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Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia

Hanging Gardens of Babylon - Wikipedia

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

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For other uses, see Hanging Garden (disambiguation).
This hand-coloured engraving, probably made in the 19th century after the first excavations in the Assyrian capitals, depicts the fabled Hanging Gardens, with the Tower of Babel in the background.
Timeline and map of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, including the Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World listed by Hellenic culture. They were described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks. It was said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. The Hanging Gardens' name is derived from the Greek word κρεμαστός (kremastós, lit. 'overhanging'), which has a broader meaning than the modern English word "hanging" and refers to trees being planted on a raised structure such as a terrace.[1][2][3]

According to one legend, the Hanging Gardens were built alongside a grand palace known as The Marvel of Mankind, by the Neo-Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II (who ruled between 605 and 562 BC), for his Median wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. This was attested to by the Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in about 290 BC, a description that was later quoted by Josephus. The construction of the Hanging Gardens has also been attributed to the legendary queen Semiramis[4] and they have been called the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis as an alternative name.[5]

The Hanging Gardens are the only one of the Seven Wonders for which the location has not been definitively established.[6] There are no extant Babylonian texts that mention the gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon.[7][8] Three theories have been suggested to account for this: firstly, that they were purely mythical, and the descriptions found in ancient Greek and Roman writings (including those of Strabo, Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus) represented a romantic ideal of an eastern garden;[9] secondly, that they existed in Babylon, but were destroyed sometime around the first century AD;[10][4] and thirdly, that the legend refers to a well-documented garden that the Assyrian King Sennacherib (704–681 BC) built in his capital city of Nineveh on the River Tigris, near the modern city of Mosul.[11][1]

Descriptions in classical literature[edit]

There are five principal writers whose descriptions of Babylon exist in some form today. These writers concern themselves with the size of the Hanging Gardens, their overall design and means of irrigation, and why they were built.

Josephus (c. 37–100 AD) quotes a description of the gardens by Berossus, a Babylonian priest of Marduk,[6] whose writing c. 290 BC is the earliest known mention of the gardens.[5] Berossus described the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and is the only source to credit that king with the construction of the Hanging Gardens.[12][13]

In this palace he erected very high walls, supported by stone pillars; and by planting what was called a pensile paradise, and replenishing it with all sorts of trees, he rendered the prospect an exact resemblance of a mountainous country. This he did to gratify his queen, because she had been brought up in Media, and was fond of a mountainous situation.[14]

Hanging gardens of Semiramis, by H. Waldeck

Diodorus Siculus (active c. 60–30 BC) seems to have consulted the 4th century BC texts of both Cleitarchus (a historian of Alexander the Great) and Ctesias of Cnidus. Diodorus ascribes the construction to a Syrian king. He states that the garden was in the shape of a square, with each side approximately four plethra long. The garden was tiered, with the uppermost gallery being 50 cubits high. The walls, 22 feet thick, were made of brick. The bases of the tiered sections were sufficiently deep to provide root growth for the largest trees, and the gardens were irrigated from the nearby Euphrates.[15]

Quintus Curtius Rufus (fl. 1st century AD) probably drew on the same sources as Diodorus.[16] He states that the gardens were located on top of a citadel, which was 20 stadia in circumference. He attributes the building of the gardens to a Syrian king, again for the reason that his queen missed her homeland.

The account of Strabo (c. 64 BC – 21 AD) possibly based his description on the lost account of Onesicritus from the 4th century BC.[17] He states that the gardens were watered by means of an Archimedes' screw leading to the gardens from the Euphrates river.

The last of the classical sources thought to be independent of the others is A Handbook to the Seven Wonders of the World by the paradoxographer Philo of Byzantium, writing in the 4th to 5th century AD.[18] The method of raising water by screw matches that described by Strabo.[19] Philo praises the engineering and ingenuity of building vast areas of deep soil, which had a tremendous mass, so far above the natural grade of the surrounding land, as well as the irrigation techniques.

