Temple Grandin
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Temple Grandin | |
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 Grandin in 2011 | |
| Born | Mary Temple Grandin[1] August 29, 1947 Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. |
| Alma mater | |
| Known for |
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| Scientific career | |
| Fields | |
| Institutions | Colorado State University |
| Author abbrev. (zoology) | Grandin |
| Website | grandin.com  |
Mary Temple Grandin (born August 29, 1947) is an American academic, inventor, and ethologist. She is a prominent proponent of the humane treatment of livestock for slaughter and the author of more than 60 scientific papers on animal behavior. Grandin is a consultant to the livestock industry, where she offers advice on animal behavior.[2]
Grandin is one of the first autistic people to document the insights she gained from her personal experiences with autism. She is a faculty member with Animal Sciences in the College of Agricultural Sciences at Colorado State University.
In 2010, Time 100, an annual list of the 100 most influential people in the world, named her in the "Heroes" category.[3] She was the subject of the Emmy- and Golden Globe-winning biographical film Temple Grandin. Grandin has been an outspoken proponent of autism rights and neurodiversity movements.
Early life
[edit]Family
[edit]| Neurodiversity paradigm |
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Mary Temple Grandin was born in Boston, Massachusetts, into a wealthy family. One of the family's employees was also named Mary, so Grandin was referred to by her middle name, Temple, to avoid confusion.[4] Temple's mother is Anna Eustacia Purves (later Cutler), an actress, singer, and granddaughter of John Coleman Purves (co-inventor of the aviation autopilot). She has a degree in English from Harvard University.[5] Temple's father was Richard McCurdy Grandin,[6][7] a real estate agent and heir to the largest corporate wheat farm business in the United States at the time, Grandin Farms.[8] Grandin's parents divorced when she was 15, and her mother eventually went on to marry Ben Cutler, a New York saxophonist,[9] in 1965, when Grandin was 18 years old. Grandin's father died in California in 1993.[6]
Grandin has three younger siblings: two sisters and a brother. Grandin has described one of her sisters as being dyslexic. Her younger sister is an artist, her other sister is a sculptor, and her brother is a banker.[8][10] John Livingston Grandin (Temple's paternal great-grandfather) and his brother William James Grandin were French Huguenots who drilled for oil. John Grandin intended to cut a deal with John D. Rockefeller in a meeting, but the latter kept him waiting so long that he walked out before Rockefeller arrived. The brothers then went into banking, and when Jay Cooke's firm collapsed, they received thousands of acres of undeveloped land in North Dakota as debt collateral. They set up wheat farming in the Red River Valley and housed the workers in dormitories. The town of Grandin, North Dakota, is named after John Livingston Grandin.[5][11]
Although raised in the Episcopal Church, early on Grandin gave up on a belief in a personal deity or intention in favor of a more scientific perspective.[12]
Diagnosis
[edit]Grandin was not formally diagnosed with autism until her adulthood. When she was two, the only formal diagnosis given to her was "brain damage",[13][14] a finding finally dismissed through cerebral imaging at the University of Utah by the time she turned 63 in 2010.[15] While Grandin was still in her mid-teens, her mother chanced upon a diagnostic checklist for autism. After reviewing the checklist, Grandin's mother hypothesised that Grandin's symptoms were best explained by the disorder. Grandin was later determined to be an autistic savant.[13][16][17][18][19]
Early childhood
[edit]When Grandin was a toddler, the medical advice at the time for a diagnosis like hers was to recommend institutionalization,[20] a measure that caused a bitter rift of opinion between Grandin's parents. Her father was keen to follow this advice, while her mother was strongly opposed to the idea.[21]
Grandin's mother took her to the world's leading special needs researchers at the Boston Children's Hospital, with the hope of finding an alternative to institutionalization. Grandin's mother eventually found a neurologist who suggested a trial of speech therapy. A speech therapist was hired and Grandin received personalized training from the age of two and a half.[22] Her mother later hired a nanny when she was aged three and a half to play turn taking games with Temple and her sister. Grandin started kindergarten in Dedham Country Day School. Her teachers and classmates tried to create an environment to accommodate Grandin's needs and sensitivities.
Grandin considers herself fortunate to have had supportive mentors from elementary school onward. Even so, Grandin states that junior high and high school were the most unpleasant times of her life.[23]
Middle school and high school
[edit]Grandin attended Beaver Country Day School from seventh to ninth grade. She was expelled at the age of 14 for throwing a book at a schoolmate who taunted her. Grandin described herself as the "nerdy kid" whom everyone ridiculed. She has described occasions when she walked down the hallway and her fellow students kept calling her a "tape recorder" because she would perseverate. Grandin stated in 2012, "I could laugh about it now, but back then it really hurt."[24]
The year after her expulsion, Grandin's parents divorced. Three years later, Grandin's mother married Ben Cutler, a New York saxophonist.[9] At 15 Grandin spent a summer on the Arizona ranch of Ben Cutler's sister, Ann, and this would become a formative experience toward her subsequent career interest.
