단순한 원자핵이 합성되기 시작했다.
그 후 양자요동에 의해 이 영역의 밀도가 주변보다 더 높아졌고, 입자들이 강한 중력에 이끌려 서서히 한 곳으로 뭉치면서 엔트로피 제2단계과정이 시작되었다. 시간이 흐를수록 무질서해지는 우주에서 별과 행성, 인간과 같은 질서 정연한 구조가 형성될 수 있었던 것이다.
이렇듯 엔트로피 2단계 과정은 열역학제2법칙 내에서 진행된다. 하나의 물리계 안에서 엔트로피는 감소할 수도 있지만 주변환경의 엔트로피 증가량이 내부의 감소량보다 많기 때문에, 엔트로피의 총량은 항상 증가하는 것이다.
그 엔트로피가 계의 안팎에서 증가와 감소의 춤을 추면서 물질과 생명이 생겨났다.

<진화의 두가지 국면, 분자진화와 생물진화>

빅뱅 후 떠도는 입자구름이 충분히 무거울 경우 중력이 중심부를 안으로 짓눌러서 고밀도-초고온 상태가 되고 가장자리에 있는 물질은 밀도가 감소하면서 차가워지는 현상(엔트로피 2단계과정)이 계속되다보면 결국 중심부의 온도가 임계값을 초과하여 핵융합이 시작된다.
별의 내부에서 진행되는 핵융합반응과 별들 사이의 충돌을 통해 무거운 원자가 만들어졌고, 이들은 한창 형성되고 있는 행성에 비처럼 쏟아져내렸다.
우리 지구행성에도 안착한 원소들은 분자진화론에 입각하여 점점 더 복잡한 분자로 진화하다가 마침내 자기복제가 가능한 분자가 탄생했고, 무작위로 일어난 변이가 복제를 통해 널리 퍼져나갔다.
엔트로피2단계 과정은 작은 규모의 입자집단보다는 더 큰 규모의 입자집단에 더 유리하게 작용한다. 수억년에 이르는 자연선택에 따라 특정분자계는 더 큰 규모의 입자집단을 형성해왔고 드디어 분자의 복제능력을 획득하여 생명체로 가는 길을 열었다.
지금으로부터 40억년젼 정보와 에너지를 추출하고, 저장하고, 전파할 수 있는 분자(원시생명체)가 탄생했다. 단 1개의 세포도 수조개의 원자로 이루어졌으며, 생명은 수많은 세포들(사람의 몸은 30~50조의 세포로 이루어짐)의 집단거동을 통해 나타나는 현상이다. 아직은 기본입자들이 특별한 형태로 배열되었을 때 생명이 가동되는 이유는 오리무중이지만 일단 생명체가 탄생한 뒤의 상황은 진화론으로 다 설명이 될 수 있다.
생명활동은 물리법칙으로 완벽하게 설명되는 세포내 분자의 운동을 통해 이루어진다. 여기서 중요한 것은 세포에 담긴 정보가 추상적이지 않다는 것이다. 이 정보는 세포안에서 지시하고 실행하도록 강제하는 행동지침서가 아니라 분자의 배열자체에 들어있다.
분자는 이 배열에 따라 서로 부딪히거나 상호작용을 교환하면서 성장, 치료, 번식과 같은 세포관련 업무를 수행한다. 세포안에 포함된 분자는 의도나 목적 없이 완전히 수동적인 무생물이라 해도 물리법칙에 따라 고도로 특화된 임무를 수행할 수 있다.
지금까지 수집된 증거에 따르면 모든 생명체의 기원은 40억년전에 나타난 이 최초의 단세포생물로 수렴된다. 즉 지구생명체는 단 하나의 조상세포의 직계후손이라는 것이다.
그렇게 본 이유는 세포가 생명을 유지하기 위한 핵심과정인 정보와 에너지 처리방식, 즉 정보와 에너지를 저장하고 활용하는 방식이 모든 생명체에서 동일하기 때문이다.
세포가 수행하는 기능의 대부분은 화학반응을 제어, 촉진하고 중요한 물질을 운반하고, 세포의 형태와 움직임을 제어하는 단백질 분자를 통해 실행되고 있다. 그런데 이 단백질분자를 합성하는 방식이 모든 생명체 속에 DNA를 통해 암호화되어있다.
생명이 에너지를 처리하는 과정의 핵심인 ‘산화환원반응’ 역시 식물과 동물에서 마찬가지로 나타난다. 동물과 식물의 차이점은 ‘전자의 출처’뿐이다.
동물은 전자를 음식에서 얻고, 식물은 물에서 얻는다. 살아있는 모든 생명체가 에너지를 얻는 과정은 전가가 점프하면서 진행되는 일련의 산화환원반응으로 요약할 수 있는 것이다.

