2016/05/14

Tamera Healing Biotope 1The Guest Center of Tamera

Tamera Healing Biotope 1

The Guest Center of Tamera

Welcome to Tamera

The Guest Center of Tamera is meeting place, home and study space for a growing international community of people. We warmly welcome you to get to know Tamera, its specific projects and people, and especially the vision of a new Earth.

You visit an emerging new culture that rattles conventional thinking and behavioral patterns. In the following, we want to give an introduction as to what you can expect in such an unconventional environment:

We are working to take all areas of life back to our own responsibility. This also concerns the material supply of food, energy and water. We learn from the cooperation with nature what it means to live again in wealth and real abundance and receive nature’s gifts with gratitude. We meet all creatures, even the smallest, with mindfulness and respect. They, just as we humans, belong to the great family of life.

We invite all our guests to get involved in a simple life in community during the period of your stay. You will get to know a communitarian lifestyle, meeting over meals, working together and sleeping in dormitories. Our kitchens serve vegan meals from predominantly regionally produced and organic food. The night lights up with a sea of stars, but there are no street lights.
Tamera researches and implements new social structures that enable relationships based on solidarity between man and woman. We call it "free love." Free love is not to be confused with indiscriminate and arbitrary relationships, but is a life practice that is free from falsehood, fear and violence. Through the thousands of years of patriarchal oppression in sensual love, a collective trauma has formed in humanity, and so in us all. In Tamera we are working on resolving this trauma. Tamera is not a place for quick sex or a quick solution to love problems. There is no such rapid solution, because the issues in sexuality and love are not private problems, but core topics of historical change.
We thank all those who want to participate in the healing of love! Please take time to understand these connections fully.

For more information, see the text "Free Sexuality and Partnership" on this website, or refer to the books and the writings of the project founders Dieter Duhm and Sabine Lichtenfels. (link)

We love the vision of a new Earth: Terra Nova. We are working to make the spirit of this new era visible everywhere: in our own lives, in cooperation with each other, in contact with our guests, in our work, in our writings. It is the spirit of compassion for the unspeakable pain of creatures on this Earth, and taking an absolute stand for life.

"If life wins, there can be no losers." Dieter Duhm

Take time to get to know the new thoughts. What we have really recognized and understood can never be lost to us again. Help us to create a new Earth! Invest in a humane future. Support the "Healing Biotopes Plan."

In the name of the children of this Earth.
For a new civilization on planet Earth.

We wish you an intensive stay.

The Guest Center Team

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Eros Unredeemed: The World Power of Sexuality - Verlag Meiga

Eros Unredeemed: The World Power of Sexuality - Verlag Meiga

Eros Unredeemed: The World Power of Sexuality

€ 15,30

incl. 7% IVA



There cannot be peace on earth as long as there is war in love. I have written this book because it was inevitable. The issue of sexual love had to be seen and dealt with from a different perspective. It is the issue of our time, although the proclaimed slogans may sound different. It is said that the sexual revolution is a thing of the past, but from within, it hasn’t really started yet. Today more people suffer or become ill as a result of an unresolved longing for sex and love than from environmental pollution.



—Dieter Duhm



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In a direct and committed language the author describes the state of love in our culture today. He places the unsolved issues of jealousy, free love, faithfulness, longing, impotence, morals etc. at the center of the question of truth, non-violence and peace. From the experience of free love he develops new perspectives for a new way of living, where love between two people no longer excludes free love. He describes the philosophical and social basis for a culture in which jealousy is no longer a natural law, where sexual desires no longer have to be suppressed and where faithfulness between two lovers no longer breaks down because of a too narrow vision of love. 
“Knowing love” is the term he uses for the process of developing a culture without sexual repression, fear and violence.



“Dieter Duhm’s book Eros Unredeemed is important for everyone to read – because it is provocative. It shakes up the rigid way of thinking most people have. It is a plan for a society and a way of life that I’ve been longing for since I was 16. High-Tech in War – Neanderthal in Love, such chapters are simply true.”



Lisa Fitz

Cabaret singer

“Eros Unredeemed is so true that I cannot add anything to it. I am grateful for so much courage and I hope that these thoughts about sexual liberation can be realized.”



Ernest Bornemann

Writer, psychoanalyst, sexologist

Of all the books about partnership that have been so popular in the last few years none of them has dealt with the issues of sexuality, eros and love as honestly and as thoughtfully as the book Eros Unredeemed by Dieter Duhm.



Robert Jungk

Journalist, Right Livelihood Award

“Eros Unredeemed is a book by a visionary thinker who brilliantly formulates his vision of liberated sexuality. A strong blow to a society that constantly speaks about a sexual revolution, but that combats any attempt at creating a truly liberated sexuality through censorship, the praise of jealousy, and warnings about the danger of sex.”



Oswalt Kolle
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Future Without War - Verlag Meiga

Future Without War - Verlag Meiga



Future Without WarTheory of Global Healing



The book outlines a global peace strategy which is based on the idea of modern natural science that the building component of mater is not the atom, instead it is energy, frequency, information. Earth with its atmosphere and magnetic field, with its waters and landscapes, its creatures, biotopes and human societies is an integral, oscillating and living body that can be healed, just as a human body can be healed if the appropriate medicine, i.e. the appropriate information is administered.



Translated from German by Sten Linnander and Frieda Radford.



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Is there still a realistic chance for worldwide peace?



Is it possible in a near future for all arms on our planet to become silent, for rivers to follow their natural paths, for animals to be freed from their cages and for children to grow up in stable homes?



One of a growing number of people who think that this is possible is Dr. Dieter Duhm, born 1942 in Berlin, sociologist, psychoanalyst, former Marxist and one of the leading heads of the ’68-Student Movement in Germany. Deeply moved by the extent of global violence he withdraws from academia during the seventies, turns down a number of professorships offered to him to take the time to radically and quietly conceive a social model for a future without war. He develops the “Plan of Healing Biotopes”, a concept for global peace.



Amongst others the concept is based on the idea of modern natural science and its essence that the building component of mater it is not the atom, instead it is “information”. Earth with her atmosphere and her magnetic field, with her waters and landscapes, her creatures, biotopes and human societies is an integral, oscillating and living body that can be healed, just as a human body can be healed if the appropriate medicine, i.e. the appropriate information is administered.



The healing information is wanted most at the points where new wars are created daily: in the cohabitation of human beings. In this area far reaching change is necessary. Words and appeals alone are not enough. True peace does not ensue from slogans and true peace is far more than the mere absence of war. The peace information needed will emerge from social structures whose ethical basic values of compassion, trust, mutual support and solidarity are no longer being destroyed, but rather, they are being generated and maintained. In its innermost core peace is the experience of trust amongst human beings, above all trust amongst man and woman. It is like learning a new alphabet after ions of fighting amongst men ad women, after oppressing women and after separating the divine and the erotic aspects of creation. To reconcile man and woman the deepest and most sensitive healing work is demanded since “there will be no peace on Earth as long as there is war in love” (Dieter Duhm).



Peace again is an experience of trust between man and nature. Where man fights animals, including the smallest and those who we call “vermins”, structural war, exclusion and enmity are reigning. All creatures have a right to live in freedom and dignity. They are all part of the large family of life. Peace asks for a change in our living habits, beginning with the choice of our nourishment, with the handling of the elements and the natural resources up to the provision of energy, to medicine and the cultivation of food.



Marx said: “The social state of being decides upon the level of consciousness.” At this point Dieter Duhm has remained a true Marxist, when he says: “It will be a new social state of being that is created and that will, more than anything else, decide upon whether the human being will rediscover his original humane soul and his pure heart and be able to live according to them.” Good intention alone is not enough. 2000 years of Christianity and the honest attempts of millions of people are proof enough. Places are needed where the conditions for peaceful co-habitation are researched and put into practice. Peace cannot be realised immediately in the whole of a society. It is not something what can be put on people from the outside rather it is a deep inner decision, coming out of a free will and an insight.



Dieter Duhm calls these places “Healing Biotopes”. They act like acupuncture points to foster a new future in the body of Earth. Life energies which in a culture of war have been opposing each other shall be made to flow coherently towards a mutual vision. By doing so big forces will be unleashed.



