EDITED BY
BRUCE W. SCOTTON, ALLAN B. CHINEN, AND JOHN R. BATTISTA
=====
CONTENTS
Contributors xi
Acknowledgments xv
Foreword by Ken Wilber xvii
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1. introduction and Definition of Transpersonal Psychiatry 3
Bruce W. Scotton
1. The Emergence of Transpersonal Psychiatry 9
Allan B. Chinen
FART 11: THEORY AND RESEARCH WESTERN PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOLOGY
1. William James and Transpersonal Psychiatry 21
Eugene Taylor
1. Freud's influence on Transpersonal Psychology 29
Mark Epstein
1. The Contribution of C. C. Jung to Transpersonal Psychiatry 39
Bruce W. Scotton
1. Abraham Maslow and Roberto Assagioli: Pioneers of Transpersonal Psychology 52
John R. Battista
7. The Woridview of Ken Wilber 62
Roger Walsh and Frances Vaughan
S. The Consciousness Research of Stanislav Grof 75
Richard Yensen and Donna Dryer
9. Consciousness, Information Theory, and Transpersonal Psychiatry 85
John R. Battista
C ROSS-CULTURAL ROOTS
9. Shamanism and Healing 96
Roger Walsh
9. The Contribution of Hinduism and Yoga to
Transpersonal Psychiatry 104
Bruce W. Scotton and J. Fred Hiatt
9. The Contribution of Buddhism to Transpersonal Psychiatry 114
Bruce W. Scotton
9. Kabbalah and Transpersonal Psychiatry 123
Zalman M. Schachter-Shalomi
9. Transpersonal Psychology: Roots in Christian Mysticism 134
Dwight H. Judy
9. Native North American Healers 145
Donald F. Sandner
9. Aging and Adult Spiritual Development: A Transpersonal View of the Life Cycle Through Fairy Tales 155
Allan B. Chinen
RESEARCH ON ALTERED STATES OF CoNsciousNEss
9. Meditation Research: The State of the Art 167
Roger Walsh
9. Psychedelics and Transpersonal Psychiatry 176
Gary Bravo and Charles Grob
9. Parapsychology and Transpersonal Psychology 186
Charles T. Tart
OTHER WESTERN ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES
20. Contemporary Physics and Transpersonal Psychiatry
John R. Battista
20. The Contribution of Anthropology to Transpersonal Psychiatry
Larry C. Peters
20. Western Analytical Philosophy and Transpersonal Epistemology
Allan B. (linen 195
PART III: CLINICAL PRACTICE DIAGNOSIS
20. Diagnosis: A Transpersonal Clinical Approach to Religious and Spiritual Problems
David Lukoff, Francis C. Lu, and Robert Turner 231
24. Offensive Spirituality and Spiritual Defenses 250
John R. Battista
25. The Phenomenology and Treatment of Kundalini 261
Bruce W. Scotton
TRANSPERSONAL PSYCHOTHERAPY
26. Transpersonal Psychotherapy With Psychotic Disorders and Spiritual Emergencies With Psychotic Features 271
David Lukoff
27. Transpersonal Techniques and Psychotherapy 282
Seymour Boorstein
28. Transpersonal Psychotherapy With Religious Persons 293
Dwight H. Judy
29. The Near-Death Experience as a Trans personal Crisis 302
Bruce Greyson
30. Treating Former Members of Cults 316
Arthur J. Deikman
PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY
31. Psychopharmacology and Transpersonal Psychology
Bruce S. Victor
31. Psychedelic Psychotherapy
Gary Bravo and Charles Grob 327
SPECIAL TECHNIQUES
33. Clinical Aspects of Meditation 344
Sylvia Boorstein
34. Guided-Imagery Therapy 355
William W. Foote
35. Breathwork: Theory and Technique 366
Kathryn J. Lee and Patricia L. Speier
36. Past-Life Therapy 377
Ronald W. Jue
En-llcs AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
37. Transpersonal Psychiatry in Psychiatry
Residency Training Programs 388
Francis C. Lu
38. Toward a Psychology of Human and Ecological Survival:
Psychological Approaches to Contemporary Global Threats 396
Roger Walsh
PART 1V: CONCLUSION
39) integration and Conclusion
Bruce W. Scotton, Allan B. Chinen, and John R. Battista
40. An Annotated Guide to the Transpersonal Literature
John R. Battista 409
Residency Training Programs 388
Francis C. Lu
38. Toward a Psychology of Human and Ecological Survival:
Psychological Approaches to Contemporary Global Threats 396
Roger Walsh
PART 1V: CONCLUSION
39) integration and Conclusion
Bruce W. Scotton, Allan B. Chinen, and John R. Battista
40. An Annotated Guide to the Transpersonal Literature
John R. Battista 409
=======================
FOREWORD
Ken Wilber
BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL scientists are in the midst of intensive
work on the Human Genome Project, an endeavor to map all of the
genes in the entire sequence of human DNA. This spectacular project promises to revolutionize our ideas of human growth, development, disease, and medical treatment, and its completion surely will mark one of the greatest advances in human knowledge.
