2024/02/03

Elizabeth Klarer - Wikipedia

Elizabeth Klarer - Wikipedia

Elizabeth Klarer

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Elizabeth Klarer
Cathkin Peak plateau 29°04′29″S 29°21′04″E, supposed scene of a day-long rendezvous with Akon during which Ayling was conceived.
Born1 July 1910
Died9 February 1994 (aged 83)
NationalitySouth African
Known forClaimed to have been contacted by extraterrestrials between 1954 and 1963
Spouses
William Stafford Phillips
(m. 1932)
Paul Klarer
 
(m. 1946)
Aubrey Fielding
 
(m. 1963)
ChildrenMarilyn Phillips (b. 1933)
David Klarer (b. 1949)
Ayling (b. 1959) (see text)
Parents
  • Samuel Bancroft Woollatt (father)
  • Florence Marshall (mother)
RelativesBarbara (sister, b. 1908), May and Jock (sister and brother-in-law)

Elizabeth Klarer (née Woollatt; 1 July 1910 – 9 February 1994) was a South African woman who, starting in 1956, publicly claimed to have been contacted by aliens multiple times between 1954 and 1963.[1] Her first visitation supposedly occurred when she was seven, and she was one of the first women to claim a sexual relationship with an extraterrestrial.[2] She promoted an ideal of a better world and beliefs in a cosmic consciousness.[3][4] In her book Beyond the Light Barrier, she strived to convey a message of peace, love, understanding and environmentalism, which she credited to the superior wisdom of an advanced and immaculately utopian Venusian civilization.[5][6] She promoted conspiracy theories of an international cover-up that kept vital information from the public,[7] and claimed to have been threatened with abduction to press her into revealing details about alien technology.[4][6]

Biography[edit]

Klarer was born at Mooi RiverNatal,[8] the youngest daughter of Samuel Bancroft ("SB") Woollatt and Florence Woollatt. SB was a pioneering veterinary surgeon who subsequently settled at Connington farm near Rosetta in the Natal midlands, where he became a successful shorthorn farmer, and as a dedicated polo player, introduced young people to the sport.[9]

It was there that, at age seven, Elizabeth and her older sister Barbara claimed to have had their first UFO encounter.[10] While feeding their Sealyham puppies outside the farmhouse, Elizabeth and her sister claimed they witnessed a silver disc bathed in a pearly luster which swooped over them. Simultaneously a giant, orange-red and cratered planetoid was observed orbiting and rotating high in the atmosphere.[3][11] The disc rushed to meet it, pacing and guiding it northwards, while the planetoid left a smoke trail in its wake.[5]

Only months later she had another sighting in the company of Ladam, their Zulu farm manager.[6] Ladam interpreted the sighting in terms of Zulu mythology. Klarer sometimes alluded to an even earlier sighting, at age three in 1913/14.[12]

Klarer graduated from St. Anne's Diocesan College in Pietermaritzburg, and moved to Florence, Italy, to study art and music. She then completed a four-year diploma in meteorology at Girton College, Cambridge,[7] and was taught by her first husband to fly a Tiger Moth light aircraft.[5] In 1932 the three Woollatt sisters and Maureen Taylor formed the Connington polo team and drew a match against the Durban ladies' team, seen as the first officially recorded ladies' match in South Africa.[13][14] During a 1937 flight from Durban to Baragwanath in a Leopard Moth aircraft, Klarer and her husband reportedly saw a saucer that approached, coasted along, then departed.[15] During World War II, she held a responsible position in RAF Intelligence.[12]

Klarer believed in telepathic powers, and tried to enhance these abilities since her youth.[11]

Flying Saucer Hill[edit]

In 1954, Klarer's sister May, then raising on the farm Whyteleafe in the Natal midlands, relayed to her that the native Zulu people were reporting appearances of the lightning bird in the sky. In response, Elizabeth and her children travelled from Johannesburg to the farm, and she ascended Flying Saucer Hill the following day, December 27.[16][17] There she claimed to have seen the starship descend. It hovered three metres above ground, emitting only a soft hum[11] – its hull spinning, though its central dome remained stationary.[12] The spaceman who later identified himself as Akon was supposedly clearly visible through one of three portholes, but a barrier of heat that emanated from the ship prevented her from approaching, and his scout ship departed again.[7]