Duhm assumes that worldwide only a few such centres will be sufficient to tip over the “information field” of violence. He is not the first one to see this possibility. David Bohm, a quantum physicist, had too mentioned this possibility, so did spiritual masters, such as Sri Aurobindo (India), Satprem (his deciple) or Dhyani Iwahoo (Leader of the Tsalagi, USA), or Teilhard de Chardin.

Therefore, the “Plan of the Healing Biotopes” takes up the idea to develop various centres on Earth with a few hundred community workers each. Together they create the microscopically small change that is based on certain structures of reality which may and will have a large effect on the “Whole”.



Dieter Duhm: “Decisive for the success of such peace projects is not how big and strong they are in comparison to the existing apparatuses but how comprehensive and complex they are, how many elements of life they are able to combine and to unite in a positive way. In the field buildings of evolution it is not the law of the strongest, but the success of the more comprehensive that counts. No new developments would otherwise have been able to assert themselves had they not all begun small and inconspicuous.”



The development of the first such centre began in 1995. After years of preparation and together with his partner in life, Sabine Lichtenfels (theologian), with Rainer Ehrenpreis (physicist) and others, Dieter Duhm founded the peace research project “Tamera” in Portugal. Today approximately 150 people are engaged in the development of a life form which is to be free of fear, lies and violence. Many facilities have been built up, amongst them the Institute of Global Peace Work, the Political Ashram, the Art Centre, the Place of the Children, the Peace Education, the various ateliers and workshops, the reforested grounds, the Water Retention Landscape, the Global Love School. The development and construction of a model “Solarvillage”, a settlement with autonomous energy supply, is being prepared. The visionary and permaculture specialist Sepp Holzer from Austria cooperated as teacher and advisor with the ecology team from Tamera.



Tamera supports peace projects all over the world, cooperates with the peace village San José de Apartadó and the “University of Resistance” in Colombia; with initiatives in Israel and Palestine (amongst others The Holy Land Trust in Palestine, Peace Research Village); with Claudio Miranda de Moura and his idea of a “favela de paz” in the slums of São Paulo, Brazil, with Philip Munyasia and his permaculture project OTEPIC in Kenya. With the projects of the  “Global Campus” and the “Terra Nova School” Tamera shares the knowledge for a future without war with a wide network,  with inventors, solar technologists, peace journalists and futurists and all who are interested worldwide.



“In answer to a culture of war and death Dieter Duhm counters with a culture of peace and life. For this I thank him.”



Niklaus Brantschen

Zen-Master, founder of the Lassalle-House, co-founder of the Lassalle-Institut for Ethics in Business (Switzerland)

“Not only is the vision presented in this book described in a vivid way, but it is also well-founded in scientific terms. Above all, it is alive. As one, who has been actively involved in the Kibbutz and the Peace Movement since the foundation of the State of Israel, I can but say: May this Utopia blossom in the hearts of many people and empower them to build up the Holy Land all over the Earth.”



Reuven Moskovitz

Historian, co-founder of the peace village Neve Shalom/Wahat al Salam (Israel), laureate of the „Aachener Friedenspreis“ and the Mount of Zion Award

“This book introduces a powerful formula for the creation of peace by peaceful means. Participating in the work towards the realization of such a perspective, is for us, who live under occupation in Palestine, an answer not only to end the occupation but also to prevent future conflicts once the occupation will have come to an end.”



Sami Awad

Head of the "Holyland Trust“ Bethlehem, non-violence activist and non-violence trainer

“Dieter Duhm makes a profound case for living peace rather than talking peace. This will be essential if we want to create a future without war. This is an outstanding book and a “must” for every peacemaker.”



Arun Gandhi

President M. K. Gandhi Institute for Nonviolence (Memphis, TN) and grandson of Mahatma Gandhi

“For a lifetime Dieter Duhm has been delving deeply into our present culture finding the roots of war and domination in the suppression of the feminine. Together with his partner, Sabine Lichtenfels, and others, he experiments to create ways of restoring the balance both on an individual level and through the development of communities and Peace Research Villages. This book gives hope for all of us that it is possible to have a future- and how to create it.”



Hildur Jackson

Co-founder of the Global Ecovillage Network

“‘Never touch, when you heart is not open’ – this sentence guides the people of Tamera in their attempt to experience eros and sexuality as an expression of the sacredness of life.”



Pia Gyger

Catholic nun and zen master, co-founder of the Lassalle-Institute for Ethics in Business (Switzerland)

“With his book Future Without War Dieter Duhm demonstrates the courage to entertain a great utopia at a time leaving little cause for hope.”



German Press Agency


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Terra Nova. Global Revolution and the Healing of Love (9783927266544): Dieter Duhm: Books

Terra Nova. Global Revolution and the Healing of Love  Dieter Duhm: Books

Terra Nova. Global Revolution and the Healing of Love

Paperback – September 18, 2015

by Dieter Duhm (Author)



5 out of 5 stars    4 customer reviews

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Terra Nova describes a vision for a new culture: an Earth free of war, a society free of violence, a love free of lies, and a life free of fear. The author outlines this new Earth not only in theory, but also writes from his direct experience of its emergence.  This book presents the essence of nearly forty years of pioneering work in establishing functioning communities. "How do we generate a new form of humaneness based on trust and mutual support?  Where could the solution for the topics of sex, love, and partnership be found?  How could the human community be integrated into the community of all beings and eventually into the order of the universe?  Only if we succeed in answering these questions can global healing be possible." The book is a blueprint for the creation of a society based on trust: trust among people, trust between people and animals, and an original trust in life.

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Top Customer Reviews

5.0 out of 5 stars

One of the most powerful books I've read on impending Great Transition. It should be required reading for anyone ...

By Alnoor Ladha on January 14, 2016

Format: Paperback

This is one of the most powerful books I've read on impending Great Transition. It should be required reading for anyone interested in exploring what the post-capitalist world could look like.



I've actually written a book review on Terra Nova, contrasting it with another popular account of what will happen to the planet in the next 20 years, The Collapse of Western Civilization. You can read the review here:

http://www.kosmosjournal.org/news/killing-the-caterpillar-competing-worldviews-at-the-chrysalis-stage-of-humanity/

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5.0 out of 5 stars

Global Spiritual Revolution

By David Lorimer on January 19, 2016

Format: Paperback

The central theme of this visionary yet practical book is how we generate a new form of humaneness based on trust and mutual support. In the late 1960s, the author was a Marxist activist, but he realised that Marxism did not address the inner aspect of life from which outer patterns of behaviour emerge. This led him to found a community in 1978, which moved to become Tamera in Portugal in 1995. In the introduction, he states that the human being is the cause of his own failure because he disregarded some essential aspects of his own inner world - the driving powers of the soul, libidinous longings, sexuality and animality, spiritual powers, hopes and fears. His thesis is that a transformation of the inner world will lead to a corresponding outer transformation - a critical aspect of our story but then our outer structures also shape our inner world and draw out certain features of human nature. As this year has shown only too clearly, we live within a matrix of fear and violence portrayed by the media, even if most of us are in fact living peacefully in our own communities. I'm sure he is right in regarding the community or group as a microcosm of human existence, containing as it does light and dark elements. It is important to remind ourselves, as Aldous Huxley pointed out in 1942, that a humane goal cannot be reached through inhumane means. Whatever the short-term imperatives, violence will create further violence in a spiral of destruction.



We need to reflect deeply on what it means to choose life and trust and to realise our inherent interconnectedness as expressions of one life and one consciousness. We are deeply embedded in a morphic field of fear (Duhm uses the word morphogenetic, but Rupert Sheldrake himself would use ‘morphic’ in this wider context) - primarily fear of loss and separation at a deep unconscious level, where so many horrific images of war and suffering are stored. An important part of his thesis and the work of Tamera is that our patriarchal society and institutions have for centuries suppressed women's sexuality (Riane Eisler has written extensively about this) in systems of domination and possession. This requires a freeing up of love and sexuality based on real contact and trust rather than exploitation. Duhm makes a deep connection between lying, betrayal, fear and violence in love with their corresponding expression in war - all this destroys trust and therefore openness to love and compassion. This applies especially to bringing up children, who need this atmosphere of love in order to flourish.