<인간의 의식, 어려운 문제>

그런데 문제는 인간의 의식이다. 두뇌의 역학관계는 접근이 쉽지만 인간의 의식은 과학적 접근이 어렵다. 최초로 지구상에 나타난 원시생명체는 오랜 진화를 거치면서 구조가 점차 정교해지다가 드디어 스스로 결정을 내리는 의식을 지닌 특수한 입자집단, 인간생명체가 등장했다. 이것이 진화론적인 인간인데, 진화에도 목적이 없듯이 입자에게도 목적이 없다.
그러나 인간은 주관적 세계를 경험할뿐만 아니라 그 세계에서 자신의 행동을 스스로 통제한다는 확실한 느낌을 갖고 있다. 이 의식을 어떻게 해명할 것인가.
지금으로부터 400년 전 데카르트도 그 확실한 느낌에 기초해서 생각을 전개했다.
“나는 생각한다. 고로 나는 존재한다”. 다른 모든 것은 환상일수 있지만 사고는 누구나 인정할 수밖에 없는 현실이고 객관세계와 주관적 내면세계는 분리되었다는 관점에 입각한 말이다.
그러나 20세기 미국의 작가 앰브로즈 비어스는 데카르트의 언명을 이렇게 뒤틀었다.
“나는 생각한다고 생각한다. 고로 나는 존재한다고 생각한다.”
물질은 의식을 창출하고 자율적인 의식은 물질과 본질적으로 다른 것이 아니라 우리의 두뇌와 몸을 구성하는 물질에 물리법칙이 적용된 결과일 따름이라는 생각이 읽힌다.
결정론적인 고전물리학과 달리 양자물리학의 방정식은 미래에 일어날 사건을 정확하게 예측하지 않고 ‘발생할 확률’만을 예측한다. 그러면 양자물리학은 고전물리학과 달리 결정론을 벗어나 인간의 선택의지를 긍정하는 쪽으로 가는 것일까?
브라이언 그린은 “아니다”라고 단언한다
. 양자역학은 예견되는 미래가 많다는 것일뿐 수학체계는 결정론적인 구조를 갖고 있다. 둘 사이의 차이점이라곤 이론에서 예측된 결과의 ‘가짓수’일뿐이다. 두 개다 물리법칙에 끈이 묶인 신세는 똑같기 때문에 자유의지에 관한한 두 가지는 별 차이가 없다.
우리는 자연의 가장 기본적인 단계에서 작용하는 법칙을 직접 볼 수 없기 때문에 자신의 선택이 자유의지를 발휘한 결과라고 믿는다. 인간의 무딘 감각으로는 입자세계에 적용되는 법칙을 느낄 수 없을 뿐 자유의지의 산물처럼 보이는 생각과 행동은 물리법칙의 결과일뿐이다.

<다시, 인간이란 무엇인가>

이 책의 저자에 따르면, 이 세상에 영원한 것은 없고, 절대적인 것도 없다. 모든 생명은 일시적이며 우리가 애써 이해한 내용도 언젠가는 모두 사라질 것이다. 인간의 운명도 마찬가지이다.
아, 그렇다면 나라는 존재는 물질에 불과하며 죽으면 원소로 돌아간다는 유물론적 결론을 받아들일 수 있는가.
 

브라이언 그린은 입자가 진화하여 세상을 인식하고 자기존재를 느끼는 것의 경이와 아름다움에 만족하라고 했지만, 이 책을 읽은 후 엄습한 우울을 어찌할 수 없다.

그러나 과학적 사고와 결과물이라는 것은 지속적인 연구와 수정작업을 거치면서 객관적 진실에 다가가고 있는 과정의 산물일뿐 아니던가. 저자의 결론은 현재의 과학수준에서 지적정직성을 가지고 불가피하게 도출할 수 밖에 없는 결론이지만 동시에 이 시대의 한계내에 있음도 분명한 사실이다.
과학적 결론과 사고는 브라이언 그린의 말마따나 “한 세대에 진리로 통하던 것이 다음 세대에 완전히 폐기될 수도 있고, 더 큰 밑그림의 일부로 판명될 수도 있다.”. 그러니 이 책의 결론은 뒤집어질 수 없는 최종심급의 지식이 아니고 꼭 받아들여야 할 필요도 없다.