On 7 April 1956, she visited the hilltop again, after further reports of the "lightning bird". This time[11] Akon took her aboard his scout ship,[8][16] a craft some 60 feet (18 m) in diameter. Inside, she met a second pilot, stocky and darker-skinned than Akon, who was supposedly a botanist as well as an astrophysicist. She was allegedly shown a lens that offered views through the craft's floor. With only a hum emanating from below and no sense of movement, they were transported to the enormous cigar-shaped mother ship which had a garden-like interior. After meeting its inhabitants, she was returned to the hilltop,[7] a similar arrangement as that made between Adamski and Orthon in 1952. During the encounter kisses were exchanged and Akon revealed that Elizabeth was in fact a reincarnated Venusian, and long-lost soulmate. He further explained that they occasionally took Earth women as partners, as the offspring strengthened their race with an infusion of new blood.[6] He also claimed that a number of Venusians were surreptitiously living among human beings.[11]

From 17:45 on 30 April 1956, various observers noted a steady red glow poised at a rocky section of the hill, which remained there until 2:00 in the morning. No sign of a fire could be found afterwards.[11]

On July 17, 1956,[16] after their family farm was sold, Klarer revisited the area, and claimed to have taken a series of seven photos of Akon's scout ship using her sister's (or daughter's) simple Brownie box camera.[3] She claimed that vivid light flashes turned into a dull grey craft enveloped in a shimmering heat haze, and that for an hour the disc darted silently over a rise near the farmhouse, making several weaving detours, and shone like silver in bright sunlight before streaking away out of sight.[18] Edgar Sievers, a ufologist from Pretoria, said that Klarer's family saw her leave the homestead alone, and suggested that the frail Elizabeth would have found it difficult to throw a car hubcap and photograph it at the same time.[19] He also stated that no type of hubcap was known to sufficiently resemble the disc in the photos.[16]

Elizabeth Klarer is located in South Africa
Elizabeth Klarer
Location of Flying Saucer Hill, Klarer's claimed contact site since 1954, near Rosetta, KwaZulu-Natal29°20′41″S 29°51′35″E

Space-motherhood[edit]

In April 1958 a series of contacts reportedly started that set Klarer's story apart from the UFO stories that were standard in the 1950s. Klarer claimed that Akon's visits culminated in a day-long rendezvous with Elizabeth on the high plateau of Cathkin Peak, that he presented her with a silver ring that enhanced their telepathic connection, and that their love was consummated and a child was conceived.[6][7]

I surrendered in ecstasy to the magic of his love making, our bodies merging in magnetic union as the divine essence of our spirits became one.[6]

Klarer claimed that after a terrestrial pregnancy, she and her MG car were transported in 1959 to Akon's home planet, Meton, orbiting Proxima Centauri in the nearby multiple-star system Alpha Centauri. There she delivered a son, who was given the name Ayling.[2] He stayed behind on Meton to be educated, while Elizabeth reluctantly came home. Meton's planetary vibrations supposedly affected her heart, and she was consequently not permitted to return, instead receiving follow-up visits from Akon and Ayling.[4] The whole trip, delivery and return trip supposedly took no more than four months, but due to differences in space-time, allowed her a nine-year stay on Meton.[6]

There were no cities or skyscrapers as Earth people know them anywhere on Meton. Homes were scattered in park-like grounds... There was an abundance of all things needed by civilization – food, water and all materials for building, an unlimited supply of energy on tap from the atmosphere and the Universe, no shortages of any kind and no monetary system at all.[4]

Klarer took far more time before publishing a book, Beyond the Light Barrier (1980),[3] about her extraterrestrial adventures. On his world lecture tour in the late 1950s, George Adamski made a point of visiting South Africa and looking up Klarer for a chat on their variety of experiences with the friendly, wise "space brothers". By that time, Klarer was not the only Adamski follower to experience claimed space-motherhood.[20][21]

Later years[edit]

After her sister and brother-in-law died, Elizabeth returned from Natal to Johannesburg. There she worked for a time in a CNA book store,[6] but found city life stifling. From the 1950s onwards her outlandish claims made her a darling of the press, who also loved to ridicule her. She welcomed any press however, as the dissemination of Akon's message was paramount – a life-task of extreme importance.[17] The account of her observations and contact experience in Flying Saucer Review of Nov-Dec 1956 was noticed by Edith Nicolaisen. Nicolaisen's correspondence with Elizabeth consists of 23 letters, written from 1956 to 1976. She published the Klarer story in the small booklet I rymdskepp över Drakensberg in 1959, and a second edition appeared in 1967.[17] From about 1960 to 1966 Elizabeth worked on the manuscript for her book, which now included the Akon love saga, as she couldn't "hide the truth in these matters."[17] In 1968 Elizabeth agreed to be interviewed by ufologist Cynthia Hind, and Hind's write-up of her story appeared in Fate magazine of August that year.[22] Ufologist Kitty Smith established contact with Elizabeth after reading about her in Outspan magazine,[23] and claimed her own sighting of Akon's ship in January 1984.[15]

