gospel of thomas forgiveness

44 Jesus said, 

"Whoever blasphemes against the Father will be forgiven, and 
whoever blasphemes against the son will be forgiven, 
but whoever blasphemes against the holy spirit will not be forgiven, either on earth or in heaven."

Gospel of Thomas - Wikipedia

https://en.wikipedia.org › wiki › Gospel_of_Thomas

The Gospel of Thomas is a non-canonical sayings gospel. It was discovered near Nag ..... Forgiveness, Very important – particularly in Matthew and Luke, Assumed, Mentions being forgiven in relation to blasphemy against Trinity, Very ...

The historical Jesus[edit]

Some modern scholars believe that the Gospel of Thomas was written independently of the canonical gospels, and therefore is a useful guide to historical Jesus research.^[70][77] Scholars may utilize one of several critical tools in biblical scholarship, the criterion of multiple attestation, to help build cases for historical reliability of the sayings of Jesus. By finding those sayings in the Gospel of Thomas that overlap with the Gospel of the Hebrews, Q, Mark, Matthew, Luke, John, and Paul, scholars feel such sayings represent "multiple attestations" and therefore are more likely to come from a historical Jesus than sayings that are only singly attested.^[78]

Comparison of the major gospels[edit]

The material in the comparison chart is from Gospel Parallels by B. H. Throckmorton,^[79] The Five Gospels by R. W. Funk,^[80] The Gospel According to the Hebrews by E. B. Nicholson^[81] and The Hebrew Gospel and the Development of the Synoptic Tradition by J. R. Edwards.^[82]

Item	Matthew, Mark, Luke	John	Thomas
New Covenant	The central theme of the Gospels – Love God with all your heart and your neighbor as yourself[83]	The central theme – Love is the New Commandment given by Jesus[84]	Secret knowledge, love your friends[85]
Forgiveness	Very important – particularly in Matthew and Luke[87]	Assumed[88]	Mentions being forgiven  in relation to blasphemy against Trinity[89]
The Lord's Prayer	In Matthew & Luke but not Mark[91]	Not mentioned	Not mentioned
Love & the poor	Very Important – The rich young man[94]	Assumed[95]	Important[96]
Jesus starts his ministry	Jesus meets John the Baptist and is baptized in the 15th year of Tiberius Caesar[98]	Jesus meets John the Baptist, 46 years after Herod's Temple is built (John 2:20)[99]	Only speaks of John the Baptist[100]
Disciples-number	Twelve[102]	Twelve[103]	not mentioned[104]
Disciples-inner circle	Peter, Andrew, James & John[102]	Peter, Andrew, the Beloved Disciple[103]	Thomas,[104] James the Just[106]
Disciples-others	Philip, Bartholomew, Matthew, Thomas, James, Simon the Zealot, Judas Thaddaeus, & Judas Iscariot[103]	Philip, Nathanael, Thomas, Judas not Iscariot & Judas Iscariot[103]	Peter,[104][107] Matthew,[104] Mariam,[107][108] & Salome[109]
Possible Authors	Unknown;[111] Mark the Evangelist & Luke the Evangelist	The Beloved Disciple[112]	Unknown
Virgin birth account	Described in Matthew & Luke, Mark only makes reference to a "Mother"[114]	Not mentioned, although the "Word becomes flesh" in John 1:14	N/A as this is a gospel of Jesus' sayings
Jesus' baptism	Described[91]	Seen in flash-back (John 1:32-34)[91]	N/A
Preaching style	Brief one-liners; parables[91]	Essay format, Midrash[91]	Sayings, parables[116]
Storytelling	Parables[117]	Figurative language & metaphor[118]	proto-Gnostic, hidden, parables[119]
Jesus' theology	1st-century liberal Judaism.[121]	Critical of Jewish authorities[122]	proto-Gnostic
Miracles	Many miracles	Seven Signs	N/A
Duration of ministry	Not mentioned, possibly 3 years according to the Parable of the barren fig tree (Luke 13)	3 years (Four Passovers)[124]	N/A
Location of ministry	Mainly Galilee	Mainly Judea, near Jerusalem	N/A
Passover meal	Body & Blood = Bread and wine	Interrupts meal for foot washing	N/A
Burial shroud	A single piece of cloth	Multiple pieces of cloth[127]	N/A
Resurrection	Mary and the women are the first to learn Jesus has arisen[129]	John adds detailed account of Mary's experience of the Resurrection[130]	N/A