Not as well known but arguably more important is what might be called the Human Consciousness Project, an endeavor well under way to map the entire spectrum of the various states of human consciousness (including realms of the human unconscious as
well). This project, involving hundreds of researchers from around the world, involves a series of multidisciplinary, multicultural, multimodal approaches that together promise an exhaustive mapping of the entire range of consciousness, the entire sequence of the "genes" of awareness, as it were.
The various attempts amply represented in the following pages are rapidly converging on a "master template" of the stages, structures., and states of consciousness available to men and women. By comparing and contrasting a variety of multicultural approaches -
from Zen Buddhism to Western psychoanalysis, Vedanta Hinduism to existential phenomenology, Tundra Shamanism to altered states—the approaches together constitute a master template, that is, a spectrum of consciousness, in which each culture fills some gaps left by others.
Although many of the specifics are still being intensively researched, the overall evidence for the existence of this spectrum of consciousness is already so significant as to put it largely beyond serious dispute. The existence of these various structures and states of consciousness is based on careful experimentation and consensual validation; from such gatherings of consensual and documented data, firmly anchored in appropriate validity claims, the spectrum of consciousness is constructed. This spectrum appears
to range from prepersonal to personal to transpersonal experiences, from instinctual to egoic to spiritual modes, from subconscious to self-conscious to superconscious structures, from prerational to rational to transrational states. And it is this all-inclusive
spectrum of consciousness upon which transpersonal psychiatry and psychology are primarily based.
The word transpersonal simply means "personal plus." That is, the transpersonal orientation explicitly and carefully includes all the facets of personal psychology and psychiatry, then adds those deeper or higher aspects of human experience that transcend the ordinary and the average experiences that are, in other words, "transpersonal" or "more than the personal," personal plus. Thus, in the attempt to more fully, accurately, and scientifically reflect the entire range of human experience, transpersonal psychiatry and psychology take as their starting point the entire spectrum of consciousness.
In the following chapters you will see the most important approaches to this spectrum outlined. You will also see the diverse methodologies that have evolved to address (and assess) the different dimensions of this spectrum, including empiricism, phenomenology, representational models, hermeneutical interpretations, meditative states, and so on, yet all oriented toward careful verification and justification procedures. The transpersonal orientation in all cases is geared toward consensual evidence that can be confirmed
or rejected by a community of the adequate (the all-important fallibist criterion for genuine accumulation of knowledge).
You will see that this spectrum develops. Like all complex living systems, the spectrum of consciousness grows and evolves; it moves, in the most general sense, from subconscious to self‑conscious to superconscious modes, or prepersonal to personal to transpersonal capacities. And you will see some of the more important models that have been proposed to account for this extraordinary growth and development of human consciousness.