When another South African, Ann Grevler, claimed alien contact in the late 1950s, Elizabeth was outspoken and issued various challenges to her to defend her statements in an open forum. Likewise she denounced Philipp Human's supposed contact through a trance medium, and this caused a rift between them.[17] In her view the space people would never stoop to such methods. In 1975 she was invited by Hermann Oberth to attend the 11th International Congress of UFO Research Groups in Wiesbaden, Germany. She delivered an address there on 2 November, for which she received a standing ovation. In May 1992 Smith arranged a talk by Klarer at the Unidentified Flying Object Club in Pietermaritzburg. This was so popular that the crowd grew too large to cope with.[15]

Elizabeth faithfully commemorated the April 7th anniversary of her union with Akon by returning to Flying Saucer Hill.[12] On one occasion she befriended SAAF helicopter pilots who sought shelter on the farm during a storm, and they facilitated visits to the hill when a ride on horseback became too difficult for her.[22] Her third husband Aubrey Fielding died in 1981 and his ashes were strewn on the hill.[15] Elizabeth died of breast cancer at age 84,[2] leaving her second book The Gravity File unfinished.[5] The book filled in the gaps of the first, besides elucidating the military and political aspects of UFO research, and explaining Akon's "electro-gravity propulsion" technology. Before her death she related to acquaintances that Ayling (like Akon) was now an astrophysicist, who was crisscrossing the universe with his father, his space woman Clea, and their son.[24]

Assessment[edit]

Ufologist Thomas Streicher concluded that Klarer's claims are generally poorly substantiated, despite some of them being corroborated by witnesses. Her sister and first husband for instance attested two UFO sightings, but witnesses are lacking to confirm her pregnancy, and it remains unknown whether it was ever documented. He speculates that she was perhaps a fantasy-prone individual who merely imagined most of her experiences.[4] Elizabeth's son David, in particular, has no recollection of an event, absence or pregnancy of his mother that could tie in with her purported space adventures in 1959.[6]

Ufologist Cynthia Hind noted Elizabeth's absolute conviction that she was telling the truth, and never suspected that she was deliberately lying.[22] Hind suspected that an active imagination or illusions borne from a dream-state of euphoria were to be blamed for the improbabilities and inconsistencies inherent to her stories. Both Hind and Smith however alluded to sightings of Akon by members of the public,[22][23] and Hind concluded: "all these factors need examination and it is time we stopped casting aside [such] cases which, although sounding like hoaxes, are not obviously so."[17] Ufologist Edgar Sievers, who also interviewed her family, was completely satisfied that her experiences, at least up to and including the photographs, were of a physical rather than psychic nature.[11]

Ufologist Philipp Human initially heaped effusively praise on Elizabeth, but later changed his stance: "I do not believe one word of her supposed […] contacts and it was a standing joke the way she was helped to photograph an ordinary motor car hubcap. So much for her photographs […] That was before she added additional material to tell of her pregnancy caused by her Venusian lover, […] I pray that this book will never be published." To this Edith Nicolaisen replied: "Don't be afraid, we shall never publish [the story of her Venusian lover, but] I would like to reprint [the] booklet about her contacts. I do believe that she has had some sort of contact."[17]

The Mensa chapter of Johannesburg did not take kindly to her claims and she was heckled during her address.[12] Hard evidence for her claim that she addressed the House of Lords in 1983, and that a paper of hers was read during that year at a UFO congress at the United Nations, has not been found.[6] Supposed hard evidence presented by Elizabeth included her set of 1956 photographs, the ring she received from Akon, a space rock or crystal, and a fern from Meton.[24] Her supportive husband Aubrey remained unperturbed by his wife's love for Akon, reportedly saying, "That's all right with me – as long as he stays in space where he belongs".[12][15]

Bibliography[edit]

  • Jenseits der Lichtmauer: Vorgeschichte und Bericht einer Weltraumreise (1977)
  • Beyond the Light Barrier (1980)

In popular culture[edit]

Elizabeth Klarer is mentioned in the song Even Elizabeth Klarer on the album Shakey is Good (2008) by South African singer-songwriter Jim Neversink.[citation needed]

Elizabeth Klarer is the subject of focus on Episode 477: Elizabeth Klarer of the podcast show The Last Podcast on the Left.[citation needed]