The 1999 fiction movie Stigmata is about the supposed attempt by the Roman Catholic Church to suppress the Gospel of Thomas by excluding it from the Catholic Bible.

See also

Donald Kraybill - Wikipedia

Donald Kraybill - Wikipedia

Donald Kraybill

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigationJump to search

Donald B. Kraybill (born 1946) is an author, lecturer, and educator on Anabaptist faiths and living.^[1] Kraybill is widely recognized for his studies on Anabaptist groups, and is the foremost living expert on the Old Order Amish.

Kraybill is Distinguished College Professor, and Senior Fellow at the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies at Elizabethtown College in Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania. He previously served as chair of the Sociology and Social Work Department at Elizabethtown from 1979 to 1985 and as director of the Young Center from 1989 to 1996. He was provost of Messiah College (PA) from 1996 to 2002, before returning to Elizabethtown College in 2003.^[2]

Contents

• 1Current and recent projects
• 2Educator and author
• 3Degrees
• 4Works
• 5References

Current and recent projects[edit]

In October 2005, Young Center was awarded a $100,000 grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities for a three-year collaborative research project entitled "Amish Diversity and Identity: Transformations in 20th Century America." In addition to Kraybill as senior investigator, the investigative team includes Steven Nolt, Professor of History at Goshen College in Indiana, and Karen Johnson-Weiner, Professor of Anthropology at the State University of New York at Potsdam. A national panel of seven scholars advised the research team throughout the project.^[3]

The NEH grant enabled the researchers to investigate the Amish experience at the national level, giving attention to geographic expansion, the growth of diversity, changing conceptions of identity and evolving patterns of interaction with the larger society. The team also explored how the Amish have contributed to shaping the identity of a nation that made exceptions in the areas of education, Social Security, and child labor for a religious minority living on its cultural margins. 

The project resulted in a website (http://www2.etown.edu/amishstudies/); an international conference, The Amish in America: New Identities and Diversities, held in 2007; and a book, The Amish.

Recent book projects include Amish Grace: How Forgiveness Transcended Tragedy (Jossey-Bass, 2007), a discussion of the Amish response to the school shooting at Nickel Mines, and The Amish Way: Patient Faith in a Perilous World (Jossey-Bass, 2010), an exploration of Amish spiritual life and practices, both with coauthors Steven M. Nolt and David L. Weaver-Zercher. Kraybill also authored Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2010), which provides basic information about these four Anabaptist groups in North America, and coauthored (with Karen M. Johhson-Weiner and Steven M. Nolt) The Amish, a comprehensive description and analysis of Amish life and culture.

Kraybill's most recent work has been related to five beard-cutting attacks on Amish people in eastern Ohio in the fall of 2011, which led to the arrests of sixteen members of a maverick Amish community in Bergholz, Ohio. Kraybill assisted federal prosecutors in understanding Amish beliefs and practices and served as an expert witness at the federal trial in 2012. He wrote a book about the attacks, investigation, trial, and aftermath: Renegade Amish: Beard Cutting, Hate Crimes, and the Trial of the Bergholz Barbers. In August 2014, the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned the hate crimes convictions, a ruling that generated much response.^[4][5][6]

Kraybill was selected to research and write a centennial history of Eastern Mennonite University, his alma mater, that was published in 2017.^[7]

Educator and author[edit]

Kraybill is the author or editor of more than 18 books and dozens of professional articles and popular^[8] articles. His books have been translated into six different languages and his research on Anabaptist groups has been featured in magazines and newspapers, and on radio and television programs across the United States and in many foreign countries.