브라이언 그린의 과학논리에 반박할 수준이 안되는 나는 이 시대 물리학의 한계를 넘는 더 진전된 과학적 가능성과 철학적 종교적 진리의 가능성을 생각하고 있다. 브라이언 그린 또한 “겉보기에 3차원이 분명한 우리의 현실이 더 높은 차원의 단면일 수도 있다는 가능성도 있다.”고 인정하지 않는가.
스스로를 이렇게 다독였지만 이 책을 읽는 동안 내 안에 쌓인 우울과 허무는 제대로 극복이 되질 않는다(대학시절 마르크스레닌주의를 수용할 때 느낀 그 우울과 허무감이다). 해독제가 필요하다.
이 책에 따르면 양자물리학의 태두 슈뢰딩거는 1943년 유명한 강연, <생명이란 무엇인가>를 마치면서 우파니샤드의 한 구절을 인용하면서 마쳤다고 한다. “우리는 모든 곳에 존재하면서 모든 것을 알고 있는 영원한 존재의 일부이며, 우리가 발휘하는 자유의지에는 신성한 힘이 반영되어있다. “
슈뢰딩거는 브라이언그린의 스승이면서 브라이언그린과는 다른 관점으로 과학을 바라본 사람이다. 과학자로 인해 존재의 무상함과 허무함을 얻었으니 과학자에게서 그 치유책을 찾아보려 한다(아는게 독이다).
브라이언 그린의 <멀티유니버스>를 사놓았지만, 이 다음 읽을 책으로는 슈뢰딩거를 다시 선택하지 않을 수 없다.







2024/06/30

A History of the World in 100 Objects - Wikipedia

A History of the World in 100 Objects - Wikipedia


A History of the World in 100 Objects

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A History of the World in 100 Objects
Presentation
FormatAudio
Production
Audio formatMP3
No. of episodes103 
Publication
ProviderBBC
Related
Websitehttp://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00nrtd2 
Cover of A History of the World in 100 Objects, the companion book by Neil MacGregor

A History of the World in 100 Objects was a joint project of BBC Radio 4 and the British Museum, consisting of a 100-part radio series written and presented by British Museum director Neil MacGregor. In 15-minute presentations broadcast on weekdays on Radio 4, MacGregor used objects of ancient art, industry, technology and arms, all of which are in the British Museum's collections, as an introduction to parts of human history. The series, four years in planning, began on 18 January 2010 and was broadcast over 20 weeks.[1] A book to accompany the series, A History of the World in 100 Objects by Neil MacGregor, was published by Allen Lane on 28 October 2010.[2] The entire series is also available for download along with an audio version of the book for purchase. The British Museum won the 2011 Art Fund Prize for its role in hosting the project.

In 2016, a touring exhibition of several items depicted on the radio programme, also titled A History of the World in 100 Objects, travelled to various destinations, including Abu Dhabi (Manarat Al Saadiyat), Taiwan (National Palace Museum in Taipei), Japan (Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum in Tokyo, Kyushu National Museum in Daizafu, and Kobe City Museum in Kobe), Australia (Western Australian Museum in Perth and National Museum of Australia in Canberra), and China (National Museum of China in Beijing and Shanghai Museum in Shanghai).[3][4][5]

The ownership claims of the British Museum over some of these objects is highly contested, in particular those belonging to the Benin Bronzes and the Elgin Marbles, which are the subject of continued international controversy.[6]

Content[edit]

Object 68
Object 68, the Hindu deity couple Shiva and Parvati sculpture with radio series information panel.

The programme series, described as "a landmark project",[7] is billed as 'A history of humanity' told through a hundred objects from all over the world in the British Museum's collection.

In these programmes, I'm travelling back in time, and across the globe, to see how we humans over 2 million years have shaped our world and been shaped by it, and I'm going to tell this story exclusively through the things that humans have made: all sorts of things, carefully designed, and then either admired and preserved, or used, broken and thrown away. I've chosen just a hundred objects from different points on our journey, from a cooking pot to a golden galleon, from a Stone Age tool to a credit card.[8]

Telling history through things, whether it's an Egyptian mummy or a credit card, is what museums are for, and because the British Museum has collected things from all over the globe, it's not a bad place to try to tell a world history. Of course, it can only be "a" history of the world, not "the" history. When people come to the museum they choose their own objects and make their own journey round the world and through time, but I think what they will find is that their own histories quickly intersect with everybody else's, and when that happens, you no longer have a history of a particular people or nation, but a story of endless connections.[8]

Accompanying the series is a website, described by The Guardian as "even more ambitious [than the radio series itself] that encourages users to submit items of their own for a place in world history", along with much interactive content, detailed information on all the objects featured in the radio programmes and links to 350 other museum collections across the UK.[9] The radio programmes are available on the website permanently for listening or downloading.

The museum has adapted exhibitions for the series by including additional easily identifiable plaques for the 100 objects with text based on the programme and adding a section to the gallery maps showing the location and numbers of the 100 objects.

On 18 January 2010, an hour-long special of The Culture Show on BBC2 was dedicated to the launch of the project.[10]

The first part of the series was broadcast on weekdays over six weeks between 18 January and 26 February 2010. After a short break, the series returned with the seventh week being broadcast in the week beginning 17 May 2010.[11] It then took another break in the middle of July and returned on 13 September 2010, running until the 100th object was featured on Friday 22 October 2010.