In 2023, a documentary about Elizabeth Klarer and her claims, entitled Beyond the Light Barrier, was released.[25]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Christopher, Paul (1998). Alien Intervention. Lafayette, LA: Huntington House. pp. 156–7]. ISBN 9781563841484.
  2. Jump up to:a b c Dmitriyev, Yevgeny (2004). "Aliens take samples of semen and ovule from human abductees for their genetic experiments"Pravda.ru. Archived from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  3. Jump up to:a b c d Klarer, Elizabeth (2008) [1980]. Beyond The Light Barrier: The Autobiography of Elizabeth KlarerClaremont, Cape TownZA: New Vision. ISBN 9780620319058.
  4. Jump up to:a b c d e Streicher, Thomas James (Ph.D.) (2012). Extra-planetary experiences: alien-human contact and the expansion of consciousness. Bear & Co. pp. 56–59. ISBN 9781591438946.
  5. Jump up to:a b c d Beukes, Lauren (19 February 2010). "The Woman Who Loved An Alien"bookslive. Retrieved 25 August 2016.
  6. Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j Beukes, Lauren (2015). Maverick: extraordinary women from South Africa's past. South Africa: Penguin Random House. pp. 241–. ISBN 9781415206720.
  7. Jump up to:a b c d e "Beyond the Light Barrier: Elizabeth Klarer (Documentary)"YouTubeArchived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  8. Jump up to:a b Faria, J. Escobar (1960). Discos Voadores, Contatos com Sêres de Outros Planêtas. Volume 15 of O Homem e o Universo (in Portuguese). São Paulo: Edições Melhoramentos. p. 28. OCLC 22285507.
  9. ^ "Obituaries: Samuel Bancroft Woollatt 1876 - 1952"Journal of the South African Veterinary Association23 (1): 55–56. January 1952. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  10. ^ "'n Ander wêreld". Beeld. 22 February 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  11. Jump up to:a b c d e f g Ragaz, J. Heinrich (March–April 1957). "Mein Flug in einem Raumschiff" (PDF)Weltraumbote (16/17): 3–8. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  12. Jump up to:a b c d e f Allan, Jani (March 1983). "UFO's, Elizabeth Klarer and FYI Katy Perry you are 30 years late"Just Jani Column. janiallan.com. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  13. ^ "History of Polo in South Africa: 1920s & 1930s"South African Polo Association. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  14. ^ Laffaye, Horace A. (2015). The Polo Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 405. ISBN 9781476619569.
  15. Jump up to:a b c d e Coan, Stephen (2 July 2012). "Written in the Stars: On World UFO day, Stephen Coan takes a look at KwaZulu-Natal's very own Elizabeth Klarer". The Witness. Retrieved 1 November 2019 – via PressReader.
  16. Jump up to:a b c d Sievers, Edgar (December 1956). "Encounter in South Africa" (PDF)Uranus3 (3): 56–59. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  17. Jump up to:a b c d e f g Blomqvist, Håkan (16 March 2019). "The Edith Nicolaisen - Elizabeth Klarer correspondence"Håkan Blomqvist's blog. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  18. ^ Hind, Cynthia (March 1992). "Woman takes photo of flying saucer" (PDF)UFO Afrinews5: 28.
  19. ^ "Landing in South Africa". Flying Saucer Review: 1–4. December 1956.
  20. ^ Randles, Jenny (2006). "Star Children". Archived from the original on 5 May 2006.
  21. ^ McKenzie, Hal. "Britain ahead of U.S. in UFO disclosure"cosmictribune.com.
  22. Jump up to:a b c d Hind, Cynthia (July 1999). "UFO Afrinews" (PDF)UFO Afrinews (20): 6–10. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  23. Jump up to:a b Gottschall, Sheryl (15 May 2019). "Exclusive interview with Kitty Smith"UFORQ Australia. YouTube. Archived from the original on 14 December 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
  24. Jump up to:a b "Elizabeth Klarer". Beeld. 6 June 2006. Retrieved 25 November 2019.
  25. ^ "Beyond The Light Barrier"Encounters Festival South Africa. Retrieved 7 October 2023.