Historical existence[edit]

This copy of a bas relief from the North Palace of Ashurbanipal (669–631 BC) at Nineveh shows a luxurious garden watered by an aqueduct.

It is unclear whether the Hanging Gardens were an actual construction or a poetic creation, owing to the lack of documentation in contemporaneous Babylonian sources. There is also no mention of Nebuchadnezzar's wife Amyitis (or any other wives), although a political marriage to a Median or Persian would not have been unusual.[20] Many records exist of Nebuchadnezzar's works, yet his long and complete inscriptions do not mention any garden.[21] However, the gardens were said to still exist at the time that later writers described them, and some of these accounts are regarded as deriving from people who had visited Babylon.[2] Herodotus, who describes Babylon in his Histories, does not mention the Hanging Gardens,[22] although it could be that the gardens were not yet well known to the Greeks at the time of his visit.[2]

To date, no archaeological evidence has been found at Babylon for the Hanging Gardens.[6] It is possible that evidence exists beneath the Euphrates, which cannot be excavated safely at present. The river flowed east of its current position during the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, and little is known about the western portion of Babylon.[23] Rollinger has suggested that Berossus attributed the Gardens to Nebuchadnezzar for political reasons, and that he had adopted the legend from elsewhere.[24]

Identification with Sennacherib's gardens at Nineveh[edit]

See also: Nineveh § Sennacherib's Nineveh

Oxford scholar Stephanie Dalley has proposed that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually the well-documented gardens constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (reigned 704 – 681 BC) for his palace at Nineveh; Dalley posits that during the intervening centuries the two sites became confused, and the extensive gardens at Sennacherib's palace were attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II's Babylon.[1] Archaeological excavations have found traces of a vast system of aqueducts attributed to Sennacherib by an inscription on its remains, which Dalley proposes were part of an 80-kilometre (50 mi) series of canals, dams, and aqueducts used to carry water to Nineveh with water-raising screws used to raise it to the upper levels of the gardens.[25]

Dalley bases her arguments on recent developments in the analysis of contemporary Akkadian inscriptions. Her main points are:[26]

  • The name Babylon, meaning "Gate of the Gods",[27] was the name given to several Mesopotamian cities.[28] Sennacherib renamed the city gates of Nineveh after gods,[29] which suggests that he wished his city to be considered "a Babylon".
  • Only Josephus names Nebuchadnezzar as the king who built the gardens; although Nebuchadnezzar left many inscriptions, none mentions any garden or engineering works.[30] Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus specify a "Syrian" king. By contrast, Sennacherib left written descriptions,[31] and there is archaeological evidence of his water engineering.[32] His grandson Assurbanipal pictured the mature garden on a sculptured wall panel in his palace.[33]
  • Sennacherib called his new palace and garden "a wonder for all peoples". He describes the making and operation of screws to raise water in his garden.[34]
  • The descriptions of the classical authors fit closely to these contemporary records. Before the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC Alexander the Great camped for four days near the aqueduct at Jerwan.[35] The historians who travelled with him would have had ample time to investigate the enormous works around them, recording them in Greek. These first-hand accounts have not survived into modern times, but were quoted by later Greek writers.

King Sennacherib's garden was well-known not just for its beauty – a year-round oasis of lush green in a dusty summer landscape – but also for the marvelous feats of water engineering that maintained the garden.[36] There was a tradition of Assyrian royal garden building. King Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) had created a canal, which cut through the mountains. Fruit tree orchards were planted. Also mentioned were pines, cypresses and junipers; almond trees, date trees, ebony, rosewood, olive, oak, tamarisk, walnut, terebinth, ash, fir, pomegranate, pear, quince, fig, and grapes. A sculptured wall panel of Assurbanipal shows the garden in its maturity. One original panel[37] and the drawing of another[38] are held by the British Museum, although neither is on public display. Several features mentioned by the classical authors are discernible on these contemporary images.