The second section on concrete utopia explains how we can create a new morphic field from the inside out. He gives some remarkable examples from Satprem to illustrate that our thoughts and feelings shape how the outer world reacts to us. He calls this acting through the ‘inner operator’ or higher self corresponding to the sacred matrix or cosmic pattern of life also represented in our culture by the power of Christ. A further manifestation is Ananda or joy, which enables a harmonious relationship in Tamera between humans and nature, even those we normally regard as pests. The overall vision is of a new humanity on a healed Earth and it is critical to articulate and hold this vision – as embodied in communities like Tamera – as a field to attract its own realisation. It can only start small and grow, like all seeds in nature.



The third part spells out in more detail how the Earth and humanity can be healed, as has happened for instance at Tamera due to their water retention scheme that has regenerated the previously arid area. Life is inherently healing and the entelechy of each organism contains its own blueprint for development. Duhm describes the processes for the development of trust and solidarity used at Tamera for the healing of love and the freeing of sexual expression as well as the recognition that our human challenges are universal. He summarises these in a series of guidelines and more general ethical principles all based on the primacy of love – especially the deep soul connection - for human flourishing. Nonviolent human culture has to be based on truth, mutual support, responsible participation in the community, transparency, reliability and care for the animal world. At an emotional level this means becoming free of reactivity so that the spiritual powers of the universe can act through you.



The fourth part explains the global healing biotopes or cells, of which the Tamera community is one. These are anchored in the universal powers of life and creation, taking ‘a determined, non-negotiable stand for life.’ Members shift from an individual to a community identity and become more radically themselves as they drop the need to be normal in society’s terms. This goes way beyond the collectivism associated with Marxism and its emphasis on social conditioning. As people reveal themselves and are really seen, they are loved for who they are. They also magnetise around a higher spiritual ideal. In our time we not only need a strong vision of hope and love but a practical demonstration of its reality. This visionary book and the Tamera community are beacons of our new possibilities and give us a compass direction to the creation of a more trusting world to which our young people can aspire.

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5.0 out of 5 stars

A BEAUTIFUL AND REALIZABLE PATHWAY TO PEACE

By Durel K. on March 30, 2016

Format: Paperback Verified Purchase

In the Terra Nova book, Dieter Duhm offers a comprehensive vision of a concrete utopia grounded in nearly forty years of research in community. What he details is literally a New Earth evolving not from our shared human history of war and collective trauma but rather from the newly emerging information field of peace. This is a world based on trust and mutual support, ending the long assault against life and love characterizing the patriarchal period of the last five thousand years. Essential to this work, this revolution, is “issue number one,” the restoration of the proper relationship between the sexes, the freeing of love and sexuality from existing patterns of power and control and, most importantly, from fear.

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5.0 out of 5 starsInspiring a practical utopia

By Katrina on February 22, 2016

Format: Paperback Verified Purchase

While psychotherapy addresses healing on the individual level, Duhm encourages us to consider the diseases that psychologically afflict us from a cultural, global perspective. Terra Nova explores how to build new communities or “healing biotopes” that eradicate fear and celebrate the transformations that arise from fulfilling our basic human needs for trust, love, and connection. A read that Inspires us to challenge the core beliefs and cultural norms that have been formed though centuries of war, patriarchy, and violence, to risk a paradigm shift that will heal the collective and fulfill the ideal of heaven on earth.

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The Sacred Matrix: Dieter Duhm: 9783927266162: Amazon.com: Books

The Sacred Matrix: Dieter Duhm: 9783927266162: Amazon.com: Books

The Sacred Matrix Paperback – April 1, 2008

by Dieter Duhm  (Author)

5 out of 5 stars    7 customer reviews

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Top Customer Reviews

5.0 out of 5 stars

Looking for where Peace can begin

By David Kunin on July 12, 2008

Format: Paperback

I found the best way to approach this book was to let it fall open in a particular place, and then just read. Duhm is talking about how everything in the universe is all intimately woven together, and the contents of his book reflect this. You can open at random to just about any place in The Sacred Matrix, and find a stimulating, thought-provoking passage.



Several years ago, I visited Tamera (the "healing biotope" mentioned in the first review) and heard Duhm speak one warm Sunday morning. He was the first person I had ever heard that mentioned (all in the same speech): our galaxy; the subatomic level; the human responsibility to respect animal and plant life; problems between men and women, including the need for trust and a new approach to sexuality; the sources of human fear; community as a laboratory to discover new ways of being; and a concrete vision for a future without war. I was very impressed, and his book (which was only available in German at that time) is an expansion of all these important themes, and how they are interconnected.



Amoung the many other thinkers and visionaries who Duhm quotes in The Sacred Matrix: Barry Long, Wilhelm Reich, Sabine Lichtenfels, Carlissa Estes, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin.



Problems with the book? It is, at times, too... "dense" is the word that comes to mind. The book can be a difficult read straight through from cover to cover. That is why I fell back to a more random approach, which I found suited the material quite well.



What I like most about this book is that it represents a lifetime of thinking, exploring, and experimenting by a very profound man. Deiter Duhm has dedicated his life to developing a theory and practice that can unite peace-workers around the world. The Sacred Matrix is a deeply thought-out statement of what has gone wrong in the world, and a heart-felt invitation to transform our life together.

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5.0 out of 5 stars

Building a new future now: a report on an experiment and manual

By George Caneda on August 18, 2008

Format: Paperback Verified Purchase

We all have a longing for a better world. Some of us even dare to think that such a world is actually possible, and that a world of peace, love, cooperation and abundance for all is necessary to our survival. Dieter Duhm and his friends set out to demonstrate in practical terms that this profound yearning of humanity can be satisfied. They have dedicated the last 30 years to this endeavor.



This book is a manual on how to build a new culture, a culture that supports the Sacred Matrix, the Matrix of Life, and is supported by it. Dieter Duhm draws on a fairly new physics theory, the Holographic Universe, to empower us all, to put the responsibility for the building of this new culture on each of us. A deep shift in our beliefs and behavior towards the Matrix of Life, (of Love), will eventually tilt the balance on this blue planet back towards the paradise it was supposed to be.



The building blocks of this new culture are: peace between the genders (peace in sex and love relationships is the starting point); restoring woman to her rightful, loving, sexual and powerful role; formation of communities of people to support the change process; cooperation between people and nature, between people and the earth; creation of a radically new mythology, a new spirituality, new ethics to support this new culture. This new culture is not a Utopian fantasy, it is worked and researched on in Tamera, in the south of Portugal.



This book should be read by anyone seriously committed to the peace movement, to ending the cycle of war, fear and hatred. It should be read by all women who want to wake up from the nightmare of hatred and dissatisfaction that has plagued their lives (for thousands of years). It should be read by all man that want to love women without fear. It should be read by young people dreaming of a better world, critical of the world they have inherited and ready to go to work for their dream. It should be read by all people that have given up on religions as the answer because it draws on the true spiritual nature of things. It should be read by anyone interested in communities, in ecology, in cohousing and ecovillages, in sustainable and decentralized energy production, in permaculture and in low cost architecture.



The Sacred Matrix is a book full of hope, faith, love, science, pragmatism, technology and adventure.

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5.0 out of 5 stars

A book worth reading for a future worth living

By Stephen Davis on July 2, 2008

Format: Paperback

"The Sacred Matrix" by Dr. Dieter Duhm is a "must read" for anyone wanting a life of peace for themselves, their children, or their children's children.



I have known Dr. Duhm for fifteen years, and I have the greatest respect and admiration for him and his efforts to create a new culture of peace on this planet. For more than thirty years he has worked tirelessly and with a steady focus to find a way for human beings to live in cooperation and harmony with each other, with animals, and with nature. His persistence and dedication are now paying off with the success of an intentional community in southern Portugal called "Tamera."



In "The Sacred Matrix", Dr. Duhm calls Tamera a "healing biotope" - a word most English-speaking people have never heard and may not understand. Literally translated, "biotope" simply means a place where life lives. Duhm, however, gives it several different twists, calling it a "greenhouse of trust," "an acupuncture point of peace," and "a self-sufficient future community."