Several reports and sources cited the different names of the schools Grandin attended: Beaver Country Day School or Cherry Falls Girls' School (the latter named in her first book, Emergence: Labeled Autistic); and Hampshire Country School or Mountain Day School (the latter called by Grandin in the early books). Following her expulsion from Beaver Country Day School, Grandin's mother enrolled her at Hampshire Country School in Rindge, New Hampshire. That school was founded in 1948 by Boston child psychologist, Henry Patey, for the students of "exceptional potential (gifted) that have not been successful in a typical setting". She was accepted there and became Winter Carnival Queen and captain of the hockey team. At HCS, Grandin met William Carlock, a science teacher who had worked for NASA, who became her mentor and helped her significantly toward building up her self-confidence.[25]
It was Carlock who encouraged Grandin to develop her idea to build her squeeze machine (hug box) when she returned from her aunt's farm in Arizona in her senior year of high school.[25] At the age of 18 when she was still attending Hampshire Country School, with Carlock's and school owner/founder Henry Patey's support, Grandin built the hug box.[26] Carlock's supportive role in Grandin's life continued even after she left Hampshire Country School. As a favor to Henry Patey, the President of the newly founded Franklin Pierce College (5 miles from Hampshire Country School) agreed to accept Temple as a student without the typical records and files of a typical High School student. When Grandin was facing criticism for her hug box at Franklin Pierce College, it was Carlock who suggested that Grandin undertake scientific experiments to evaluate the efficacy of the device.[25] It was his constant guidance to Grandin to refocus the rigid obsessions she experienced with the hug box into a productive assignment that subsequently allowed this study undertaken by Grandin to be widely cited as evidence of Grandin's resourcefulness.
Higher education
[edit]After she graduated from Hampshire Country School in 1966, Grandin went on to earn her bachelor's degree in human psychology from Franklin Pierce College in 1970, a master's degree in animal science from Arizona State University in 1975, and a doctoral degree in animal science from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign in 1989.
Career
[edit]Autism spectrum
[edit]Steve Silberman, in his book NeuroTribes, wrote that Grandin helped break down years of shame and stigma because she was one of the first adults to publicly disclose that she was autistic. Bernard Rimland, a father of an autistic son and author of the book Infantile Autism, wrote the foreword to Grandin's first book Emergence: Labeled Autistic. Her book was published in 1986. Rimland wrote "Temple's ability to convey to the reader her innermost feelings and fears, coupled with her capacity for explaining mental processes will give the reader an insight into autism that very few have been able to achieve."
In Developing Talents, 2nd Edition, Grandin explores many unnoticed aspects of vocational rehabilitation programs that provide job training and placement for people with disabilities, as well as Social Security Administration programs that offer vocational assistance.
In her later book, Thinking in Pictures, published in 1995, the neurologist Oliver Sacks wrote at the end of the foreword that the book provided "a bridge between our world and hers, and allows us to glimpse into a quite other sort of mind."
In her early writings, Grandin characterized herself as a recovered autistic and, in his foreword, Bernard Rimland used the term recovered autistic individual. In her later writings, she has abandoned this characterization. Steve Silberman wrote, "It became obvious to her, however, that she was not recovered but had learned with great effort to adapt to the social norms of the people around her."
Grandin has said that when her book Thinking in Pictures was published in 1995, she thought that all individuals with autism thought in photographic-specific images the way she did. By the time the expanded edition was published in 2006, she had realized that it had been wrong to presume that every person with autism processed information in the same way she did. In the 2006 edition, she wrote that there were three types of specialized thinking. They were:
1. Visual Thinkers like she is, who think in photographically specific images.
2. Music and Math Thinkers – who think in patterns and may be good at mathematics, chess, and programming computers.
3. Verbal Logic Thinkers – who think in word details, and she noted that their favorite subject may be history.
In one of her later books, The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum, the concept of three different types of thinking by autistic individuals is expanded. This book was published in 2013. An influential book that helped her to develop her concept of pattern thinking was Clara Claiborne Park's book entitled Exiting Nirvana: A Daughter's Life with Autism. It was published in 2001. The Autistic Brain also contains an extensive review of scientific studies that provide evidence that object-visual thinking is different from spatial-visualization abilities.
Grandin became well-known beyond the American autistic community, after being described by Oliver Sacks in the title narrative of his book An Anthropologist on Mars (1995), for which he won a Polk Award. The title is derived from Grandin's characterization of how she feels around neurotypical people. In the mid-1980s Grandin first spoke in public about autism at the request of Ruth C. Sullivan, one of the founders of the Autism Society of America (ASA). Sullivan writes:
Based on personal experience, Grandin advocates early intervention to address autism and supportive teachers, who can direct fixations of the child with autism in fruitful directions. She has described her hypersensitivity to noise and other sensory stimuli. She says words are her second language and that she thinks "totally in pictures", using her vast visual memory to translate information into a mental slideshow of images that may be manipulated or correlated.[28] Grandin attributes her success as a humane livestock facility designer to her ability to recall detail, which is a characteristic of her visual memory. Grandin compares her memory to full-length movies in her head, that may be replayed at will, allowing her to notice small details. She also is able to view her memories using slightly different contexts by changing the positions of the lighting and shadows.