It has been repeated a number of times, mostly recently over the summer of 2021.

Reception[edit]

Maev Kennedy of The Guardian described the programme as "a broadcasting phenomenon", while Tim Davie, head of music and audio at BBC radio, commented that "the results have been nothing short of stunning", exceeding the BBC's wildest hopes for the programme. At the time of the writing of Kennedy's article, just before the start of the last week of the series, the radio broadcasts regularly had up to four million listeners, while the podcast downloads had totalled 10,441,884. Of these, just over half, 5.7 million, were from the UK. In addition, members of the public had uploaded 3,240 objects with the largest single contribution coming from Glasgow historian Robert Pool who submitted 120 objects all relating to the City of Glasgow, and other museums a further 1,610, and 531 museums and heritage sites across the UK had been mounting linked events – an unprecedented partnership, MacGregor said. Museums all over the world are now copying the formula, as thousands of visitors every day set out to explore the British Museum galleries equipped with the leaflet mapping the objects.[12]

Writing in The IndependentPhilip Hensher described the series as "perfect radio", saying "Has there ever been a more exciting, more unfailingly interesting radio series than the Radio 4/British Museum venture, A History of the World in 100 Objects? It is such a beautifully simple idea, to trace human civilisations through the objects that happen to have survived. Each programme, just 15 minutes long, focuses on just one thing, quite patiently, without dawdling. At the end, you feel that you have learnt something, and learnt it with pleasure and interest. For years to come, the BBC will be able to point to this wonderful series as an example of the things that it does best. It fulfils, to a degree that one thought hardly possible any more, the BBC's Reithian agenda of improvement and the propagation of learning and culture."[13]

Dominic Sandbrook in The Telegraph said that the "joyously highbrow" series "deserves to take its place alongside television classics such as Kenneth Clark's Civilisation and Jacob Bronowski's The Ascent of Man."[14]

In 2019, 100 Histories of 100 Worlds in 1 Object was launched as a response to the original 100 Objects project.[15] Addressing critiques by the same project of the Radio 4 series that pointed to the programme's perceived failure [...] ‘[ to engage with the provenance and repatriation of objects]’,[16] especially those which were collected under colonial conditions of duress, the response project sought instead to democratize curatorial narratives with input from source and diaspora communities who hold long-standing relationships with objects now-held in museums.[17] The project aims to focus on voices from the “Global South” that the original series left out. Co-initiated and facilitated by Dr Mirjam Brusius and Dr Alice Stevenson, the project works collaboratively and has an editorial board with members from India, Namibia, Thailand, Ghana, Nigeria, Torres Strait Islands, Aotearoa, Jamaica, USA, Mexico and the United Kingdom.[18]

Objects[edit]

Making us human (2,000,000–9,000 BC)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor reveals the earliest objects that define us as humans."[19] First broadcast week beginning 18 January 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
1Mummy of HornedjitefEgypt300–200 BCBBCBMAmartya Sen, John Taylor
2Stone (basalt) chopping toolOlduvai GorgeTanzania1.8–2 million years oldBBCBMSir David AttenboroughWangari Maathai
3Hand axeOlduvai Gorge, Tanzania1.2–1.4 million years oldBBCBMSir James DysonPhil Harding, Nick Ashton
4Swimming Reindeer from Montastruc rock shelterFrance13,000 years oldBBCBMThe Most Reverend Rowan WilliamsSteve Mithen
5Clovis spear pointNew Mexico, USA13,000 years oldBBCBMMichael Palin, Gary Haynes

After the Ice Age: food and sex (9,000–3,000 BC)[edit]

"Why did farming start at the end of the Ice Age? Clues remain in objects left behind."[19] First broadcast week beginning 25 January 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
6Bird-shaped pestlePapua New Guinea4,000–8,000 years oldBBCBMMadhur JaffreyBob Geldof, Martin Jones
7Ain Sakhri loversIsraelabout 11,000 years oldBBCBMMarc QuinnIan Hodder
8Clay model of cattleEgyptabout 3500 BCBBCBMFekri Hassan, Martin Jones
9Maya maize god statueHondurasAD 715BBCBMSantiago Calva, John Staller
10Jōmon potJapanabout 5000 BCBBCBMSimon Kamer, Takashi Doi

The first cities and states (4,000–2,000 BC)[edit]

"What happens as people move from villages to cities? Five objects tell the story."[19] First broadcast week beginning 1 February 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
11King Den's sandal labelEgyptabout 2,985 BCBBCBMToby WilkinsonSteve Bell
12Standard of UrIraq2600–2400 BCBBCBMLamia Al-GailaniAnthony Giddens
13An Indus sealPakistan2600–1900 BCBBCBMRichard RogersNayanjot Lahiri
14Jadeite axefrom the Alps, found in England4000–2000 BCBBCBMMark Edmonds, Pierre Petrequin
15Early writing tabletIraq3100–3000 BCBBCBMGus O'DonnellJohn Searle