External links[edit]



======
Beyond the Light Barrier
The allegedly true story about a legendary meteorologist who spent her days on earth to convince the world that her alien lover from an advanced human race existed, and held the only solutions to all our problems on earth. Science? Fiction? Or the greatest science-fiction love story of all time?
IMDb 6.7
1 h 27 min
2023
PG
Documentary
International





Beyond the Light Barrier: The Autobiography of Elizabeth Klarer eBook : Klarer, Elizabeth: Amazon.com.au: Kindle Store

Beyond the Light Barrier: The Autobiography of Elizabeth Klarer eBook : Klarer, Elizabeth: Amazon.com.au: Kindle Store
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Beyond the Light Barrier: The Autobiography of Elizabeth Klarer Kindle Edition
by Elizabeth Klarer (Author) Format: Kindle Edition


4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars 223 ratings

Book description
Editorial reviews

Beyond the Light Barrier is the autobiographical story of Elizabeth Klarer, a South African woman and Akon, an astrophysicist from Meton, a planet of Proxima Centuri that, at a distance of about 4.3 light years, is our nearest stellar neighbor. Elizabeth was taken in his spaceship to Meton, where she lived with him and his family for four months and where she bore his child. Her life on Meton is fascinatingly described. Akon brought Elizabeth back to Earth after the birth of their son, and continued to visit her thereafter. Akon explained how his spaceship's light-propulsion technology operated, and how it allowed him and his people to travel across vast interstellar distances. This technology is explained in detail in the book. Elizabeth was given a standing ovation at the 11th International Congress of UFO Research Groups at Weisbaden in 1975, and her speech as guest of honor was applauded by scientists of twenty-two nations. Light Technology Publishing is proud to bring you the long-awaited American edition in both hard copy and electronic format of Beyond the Light Barrier, which was first published in English in 1980.


275 pages
1 June 2009=B
Text-to-Speech ‏ : ‎ Enabled
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Enhanced typesetting ‏ : ‎ Enabled
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Sticky notes ‏ : ‎ On Kindle Scribe
Print length ‏ : ‎ 275 pagesBest Sellers Rank: 156,049 in Kindle Store (See Top 100 in Kindle Store)100 in UFOs (Kindle Store)
101 in Occult UFOs
261 in UFOs (Books)Customer Reviews:
4.3 4.3 out of 5 stars 223 ratings



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Top reviews from Australia


Ms Talitha F Banam

5.0 out of 5 stars InspiringReviewed in Australia on 23 July 2020
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Appeals to the imagination, the imagination being a vital tool for surface earth human evolution, though the human has generally been discouraged from utilising it, which in itself raises questions. Elizabeth's experiences spark a resonance of something for the reader that wants to be explored. A wonderful read, in every sense of the word.



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flyingleatherneck

4.0 out of 5 stars Worth a look for its overarching themeReviewed in Australia on 17 February 2020
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Very descriptive and evocative, but over-written at times in a committed search for perfect prose. The higher intelligence spaceman lover Akon comes across as a male with very dubious ethics; a romantic scoundrel like so many men are accused of being; flitting in and out irregularly at his own whim to charmingly seduce and impregnate the author, comes back to take custody of her child, then dumps her back on earth penniless and with a degenerative heart condition, cheerily waving “I’ll always love you” as he zooms away never to be seen again.

Yet the author’s undying love and devotion for him never falters.

Despite the fact that everything about the space people and their planet is written in an overly utopian way, as if they exist in an idealised Disneyland animated cartoon, with little birds landing on your shoulder or in your palm singing, where even childbirth is like an exquisite painless, orgasmic lullaby — the overarching philosophy of the author is sound and relevant.

I had to laugh when the beautiful ever loving and compassionate aliens always referred to humans on earth as despicable, disgusting imbecilic low-life, albeit you have to admit there’s some truth in that!

The epilogue from the son, in an updated version of the book 13 years after his mother’s death, seems astonishingly unnecessary, an excuse for him to impose his own personal devotion to Christianity, desiring to imprison his mother’s without-borders and limitless horizons philosophy within his own narrow, tunnel-vision Christian framework. Him declaring that she accepted Jesus on her deathbed reads more like his mother, half sedated, said anything to make him go away and leave her alone.

Whether or not Elizabeth’s story is entirely true, or more like a science fiction romance novel, her thematic messages of oneness, harmony and universal love are sound and worth the world hearing. In fairness, her son does offer one observation which is relevant, when he comments: “It may well have been a major objective and ideal of hers to present her philosophy, via this story, to a struggling humanity...”

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Top reviews from other countries

Karen Ribble
5.0 out of 5 stars Loved it.Reviewed in the United States on 11 January 2024
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A joy to read. I couldn’t put it down. A wonderful love story no matter what you believe. Elizabeth is an inspiration of bravery for telling her story and staying true to her own truth despite overwhelming criticisms and skepticism even from her own family, despite all proof she has presented.

2 people found this helpfulReport

Moira B
5.0 out of 5 stars ExcellentReviewed in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2023
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A very interesting book with some highly technical aspects for those who can understand these aspects. Even without understanding the technical details the biography is very interesting. The areas spoken of in South Africa can be found on Google World which adds extra interest. Very happy with this purchase.