As a proponent of neurodiversity, Grandin does not support eliminating autism genes entirely or treating mildly-autistic individuals.[14][29] However, she believes that autistic children who are severely disabled and nonverbal need therapies "like [applied behavioral analysis] [...] to function",[14] and stated in her book, Thinking in Pictures, "In an ideal world the scientist should find a method to prevent the most severe forms of autism but allow the milder forms to survive."[30]
In March of every year, Grandin hosts a public event at Boston University.[31] The event was cancelled in March 2020 due to COVID-19.[32]
Handling livestock
[edit]In 1980 Grandin published her first two scientific articles on beef cattle behavior during handling: "Livestock Behavior as Related to Handling Facilities Design" in the International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems, Vol. 1, pp. 33–52 and "Observations of Cattle Behavior Applied to the Design of Cattle Handling Facilities", Applied Animal Ethology, Vol. 6, pp. 19–31. She was one of the first scientists to report that animals are sensitive to visual distractions in handling facilities such as shadows, dangling chains, and other environmental details that most people do not notice. When she was awarded her Ph.D. at the University of Illinois, she studied the effects of environmental enrichment on pigs. The title of her dissertation was "Effect of Rearing Environment and Environmental Enrichment on the Behavior and Neural Development in Young Pigs". Grandin expanded her theories in her book, Animals Make Us Human.
In 1993, she edited the first edition of Livestock Handling and Transport. Grandin wrote three chapters and included chapters from contributors from around the world. Subsequent editions of the book were published in 2000, 2007, 2014, 2019, and 2024. In her academic work as a professor at Colorado State University, her graduate student Bridgett Voisinet conducted one of the early studies that demonstrated that cattle who remained calm during handling had higher weight gains. In 1997, when the paper was published, this was a new concept. The paper is entitled, "Feedlot Cattle with Calm Temperaments Have Higher Average Daily Gains Than Cattle with Excitable Temperaments", published in The Journal of Animal Science, Vol. 75, pp. 892–896.
Another important paper published by Grandin was, "Assessment of Stress During Handling and Transport", Journal of Animal Science, 1997, Vol. 75, pp. 249–257. This paper presented the concept that an animal's previous experiences with handling could have an effect on how it will react to being handled in the future, as a new concept in the animal-handling industry.
A major piece of equipment that Grandin developed was a center track (double rail) conveyor restrainer system for holding cattle during stunning at large beef slaughtering plants. The first system was installed in the mid-1980s for calves and a system for large beef cattle was developed in 1990. This system is used by many large meat companies. It is described in "Double Rail Restrainer Conveyor for Livestock Handling", first published in the Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, Vol. 4, pp. 327–338 in 1988, and "Transferring results of behavioral research to industry to improve animal welfare on the farm, ranch, and slaughter plant", Applied Animal Behavior Science, Vol. 8, pp. 215–228, published in 2003.
Grandin also developed an objective, numerical scoring system for assessing animal welfare at slaughtering plants. The use of this scoring system resulted in significant improvements in animal stunning and handling during slaughter. This work is described in "Objective scoring of animal handling and stunning practices in slaughter plants", Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 212, pp. 3–39, "The feasibility of using vocalization scoring as an indicator of poor welfare during slaughter", Applied Animal Behavior Science, Vol. 56, pp. 121–128, and "Effect of animal welfare audits of slaughter plants by a major fast food company on cattle handling and stunning practices", Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, Vol. 216, pp. 848–851.
In 2008, Grandin published Humane Livestock Handling[33] with contributions by Mark Deesing, a long time collaborator with her. The book contains a review of the main aspects of cattle behavior and provides a visual guide in the form of construction plans and diagrams for the implementation of Grandin's ideas relating to humane livestock handling. Many of her contributions to the field of handling livestock and the design of livestock handling systems advocated for in her books are available through her website as well.[citation needed] Grandin helped design animal processing plants at the White Oak Pastures organic farm in Bluffton, Georgia.[34]
Other scientific contributions
[edit]Grandin is the author or co-author of more than 60 peer-reviewed scientific papers on a variety of other animal behavior subjects. Some of the other subjects are the effect of hair whorl position on cattle behavior, the influence of stress prior to slaughter upon meat quality, religious slaughter, mothering behavior of beef cows, cattle temperament, and causes of bruising.
Animal welfare
[edit]
Grandin has lectured widely about her first-hand experiences of the anxiety of feeling threatened by everything in her surroundings, and of being dismissed and feared, which motivates her work in humane livestock handling processes. She studied the behavior of cattle, how they react to ranchers, movements, objects, and light. Grandin then designed curved corrals she adapted with the intention of reducing stress, panic, and injury in animals being led to slaughter. This has proved to be a further point of criticism and controversy among animal activists who have questioned the congruence of a career built on animal slaughter alongside Grandin's claims of compassion and respect for animals. While her designs are widely used throughout the slaughterhouse industry, her claim of compassion for the animals is that because of her autism she can see the animals' reality from their viewpoint, that when she holds an animal's head in her hands as it is being slaughtered, she feels a deep connection to them.[35]
Her business website promotes the improvement of standards for slaughterhouses and livestock farms.