The beginning of science and literature (1500–700 BC)[edit]

"4,000 years ago, societies began to express themselves through myth, maths and monuments."[19] First broadcast week beginning 8 February 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
16Flood tabletIraq700–600 BCBBCBMDavid Damrosch, Jonathan Sacks
17Rhind Mathematical PapyrusEgyptabout 1550 BCBBCBMEleanor Robson, Clive Rix
18Minoan Bull-leaperCrete1700–1450 BCBBCBMSergio Delgado, Lucy Blue
19Mold gold capeWales1900–1600 BCBBCBMMary Cahill, Marie Louise Sørensen
20Statue of Ramesses IIEgyptabout 1,250 BCBBCBMAntony Gormley, Karen Exell

Old world, new powers (1100–300 BC)[edit]

"Across the world new regimes create objects to assert their supremacy."[19] First broadcast week beginning 15 February 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
21Lachish ReliefsIraq700–692 BCBBCBMPaddy AshdownAntony Beevor
22Sphinx of TaharqaSudanabout 680 BCBBCBMZeinab Badawi, Derek Welsby
23Early Zhou dynasty gui ritual vesselChina1100–1000 BCBBCBMDame Jessica Rawson, Wang Tao
24Paracas TextilePeru300–200 BCBBCBMZandra Rhodes, Mary Frame
25Gold coin of CroesusTurkeyc. 550 BCBBCBMJames Buchan, Paul Craddock

The world in the age of Confucius (500–300 BC)[edit]

"Can meanings hidden in friezes and flagons tell us as much as the writings of great men?"[19] First broadcast week beginning 22 February 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
26Oxus Chariot modelTajikistan500–300 BCBBCBMMichael AxworthyTom Holland
27Parthenon sculpture: Centaur and LapithGreeceabout 440 BCBBCBMMary BeardOlga Palagia
28Basse Yutz FlagonsFrancec. 450 BCBBCBMJonathan MeadesBarry Cunliffe
29Olmec stone maskMexico900–400 BCBBCBMCarlos FuentesKarl Taube
30Chinese bronze bellChina500–400 BCBBCBMDame Evelyn GlennieIsabel Hilton

Empire builders (300 BC – AD 1)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor continues his global history told through objects. This week he is with the great rulers of the world around 2,000 years ago."[20] First broadcast week beginning 17 May 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
31Coin of Lysimachus with head of AlexanderTurkey305–281 BCBBCBMAndrew MarrRobin Lane Fox
32Pillar of AshokaIndiaabout 238 BCBBCBMAmartya Sen, Michael Rutland
33The Rosetta StoneEgypt196 BCBBCBMDorothy ThompsonAhdaf Soueif
34Chinese Han lacquer cupChinaAD 4BBCBMRoel SterckxIsabel Hilton
35Meroë Head or Head of AugustusSudan27–25 BCBBCBMBoris Johnson, Susan Walker

Ancient pleasures, modern spice (AD 1–600)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor explores the ways in which people sought pleasure 2,000 years ago."[19] First broadcast week beginning 24 May 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
36The Warren CupIsraelAD 5–15BBCBMBettany HughesJames Davidson
37North American otter pipeUSA200 BC – AD 100BBCBMTony Benn, Gabrielle Tayac
38Ceremonial ballgame beltMexicoAD 100–500BBCBMNick Hornby, Michael Whittington
39Admonitions ScrollChinaAD 500–800BBCBMShane McCausland, Charles Powell
40Hoxne pepper potEnglandAD 350–400BBCBMChristine McFadden, Roberta Tomber

The rise of world faiths (AD 200–600)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor explores how and when many great religious images came into existence."[19] First broadcast week beginning 31 May 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
41Seated Buddha from GandharaPakistanAD 100–300BBCBMClaudine Bautze-PicronThupten Jinpa
42Gold coin of Kumaragupta IIndiaAD 415–450BBCBMRomila ThaparShaunaka Rishi Das
43Silver plate showing Shapur IIIranAD 309–379BBCBMTom Holland, Guitty Azarpay
44Hinton St Mary MosaicEnglandAD 300 – 400BBCBMDame Averil CameronEamonn Duffy
45Arabian bronze handYemenAD 100–300BBCBMJeremy FieldPhilip Jenkins

The Silk Road and beyond (AD 400–700)[edit]