Kraybill writes almost exclusively on the groups within the Anabaptist faith such as the Mennonites, Amish, and Bruderhof^[9]. In addition to academic books — largely published by Johns Hopkins University Press — he also writes popular books sold in gift shops to tourists, interested in learning more about the plain sects. He is one of two experts — the other being D. Holmes Morton — frequently quoted by reporters to give background to news stories involving the Amish.^[10] He also served as a consultant for the PBS show The American Experience series The Amish.^[11]

Because they don't have television or Internet in their homes or Volvos or even pickup trucks in their driveways, the Amish are easily mistaken for Luddites. But they are not anti-technology. Peer into Amish society and you'll see state-of-the-art LED lights, rollerblades, gas grills, solar panels, and battery-powered hand tools. The Amish use technology selectively. They spurn technologies that they fear will ruin their community and its religious values: television, cars, computers, etc. However, they readily accept and invent new technologies (such as a wheel-driven alternator to recharge the batteries on their buggies) that they think will enhance the well-being of their society. Moreover, many Amish "engineers" adapt mainstream technology to fit within their moral values. They strip electric motors from large sanders and replace them with pneumatic motors to provide "Amish electricity" in furniture shops, for example. One thing is certain: Amish people spend much more time than the rest of us assessing the long-term impact of new technologies on human relationships.

— From Fake Amish and the Real Ones ^[12]

Degrees[edit]

• 1976 Ph.D., Temple University
• 1971 M.A., Temple University
• 1967 B.A., Eastern Mennonite University

Works[edit]

• Our Star-Spangled Faith, 1976. ISBN 0-8361-1797-2
• Puzzles of Amish Life, 1990. ISBN 1-56148-001-0
• Old Order Amish: Their Enduring Way of Life (with Lucian Niemeyer), 1993. ISBN 0-8018-4426-6
• The Amish Struggle With Modernity (Co-edited with Marc Alan Olshan), 1994. ISBN 0-87451-684-6
• The Riddles of Human Society (with Conrad L. Kanagy), 1999. ISBN 0-7619-8562-X
• The Riddle of Amish Culture, 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6772-X
• Anabaptist World USA (with C. Nelson Hostetter), 2001. ISBN 0-8361-9163-3
• On the Backroad to Heaven: Old Order Hutterites, Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren (co-author: Carl Bowman), 2001. ISBN 0-8018-6565-4
• The Upside-Down Kingdom, 2003. ISBN 0-8361-9236-2
• The Amish: Why They Enchant Us, 2003. ISBN 0-8361-9241-9
• Who Are the Anabaptists: Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites, 2003. ISBN 0-8361-9242-7
• The Amish and the State, 2003. ISBN 0-8018-7236-7
• Amish Enterprise: From Plows to Profits (with Steven M. Nolt), 2004. ISBN 0-8018-7805-5
• Amish Grace: How Forgiveness Transcended Tragedy (with Steven M. Nolt and David L. Weaver-Zercher), 2007. ISBN 0-7879-9761-7.
• The Amish of Lancaster County (with photography by Daniel Rodriguez), 2008. ISBN 0-8117-3478-1.
• The Amish Way: Patient Faith in a Perilous World (with Steven M. Nolt and David L. Weaver-Zercher), 2010. ISBN 0-470-52069-8.
• Concise Encyclopedia of Amish, Brethren, Hutterites, and Mennonites, 2010. ISBN 0-8018-9657-6.
• The Amish (with Karen M Johnson-Weiner and Steven M Nolt), 2013 ISBN 1-4214-0914-3.
• Renegade Amish: Beard Cutting, Hate Crimes, and the Trial of the Bergholz Amish, 2014. ISBN 1-4214-1567-4.