In 2004, Grandin won a "Proggy" award in the "Visionary" category, from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.[36]
One of her notable essays about animal welfare is "Animals Are Not Things",[37] in which she posits that technically, animals are property in society, but the law ultimately gives them ethical protections or rights. She compares the properties and rights of owning cattle, versus owning screwdrivers, enumerating how both may be used to serve human purposes in many ways, but when it comes to inflicting pain, there is a vital distinction between such "properties", because legally, a person can smash or grind up a screwdriver, but cannot torture an animal.
Her insight into the minds of cattle has taught her to value the changes in details to which animals are particularly sensitive and to use her visualization skills to design thoughtful and humane animal-handling equipment. She was named a fellow of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers in 2009.[38]
In 2012, when the American beef industry was struggling with public perception of its use and sale of pink slime, Grandin spoke out in support of the food product. She said, "It should be on the market. It should be labeled. We should not be throwing away that much beef."[39]
Grandin's work has attracted the attention of philosophers interested in the moral status of animals. Andy Lamey has argued that while Grandin's method of slaughter is a significant positive development for animals, her attempts to formulate a moral defense of meat-eating have been less successful.[40]
Personal life
[edit]Grandin says that "the part of other people that has emotional relationships is not part of me", and she has neither married nor had children. She later stated that she preferred the science fiction, documentary, and thriller genre of films and television shows to more dramatic or romantic ones. Beyond her work in animal science and welfare and autism rights, her interests include horseback riding, science fiction, movies, and biochemistry.
She has noted in her autobiographical works that autism affects every aspect of her life. Grandin has to wear comfortable clothes to counteract her sensory processing disorder and has structured her lifestyle to avoid sensory overload. She regularly takes antidepressants, but no longer uses her squeeze machine,[26] stating in February 2010 that: "It broke two years ago, and I never got around to fixing it. I'm into hugging people now."[42]
When she was in boarding school, Grandin chose to live a celibate life and, in an interview with The New York Times Magazine in 2013, stated, "Now I'm old enough to where sexual urges are all gone, and it's like, good riddance."[43]
Honors
[edit]In 2010, Grandin was named in the Time 100 list of the one hundred most influential people in the world, in the "Heroes" category.[3] In 2011, she received a Double Helix Medal.[44] She has received honorary degrees from many universities including McGill University in Canada (1999), and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (2009), Carnegie Mellon University in the United States (2012), and Emory University (2016).[45] In 2015, she was named an honorary fellow of the Society for Technical Communication.[46]
In 2011, Grandin was awarded the Ashoka Fellowship.[47] In 2012, Grandin was inducted into the Colorado Women's Hall of Fame,[48] the Texas Trail of Fame.[49] and the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum.[50] Grandin received a Meritorious Achievement Award from the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in 2015.[51]
In 2016, Grandin was inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.[52] In 2017, Grandin was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame.[53][54][55]
In 2023, Grandin was awarded an honorary Doctor of Science degree by Iowa State University[56][57] and was later awarded an honorary Doctor of Veterinary Medicine from Kansas State University. This recognition is her first DVM.[58]
Media
[edit]Grandin has been featured on major media programs, such as Lisa Davis' It's Your Health, ABC's Primetime Live, the Today Show, Larry King Live, and Fresh Air with Terry Gross. She has been written up in Time magazine, People magazine, Discover magazine, Forbes, and The New York Times.[59][60] She was the subject of the Horizon documentary "The Woman Who Thinks Like a Cow", first broadcast by the BBC on (2006), and Nick News with Linda Ellerbee (2006).[61] She also was the subject of the first episode in the series First Person by Errol Morris.
Grandin is the focus of a semi-biographical HBO film entitled Temple Grandin,[62][63] starring Claire Danes as Grandin (2010). It was nominated for 15 Primetime Emmy Awards and won seven, including Outstanding Television Movie and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie for Claire Danes.[64] At the 68th Golden Globe Awards (2011), Claire Danes won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film.
Grandin was featured in Beautiful Minds: A Voyage Into the Brain, a documentary produced in 2006 by Colourfield Tell-A-Vision, a German company. She was named one of 2010's one hundred most influential people in the world by Time magazine.[3] In 2011, she was featured in an episode of the Science documentary series Ingenious Minds. In 2018, Grandin was featured in the documentary This Business of Autism, which explored autism employment and the success story of autism employers such as Spectrum Designs Foundation and was produced by Mesh Omnimedia.[65]
She was featured in Michael Pollan's 2006 book, The Omnivore's Dilemma,[66] in which she discussed the livestock industry.