Precisely because the spectrum of consciousness develops, various "misdevelopments" can occur at any stage of the unfolding. As with any living entity, pathology can occur at any point in growth. Thus, the spectrum of consciousness is also a spectrum of different
types of possible pathologies: psychotic, borderline, neurotic, cognitive, existential, spiritual. And, as you will clearly see, transpersonal psychiatry and psychology have developed a sophisticated battery of treatment modalities that address these different types of pathologies.
Because transpersonal psychiatry and psychology are dedicated to a careful and rigorous investigation into the entire spectrum of consciousness, they naturally find themselves allied with other transpersonal approaches, ranging from transpersonal ecology to
transpersonal philosophy, transpersonal anthropology to transpersonal sociology. And the following pages reveal an impressive collection of essays touching on these various fields. The point, of course, is that if the entire spectrum of consciousness is accurately
acknowledged and taken into account, it will dramatically alter each and every discipline it touches. And this, indeed, is part of the extraordinary interest and excitement that the transpersonal orientation has generated in numerous disciplines.
The editors of this book—Bruce Scotton, Allan Chinen, and John Battista—have done a superb job in presenting a balanced, thoughtful, and inclusive cross-section of virtually every aspect of transpersonal studies, with appropriate emphasis, of course, on the psychological and psychiatric dimensions. It is a brilliant and pioneering effort that will no doubt become an indispensable standard in the field, for which the editors deserve the highest praise. It is such remarkable inclusiveness that especially announces the transpersonal orientation. If nothing human is alien to me, then neither should it be alien to our sciences of the mind, the soul, the psyche, the possible human. How could orthodox psychology ignore, dismiss, or pathologize the further reaches of human nature? How could positivistic science reduce it all to a pile of sensory matter?
Looking deeply into our world, into ourselves, into our brethren, is there really nothing more to be found than a bunch of material atoms hurling through the void? Is there not more in heaven and earth than is dreamt of in that philosophy? Are there not depths and heights that awe and inspire, that bring us to our knees, that stun us with the beauty of the sublime, the radiance of the real, the truth and goodness of a spiritual domain that outshines our loveless ways? Are these not part of the extraordinary spectrum of human possibilities?
Transpersonal psychiatry and psychology are dedicated to the assumption that there is decidedly more than conventional approaches assume; that the spectrum of consciousness is vast indeed, that there is in fact a "personal plus." And, in addition to the undeniable importance of biological psychiatry and personal psychology, it is the nature of that plus, that depth, that height, that transpersonal psychiatry and psychology are dedicated to exploring.
FOREWORD
Ken Wilber
BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL scientists are in the midst of intensive
work on the Human Genome Project, an endeavor to map all of the
genes in the entire sequence of human DNA. This spectacular project promises to revolutionize our ideas of human growth, development, disease, and medical treatment, and its completion surely will mark one of the greatest advances in human knowledge.
Not as well known but arguably more important is what might be called the Human Consciousness Project, an endeavor well under way to map the entire spectrum of the various states of human consciousness (including realms of the human unconscious as
well). This project, involving hundreds of researchers from around the world, involves a series of multidisciplinary, multicultural, multimodal approaches that together promise an exhaustive mapping of the entire range of consciousness, the entire sequence of the "genes" of awareness, as it were.
The various attempts amply represented in the following pages are rapidly converging on a "master template" of the stages, structures., and states of consciousness available to men and women. By comparing and contrasting a variety of multicultural approaches -
from Zen Buddhism to Western psychoanalysis, Vedanta Hinduism to existential phenomenology, Tundra Shamanism to altered states—the approaches together constitute a master template, that is, a spectrum of consciousness, in which each culture fills some gaps left by others.
Although many of the specifics are still being intensively researched, the overall evidence for the existence of this spectrum of consciousness is already so significant as to put it largely beyond serious dispute. The existence of these various structures and states of consciousness is based on careful experimentation and consensual validation; from such gatherings of consensual and documented data, firmly anchored in appropriate validity claims, the spectrum of consciousness is constructed. This spectrum appears
to range from prepersonal to personal to transpersonal experiences, from instinctual to egoic to spiritual modes, from subconscious to self-conscious to superconscious structures, from prerational to rational to transrational states. And it is this all-inclusive
spectrum of consciousness upon which transpersonal psychiatry and psychology are primarily based.