Essentially, "The Sacred Matrix" is the definitive summation of Dr. Duhm's vision and a detailed explanation of his philosophy that forms the basis of life in a "healing biotope." Sophisticated and thought-provoking, Duhm's arguments include the necessity for community and an end to patriarchy if the world is going to survive.



As far as I am concerned, if Dr. Duhm had only uttered one sentence in his entire life, he would still qualify as one of the great thinkers of our time. That sentence: "We will never have peace between nations as long as there is war between man and woman." There are many good men today preaching world peace - men with good hearts and good intentions, I'm sure - but who have never found a way to have a meaningful, lasting, and truly intimate relationship with a woman. Something's wrong with that picture.



Dr. Duhm, however, doesn't shy away from what he calls the "prime issues" that hold the key to a future of peace: love and sexuality. "There is an entelechial form of sexuality and sexual love, and of partnership and free love... and we must find this form in order to achieve healing. It is the form of the Sacred Matrix," he says.



Dieter Duhm, Tamera, and "The Sacred Matrix" definitely take a different approach to life and living than the rest of the world. Nature loves diversity, and evolution requires it. It just might be that Tamera, and other healing biotopes like it to come, are the best hope for the future of the human race. That alone makes this book worth reading.

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Dieter Duhm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Dieter Duhm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia



Dieter Duhm

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Dr. Dieter Duhm
Dieter Duhm, sociologist, psychoanalyst, art historian and author, is one of the co-founders of Tamera, a peace research center in southwestern Portugal.

Life and work

Born in Berlin, Germany in 1942, Duhm lived through the bombing of Berlin as a very young child, as well as the poverty and hunger in the postwar period, and those experiences would shape his thinking and actions throughout his life.
In 1969 Duhm completed his B.A. in psychology and in 1973 he earned his Ph.D. in sociology from the University of Freiburg.
But it was the Vietnam War that catapulted him into a leadership role in the MarxistLeft of the German Student Movement and made him a staunch critic of western capitalism. He wrote an essay called, The structure of material goods and destroyed inter-personality, which was published as a book in Cologne, Germany in 1975, andFear in Capitalism: A second attempt at a social substantiation of inter-personal fear in material capitalist society, which became a best-seller three times: in 1973, the 14th edition in 1977, and the 17th edition in 1984.
The anti-imperialist struggle and the attempts within this to develop new forms of community and real socialism failed because of human conflicts. Without building a human basis that can support this, the continuation of such political work no longer seems useful.[1]
Despite offers of a professorship, Duhm decided to leave academic life and his political activism in 1975, explaining his reasons in The Human Being is Different: Reflection on much ridiculed, but necessary contents of a holistic theory of liberation; critique of Marxism.
In this book I concentrate on the question of whether the human being is changeable and what possibilities emerge after a change has taken place. I do not deny the necessity to change the society. But both parts – the change of society and the change of the individual – have to come together in order to create a revolution, through which a society is created that really fulfills the needs of its people.[2]
He retreated to an isolated farmhouse in southern Germany and spent the next three years in research, developing the basis of a theory to create a future without war for the Earth, using many different sources of thinking and wisdom.

Influences

During this period, Duhm says that he found inspiration in the works of Nietzsche,Hegel, van Gogh, Rudolf Steiner, Jesus, Laozi, Prentice Mulford, and Teilhard de Chardin; and he spent time in the Aktionsanalytische Organisation (AAO) with Otto Muehl at the Friedrichshof community in Austria, and with Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh inIndia.
Focusing on the question how war and violence can be overcome on a global scale, Duhm became intensively interested in the theories of the Marxist psychoanalystWilhelm Reich. His contention with and eventual renunciation of Reich led him into a deeper study of Asiatic traditions, such as different meditation practises, Yoga, T'ai chi, and others.

Early theory

As indicated by the titles of his published work, Duhm was never a purely Marxist economist, but had always been interested in the individual, psychological issues underlying the world’s problems. For example, Duhm has said that “before we can solve the ecological and technological problems of the Earth, we must first solve the more basic human issues, like competition, jealousy, and fear that prevent human beings from living and working together in community.”[3]
Duhm wanted to realize his vision of a thoroughly peaceful society and create a model – a prototype of a post-capitalistic, peaceful civilisation. This would include the peaceful cohabitation and cooperation with all creatures of nature (including bugs and vermin) and provide alternative types of energy supplies using inexhaustible energy sources rather than exploiting the earth, alternative types of architecture, of nourishment and of medicine, right up to a new understanding of the human world imbedded in a cosmic order.
Included in his basic theory was the concept of “free love.” (Duhm has used the term "free love" to describe "love free of fear.”) He thus attempted to “overtake the communist idea on the left” by expanding it into the erotic area, and soon became one of the main figures in the so-called “emancipation debate” concerning the connection between political work and personal liberation.

Practical application

In 1978 Duhm began to put this theory into practise. First he created an interdisciplinary research center with a dozen experts from various fields, called the “Bauhuette,” located in southern Germany. Their goal was to find workable answers to the ecological and technological problems facing the human species at that time. However, within a few years they discovered that if their project had any chance of surviving, they first had to research more deeply into the core human relationship questions that lay hidden under all issues – such as competition, greed, and jealousy. So Duhm traveled around Germany, Austria, and Switzerland for a year, finding fifty willing participants who began a social community experiment in 1983 to research the possibilities of dissolving internal group conflicts concerning power, money, sexuality and love; and they spent three years in a remote area of the Black Forest under Duhm’s guidance.
But in 1984 a slanderous campaign in the media began against Duhm and his projects, both in Germany and Switzerland. This increasingly impeded the research work in theBlack Forest, and finally disrupted it totally. The group’s attempt to have the information about them corrected remained unsuccessful, and the community finally had to disband.

Tamera

So in 1989 Dieter Duhm moved to Lanzarote, together with his life partner, Sabine Lichtenfels, and several friends. For the next six years he dedicated his time to painting and writing, and found the peace and quiet he needed to research and prepare his next project.
In 1995, Duhm co-founded the Tamera Peace Research Center in southwestern Portugal together with Sabine Lichtenfels and Rainer Ehrenpreis. It was finally his chance to create a working model that put all his research into action, which he called “The Political Theory,” based in part on such concepts as holography, chaos theory,systems theory, and morphogenetic fields.

Political theory

Duhm’s political theory contends that the basic building blocks of matter are not atoms, but instead are energy, frequency, and information. Earth with its atmosphere and magnetic field, with its waters and landscapes, with its creatures, biotopes and human societies, is an integral, oscillating and living body that can be healed, just as a human body can be healed if the appropriate “medicine,” i.e. the appropriate information, is administered, Duhm believes.
This healing information, Duhm says, is wanted most at the points where new wars are created daily: in the cohabitation of human beings. In this area far reaching change is necessary. Duhm feels that the peace information needed will emerge from social structures whose ethical basic values of compassion, trust, mutual support and solidarity are no longer being destroyed, but rather are generated and maintained; and Tamera is just one of several places necessary where the conditions for peaceful co-habitation are researched and put into practice.
Duhm explains his political theory in two books available in English: Future without War: Theory of Global Healing, and The Sacred Matrix: From the Matrix of Violence to the Matrix of Life; Foundations of a New Civilisation.
Decisive for the success of such peace projects is not how big and strong they are in comparison to the existing apparatuses but how comprehensive and complex they are, how many elements of life they are able to combine and to unite in a positive way. In the field buildings of evolution it is not the law of the strongest, but the success of the more comprehensive that counts. No new developments would otherwise have been able to assert themselves had they not all begun small and inconspicuous.[4]

Healing biotopes

Duhm calls these places “Healing Biotopes” or "Peace Research Villages,” which act somewhat like acupuncture points to foster a new future in the body of Earth. His theory postulates that only a few such centers will be sufficient worldwide to tip over the “information field” of violence, for together these few centers will create the microscopically small change needed to have a large effect on the “Whole.”