Assyrian wall relief showing gardens in Nineveh

Of Sennacherib's palace, he mentions the massive limestone blocks that reinforce the flood defences. Parts of the palace were excavated by Austin Henry Layard in the mid-19th century. His citadel plan shows contours which would be consistent with Sennacherib's garden, but its position has not been confirmed. The area has been used as a military base in recent times, making it difficult to investigate further.

The irrigation of such a garden demanded an upgraded water supply to the city of Nineveh. The canals stretched over 50 kilometres (31 mi) into the mountains. Sennacherib was proud of the technologies he had employed and describes them in some detail on his inscriptions. At the headwater of Bavian (Khinnis)[39] his inscription mentions automatic sluice gates. An enormous aqueduct crossing the valley at Jerwan was constructed of over two million dressed stones. It used stone arches and waterproof cement.[40] On it is written:

Sennacherib king of the world king of Assyria. Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh, joining together the waters.... Over steep-sided valleys I spanned an aqueduct of white limestone blocks, I made those waters flow over it.

Sennacherib claimed that he had built a "Wonder for all Peoples", and said he was the first to deploy a new casting technique in place of the "lost-wax" process for his monumental (30 tonne) bronze castings. He was able to bring the water into his garden at a high level because it was sourced from further up in the mountains, and he then raised the water even higher by deploying his new water screws. This meant he could build a garden that towered above the landscape with large trees on the top of the terraces – a stunning artistic effect that surpassed those of his predecessors.

Plants[edit]

Date palms are a common tree species in Babylon.

The gardens, as depicted in artworks, featured blossoming flowers, ripe fruit, burbling waterfalls and terraces exuberant with rich foliage. Based on Babylonian literature, tradition, and the environmental characteristics of the area, some of the following plants may have been found in the gardens:[41][unreliable source?]

Imported plant varieties that may have been present in the gardens include the cedar, cypress, ebony, pomegranate, plum, rosewood, terebinth, juniper, oak, ash tree, fir, myrrh, walnut, and willow.[42] Some of these plants were suspended over the terraces and draped over its walls with arches underneath.