One person found this helpfulReport

Karolina Norman
5.0 out of 5 stars Very educational and fascinating bookReviewed in Sweden on 18 February 2023
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Enjoyed this book to the max! Both the deeply romantic story between Elizabeth and Akon but also the teachings in the book that gives a very detailed understanding of the culture of Meton and their people. Highly recommend. The Zulu culture is woven into the narrative too since this story takes place in Zulu land.

However, the book ends in a disturbing way as Elizabeth's son, David, writes the last chapter from a christian view. Excuse me?!! His comments are narrow minded, dogmatic and he is smearing the legacy of his mother in the worst way: not resisting putting the last touch in HER book, HER story, HER legacy. Very disloyal and selfish to his own mother since she was dead when this happened and could not have any say in this christian chapter at the end of the book.
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Eon Anni
5.0 out of 5 stars beautiful and advanced, loving ETReviewed in Germany on 17 December 2021
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our future
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Selma Bartan
5.0 out of 5 stars Great BookReviewed in Canada on 7 May 2019
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Very informative, a must read.

One person found this helpfulReport
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『그가 여행한 길』 [M. Scott Peck은 어두운 면을 지닌 상처받은 치료자였습니다.>

 The Road He Travelled: The Revealing Biography of M Scott Peck : Jones, Arthur


This incisive biography reveals that M. Scott Peck's own life was difficult, very difficult. He was psychologically abused by his bullying father, a celebrity lawyer. He rebelled as a teenager and was briefly ordered into a psychiatric hospital. Having enjoyed sexual encounters with women and men, he defied his father by marrying Lily Ho, a Chinese girl he met at university. He later betrayed Lily, his wife of forty-three years, with extramarital affairs.

Peck served in the US Army but, appalled by the Pentagon's indifference to the atrocities of the Vietnam War, subsequently resigned his commission and set up in private practice. Being estranged from his three children because of his self-centred drive, Peck had a love-hate relationship with the fame his work brought him. Two years before his death from cancer in 2005, Lily left him and they divorced.

He married Kathy Yeates Peck in 2004.

M. Scott Peck was a wounded healer with a dark side.

With honesty and compassion, Arthur Jones maps the winding path through life of a man who gave so much hope to many, who was so helpful for others, yet who was nonetheless - reputation and money aside - frequently far less successful for himself, for his family and those closest to him.

The Road He Travelled is both the fascinating analysis of an unusual man who was full of contradictions, and also a cultural portrait of the self-help movement which had such an extraordinary impact on the Western world in the second half of the twentieth century.


이 예리한 전기는 M. Scott Peck 자신의 삶이 매우 어려웠다는 것을 보여줍니다. 그는 연예인급 변호사인 아버지로부터 따돌림을 당해 정신적으로 학대를 당했다. 그는 10대 때 반란을 일으켰고 잠시 정신병원에 입원하라는 명령을 받았습니다. 남녀노소를 불문하고 성적인 만남을 즐겼던 그는 대학에서 만난 중국인 소녀 릴리 호와 결혼해 아버지의 뜻을 거역했다. 그는 나중에 혼외정사로 43년 동안 함께한 아내 릴리를 배신했습니다. Peck은 미군에서 복무했지만 베트남 전쟁의 잔혹 행위에 대한 국방부의 무관심에 경악하여 그 후 사임하고 개인 사업을 시작했습니다. 자기중심적인 추진력으로 인해 세 자녀와 멀어진 Peck은 자신의 작품으로 얻은 명성과 애증의 관계를 가졌습니다. 2005년 그가 암으로 사망하기 2년 전, 릴리는 그를 떠나 이혼했습니다. 

그는 2004년 Kathy Yeates Peck과 결혼했습니다. 

<M. Scott Peck은 어두운 면을 지닌 상처받은 치료자였습니다.> 

정직과 연민으로 Arthur Jones는 많은 사람들에게 많은 희망을 주고, 다른 사람들에게 많은 도움을 주었지만, 그럼에도 불구하고, 평판과 돈은 제쳐두고 말하자면, 종종 자기 자신과, 가족과 그와 가장 가까운 사람들을.위해서는 훨씬 덜 성공했던 한 남자의 구불구불한 삶의 길을 그려냅니다. 

 『그가 여행한 길』은 모순으로 가득 찬 특이한 남자에 대한 매혹적인 분석이자, 20세기 후반 서구 세계에 엄청난 영향을 미친 자조운동의 문화적 초상화이기도 하다.