TerraNova

As these ideas became more and more concrete, they and the movement in the world that they represent came to be called "Terra Nova," which aims to create the conditions for a global system change for a nonviolent Earth, through activism, education and networking and by spreading perspectives for profoundly nonviolent culture based on trust and cooperation.[5]
In 2015, Duhm wrote the book Terra Nova: Global Revolution and the Healing of Loveto expound upon and clarify the basic ideas of the movement.[6]

Publications

  • The Sacred Matrix: From the Matrix of Violence to the Matrix of Life; Foundations of a New Civilization. ISBN 978-3-927266-16-2, 464 pages, 2005
also as E-book ISBN 978-3-927266-51-3, 324 pages, 2014

References

  1. Dieter Duhm, Fear in Capitalism: A second attempt at a social substantiation of inter-personal fear in material capitalist society. (1973)
  2. Dieter Duhm, The Human Being is Different: Reflection on much ridiculed, but necessary contents of a holistic theory of liberation; critique of Marxism. (1975)
  3. Dieter Duhm, Toward a New Culture, (1975), Verlag Meiga
  4. Dieter Duhm, Future without War: Theory of Global Healing, (2007), Verlag Meiga
  5. Terra Nova
  6. Terra Nova book

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related toDieter Duhm.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dieter_Duhm&oldid=717936400"
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Tamera Healing Biotope 1 Dr. Dieter Duhm

Tamera Healing Biotope 1

Dr. Dieter Duhm

Psychoanalyst, Art Historian, Prolific Author and one of the Leading Figures in the 1968 Students Movement in Germany, Visionary and Head of the Department for Art and Healing in Tamera.
Dieter Duhm was born in Berlin in 1942 in the middle of World War II. He experienced the violence of the night bombings of Berlin and of the refugee trek to Southern Germany. In his new homeland at Lake Constance a group of local boys grabbed him, tore his clothes off, tied him to a lamppost and smeared him with tar from head to toe. He had done nothing to offend them; it was just that he was a "stranger." It was then that he received his first lesson on the nature of fascism.
He was about 14 years old when he heard of the concentration camps. At first he resisted with all his mental ability to believe that this was true. He tried to convince himself that in reality the victims must all have been criminals or that maybe adults did not suffer from pain as much as children. Then he began asking questions to his parents and the people he knew. His hope of getting some consolation and pain-numbing answers melted away the more facts his research unearthed. There was no solace.  Auschwitz: this was a reality, at least an ineradicable part of it.  One last hope remained in him that perhaps all of this had once been real but it is no longer. This hope vanished. 
Years later he became one of the leaders of the leftist German '68 Students Movement. He fought against imperialism and the Vietnam War alongside his comrades. He saw the photos of Vietnamese women with their breasts cut off. He saw the pictures of people burned by napalm. He recognized this as the reverse side of Western morals and culture. Then he experienced the murder of a man who his comrades believed to be an informer and realized an elementary fact of political life – that ideological beliefs are interchangeable as long as the human character structures remain the same. 
The leftist movement did not reach its goal and faded out. 
Dieter Duhm could no longer integrate himself into bourgeois society. Nor could he accept any of the multiple offers of professorship. He was not willing to proceed with business as usual in the face of global violence.
He decided to retreat to an isolated farmhouse in Lower Bavaria for reflection. The massacres of My Lai and the Second World War – from where does this continuum of violence stem? How was it possible for the Holocaust to happen? How could good family men turn into concentration camp executioners over night? Is it really possible to end global violence once and for all?
His country hermitage became a workshop for envisioning a new future. He studied different sources of thinking and wisdom: Nietzsche, Hegel, van Gogh, Rudolf Steiner, Jesus, Lao Tse, Wilhelm Reich, Prentice Mulford, Teilhard de Chardin. Slowly the individual fragments of knowledge came together in a new picture, a preliminary stage of what would evolve into his holographic theory. A new pattern formed from the latest findings of biology, cybernetics, psychoanalysis and mathematics as well as art, history and theology. A vision emerges: yes, it is possible! This is how world peace can prevail.
Out of the vision he formulated a political concept starting with the fact that wars are created anew every day in the cohabitation of people, of man and woman, of children and adults, individuals and society, of nature and man. It is here that a change has to take place, a shift in paradigm has to be created and not just intellectually or in words but in the concrete experience of lived praxis.
He began to put his ideas into practice, founded the first communty experiment in 1978; suffered setbacks; was exposed to resistance, slander and hostility from society; deepened, corrected, completed his concept and started again from scratch. Long years passed without any visible outer success. But he kept at it.
In 1995, after long years of preparation, he finally founded, together with his partner in life, Sabine Lichtenfels, the physicist Charly Rainer Ehrenpreis and others, the peace research centre Tamera in Portugal. Today about 170 people are working there engaged in the development of a community model without lies, violence and degradation.  They research and actualize the social, ecological and technological aspects that can be the basis of a future global society.

 
Books by Dieter Duhm:
The Sacred Matrix. From the Matrix of Violence to the Matrix of Life, 2005
order/review

Future without War. Theory of Global Healing, 2007
order/review

Eros Unredeemed. The World Power of Sexuality, 2010
order/review

Towards a New Culture. From Refusal to Re-Creation. Outline of an Ecological and Humane Alternative, 2012
order/review or free download pdf

More information: www.dieter-duhm.com

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クエーカー - Wikipedia 2016 한역 Ishitani Susumu

クエーカー - Wikipedia

クエーカー

出典: フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
フレンド派の歴史上重要な場所「Pendle Hill」
クエーカー（Quaker）は、キリスト友会（キリストゆうかい、Religious Society of Friends）に対する一般的な呼称である。友会は、17世紀にイングランドで設立された宗教団体である。クエーカーというのは俗称で、会員自身はこの言葉を使わずに友会徒（Friends）と自称している。クエーカーという名称は、創始者ジョージ・フォックスに対して判事が使った言葉に由来する。

概要

キリスト友会（-ゆうかい）は一般にクエーカーまたは友会徒として知られ、17世紀にイングランドで作られた宗教団体である。クエーカーは平和教会のひとつとされ、世界各地に集会がある。イングランドで始まり、クエーカーの教義は、主にアメリカ合衆国、ケニア、ボリビアといった国々に広まっていった。クエーカー教徒が集中しているアメリカ合衆国東部ペンシルベニア州フィラデルフィアのようなところがあるが、相対的に信者の数は少ない（全世界で約60万人、内北米約12万、英国約4万）。
友会には全信者に向けた経典や正式な教義箇条のようなものはないが、信者間にある一定範囲の教義的な合意はみられる。最も中心にある考えは、内なる光である。この内なる光はそれぞれの信者に力を導き、数通りの方法で理解されているものであるが、教団内の様々な分派に受け入れられている。
内なる光の信仰は、証言（Witness　「信仰的証し」の意)と呼ぶ幾つかの主要概念の発展につながっている。証言には平和、男女・民族の平等、質素な生活、個人が誠実であり続けることなどがある。詳細は下記に述べる通りである。

支部と組織

多くの宗教団体同様、現在のキリスト友会は進化や変異、分裂を経ていくつかの分派に分かれている。

イギリスのクエーカー

イギリスでは友会の歴史を通じて高度の組織的な結合が見られる。各地の友会の集会は、準備集会と呼ばれている。数箇所で月会が行われ、その月会で月例の事務会が行われる。全国の月会の代表者によって年に一度「年会」が開かれる。また一年を通して社会活動などの年会の仕事を遂行する受難のための集会（Meeting for Suffering)が常時活動執行部の役割をしている。これはもともと迫害期に収監された信徒の残された家族の厚生を守るために作られた委員会であるが、現在まで存続し事実上米国のフレンズ奉仕団に相当する活動をしている。