References[edit]

1. ^ Rutter, Jon (4 September 2011). "Hot topic: How Plain treat their horses". Lancaster Online. Archived from the original on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2011.
2. ^ "Donald B. Kraybill". Elizabethtown College. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
3. ^ "National Endowment for the Humanities 2005 Annual Report" (PDF). National Endowment for the Humanities. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
4. ^ "Is Beard Cutting a Hate Crime". The Huffington Post. 27 August 2014. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
5. ^ "They Cut Off His Beard and Left Him Bleeding". Salon. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
6. ^ "Violence Among the Amish". The Atlantic. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
7. ^ "Donald B. Kraybill to Pen EMU History". Eastern Mennonite University. Retrieved 14 March 2012.
8. ^ Kraybill, Donald. "Donald Kraybill". Huffington Post.
9. ^ "What is the Bruderhof (Church Communities UK)?". GotQuestions.org. Retrieved 2019-10-22.
10. ^ "Kraybill Adept With News Media". Crossroads Magazine, Eastern Mennonite University. Archived from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
11. ^ "Q&A with Amish Scholar Donald B. Kraybill". Retrieved 11 August 2014.
12. ^ "Fake Amish and the Real Ones". The Huffington Post. 18 July 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2014.

Authority control	GND: 133621170 ISNI: 0000 0001 1062 881X LCCN: n82037840 NLK: KAC200000549 NTA: 075141752 VIAF: 52882676 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 52882676

Categories: 

• American Mennonites
• American sociologists
• Temple University alumni
• Eastern Mennonite University alumni
• Amish
• Mennonite writers
• Living people
• People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
• Elizabethtown College faculty
• Messiah College
• 1946 births

[박진영의 사회심리학] 지적 겸손도가 떨어지면 '꼰대'가 된다

[박진영의 사회심리학] 지적 겸손도가 떨어지면 '꼰대'가 된다




[박진영의 사회심리학] 지적 겸손도가 떨어지면 '꼰대'가 된다
본문듣기 설정
기사입력2019.04.06. 오전 6:01


원본보기

자기가 맞다고 목소리 높이는 사람들은 '지적겸손도'가 낮은 공통점이 있다. 자신을 과대평가하고 가짜와 진짜를 구분하는 능력도 떨어졌다. 게티이미지뱅크 제공
--------
틀렸는데도 자기가 맞다고 빡빡 우기는 사람들 때문에 비용이 발생하는 사례를 자주 보곤 한다. 목소리만 큰 한 사람 때문에 뻔히 틀린 방법을 그대로 하게 되는 경우 일을 그르치게 되는 것은 물론이요, 서로 감정이 상해 싸우기 마련이다. 우기던 사람은 일을 그르치고 나서도 이게 사실 '다 ○○때문'이라고 비난을 외부로 돌리는 추태를 보이는 경우가 많다. 지위가 높은 사람일수록 일을 더 대규모로 그르치기 때문에 우기는 것의 비용은 더 커지기도 한다. 이렇게 인간의 우기는 특성은 바람직하지 않을때가 많고 따라서 자신이 틀릴 가능성을 고려할 줄 아는 ‘지적 겸손(intellectual humility)’에 대해 연구하는 학자들이 있다.

최근 국제학술지 긍정심리학지에 실린 엘리자베스 크럼레이 멘쿠소 미국 페퍼다인대 교수 연구에 따르면 지적 겸손함이 높은 사람들은 그렇지 않은 사람들에 비해 참과 거짓을 잘 구분하고, 자기가 맞다고 우기면서 목소리를 높이는 일이 적다. 반대로 지적 겸손도가 낮은 사람들은 시시비비를 잘 가리지도 못하면서 사람들 앞에서 자기가 맞다고 우기는 일이 많다.

연구자들은 언어, 수학, 논리적 사고력, 공간지각력 등의 테스트에서 지적 겸손도가 ‘낮은’사람들이 그렇지 않은 사람들에 비해 자신의 능력을 과대평가하는 경향을 확인했다. 이들은 실제보다 자신의 위치를 과대평가하며 자기보다 실력이 떨어지는 사람의 수를 과대평가하는 경향을 보였다 예를 들어 나는 적어도 평균은 갈 것이기 때문에 내 밑으로 50%의 사람들이 있을 것이라는 사고 방식이 그런 경우다.