"Five objects from the British Museum tell the story of the movement of goods and ideas."[19] First broadcast week beginning 7 June 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
46Gold coins of Abd al-MalikSyriaAD 696–697BBCBMMadawi Al-RasheedHugh Kennedy
47Sutton Hoo helmetEnglandAD 600–700BBCBMSeamus HeaneyAngus Wainwright
48Moche warrior potPeruAD 100–700BBCBMGrayson PerrySteve Bourget
49Korean roof tileKoreaAD 700–800BBCBMJane Portal, Choe Kwang Shik
50Silk princess paintingChinaAD 600–800BBCBMYo Yo MaColin Thubron

Inside the palace: secrets at court (AD 700–950)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor gets an insight into the lives of the ruling elites 1200 years ago."[19] First broadcast week beginning 14 June 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
51Yaxchilan Lintel 24Maya relief of royal blood-lettingMexicoAD 700–750BBCBMSusie Orbach, Virginia Fields
52Harem wall painting fragmentsIraqAD 800–900BBCBMRobert Irwin, Amira Bennison
53Lothair Crystalprobably GermanyAD 855–869BBCBMLord Bingham, Rosamund McKitterick
54Statue of TaraSri LankaAD 700–900BBCBMRichard GombrichNira Wickramasinghe
55Chinese Tang tomb figures, specifically the Tang dynasty tomb figures of Liu TingxunChinaabout AD 728BBCBMAnthony Howard, Oliver Moore

Pilgrims, raiders and traders (AD 900–1300)[edit]

"How trade, war and religion moved objects around the globe 1000 years ago."[19] First broadcast week beginning 21 June 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
56Vale of York HoardEnglandabout AD 927BBCBMMichael Wood, David and Andrew Whelan
57Hedwig glass beakerprobably SyriaAD 1100–1200BBCBMJonathan Riley-SmithDavid Abulafia
58Japanese bronze mirrorJapanAD 1100–1200BBCBMIan Buruma, Harada Masayuki
59Borobudur Buddha headJavaAD 780–840BBCBMStephen Bachelor, Nigel Barley
60Kilwa pot sherdsTanzaniaAD 900–1400BBCBMBertram Mapunda, Abdulrazek Gurnah

Status symbols (AD 1200–1400)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor examines objects which hold status and required skilful making."[19] First broadcast week beginning 28 June 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
61Lewis Chessmenprobably made in Norway, found in ScotlandAD 1150–1200BBCBMMartin AmisMiri Rubin
62Hebrew astrolabeSpainAD 1345–1355BBCBMSir John Elliott, Silke Ackermann
63Bronze Head from IfeNigeriaAD 1400–1500BBCBMBen Okri, Babatunde Lawal
64The David VasesChinaAD 1351BBCBMJenny UglowCraig Clunas
65Taino Ritual SeatSanto DomingoCaribbeanAD 1200–1500BBCBMJose Oliver, Gabriel Haslip-Viera

Meeting the gods (AD 1200–1400)[edit]

"Objects from the British Museum show how the faithful were brought closer to their gods."[19] First broadcast week beginning 5 July 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
66Holy Thorn ReliquaryFranceAD 1350–1400BBCBMSister Benedicta WardRight Reverend Arthur Roche
67Icon of the Triumph of OrthodoxyTurkeyAD 1350–1400BBCBMBill ViolaDiarmaid MacCulloch
68Shiva and Parvati sculptureIndiaAD 1100–1300BBCBMShaunaka Rishi DasKaren Armstrong
69Sculpture of TlazolteotlMexicoAD 900 – 1521BBCBMMarina WarnerKim Richter
70Hoa Hakananai'aEaster IslandAD 1000–1200BBCBMSir Anthony CaroSteve Hooper

The threshold of the modern world (AD 1375–1550)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor explores the great empires of the world in the threshold of the modern era."[19] First broadcast week beginning 13 September 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
71Tughra of Suleiman the MagnificentTurkeyAD 1520–1566BBCBMElif ŞafakCaroline Finkel
72Ming banknoteChinaAD 1375BBCBMMervyn KingTimothy Brook
73Inca gold llamaPeruabout AD 1500BBCBMJared DiamondGabriel Ramon
74Jade dragon cupCentral Asiaabout AD 1420–49BBCBMBeatrice Forbes ManzHamid Ismailov
75Dürer's RhinocerosGermanyAD 1515BBCBMMark PilgrimFelipe Fernandez-Armesto

The first global economy (AD 1450–1600)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor traces the impact of travel, trade and conquest from 1450 to 1600."[19] First broadcast 20 September 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
76Mechanical GalleonGermanyc. 1585BBCBMLisa JardineChristopher Dobbs
77Benin plaque: the oba with EuropeansNigeria16th centuryBBCBMSokari Douglas CampWole Soyinka
78Double-headed serpentMexico15th–16th centuryBBCBMRebecca StaceyAdriana Diaz-Enciso
79Kakiemon elephantsJapanlate 17th centuryBBCBMMiranda RockSakaida Kakiemon XIV
80Pieces of eightfrom Spain, found in BoliviaAD 1589–1598BBCBMTuti PradoWilliam J. Bernstein