アメリカ合衆国のクエーカー

アメリカ合衆国の友会は、イギリス以上に細分化されているが、依然共通点が多い。礼拝の形態には2種類あり、礼拝式次第(プログラム）のある集会（Programmed Meetings)とない集会(沈黙集会）（Unprogrammed Meeting)の2つがある。このような違いは、米国における友会歴史的分派に由来している。
プログラムのない集会(静粛集会）の方の最小単位は、集会（Meeting)または月会（Monthly Meeting)と呼ばれ通常日曜日ごとの礼拝を行っている。こうした集会は、礼拝に決められた礼典の次第がないため「プログラムなし」と呼ばれている。誰かが語り始めるまで沈黙を保つことになっている。聖職者はいないが、様々な委員会や役職が、他宗派では聖職者が行うような重要な役割を果たすことが可能である。こうした人々は、牧会監督会、牧会評議会、集会書記、長老、重心会友（Weighty Friends)と呼ばれることが多い。通常書記は聖職者に相当する管理業務をこなせる人が任命される。数箇所の月会は、季節会と呼ばれる地域会合を形成し、更に通常年会と呼ばれる大きな会合を形成する。
プログラムのある会派は、友会徒教会（Friends Church)と呼ばれることが多い。通常牧師を置いているが、いわゆる按手礼を受けた聖職者でなく平信徒の牧会担当者であるが、正式の牧会・神学教育を受けている場合が多い。（ちなみにクエーカーの神学校はインディアナのアーラム・カレッジにあるアーラム神学校　Earlham School of Religionである。）牧師の仕事は、礼拝の進行と賛美歌・礼拝・説教・牧会カウンセリングなどである。プロテスタント教会に似ているが、多くは沈黙の時間のプログラムなしの方式を一部取り入れている。
プログラムのあるクエーカー教会は、プロテスタントの主流派に類似しているが、多くのクエーカーは、自分たちの教義をプロテスタントでもカトリックでもなくキリスト教第3の道と考えている。現在のクエーカーの信仰は幅広く、信者の中にはキリスト教徒を自認している者から、無神論的傾向(nontheistic)をもつ者など様々であるが、少なくとも北米・英国では大多数がキリスト教の中でもリベラルな傾向を持っている。
友会徒の集会には上記の中間のような会合もある。

名称

ジョージ・フォックス（George Fox）, クエーカーの創立者で初期の指導者の一人
初期のクエーカーにつけられた様々な呼称は今でも言及されることがある。例として、
  • 求道者（Seekers）
  • 聖者（Saints）
  • 光の子（Children of the light）
  • 真理の友（Friends of the Truth）
  • クエーカー（Quakers）
  • キリスト友会（Religious Society of Friends）
  • 友会（Society of Friends）
初期のクエーカーは自らを背教の時代の後の真のキリスト教会を回復するものと考えていた。その為、この時期自らを単に聖者または光の子と呼んでいた。もう一つの公の名称は、真理の友であり、真の状態を示す「内なる光」として初期のクエーカーの教義の中心点を反映していた。
「クエーカー」という名称は、ジョージ・フォックス師がダービーのベネット判事に神名冒涜罪で裁かれた1650年に初めて使われた。フォックスの手記に依ると、ベネットは「私たちが神の言葉でわが身を震わせた故にクエーカーと呼んだ」。（ここでフォックスは「神の言葉」でキリストを表そうとしている。）確かに初期の友会は、会合で体を震わせ振動させ、聖書に現れる現象である「振動」を守ることに多くの論説を割いている。会員には（フォックスを含めて）この呼び名を嫌がる人がいるが、それにもかかわらず、定着し始めた。「光の子供たち」として知られるようになる1654年のレスターシャーの会合の後に明らかに試みられたが、定着しなかった。
キリスト友会（Religious Society of Friends）は大分後の18世紀に使われるようになる。この名は今日正式名称として残っているが、因みに「クエーカー」は明確にするために良く付け加えられている。会員にはreligiousという言葉に反対してフレンド会（Society of Friends）を名乗る人もいる。年会のような最大のクエーカー組織では「キリスト友会」を使うものの、この理由から月会ではreligiousを使わないところも多い。

歴史

詳細は「クエーカーの歴史」を参照
ウィリアム・ペン（William Penn）、ペンシルベニア州の創立者
クエーカーの活動は、1650年代初めにイングランドで始まった。ジョージ・フォックスが創始者で、初期の少なくとも最も重要な役割を果たしたと考えられる。
活動が拡大すると、反対と迫害を受けはじめた。クエーカーはイギリスの島々だけでなく植民地でも投獄され、殴打された。マサチューセッツ湾では信仰を捨てなかったために処刑されたクエーカーもいる（最も有名なのは、メアリ・ダイアーである）。ペンシルベニア州はウィリアム・ペンがクエーカーが安全に暮らし信仰を守れる安住の地として作り上げた。迫害にもかかわらず、活動は急速に強く結びついた組織に成長した。
19世紀、イギリスでは全体として結びつきが依然強かったとはいえ、アイルランドとアメリカ合衆国の友会徒は、分裂していった。

ヒックス派と正統派の分裂

1827年、エリアス・ヒックスは普遍的救済の信仰を提唱したため追放された。が、翌年ヒックスに共感する多くの友会徒が年会に類似した会合を開いて分派していった（ヒックス派という）。ヒックスに従わなかったクエーカーは、正統派と呼ばれている。

ウィルバー派とガーニー派の分裂

アメリカの正統派は、イングランドのジョゼフ・ジョン・ガーニーとロード・アイランド州のジョン・ウィルバーの大陸を跨いだ論争に明け暮れた。ガーニーは聖書の権威を強調し、他のキリスト教団と密接に活動することを好んだ。反対にウィルバーは第一に聖霊（例えば内なる光）の権威を守ろうとし、聖職者が聖霊に導かれる友会の伝統を弱体化していると考えた。ウィルバーは1842年に審問により年会から追放された。続く数十年、ウィルバー派とガーニー派が多数現れた。

ビーン派

ジョエル・ビーンは自分の仲間たちに忍び寄る過激な福音主義に反対する正統派であった。アメリカ合衆国西部に新しいクエーカーの組織を結成した。「ビーン派」あるいは独立派は、「普遍的キリスト中心主義」を掲げるヒック派とウィルバー派を合わせたものに似ている。

信仰と友会徒の活動

具現する神

フォックスたち初期のクエーカー伝道師は、全ての人に神父・牧師や聖餐による取り次ぎがなくても神が現れると信じていた。フォックスは手記に「キリストは人々を導き給うために遣わされた」と記した。
友会は良く「神は全ての人に現れる」、「内なる光」、「内なるキリスト」、「内なるキリストの聖霊」などの多くの言葉で言い表してきた。友会は皆が「神の具現」を拒んでいると信じているから、クエーカーの道の多くは、内なる指導が語ることを聞くことに重点が置かれている。アイザック・ペニントンは1670年に記している。「キリストの声を聞き、書いたものを読んでも十分ではないが、私の根本、生活、起源をキリストに感じるには、十分である。」

神秘主義

クエーカーの信仰はよく神秘主義といわれるが、2つの理由から他の神秘主義とは異なっている。
まずクエーカーの神秘論は、主として個人より集団を対象にしている。プログラムなしのクエーカーの集会は、集団神秘主義が現れる場所、すなわち参加者全員が共に聖霊の声に耳を傾ける場であると考えられている。
次にクエーカーの神秘主義は、直接外部に現れることを強調する。この世から逃避するのではなく、クエーカーの神秘論は、個人の神秘主義をこの世における現実の行動に転化する。行動は次々と更に大きな精神的な理解に（全体として個人と集会で）導いていく。クエーカーは導きとして特別な行動を取る聖霊の呼びかけに言及する。ジョン・ウールマンは（この場合、奴隷廃止運動）個人や集団がどのように世界を遍く良い方向に変えてゆけるかの一例である。この過程で聖霊は新しい方法で自身を表し、集団の神秘主義を示している。