이들은 다른 사람이 틀리면 자신이 나서서 교정해 주어야 한다거나 자신에게는 사람들을 ‘계몽’ 시킬 의무가 있다고 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 예컨대 “사람들은 나의 의견을 귀담아 듣고 배워야 한다. 나의 의견들은 그만한 가치가 있기 때문”, “나는 나의 의견을 널리 전할 사회적 의무가 있다”, “나는 높은 자리에 앉아 중요한 의사결정을 내리는 상상을 즐겨한다”, “세상 사람들이 나처럼만 하면 세상은 지금쯤 더 나은 곳이 되었을 것이다”, “세상에는 멍청한 사람들이 많다” 등의 문항에서 지적 겸손도가 낮은 사람들이 더 높은 정도로 ‘그렇다’고 응답했다.

반면 이들은 지적 겸손도가 높은 사람들에 비해 가짜로 지어낸 사건·인물과 실제 존재했던 사건·인물을 구분해내는 능력은 다소 떨어지는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 “야구공과 방망이가 총 110달러인데 방망이가 공보다 100달러 더 비싸다면 공의 가격은 얼마인가”같은 간단한 문제를 더 많이 틀리는 것으로 나타났다.

반면 지적 겸손도가 높은 사람들은 픽션과 논픽션을 잘 구분하고 문제도 더 잘 풀었다. 이들은 또한 어렵고 복잡한 문제 풀이를 즐겨하고 호기심이 왕성하며 모르는 것이 있다면 힘이 들더라도 꼭 알아내고 싶다고 응답하는 경향을 보이기도 했다. 모르는 것이 있을 때 성공이나 돈 등 어떤 ‘보상’을 위해서 공부를 하기보다 정말 그것을 알고 싶기 때문에 공부하는 편이라고 응답하기도 했다. 그러면서도 나서서 사람들을 가르치고 다닌다던가 다른 사람들의 지적 수준을 무시하는 경향은 덜 보였고 자신의 능력 수준에 대해서도 비교적 정확한 인식을 보였다.

정리하면 자신이 틀렸을 가능성을 생각하지 않는 사람들은 잘 틀리면서도 목소리는 커서 주변 사람들에게 이래라 저래라 꼰대질을 하고 다닐 가능성이 높다는 것이다. 그러면서 정작 지적 호기심은 낮고 눈에 띄는 보상이 없다면 배움을 추구하지 않으며, 그래도 여전히 자신은 아는 게 많다고 생각하며 주변 사람들을 무시한다는 것. 이런 현상은 교육수준과 상관 없이 나타났다.

이렇게 아는 건 없지만 목소리만 큰 사람들이 높은 자리를 차지하게 되면 그만큼 많은 고통을 퍼트리고 다니기 때문에 벼는 익을수록 고개를 숙인다는 등 ‘겸손’의 미덕을 강조하는 것일지도 모르겠다. 자신이 뭘 잘 모를 가능성을 인정하는 것은 배움의 시작이기도 해서 지적 겸손도가 높은 사람들은 점점 더 많은 지식을 쌓아가고 점점 더 사회에 보탬이 되지만 지적 겸손도가 낮은 사람들은 발전 없이 주변 사람들만 괴롭힐 가능성도 있겠다.

Krumrei-Mancuso, E. J., Haggard, M. C., LaBouff, J. P., & Rowatt, W. C. (2019). Links between intellectual humility and acquiring knowledge.?The Journal of Positive Psychology.

※필자소개
박진영. 《나, 지금 이대로 괜찮은 사람》, 《나를 사랑하지 않는 나에게》를 썼다. 삶에 도움이 되는 심리학 연구를 알기 쉽고 공감 가게 풀어낸 책을 통해 독자들과 꾸준히 소통하고 있다. 온라인에서 지뇽뇽이라는 필명으로 활동하고 있다. 현재는 미국 노스캐롤라이나대에서 자기 자신에게 친절해지는 법과 겸손, 마음 챙김에 대한 연구를 하고 있다.