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** M. Scott Peck: Traveling Down the Wrong (un-Christian)) Road - Christian Research Institute 1996

M. Scott Peck: Traveling Down the Wrong Road - Christian Research Institute

M. Scott Peck: Traveling Down the Wrong Road
Author:  H. Wayne House
Article ID: DP102
Updated: Aug 23, 2023
Published:Jun 10, 2009

This article first appeared in the Christian Research Journal, volume 18, number 4 (Spring 1996). For more information about the Christian Research Journal, click here.
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SUMMARY

In setting forth his views on spiritual and mental health, Dr. M. Scott Peck has captivated the attention of Christians and non-Christians alike. The best-selling author of The Road Less Traveled and other books on spirituality and psychotherapy claims that true salvation or mental health comes to persons — whether Christian, Muslim, Hindu, Buddhist, agnostic, or atheist — as they set aside prejudices of the past and strive toward fulfilling their own potential to save themselves. In his teaching Peck denies practically every major doctrine of Christianity while advocating an unbiblical morality.

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Though M. Scott Peck’s name may not be immediately recognizable by everyone, multitudes have heard of his best-selling book The Road Less Traveled. This book has sold more than five million copies and has been on the New York Times “Bestsellers list for a record 600-plus weeks. Peck’s ideas have enjoyed widespread exposure through his books, interviews, and public addresses throughout the country. The high praise that is frequently lavished on Peck was expressed by popular television talk-show host, Oprah Winfrey, when she said, “Few writers have touched more lives than Dr. Peck, and few messages have empowered more people.”1 He has been compared to well-known evangelicals Chuck Swindoll and James Dobson.2

Morgan Scott Peck was born in an affluent family on New York City’s Park Avenue. His parents were “rugged individualists” who neither desired nor trusted intimacy.3 His early education was at an uppercrust private academy, which he left at age 15. Contrary to his parents’ desires, Peck quit the Phillips Exeter Academy due to excessive unhappiness4 and finished at a Quaker prep school in Manhattan.

While studying world religions at the Friends Seminary, Peck encountered and later embraced Zen Buddhism. This was the beginning of his spiritual journey. Peck remembers himself as a “freakishly religious kid,”5 but he was not at all taken with Christianity, which he considered mere “gobbledygook.”6

His purported conversion to Christianity occurred in 1980 prior to the publication of his second book, People of the Lie. He had a nondenominational baptism, and was discipled by a Roman Catholic nun. “I entered Christianity,” he said, “through Christian mysticism. I was a mystic before I was a Christian.”7 In People of the Lie he provides an account of his conversion: “After many years of vague identification with Buddhist and Islamic mysticism, I ultimately made a firm Christian commitment….My commitment to Christianity is the most important thing in my life and is, I hope, pervasive and total.”8

WHY IS PECK SO POPULAR?

Peck wrote The Road Less Traveled at a propitious time. Whereas psychotherapy stood at a distance from the average person — wrapped in “scientific” jargon and devoid of a spiritual dimension — Peck offered solutions in a nonscientific and easy-reading style. He addressed the spiritual cravings of Americans who apparently were not being satisfied through the church or their culture.

Over the past few decades many Americans have sought after a spiritual meaning to life. In fact, one study revealed that 58 percent of adults in this country “feel the need to experience spiritual growth.”9 In keeping with this, 25 percent of the titles on the December 1994 New York Times Bestseller list were on spiritual matters,10 albeit primarily from a psychological rather than a theological perspective.11

People come to Peck with numerous debilitating emotions like fear, anger, loneliness, guilt, and grief. He offers them relief. As a matter of fact, Peck promises that “we can solve all problems” with total discipline.12

PECK’S INFLUENCE AMONG CHRISTIANS

Surprisingly, Peck and his writings have had a strong influence on many Christians. Contemporary Christian magazine said his book People of the Lie is “enthralling, frustrating, controversial, paradoxical, revolutionary — People of the Lie may well be one of the most significant new works in recent memory” (emphasis in original).13

Not only has Peck been praised in the media, he is also a frequent speaker in Christian churches, as well as in New Age meetings.14 Since cowriting The Less Traveled Road and the Bible15 I have discovered that various Christian schools use Peck’s books in classes and Christian counseling centers give them to counselees.

Christians have not been very discerning regarding Peck’s teachings. Simply because Peck uses Christian terminology, or offers some legitimate solutions, many Christians have embraced him and his books without reservation. Using that same criteria, however, Mormon material should be accepted because it has helpful information on the family. Likewise, Jehovah’s Witness literature should be accepted because it argues against materialistic evolution. Certainly as much discernment and caution should be exercised with Peck’s works as is used for cultic material.