聖書

初期の友会は、キリストは神の言葉（聖書ではない）であると信じていて、例えばロバート・バークレイに依ると聖書の言葉は、「泉の告白であって、泉そのものでなく、従ってあらゆる真理と知識の根源をなすものでもいまだ信仰と礼法の十分な基本形と考えるべきではない。」（『弁証』）
しかし初期の友会はキリストは聖書を否定する方法で導くことは決してないだろうと信じ、聖書を作ることは、数多くの論争を引き起こす聖霊に対し今日よりも見下していた。
後に聖書が教えていると思われることと友会が聖霊にどのように導かれていると信じるかという論争が、起こり始めた。友会徒にこうした論争で聖書は信ずべきものであり、事実上聖霊が決して聖書と相反する方向に導くことは決してないだろうとする初期の友会との明白な信仰をなすと決定する者がいた。例えば1887年のリッチモンド宣言は、その他のことに触れて、「聖書と相反する」いかなる行為も、聖霊が直接導く場合でも、単なる妄想と思わなければならないと宣言した。今日福音派友会徒は聖書は信ずべきもので、個人的な指導は、教義と矛盾するなら相容れないものであると信じている。
別の友会徒は、一部はリベラル・プロテスタンティズムのような運動の高揚で、事実聖書と相反する方法で導くことは可能で、そのような場合、聖書の言葉が方向を示してくれると考えた。依然として他の友会徒は聖書を完全に拒否し（あるいは無視し始め）、その為に多くの容認派の友会徒（大抵は非プログラム派）にキリスト教徒でない友会徒が出現することとなる。
しかしながら、殆ど全ての現代の友会徒が、内なる光に継続的に導かれる必要を信じている。従って神の啓示は、聖書に制約されず、今日でさえ続いていて、この教義は「継続的啓示」（continuing revelation）として知られている。この解釈から証言(または信仰的証し）として知られることになる共通の信仰形態が出現した。（詳細は証言を参照のこと。）

信仰

クエーカーは信仰箇条のない宗教である。ジョージ・フォックスは神学者を「観念論者」として追放し、現代のクエーカーは、他の多くの宗派より神学について頭を痛めることは少ない。このことが友会徒のあいだに、原理主義から新世代の普遍主義まで幅広い神学理解を可能にしている。クエーカーは終末より現世に忠実であろうとする。
友会は聖霊の声がある時点で完結してしまうことは不可能で、歴史が示すように神の啓示が続いていると考えている。形式的な教義は、更なる進展の障害となるものである。

聖餐（聖礼典）

初期の友会徒は、神聖が個人の生活の（生活全般が神聖である）全てに現れると考え、どんな特別な儀式や聖餐式を行うことも必要ないと信じた。そのため、入会の儀式として洗礼は行わなかったし、礼拝の方法は、正統派のキリスト教徒からは異端とみなされた。友会徒もどんな食べ物も聖餐式を行えることは信じている。

質素な生活

クエーカーの生活で多く見られる通り、質素な生活を実践することは、時を越えて行われてきたが、クエーカーの思想を形作る基本となっている。こうした基本は現在質素・平等・誠実の証言となっている。友会徒は話をするときと同様に衣服と外見に質素を実践している。
クエーカーは3つの関心事（華美を求める虚栄と優越、最新の衣装を着ようとする迎合、流行を追い求め装飾品に金を使う浪費を避ける事）と呼んで無地の服を着ていた。ある時代にはこの質素を実践することで、容易に友会徒を区別することができた。多くの人は今もクエーカーというと男性はつばの広い帽子に鼠色か茶色の服、女性は無地の服とボンネットを連想する。こうした明確な実践は、今日では殆どのクエーカーが行っていないが、基本はまさしく今まで通りクエーカーには重要であり、殆どの友会徒は、新しい方法で日々暮らしている。
質素に話すことは、また別の関心事（正直に、身分差別する事なく異教の名残のないよう真実を話す事）と呼んでいる。こうした基本姿勢は、宣誓の言葉を並べ立てるよりも明言し、値切らず、尊称の使用を避けて二人称代名詞を使い、月の名前（Januaryなど）や通常の曜日の名称を使わず、番号を使って実践した（たとえば「日曜日」といわず、「第一日」というなど）。

平等主義

クエーカーの平等主義については平等の証言を参照のこと。
初期のクエーカーの思想は、当時としては驚くべき男女平等を信じるなど強い内面的な平等主義の思想があった。男女は礼拝で語るのに対等の権限が保障されていた。ジョージ・フォックスの妻マーガレット・フェルは、夫のようにクエーカー運動の初期には冊子を数冊発行する声であり学者であった。
現代の友会徒が受け継ぐ特徴に、役職と地位を否定する点がある。例えば、インディアナ州リッチモンド（Richmond, Indiana）のクエーカーの大学アーラム大学（Earlham College）で、教授と理事は、「教授」や「博士」を付けずに学生から個人名で呼ばれている。子供たちもクエーカーの間では大人を名前で呼ぶことが広く行われている。

宣誓と対等の関係

この節については誠実の証明を参照のこと。
初期の友会徒は人間の扱い方がイエスの言葉の要点と考えていた。他人と正直に接することが、嘘を吐かないことよりもっと意味のあることだと感じていた。友会徒は今も使う言葉に全く嘘偽りがなくても他人を欺かないということは大事なことではないと考えている。初期の友会徒は誰かが常に事実を述べると信じて法廷でさえ宣誓を拒み、宣誓は別の方法で行おうとした。

クエーカーの言葉

無地の服装と喋り方の実践は、「変わった人たち」として知らしめているが、現代のクエーカーは、殆どの場合衣装と喋り方は他の人と変わらなくなっている。
クエーカーの言葉遣いとして有名なものは、単数2人称としてyouではなくthou（所有格thy/thine、目的格thee、日本語訳すると「汝」）を使うというものである。もともとこれらの表現はドイツ語の親称2人称単数duと同起源で、古英語や中英語では盛んに使われていたが（たとえばシェークスピアの戯曲ではthouが盛んに使われる）、その後の英語の発展の中でもともとは2人称複数であり、単数形としては敬称として使われていたyouが2人称一般で使われるようになったため、thouは一般的には廃れていったのに対し、クエーカー教徒は平等主義の立場から親称であるthouを使い続けてきたというわけだ。とは言え、現代ではもはや非クエーカー教徒にとってはthouが古語の響きしか持たないことから、現代ではクエーカー教徒も、非クエーカー教徒と喋る場合にはyouを一般的に使っている。

証言

クエーカーの証言は、信仰の伝統的な表明方法である。証言は公に文書化されていないが、クエーカーの神と世界との接し方の共通の集大成といえる。証言は相互に関係があるので、一度に簡単に成立できるものではなく、首尾一貫している。
歴史的にみると、すべて友会徒がすべての証言に同時に一致したわけではない。例えば、友会徒は初めてアメリカ合衆国の奴隷制に反対した人々の一部だが（1773年にジャーマンタウンの月会が反対を議決した記録があるが、多くの友会徒はその後も奴隷を保有し続けた。
証言の内容は増えているとはいえ（Quaker Testimonies leaflet（英文）を参照のこと）、友会徒の教義同様に一般に受け入れられているのは次の通りである。
  • 平和主義
  • 誠実の証言
  • 平等の証言
  • 質素の証言

平和主義

平和主義は最も静かな証言で、友会徒の証言としても一番良く知られている。暴力は常に誤りであるという信念は、今日も認められていて、多くの良心的兵役拒否者、非暴力の提唱者、反戦活動家は、友会徒である。平和主義ゆえにたびたび友会は歴史上平和教会のひとつとみなされてきた。1947年、ノーベル平和賞を受賞し、アメリカフレンズ奉仕団とイギリスのフレンズ協議会が受け取った。
日本では「良心的軍事費拒否の会」を結成し、軍事費分の税金支払いを拒否した石谷行（いしたに・すすむ、1931年 -2002年、教育学者、法政大学名誉教授）らが知られる。

誠実の証言

真実の証言でも知られる誠実の証明の個人の生活の中心に神として現れ、神以外のもの（所有物や他人からの尊敬、原理やその他のものの信仰）を否定している。友会徒にとって誠実であることはほかの事をしたい挑戦と衝動があっても聖霊の導きに従うことを選択することである。
この証言は非会徒との関係で正直で公平であることを友会徒に求めてきた。友会徒が寄与することで非会徒に適切な信用を与えその行動に対して責任を持つことでもあった。