Folk-punk band AJJ, formerly known as Andrew Jackson Jihad, included two songs called "Temple Grandin" and "Temple Grandin Too" on their LP Christmas Island. In 2017, Grandin was the focus of a children's book by author Julia Finlay Mosca titled The Girl Who Thought In Pictures, A Story of Temple Grandin.[67]
In 2018, Grandin was profiled in the book Rescuing Ladybugs[68] by author and animal advocate Jennifer Skiff as a "global hero" for "standing her ground and fighting for change after witnessing the extreme mistreatment of animals" used in farming.[69] In 2023, I am Temple Grandin was added to the children's book series known as "Ordinary People Change the World" by author Brad Meltzer and illustrator Chris Eliopoulos. The show Xavier Riddle and the Secret Museum on PBS, based on this book series, featured Grandin in Season 2, Episode 9 "James Naismith / Temple Grandin."[70][71] In 2024, Grandin was profiled in a biographical chapter bearing her name in the book Don't Mourn for Us: The Autistic Life of Jim Sinclair and an Extraordinary Story of Neurodiversity, and was described as "the superstar of the autism community."[72]
Publications
[edit]Books
[edit]- Emergence: Labeled Autistic (with Margaret Scariano, 1986, updated 1991), ISBN 0-446-67182-7
- The Learning Style of People with Autism: An Autobiography (1995). In Teaching Children with Autism : Strategies to Enhance Communication and Socialization, Kathleen Ann Quill, ISBN 0-8273-6269-2
- Thinking in Pictures: Other Reports from My Life with Autism (1996) ISBN 0-679-77289-8
- Developing Talents: Careers for Individuals with Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism (2004). ISBN 1-931282-56-0
- Animals in Translation: Using the Mysteries of Autism to Decode Animal Behavior (with Catherine Johnson, 2005), ISBN 0-7432-4769-8
- The Unwritten Rules of Social Relationships: Decoding Social Mysteries Through the Unique Perspectives of Autism (with Sean Barron, 2005), ISBN 1-932565-06-X
- Livestock handling and transport (2007). ISBN 978-1-84593-219-0. CABI, UK.
- The Way I See It: A Personal Look At Autism And Asperger's (2008), ISBN 9781932565720
- Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best life for Animals (with Catherine Johnson, 2009), ISBN 978-0-15-101489-7
- Improving animal welfare: a practical approach (2010). ISBN 978-1-84593-541-2, CABI, UK
- The Autistic Brain: Thinking Across the Spectrum (with Richard Panek, 2013), ISBN 978-0-547-63645-0
- Genetics and the Behavior of Domestic Animals, Second Edition (with Mark Deesing, 2013), ISBN 978-0-12-394586-0
- Calling All Minds: How to Think and Create Like an Inventor (2018) ISBN 1524738204
- The Loving Push: How Parents and Professionals Can Help Spectrum Kids Become Successful Adults (with Debra Moore Ph.D., 2016), ISBN 978-1941765203
- Visual Thinking: The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns, and Abstractions (2022) ISBN 0593418360
- Navigating Autism: 9 Mindsets For Helping Kids on the Spectrum (with Debra Moore, Ph.D., 2021). ISBN 978-0393714845
Selected academic works
[edit]- Grandin, T. 1989 (Updated 1999). "Behavioral Principles of Livestock Handling". Professional Scientist. December 1989 (pages 1–11).
- Grandin, T. 1994. "Euthanasia and Slaughter of Livestock". Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association. Volume 204:1354–1360.
- Grandin, T. 1995. "Restraint of Livestock. Proceedings: Animal Behaviour Design of Livestock and Poultry Systems" International Conference (pages 208–223). Published by: Northeast Regional Agriculture Engineering Service. Cooperative Extension. 152 Riley – Robb Hall, Ithaca, New York, 14853 USA.
- Grandin, T. 1996. "Factors That Impede Animal Movement at Slaughter Plants". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 209 No.4:757–759.
- Grandin, T. 2001. "Cattle vocalizations are associated with handling and equipment problems at beef slaughter plants". Applied Animal Behaviour Science. Volume 71, 2001, Pg. 191–201.
- Grandin, T. 2013. "Making slaughterhouses more humane for cattle, pigs, and sheep". Annual Review of Animal Biosciences. 1:491–512.
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Montgomery, Sy (April 3, 2012). Temple Grandin: How the Girl Who Loved Cows Embraced Autism and Changed the World. Houghton Mifflin Books for Children. ISBN 978-0547443157.
- ^ "Temple Grandin: A Heroine to the Autism Community, Brings Humanity to Animal Science | American Association for the Advancement of Science". www.aaas.org. May 24, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2022.
- ^ a b c Hauser, Marc (April 29, 2010). "Temple Grandin". Time. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Cutler, Eustacia (2004). A Thorn in My Pocket: Temple Grandin's Mother Tells the Family Story. Future Horizons. p. 204. ISBN 9781932565164.
- ^ a b Cutler, Eustacia (2004). "10". A Thorn in My Pocket: Temple Grandin's Mother Tells the Family Story. Future Horizons. ISBN 9781932565164.
- ^ a b "Richard McCurdy Grandin". Geni.com. June 9, 1914. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Anna Eustacia Purves". Geni.com. December 12, 1926. Archived from the original on July 26, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ a b Grandin, Temple. "Temple Grandin: An Inside View of Autism". Autism Research Institute. Archived from the original on December 16, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ a b "Ben Cutler, 96, Whose Bands Entertained the Society Set". The New York Times. January 15, 2001. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on July 25, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Cutler, Eustacia (2004). A Thorn in My Pocket: Temple Grandin's Mother Tells the Family Story. Future Horizons. p. 205. ISBN 9781932565164.