Tolerance and intolerance (AD 1550–1700)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor tells how the great religions lived together in the C16th and C17th."[19] First broadcast week beginning 27 September 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
81Shi'a religious parade standardIranLate 17th centuryBBCBMHaleh Afshar, Hossein Pourtahmasbi
82Miniature of a Mughal princeIndiaabout AD 1610BBCBMAsok Kumar Das, Aman Nath
83Shadow puppet of BimaJava1600–1800BBCBMMr SumarsamTash Aw
84Mexican codex mapMexicoLate 16th centuryBBCBMSamuel Edgerton, Fernando Cervantes
85Reformation centenary broadsheetGermanyAD 1617BBCBMKaren ArmstrongIan Hislop

Exploration, exploitation and enlightenment (AD 1680–1820)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor on the misunderstandings that can happen when different worlds collide."[19] First broadcast 4 October 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
86Akan Drumfrom Africa, found in the USA18th centuryBBCBMBonnie GreerAnthony Appiah
87Hawaiian feathered helmetHawaii18th centuryBBCBMNicholas Thomas, Kyle Nakanelua
88North American buckskin mapUSA1774–75BBCBMMalcolm Lewis, David Edmunds
89Australian bark shieldAustralia1770BBCBMPhil Gordon, Maria Nugent
90Jade bi with poemChina1790BBCBMJonathan SpenceYang Lian

Mass production, mass persuasion (AD 1780–1914)[edit]

"How industrialisation, mass politics and imperial ambitions changed the world."[19] First broadcast week beginning 11 October 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
91Ship's chronometer from HMS BeagleEngland1795–1805BBCBMNigel ThriftSteve Jones
92Early Victorian tea setEngland1840–1845BBCBMCelina Fox, Monique Simmonds
93Hokusai's The Great Wave off KanagawaJapanc. 1829–32BBCBMChristine Guth, Donald Keene
94Sudanese slit drumSudan19th centuryBBCBMDominic Green, Zeinab Badawi
95Suffragette-defaced pennyEngland1903BBCBMFelicity Powell, Helena Kennedy

The world of our making (AD 1914–2010)[edit]

"Neil MacGregor explores aspects of sexual, political and economic history of recent times."[19] First broadcast week beginning 18 October 2010.

ImageNumberObjectOriginDateBBC websiteBM websiteAdditional contributors
96"Kapital", a Russian Revolutionary Plate designed by Mikhail AdamovichRussia1921BBCBMEric HobsbawmMikhail Piotrovsky
See
In the dull village
97Hockney's In the dull villageEngland1966BBCBMShami ChakrabartiDavid Hockney
98Throne of WeaponsMozambique2001BBCBMKofi Annan, Bishop Dinis Sengulane
99Sharia-compliant Visa credit cardUnited Arab Emirates2009BBCBMMervyn King, Razi Fakih
100Solar-powered lamp and chargerChina2010BBCBMNick Stern, Aloka Sarder, Boniface Nyamu

Special editions[edit]

A special radio programme on Radio 4, first broadcast on 18 May 2011, featured one of the many thousands of items nominated on the BBC website by members of the public as an object of special significance.[21] The object chosen to be featured on the programme was an oil painting depicting a young woman that was nominated by Peter Lewis. The painting, which belonged to Lewis' uncle, Bryn Roberts, was painted from a postcard photograph of Roberts' girlfriend (and later wife), Peggy Gullup, by an anonymous Jewish artist for Roberts whilst he was a prisoner of war at Auschwitz in Poland.[22][23]

Another special programme was broadcast on 25 December 2020. Neil MacGregor and a roundtable of guests, comprising Mary BeardChibundu OnuzoScarlett CurtisDavid Attenborough, and Hisham Matar, discussed adding a 101st object to represent how the world has changed in the past decade since the end of the original series.[24] The objects ultimately chosen were the British Museum's collection of 'Dark Water, Burning World' sculptures by Syrian-British artist Issam Kourbaj. They depict small, fragile boats filled with matchsticks - representing the plight of refugees of the Syrian Civil War in particular and migrants in general.