平等の証言

友会徒は全ての人は神から見て平等に作られていると考えている。全ての人は同じ神の一撃でできているから、平等に扱われる価値がある。友会徒は重要な役職に女性を初めて就け女性の権利を向上させた人々であり、奴隷制反対の運動を指導し、初めて精神病者と囚人に人間的な扱いを行った人々の一員であった。
18世紀にロンドンの集会で説教する女性

質素の証言

友会徒にとって質素であることは、一般に物の所有と関連し、地味の意味であることも珍しくなかった。友会徒は伝統的に贅沢をするより生活に必要なものの所有に制限を加えてきた。最近ではこの証明は生態系にも広がりを見せることも多く、地球資源は公平に分け、それ以上は使うべきではないとしている。

礼拝

友会徒の集会場（マンチェスター）
友会徒にとって礼拝とは、日曜ごとの普段の礼拝だけでなく、月例の事務会、結婚、葬儀など教会の機能は全て礼拝の形式で行う。クエーカーの礼拝は、「プログラムされたもの」と「プログラムされていないもの」の2つが主なものとなる。
「プログラムされていない」形式は、友会徒にとって伝統的な形式であり、イギリス、アイルランド、オーストラリア、ニュージーランド、カナダ、日本などで今も行われている。「プログラムされていない」形式では、友会徒は神の言葉を共に「期待して待つ」時間となる。会徒は沈黙して待つ。一人が集まった信徒と神の言葉を共有できると感じたら、立ち上がり、共有する（その人が「神職」になる）。伝統的に神の言葉、証明、神職、演説は用意されていないもので、友会徒は神のものであれ個人のものであれ、会員の間では霊感の源を解き放つと言われている。時に会合は静かなまま終わり、時に数人が話し出すこともある（「感話」）。感話は聖書朗読や証、賛美歌歌唱（無伴奏）など様々である。話の内容は参加者がどのように感じるかとは無関係である。通常礼拝は1時間程度で終わる（集まる人によって長短はあるが）。
「プログラムされていない」形式の礼拝は、最初に入室した会徒が座り、他の会徒が静かに入室すると、すぐに始まるとされている。礼拝は事前に決められた当番（通常は「長老」）が近隣の人と握手して終わりになる。一人が（通常「集会書記」）が立ち上がり他の人と挨拶を交わした後、参加者全員が近隣の人と握手をする。多くの集会ではその後でコーヒーか紅茶が出され、友人や訪問者と交わりお喋りをする時間が設けられる。
「プログラムのある」形式は、19世紀のアメリカで自然崇拝の機運が再興した時期にクエーカーに改宗した人々のために始められた。友会徒教会の礼拝は、アメリカのプロテスタントの形式に似ている。決まって聖書の朗読と賛美歌、牧師の説教がある。イギリスと英連邦国(カナダ・オーストラリアなど）とアメリカ合衆国東北地区以外の殆どの友会徒は、この形式で礼拝している場合が多いようである。
集会によっては「プログラムされた」形式に準じた礼拝を行うところもあり、「プログラムされていない」形式に賛美歌と聖書朗読のような要素を取り入れている。
違う形式の礼拝があることは、アメリカ合衆国のクエーカーに「静粛礼拝」はリベラル、「プログラム派」は保守的という神学上の対立を齎しているとはいえ、厳密に分けられるものではない。イギリスではアメリカ合衆国のような分裂はなかったのに、「プログラムされていない」形式が続いている。その結果、イギリスの年会には更に幅広い信仰理解の多様性が見られる。

結婚

クエーカーの結婚を参照のこと。
夫婦が結婚を決める友会徒の会合は、伝統的に結婚の意思表示をする場になっている。友会徒の伝統的な結婚式は、他の礼拝と似た形式で行い、非友会徒から見ると非常に異質な点が多くある。クエーカーの結婚式は、礼拝と同じ作法で行われる、つまり式を取り仕切り結婚を認める神父や上級者はいない。新郎新婦は今も昔も神と人間が見つめる前で結婚する。

会員間の意志決定

地域ごとの業務の決定は、月々の「業務関係礼拝会」または単に「業務会合」で行われている。業務のための会合は、礼拝の形式であり、決定事項は全て聖霊の導きにより調和しているゆえに行われる（「調和」または「会合の合理性」という。）
議決はしない。その代わりに、業務会合は教団のために神が意図するところを得ようとする。会合の参加者は、各自の中で神の意志を聴こうとし、導きがあれば、会衆と分かち合おうとする。それぞれが他人の貢献に注意深く耳を傾ける。
全員が「前進した」と感じれば決定がなされる。時折問題点を保留する友会徒がいるが、こうした会徒は、全体の調和に組しないが、グループの決定に反対するわけではない。他にも何人かが依然反対していても調和に達する可能性があるが、反対意見も考慮されて会合は進み、会合の意義は明らかである。
友会徒の業務は、実務的ではないように感じる。手順は失敗と遅滞ではあっても、できる限りうまくやっている。決定がなされるまでに問題点は全て明らかになり、教団は決定の準備が完了する。会合で決めるということは、極端に違う決定があっても、350年以上キリスト友会の中核をなしてきた。クエーカー指揮の決定は、近年世俗社会で用いられるようになって来た。（合意形成（Consensus decision-making）を参照のこと。）

葬儀

クエーカーの葬儀も、礼拝の形式で行う。友会徒は礼拝に集まり、故人の思い出を語り合う。特に参列者が多いと、葬儀は1時間以上掛かることが多い。葬儀ではクエーカーなりの方法で故人の思い出となるものが配られ、大抵は殆どの人へのお別れの品になる。家族は墓碑銘の「質素」に関係ある証明を多くの集会に参加して再確認する。

組織

世界で友会徒の手で学校が多く作られている。そのような学校の一覧は、List of Friends Schoolsを参照のこと。
全国あるいは地域ごとの組織は、年次会合と呼ばれている。詳しくはyearly meetingを参照のこと。
幾つかの年次会合は更に大きな組織（友会徒総会（FGC）、友会徒連合会議（FUM）、国際福音友会徒（EFI）の3長老会）に属している。（各団体はアメリカ合衆国で最大の組織である。）FGCは最もリベラルな解釈を採る団体だが、EFIは最も保守的な団体である。FUMは3つの中では最大の団体である。それぞれ独立した月例会がある一方で、更に大きな組織に加わる月例会がある。
友会徒世界諮問委員会（FWCC）は様々な友会徒団体を緩やかに結びつける国際組織である。FWCCは1937年の世界友会徒会議（アメリカ合衆国ペンシルベニア州スウォースモア）で「世界の友会徒同士の更なる理解を深めるべく最大限諮問活動を（特に合同会議と相互訪問の奨励と目的にむけて指導する研究と活動の収集と配布により）行うべく」設置された。約70の年次会合と支部から任命された約175人が、3年おきにトリーニアルズで相互の連携を深める目的で集まっている。FWCCは世界で最も多様性のある友会徒を目指している。
様々な連合組織にワシントンに拠点を置くロビー活動団体友会徒全国立法委員会（FCNL）、アメリカフレンズ奉仕団（AFSC）のような奉仕団が数団体、クエーカー国連事務所、クエーカー平和と社会福祉、友会徒ボーイ（ガール）スカウト委員会もある。

日本での歴史

1885年にキリスト友会婦人外国伝道協会から最初の宣教師、ジョセフ・コサンドが派遣された。
戦後の日本においてGHQのボナー・フェラーズ准将が熱心なクエーカー教徒で日本でのクエーカーの布教活動に精力を注いだ。また、信徒のエリザベス・ヴァイニングは後に天皇となる皇太子・明仁の家庭教師を務めた。
日本では「キリスト友会日本年会」が組織され、東京都（港区、新宿区）・茨城県（水戸市、土浦市、下妻市）・大阪府（高槻市）の3都府県で計6か所の月会が組織されている。また、系列の中学校・高校（普連土学園中学校・高等学校）や社会福祉施設、幼稚園などが設立されている。礼拝形式は「プログラムされていない」ものであり、神学的には極めてリベラルで平和主義的である。聖書研究会や平和に関する学習会なども定期的に行なっている。

関連項目

参考文献

外部リンク

クエーカーに関する情報

クエーカー関連組織

クエーカー研修機関

Quaker links

クエーカーの著作

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