- ^ Federal Writer's Project of the Works Progress Administration for the State of North Dakota (1990). The WPA Guide To 1930s North Dakota (2nd ed.). State Historical Society of North Dakota. pp. 193–194. ISBN 978-1891419140.
- ^ Sacks, Oliver (1996). An anthropologist on Mars: Seven paradoxical tales. New York: Vintage Books: A division of Penguin Random House, LLC. p. 282. ISBN 9780345805881. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved March 27, 2017.
- ^ a b Grandin, Temple; Scariano, Margaret M. (1996). Emergence: Labeled Autistic. Grand Central Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 9780446671828.
- ^ a b c "Interview with Temple Grandin". January 2, 2006. Archived from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Grandin, Temple (2013). The Autistic Brain. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0547636450.
- ^ Hughes, Virginia (October 14, 2012). "Researchers reveal first brain study of Temple Grandin". SpectrumNews.org. Simons Foundation. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Nuwer, Rachel (October 17, 2012). "What Makes Temple Grandin's Brain Special?". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Archived from the original on August 21, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Stix, Gary (October 19, 2012). "A Little Hard Science from the Big Easy: Temple Grandin's Brain and Transgenic Sniffer Mice". ScientificAmerican.com. Springer Nature. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ McGowan, Kat (March 13, 2013). "Exploring Temple Grandin's Brain". Discover Magazine. Kalmbach Publishing. Archived from the original on September 25, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Temple Grandin: Look at what people can do, not what they can't". MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. March 18, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ Allen, Jennifer (2014). "A Day with the great Eustacia Cutler!". Aspergers101. Retrieved May 25, 2024.
- ^ White, Randall (2005). "Autism First-Hand: An Expert Interview with Temple Grandin". Medscape Psychiatry. Archived from the original on September 3, 2016. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Grandin, Temple (1995). Thinking in Pictures: And Other Reports from My Life with Autism. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385477925.
- ^ "Temple Grandin Inducted into Colorado Women's Hall of Fame". March 8, 2012. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ a b c "How the squeeze machine came to be". Aspergers Test Site. June 6, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ a b Grandin, Temple (Spring 1992). "Calming Effects of Deep Touch Pressure in Patients with Autistic Disorder, College Students, and Animals". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 2 (1). Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.: 63–72. doi:10.1089/cap.1992.2.63. PMID 19630623. S2CID 15343030. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Grandin, Temple (2008). The Way I See It: A Personal Look at Autism and Aspberger's. Future Horizons. ISBN 9781932565720. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Grandin, Temple (2009). "How does visual thinking work in the mind of a person with autism? A personal account". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 364 (1522): 1437–1442. doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0297. PMC 2677580. PMID 19528028.
- ^ "Edge.org". www.edge.org. Archived from the original on August 17, 2019. Retrieved August 17, 2019.
- ^ Grandin, Temple (November 1, 1995). Thinking in Pictures (Expanded ed.). USA. p. 122. ISBN 9780307275653.
- ^ "Renowned Autism Advocate and Scientist Temple Grandin to Speak at BU March 18". March 17, 2022. Archived from the original on March 19, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ "**Cancelled** Helping Different Kinds of Minds Solve Problems". March 20, 2020. Archived from the original on May 20, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
- ^ Grandin, Temple. (2008). Humane livestock handling. Deesing, Mark. North Adams, MA: Storey Pub. ISBN 9781603420280. OCLC 176902393.
- ^ Severson, Kim (March 10, 2015). "At White Oak Pastures, Grass-Fed Beef Is Only the Beginning". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2023.
- ^ Coe, Sue (2012). Cruel: bearing witness to animal exploitation. New York: OR Books. p. 64. ISBN 978-1-935928-72-0.
- ^ "2004 PETA Proggy Awards". PETA. September 9, 2004. Archived from the original on August 8, 2009. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Animals are not things". Archived from the original on March 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "ASABE Fellows" (PDF). American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (ASABE). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 30, 2017. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Carman, Tim (May 23, 2012). "Animal scientist Temple Grandin supports 'pink slime'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 18, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Andy Lamey, "The Animal Ethics of Temple Grandin: A Protectionist Analysis", The Journal Of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 32 Issue 1, 2019. Open access version at https://philpapers.org/rec/LAMTAE-2 Archived August 8, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Grandin, Temple (July 24, 2020). "First Person: Stairway to Heaven (S01E01)" (video). youtube.com. Errol Morris.
- ^ Wallis, Claudia (February 4, 2010). "Temple Grandin on Temple Grandin". Time Magazine. Archived from the original on October 11, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Temple Grandin on Autism, Death, Celibacy and Cows". The New York Times. April 12, 2013.
- ^ "Double Helix Medals of 2011". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Grandin, Temple. "Temple Grandin Ph.D." Archived from the original on February 2, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Recognition Monday: Temple Grandin Named Honorary Fellow". Society for Technical Communication. May 11, 2015. Archived from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Temple Grandin | Ashoka". www.ashoka.org. Retrieved January 17, 2025.