The "Garden Party" relief depicting Ashurbanipal with his wife seated under a pergola of climbing grapevines with hanging grapes, also small birds, surrounded with fruiting date palms and pine trees. The head of a defeated king hangs between the 1st and 2nd figures at left. North Palace, Nineveh, c. 645 BC.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b c Stephanie Dalley (1993). "Ancient Mesopotamian Gardens and the Identification of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Resolved". Garden History. 21 (1): 7. doi:10.2307/1587050. JSTOR 1587050.
  2. ^ Jump up to:a b c Reade, Julian (2000). "Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon". Iraq. 62: 195–217. doi:10.2307/4200490. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4200490. S2CID 194130782.
  3. ^ Foster, Karen Polinger (2004). "The Hanging Gardens of Nineveh". Iraq. 66: 207–220. doi:10.2307/4200575. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4200575.
  4. ^ Jump up to:a b "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon". Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b Cartwright M (July 2018). "Hanging Gardens of Babylon". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  6. ^ Jump up to:a b c Finkel (1988) p. 41.
  7. ^ Finkel (1988) p. 58.
  8. ^ Finkel, Irving; Seymour, Michael (2008). Babylon: City of Wonders. London: British Museum Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-7141-1171-1.
  9. ^ Finkel 2008
  10. ^ "The Hanging Gardens of Babylon". Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  11. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
  12. ^ Finkel (2008) p. 108.
  13. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (1994). "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled". Iraq. 56: 45–58. doi:10.2307/4200384. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4200384.
  14. ^ Joseph. contr. Appion. lib. 1. c. 19.—Syncel. Chron. 220.—Euseb. Præp. Evan. lib. 9.
  15. ^ Diodorus Siculus II.10-1-10
  16. ^ History of Alexander V.1.35-5
  17. ^ Strabo, Geography XVI.1.5, translation adapted from H.L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library edn (1961).
  18. ^ The paradoxographer Philo of Byzantium should not be confused with the earlier engineer Philo of Byzantium. See Stephanie Dalley, "More about the Hanging Gardens," in Of Pots and Pans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria as presented to David Oates on his 75th Birthday, Edited by L. al-Gailani-Werr, J.E. Curtis, H. Martin, A. McMahon, J. Oates and J.E. Reade, (London), pp. 67–73 ISBN 1-897750-62-5.
  19. ^ Dalley (2013), p. 40. Dalley bases her translation on Brodersen (1992) who uses an early Greek text. A previous translation by David Oates, based on a Latin text, is found in Finkel (1988) pp. 45–46.
  20. ^ Finkel (2008) p. 109.
  21. ^ Dalley (2013)
  22. ^ Priestley, Jessica (2014). Herodotus and Hellenistic culture: Literary Studies in the Reception of the Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 91. ISBN 9780191510168.
  23. ^ Oates, Joan (1986). Babylon (Revised ed.). London: Thames and Hudson. p. 144. ISBN 0-500-27384-7.
  24. ^ Rollinger, Robert (2013). "Berossos and the Monuments". In Haubold, J.; et al. (eds.). The World of Berossos. Wiesbaden. p. 151. ISBN 978-3-447-06728-7.
  25. ^ Alberge, Dalya (5 May 2013). "Babylon's hanging garden: ancient scripts give clue to missing wonder". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
  26. ^ Dalley, Stephanie (2013) The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced, Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5.
  27. ^ AR George, Babylonian Topographical Texts, (1992)
  28. ^ see for example Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum, Vol 19, page 25, line 25
  29. ^ Pongratz-Leisten, Ina Sulmi Erub (1994),
  30. ^ See Dalley (2013) ch 1 for a summary.
  31. ^ Especially: the Iraq Museum prism dated 694 BC published by A Heidel, The Octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum, Sumer 9 (1953); and the British Museum prism BM103000 of the same date
  32. ^ T Jacobsen and S Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935); Reade, Studies in Assyrian Geography, Revue d'Assyriologie 72 (1978); Channel 4 TV programme Secret History: Finding Babylon's Hanging Garden, 24 November 2013
  33. ^ AH Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, (1853)
  34. ^ Dalley (2013), pp. 62–63
  35. ^ R Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (1973)
  36. ^ Stephanie Dalley (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced. Oxford University Press. pp. 65–82. ISBN 978-0-19-966226-5. The quotations in this section are the translations of the author and are reproduced with the permission of OUP.
  37. ^ BM124939
  38. ^ Original Drawing IV 77
  39. ^ Layard (1853)
  40. ^ Jacobsen (1935)
  41. ^ The Lost Gardens of Babylon - Guide to Ancient Plants by PBS, May 2, 2014
  42. ^ Stephanie Dalley (2013). "page 48". The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon. OUP. ISBN 978-0-19-163932-6.

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Dalley, Stephanie. 1994. "Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled." Iraq 56: 45–58. doi:10.2307/4200384.
  • Norwich, John Julius. 2009. The Great Cities In History. London: Thames & Hudson.
  • Reade, Julian. 2000. "Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon." Iraq 62: 195–217. doi:10.2307/4200490.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hanging Gardens of Babylon.
Library resources about
Hanging Gardens of Babylon
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돌 하나 쓰임새도 각기 다른 한·중·일 정원

돌 하나 쓰임새도 각기 다른 한·중·일 정원 - 프리미엄조선

박경자의 한중일 정원 삼국지 
돌 하나 쓰임새도 각기 다른 한·중·일 정원

입력 : 2014.04.26
 
우리나라나 중국, 일본에서는 정원에 기괴하게 생긴 특이한 모양의 돌을 써서 사람들이 석가산을 만들거나 돌 그대로를 놓고 완상했다. 정원석은 나라별로 각기 다르다. 돌은 자연에서 수집되며 수집 장소나 방법 등이 서로 다른 것 같다.