The word transpersonal simply means "personal plus." That is, the transpersonal orientation explicitly and carefully includes all the facets of personal psychology and psychiatry, then adds those deeper or higher aspects of human experience that transcend the ordinary and the average experiences that are, in other words, "transpersonal" or "more than the personal," personal plus. Thus, in the attempt to more fully, accurately, and scientifically reflect the entire range of human experience, transpersonal psychiatry and psychology take as their starting point the entire spectrum of consciousness.
In the following chapters you will see the most important approaches to this spectrum outlined. You will also see the diverse methodologies that have evolved to address (and assess) the different dimensions of this spectrum, including empiricism, phenomenology, representational models, hermeneutical interpretations, meditative states, and so on, yet all oriented toward careful verification and justification procedures. The transpersonal orientation in all cases is geared toward consensual evidence that can be confirmed
or rejected by a community of the adequate (the all-important fallibist criterion for genuine accumulation of knowledge).
You will see that this spectrum develops. Like all complex living systems, the spectrum of consciousness grows and evolves; it moves, in the most general sense, from subconscious to self‑conscious to superconscious modes, or prepersonal to personal to transpersonal capacities. And you will see some of the more important models that have been proposed to account for this extraordinary growth and development of human consciousness.
Precisely because the spectrum of consciousness develops, various "misdevelopments" can occur at any stage of the unfolding. As with any living entity, pathology can occur at any point in growth. Thus, the spectrum of consciousness is also a spectrum of different
types of possible pathologies: psychotic, borderline, neurotic, cognitive, existential, spiritual. And, as you will clearly see, transpersonal psychiatry and psychology have developed a sophisticated battery of treatment modalities that address these different types of pathologies.
Because transpersonal psychiatry and psychology are dedicated to a careful and rigorous investigation into the entire spectrum of consciousness, they naturally find themselves allied with other transpersonal approaches, ranging from transpersonal ecology to
transpersonal philosophy, transpersonal anthropology to transpersonal sociology. And the following pages reveal an impressive collection of essays touching on these various fields. The point, of course, is that if the entire spectrum of consciousness is accurately
acknowledged and taken into account, it will dramatically alter each and every discipline it touches. And this, indeed, is part of the extraordinary interest and excitement that the transpersonal orientation has generated in numerous disciplines.
The editors of this book—Bruce Scotton, Allan Chinen, and John Battista—have done a superb job in presenting a balanced, thoughtful, and inclusive cross-section of virtually every aspect of transpersonal studies, with appropriate emphasis, of course, on the psychological and psychiatric dimensions. It is a brilliant and pioneering effort that will no doubt become an indispensable standard in the field, for which the editors deserve the highest praise. It is such remarkable inclusiveness that especially announces the transpersonal orientation. If nothing human is alien to me, then neither should it be alien to our sciences of the mind, the soul, the psyche, the possible human. How could orthodox psychology ignore, dismiss, or pathologize the further reaches of human nature? How could positivistic science reduce it all to a pile of sensory matter?
Looking deeply into our world, into ourselves, into our brethren, is there really nothing more to be found than a bunch of material atoms hurling through the void? Is there not more in heaven and earth than is dreamt of in that philosophy? Are there not depths and heights that awe and inspire, that bring us to our knees, that stun us with the beauty of the sublime, the radiance of the real, the truth and goodness of a spiritual domain that outshines our loveless ways? Are these not part of the extraordinary spectrum of human possibilities?
Transpersonal psychiatry and psychology are dedicated to the assumption that there is decidedly more than conventional approaches assume; that the spectrum of consciousness is vast indeed, that there is in fact a "personal plus." And, in addition to the undeniable importance of biological psychiatry and personal psychology, it is the nature of that plus, that depth, that height, that transpersonal psychiatry and psychology are dedicated to exploring.