- ^ "Temple Grandin". Colorado Women's Hall of Fame. December 6, 2013. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2019.
- ^ "Temple Grandin". Western Heritage from the Texas Trail of Fame. June 14, 2013. Archived from the original on July 3, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Hall of Great Westerners". National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. Archived from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.
- ^ "Opening of the 83rd General Session of the World Assembly of Delegates of the World Organisation for Animal Health". The World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). May 24, 2015. Archived from the original on September 20, 2015. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "American Academy of Arts and Sciences Elects 213 National and International Scholars, Artists, Philanthropists, and Business Leaders". American Academy of Arts and Sciences. April 20, 2016. Archived from the original on August 4, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Ten women added to National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls". September 17, 2017. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Dimas, Jennifer (February 10, 2017). "Temple Grandin named to the National Women's Hall of Fame". Source. Colorado State University. Archived from the original on April 30, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Sanchez, Hayley (February 18, 2017). "Temple Grandin will be inducted into National Women's Hall of Fame, Q&A". The Denver Post. Archived from the original on April 15, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "Autism and animal behavior expert to deliver lecture at Iowa State • News Service • Iowa State University". www.news.iastate.edu.
- ^ Miller, Vanessa (February 27, 2023). "University of Iowa, Iowa State bestowing 4 honorary degrees". www.thegazette.com. Archived from the original on February 27, 2023. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
- ^ "K-State veterinary college presents Temple Grandin with honorary degree". www.k-state.edu.
- ^ "Temple Grandin, Ph.D." TempleGrandin.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Klinkenborg, Verlyn (May 1, 2005). "What Do Animals Think?". Discover Magazine. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "The Woman who thinks like a Cow". Horizon. BBC. November 2006. Archived from the original on February 26, 2021. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Roybal, Joe (October 31, 2008). "Temple Grandin Talks About Her Upcoming HBO Biopic". BEEF Magazine. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Harris, Will (April 2, 2010). "A Chat with Temple Grandin". premiumhollywood.com. Archived from the original on July 12, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "'Temple Grandin' Scores Big Emmy Win For HBO". CBSNews.com. August 30, 2010. Archived from the original on August 8, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "This Business of Autism Debuts to Sold Out Crowd". June 6, 2018. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ "A Teacher's Guide to the Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on August 9, 2020. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
- ^ Mosca, Julia (2017). The Girl Who Thought In Pictures, The story of Temple Grandin. Innovation Press. ISBN 9781943147304. OCLC 966575841.
- ^ Skiff, Jennifer (2018). Rescuing Ladybugs: Inspirational Encounters with Animals That Changed the World. New World Library. ISBN 9781608685028.
- ^ Skiff, Jennifer (2018). Rescuing Ladybugs: Inspirational Encounters with Animals That Changed the World. New World Library. p. 170. ISBN 9781608685028.
- ^ "I am Temple Grandin by Brad Meltzer: 9780593405970 | PenguinRandomHouse.com: Books". PenguinRandomhouse.com.
- ^ "I Am James Naismith; I Am Temple Grandin". April 5, 2021 – via IMDb.
- ^ Dinh, Ann (2024). "Temple Grandin". Don't Mourn for Us: The Autistic Life of Jim Sinclair and an Extraordinary Story of Neurodiversity. ISBN 979-8338157381.
Further reading
[edit]- Oliver Sacks, An anthropologist on Mars, The New Yorker, 1993, and later in An anthropologist on Mars: Seven paradoxical tales, Vintage Books, Penguin Random House, LLC, New York, 1996, ISBN 9780345805881.
- Andy Lamey, "The Animal Ethics of Temple Grandin: A Protectionist Analysis", The Journal Of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, Vol. 32 Issue 1, 2019.
- Temple Did It, and I Can Too!: Seven Simple Life Rules by Jennifer Gilpin Yacio
- The Girl Who Thought in Pictures: The Story of Dr. Temple Grandin by Julia Finley Mosca
- How to Build a Hug: Temple Grandin and her Amazing Squeeze Machine by Amy Guglielmo
- Temple Grandin: How the Girl Who Loved Cows Embraced Autism and Changed the World by Sy Montgomery
External links
[edit]
Media from Commons
Quotations from Wikiquote
Data from Wikidata
- 1947 births
- Living people
- 20th-century American academics
- 20th-century American memoirists
- 20th-century American non-fiction writers
- 20th-century American women writers
- 21st-century American academics
- 21st-century American memoirists
- 21st-century American non-fiction writers
- 21st-century American women writers
- American activists with disabilities
- American animal care and training writers
- American animal welfare scholars
- American disability rights activists
- American health activists
- American scientists with disabilities
- American social sciences writers
- American women inventors
- American women memoirists
- American women non-fiction writers
- American writers with disabilities
- Animal cognition writers
- Arizona State University alumni
- American social entrepreneurs
- Autism activists
- Autism rights movement
- Autistic savants
- Beaver Country Day School alumni
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- Ethologists
- Former Anglicans
- Franklin Pierce University alumni
- Grandin family
- University of Illinois College of Agriculture, Consumer, and Environmental Sciences alumni
- Women ethologists
- Writers from Boston
- Writers from Fort Collins, Colorado
- Autistic writers
템플 그랜딘
| 템플 그랜딘 Temple Grandin | |
|---|---|
 템플 그렌딘 | |
| 출생 | 1947년 8월 29일 보스턴 |
| 성별 | 여성 |
| 국적 | 미국 |
| 경력 | 콜로라도 주립대학교 준교수 |
| 직업 | 동물학자 |
템플 그랜딘(Temple Grandin, 1947년 8월 29일-)은 보스턴 출신 미국의 동물학자이다. 동물복지를 배려한 가축시설의 설계자이며, 콜로라도 주립대학교 준교수이다.