김홍도의 '단원도(檀園圖)'. 초가집 우측 연못가에 중국풍의 괴석이 보인다.다산茶山 정약용丁若鏞은 1801년 신유사옥辛酉邪獄에 연루되어 강진으로 유배되고, 1808년 다산초당으로 거처를 옮겼다. ‘다산사경첩茶山四景帖’에는 바닷물에 침식된 기괴한 모양의 돌을 가져와 연못에 석가산을 만들었다 한다, 연지석가산蓮池石假山 시는 다산초당에 거처를 옮긴 다음 해에 쓴 것으로 보인다. 지금도 강진의 다산초당에 가면 연지석가산을 볼 수 있다.

따라온 사람이 6, 7명이었다. 바닷물이 침식한 곳에 기이하고 이상한 돌이 많았다. 사람들이 수십 덩이를 주워다가 배에 싣고서 돌아왔다. 뒤에 그것으로 석가산을 만들었다.

蓮池石假山 연지석가산

沙灣怪石聚爲峯 모래벌판의 괴석 모아 봉우리 만드니
眞面還輸飾假容 진짜 산보다 만든 산이 더 멋있구나.
巀嶭巧安三級墖 가파른 곳 묘하게 삼층으로 앉히고
谽谺因揷一枝松 오목한 곳 모양따라 한 그루 소나무 심었네.
蟠廻譎態蹲芝鳳 서리고 휘감긴 묘한 모습 이끼낀 봉황모양 돌을 쭈그리고 앉힌 듯
尖處斑文聳籜龍 뾰족한 곳 얼룩무늬 죽순이 치솟은 듯
復引山泉環作沼 다시 산에서 흐르는 물을 끌어 빙 둘러 연못을 만드니
靜看水底翠重重 고요히 물밑을 바라보면 푸른 산빛이 어렸구나.

중국 정원에서는 태호석을 가장 많이 사용하며 중국인이 가장 사랑하고 즐기는 돌이다. 중국 당시대 시인 백거이白居易는 ‘태호석기太湖石記’에서 태호석을 상찬했다.

전남 강진에 있는 다산 초당 연못 속의 석가산. 

대통으로 연못에 물이 흘러들어온다.돌에는 종류가 있으니, 태호太湖에서 모은 것이 으뜸이고 나부산羅浮山과 천축天竺의 것이 그다음이다.…구불구불 높이 솟아 신령스런 언덕에서 피어나는 고운 구름과 같고, 바르고 의젓하게 꼿꼿이 서 있는 것이 도사道士나 신선과도 같고, 치밀하고 윤택하며 깎아지른 듯한 것이 홀이나 제기와 같고, 날카롭고 모난 것이 칼이나 창과 같은 것도 있다. 또 뿔 없는 용이나 봉황 같은 것이 있어 웅크리는 듯 움직이는 듯하거나 날아오르려는 듯 뛰어오르려는 듯하고, 귀신이나 짐승과 같아서 걷는 듯 달리는 듯하거나 후려치거나 싸우려고 하는 것도 있다. 

바람이 거세고 비 내려 어두운 저녁에 골짜기가 열려 구름을 들이마시고 우레를 토해내는 듯 우뚝하여 바라보기에도 두려워할 만한 것이 있는가 하면, 안개가 걷히고 경치가 아름다운 새벽에 바위 낭떠러지에 구름이 잔뜩 껴서 마치 푸른 산기운을 품어내는 것 같아서, 자욱하니 가까이서 즐길 수 있다. 이런 모습이 아침저녁으로 바뀌어 이름 짓거나 형용할 수가 없었다. 즉 삼산三山과 오악五岳, 수많은 골짜기와 계곡들이 촘촘히 모여 모두 그 안에 있다고 하겠다. 백 길이 한 주먹이 되고 천 리가 눈 깜짝할 사이가 되어 앉아서 얻을 수가 있으니, …그러나 저절로 한번 이루어져 변화되지 않은 후로 몇천만 년이 흘렀는지 알 수 없지만, 바다 한 귀퉁이에 버려지거나, 호수 밑바닥에 잠기기도 했을 것이다. 높은 것은 거의 몇 길이나 되고 무거운 것은 천 균鈞(무게 30근)에 가까운데, 하루아침 사이에 채찍질하지 않았는데도 왔고 다리가 없는데도 도착하여 기이함을 다투고 괴이함을 자랑하여…