Art Fund Prize[edit]

The British Museum won the 2011 Art Fund Prize for museums and galleries for its part in the A History of the World in 100 Objects series. The prize, worth £100,000, was presented to the museum by Jeremy Hunt, Secretary of State for Culture, Olympics, Media and Sport, in a ceremony at London on 15 June 2011.[25]

The chairman of the panel of judges, Michael Portillo, noted that the judges were "particularly impressed by the truly global scope of the British Museum's project, which combined intellectual rigour and open heartedness, and went far beyond the boundaries of the museum's walls".[26] The judges were also very impressed by the way that the project used digital media in ground-breaking and novel ways to interact with audiences.[26]

Touring exhibition[edit]

During 2016 and 2017 a touring exhibition of many of the one hundred objects, also titled History of the World in 100 Objects, was held in a number of countries and territories, including Australia, Japan, the United Arab Emirates, Taiwan, and China (first at the National Museum of China in Beijing, and then at Shanghai Museum).[27][28] Due to the conditions encountered while touring different countries some exhibits had to be returned to the British Museum for maintenance during tour, and were replaced by other objects from the British Museum collections. Some controversial exhibits were excluded from the exhibition in some countries. Object 90 (Jade bi with poem) was not included in the exhibition held in China because it may have been looted from the Old Summer Palace in Beijing. In addition, a piece of Chinese brocade that had been included in the touring exhibition elsewhere was not included in the exhibition in China because it was collected from the Mogao Caves by Aurel Stein under controversial circumstances.[28]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Ben Hoyle (18 July 2009). "British Museum and BBC reveal history of world in 100 objects". Times Online.
  2. ^ MacGregor, Neil (2010), A History of the World in 100 Objects, Penguin Books, Limited, ISBN 978-1-84614-413-4
  3. ^ Pryor, Sally (26 August 2016). "New exhibition opening at the National Museum of Australia in Canberra tells the history of two million years in 100 objects"The Canberra Times. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  4. ^ Lowrey, Tom (8 September 2016). "A History of the World in 100 Objects explored in National Museum of Australia exhibition". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 18 December 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  5. ^ Wang, Jie (29 June 2017). "Big queues for fascinating world story told through 100 objects"Shanghai Daily. Retrieved 21 June 2019.
  6. ^ "Elgin Marbles: UK declines mediation over Parthenon sculptures"BBC News. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 9 April 2015.
  7. ^ Gillian Reynolds (18 January 2010). "A History of the World in 100 Objects, Radio 4, review"The Daily Telegraph. London.
  8. Jump up to:a b Neil MacGregor, Programme 1, broadcast 18 January 2010
  9. ^ Bunz, Mercedes (19 January 2010). "Beyond 100 objects: exploring the BBC's online history of the world"The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
  10. ^ "History of the World: Culture Show Special". BBC The Culture Show. 18 January 2010.
  11. ^ Elisabeth Mahoney (18 May 2010). "A History of the World in 100 Objects"The Guardian. London. Retrieved 10 June 2010.
  12. ^ Maev Kennedy (14 October 2010). "Radio 4's A History of the World in 100 Objects draws to a close"The Guardian.
  13. ^ Philip Hensher (15 October 2010). "Philip Hensher: The objects of my affection"The IndependentArchived from the original on 18 October 2010.
  14. ^ Dominic Sandbrook (11 October 2010). "An object lesson in history from Radio Four"The Telegraph.
  15. ^ Mirjam, Brusius (May 2020). "100 Histories of 100 Worlds in One Object Conference Report German Historical Institute London Bulletin, Vol 42, No. 1" (PDF)100 Histories 100 WorldsArchived (PDF) from the original on 13 May 2021.
  16. ^ "Project History"100 Histories of 100 Worlds in One Object. 12 June 2020. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  17. ^ TRAFO, Blog for Transregional Research (2019). "100 Histories of 100 Worlds in one Object. An Interview with Mirjam Brusius, Subhadra Das and Alice Stevenson in: TRAFO – Blog for Transregional Research"Trafo HypothesesArchived from the original on 16 December 2019.
  18. ^ 100 Histories of 100 Worlds in 1 Object, Website (2019). "Project Team"100 Histories 100 WorldsArchived from the original on 23 October 2020.
  19. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "A History of the World in 100 objects – Programmes"Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  20. ^ "A History of the World in 100 objects — Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD)"Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2010.
  21. ^ Gillian Reynolds (12 May 2011). "A History of the World Special, Radio 4, preview"The Daily Telegraph.
  22. ^ "A History of the World Special". BBC Radio 4.
  23. ^ Jessica Elgot (19 May 2011). "He put colour in her cheeks: did her smile save his life?"Jewish Chronicle.
  24. ^ "A History of the World: Object 101". BBC Radio 4.
  25. ^ Mark Brown (15 June 2011). "British Museum wins Arts Fund prize"The Guardian.
  26. Jump up to:a b "British Museum scoops £100,000 Art Fund Prize and is crowned 'Museum of the Year'"The Art Fund. Archived from the original on 19 June 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  27. ^ "International exhibitions: A History of the World in 100 Objects". British Museum. Retrieved 29 January 2018.
  28. Jump up to:a b Zhao, Xu (27 January 2018). "Global treasures on the Chinese stage"China Daily. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

External links[edit]