생애
[편집]자폐성 장애인에 대한 이해가 부족한 시대에 태어난 그랜딘은 2살 때, 뇌에 장애가 있다고 진단받아 특별한 보호시설에 맡겨질 뻔했다. 그랜딘의 어머니는 아이가 자폐증으로 진단받자 가정교사의 도움을 받아 말, 예의범절같이 사회생활을 하는 방법을 가르쳐주었다. 성인이 되어서 아스퍼거 증후군이라고 진단받았다. 그랜딘에 의하면 초등학교 졸업 후 자신의 좋은 점을 찾은 좋은 교사를 만난 덕분에 1960년대에는 뉴햄프셔주 린지에 있는 기숙학교 햄프셔 컨트리 스쿨에 들어가서 공부했다. 1970년에 프랭클린 피어스 컬리지에서 심리학 학사, 1975년에는 애리조나 주립대학교에서 동물학 석사, 1989년에 일리노이 대학교에서 동물학 박사 학위를 취득했다.
장애와의 연관성
[편집]템플 그랜딘은 세계를 언어보다 영상에 의해 인지하는 비언어적 지능이 뛰어난 자폐성장애 당사자이다. 그녀는 언어에 의하지 않고, 세계를 인지하기 때문에 동물의 세계관이나 감정을 잘 이해할 수 있다고 한다.
명성
[편집]그랜딘은 1995년에 출판된 올리버 색스의 저서에서 언급된 것을 계기로 일반에 알려지게 되었다. 그 저서의 제목인 《화성의 인류학자》는 그랜딘이 "정상"인 사람과의 문류에 대해서 이야기한 말에서 유래한다.
그 후 그랜딘은 ABC의 프라임타임 라이브, 투데이 쇼와 래리 킹 라이브와 같은 텔레비전 프로그램이나 타임지, 피플지, 폭스, 뉴욕 타임즈 에도 알려져 [1], 2006년 6월 8일에 BBC에서 최초로 방영된 호라이즌 다큐멘터리 "소처럼 생각하는 여자(The Woman Who Thinks Like A Cow)" [2] 의 소재가 되기도 했다. 2010년 클레어 데인즈를 주연으로 템플 그랜딘의 생애를 다룬 텔레비전 영화 『템플 그랜딘』[3]이 HBO에서 제작/방영되었다.
그랜딘은 자폐성장애 계몽활동과 가축의 권리보호에 대해 세계적으로 영향력 있는 학자의 한 명으로, 미국과 캐나다의 소의 절반은 그랜딘이 설계한 시설에서 처리되고 있다.[1]
저작
[편집]- 어느 자폐인 이야기 (박경희 옮김). 김영사.1997년 6월.
- 나는 그림으로 생각한다 ~자폐인의 내면 세계에 관한 모든 것~ (홍한별 옮김). 양철북. 2005년 9월.
- 동물과의 대화（권도승 옮김） 샘터. 2006년 5월.
같이 보기
[편집]참고 문헌
[편집]
- ↑ 『동물과의 대화』（템플 그랜딘, 권도승 옮김） 샘터. 2006년 5월 19일.
외부 링크
[편집]- 나, 자폐증으로 태어나 (마가렛·M. 스칼리아노와의 공저, 캐닝햄 히사코역), 학습 연구사 , 1994년 3월.
- 자폐증의 재능 개발 - 자폐증과 천재를 연결하는 고리 (캐닝햄 히사코역), 학습연구사, 1997년 7월.
- 동물 감각 ―애니멀 마인드를 읽는다(캐서린 존슨과의 공저, 나카오 유카리역) 일본 방송 출판 협회 , 2006년 5월.
- 아스퍼거 증후군·고기능 자폐증의 사람의 헬로 워크 (케이트·다피와의 공저, 우메나가 유우지 감수), 아카시 서점 , 2008년 6월.
- 자폐증 감각 - 숨겨진 능력을 끌어내는 방법 (나카오 유카리역), 일본 방송 출판 협회, 2010년 4월.
- 동물이 행복을 느낄 때 ― 새로운 동물 행동학에서 알 수 있는 애니멀 마인드(캐서린 존슨과의 공저, 나카오 유카리역), NHK 출판 , 2011년 12월.
- 자폐증의 뇌를 읽는다 어떻게 생각하고 느끼고 있는지(리처드 파넥과의 공저, 나카오 유카리역), NHK 출판, 2014년 3월.