중국 북송때의 문인 미원장米元章이 말하는 이름난 돌 즉 태호석은 네 가지 빼어난 점을 갖춰야 한다. '투透 ․ 준浚 ․ 수秀 ․ 수瘦’의 사원칙이다. ‘투透’는 구멍이 뚫려 있고, ‘준浚’은 석면의 주름이 있어야 하고 ‘수秀’는 격조 높은 기품을 풍겨야 하며 '수瘦’는 돌의 살이 여위어 있고 그러면서도 강한 선을 지닌 것이어야 한다.

중국 항저우에 있는 청말 부유한 상인 호설암 고거의 석가산. 20세기 초 복원되었다.태호太湖는 중국 장수성과 저장성 사이에 있다. 태호 안에는 자그마한 산들이 많이 있다. 태호석은 바로 수조우의 동서쪽 동정산 부근의 호수 밑바닥에서 산출된다.

태호석은 결이 가로세로 사방으로 뻗어 있어, 이리저리 뒤엉켜져서 있다. 돌 표면에는 전체적으로 구멍이 많이 뚫어져 요철凹凸을 만들며 풍랑에 의한 충격 때문으로 이것을 탄자와(彈子窩 총알에 벌집처럼 난 구멍)이라고 부른다. 두드리면 은은한 소리가 난다.

태호석을 채취하는 사람은 송곳과 끌을 휴대하고서 깊은 호수 속으로 들어가 기이하고 교묘한 형상을 찾아 떼어낸다. 그리고는 큰 새끼줄로 수석을 꿰어서 큰 배 위에 설치한 나무시렁에 매달아 물 위로 들어올린다.

태호석은 키가 크고 몸체가 거대한 것을 귀하게 여긴다. 그러나 헌당軒堂의 건물 앞에 세워놓는 재료로 적합할 뿐이다. 혹은 키가 큰 소나무나 기이한 꽃나무 아래에 놓기도 한다. 가산을 만들 적에는 정원의 널찍한 정사亭榭의 건물 속에 나열하는데 그럴 경우 웅장하고 위엄있는 풍경을 한껏 보여주게 된다.

일본 우지에 있는 헤이안 시대의 뵤도인. 불당앞 연못가에서 거친 바닷가의 풍경을 나타내는 잔자갈을 깐 스하마를 볼 수 있다.일본 헤이안 시대 정원석은 그림과 문헌 속, 또 정원 발굴 때 나오는 질감이 거친 돌이다. 교토 북쪽의 기타야마 산지에서 수암이 생산되는데, 강 속에서 오랫동안 구르면서 둥그런 모양이 되는 화강암이나 현무암과 달리 수암은 강도가 다른 퇴적층으로 만들어져 침식이 진행되면 아주 복잡한 모양을 만든다. 이 돌을 정원 만들 때 썼다.

교토 동쪽 경계를 이루는 히가시 산은 대부분 화강석이며, 이 화강석은 흰색 장석과 회색 석영, 검은색 운모다. 화강석은 지표면에 노출되면 쉽게 분해되며 산에서 흘러가는 강에서 볼 수 있는 하얀 모래를 만든다. 정원의 남쪽 뜰에 바닥을 깔거나, 연못이나 계류에 거친 바닷가의 풍경인 스하마(洲浜)를 만들 때 이 모래를 썼을 것이다.



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