WHAT HELP DOES PECK OFFER?

In Peck’s thinking every individual needs to develop mental health. People are at different stages of this development. Peck has labeled these identifiable stages this way: 
  1. Stage 1, chaotic/antisocial; 
  2. Stage 2, formal/institutional; 
  3. Stage 3, skeptic/individual; and 
  4. Stage 4, mystic/communal.16 

He indicates that he has passed through the first three stages and is now in the final stage.17

Stage 1 comprises most young children and approximately one in five adults.18 Adults in this group are “people of the lie” who appear incapable of loving others and are thus antisocial.19

Stage 2 consists of individuals who conceive of God as “almost entirely that of an external, transcendent Being.”20 These people are barely better off than the criminals represented in Stage 1. They are fundamentalists/ inerrantists to Peck. They believe in a “Cop” in the sky who directs their lives. They need authority and they blindly follow the church.21

Stage 3 is composed of persons who are generally more spiritually developed than those content to remain in Stage 2.22 It is made up of atheists, agnostics, skeptics, and doubters. These men and women are active truth-seekers.23

Like Peck, people who have achieved stage 4 have graduated to the “mystic/communal stage of spiritual development.”24 Peck writes, “Mystics of every shade of religious belief have spoken of unity, of an underlying connectedness between things: between men and women, between us and the other creatures and even inanimate matter as well, a fitting together according to an ordinarily invisible fabric underlying the cosmos.”25 Here Peck reveals himself as a believer in the Eastern religious world view known as pantheistic monism: all is one and one is all; God is all and we are God.

For the Christian, however, salvation includes the forgiveness of sins, the gaining of power over sin in this life through the Holy Spirit, and an eternity with God apart from the presence of sin. Such a vision does not appear in Peck’s view of salvation. For him salvation is merely gaining mental health. In speaking of the need for the world to be saved, Peck says, “Demanding rules must both be learned and followed. But there are rules! Quite clear ones. Saving ones. They are not obscure. The purpose of [The Different Drum] is to teach these rules and encourage you to follow them…For that is how the world will be saved.”26 The rules Peck suggests may certainly be helpful in gaining some level of mental health or living one’s life productively, at least if interpreted in the context of a biblical world view. But they provide virtually no basis for eternal life or freedom from the guilt of sin. Let us now look at some of the ways in which Peck seeks to lead people toward “salvation” or mental health.

THE MEANS TO THE MENTAL HEALTH

Much of what Peck says in his discussion on mental health is helpful, if not original, since much of it is found in various portions of God’s Word. The problem is that Peck’s system of thought, taken as a whole, ultimately leads a person down the wrong road.

The first part of Peck’s solution for difficulties in this life is to develop discipline. Rather than running from problems, people must confront them: “This tendency to avoid problems and the emotional suffering inherent in them is the primary basis of all human mental illness. Since most of us have this tendency…most of us are mentally ill to a greater or lesser degree, lacking complete mental health.”27

There are four basic tools for discipline: (1) delaying gratification, (2) acceptance of responsibility, (3) dedication to truth, and (4) balance. If these approaches are used to confront pain or difficulty, the end result is personal growth.

Delaying gratification is “a process of scheduling the pain and pleasure of life in such a way as to enhance the pleasure by meeting and experiencing the pain first and getting it over with.”28 In other words, when one is faced with two alternatives, one should deal with the painful one first and then enjoy the pleasurable one.

According to Peck, the clear truth that we should accept responsibility for our actions is “seemingly beyond the comprehension of much of the human race.”29 Instead, many people are determined to skirt their problems or blame someone else.

The third tool of discipline (or technique for dealing with the pain of problem-solving) is dedication to the truth.30 This tool must be employed continually if our lives are to be healthy and our spirits are to grow. Such dedication to truth sounds good, but further reading of Peck makes one realize that his truth is a moving target; we must change our views of life as we adjust to new realities.31

Peck’s own experience illustrates the developing of new realities and new truth. He moved from a vague adherence to Hinduism and Buddhism (The Road Less Traveled) to a fervent belief in some form of Christianity (People of the Lie) to embracing New Age thought with all of its relativistic views of truth and morality (The Different Drum).

Part of Peck’s rejection of absolute and objective truth has to do with his rejection of parental and church authority.32 Moreover, Peck says, everyone must come up with his or her own truth through personal experience. We should not accept a hand-me-down religion.33 Paul and Jude, however, taught that Christians throughout history are to hold in common a specific body of doctrine (1 Cor. 15:1-11; Jude 3).

The fourth technique Peck suggests in developing discipline is balance, which refers to the ability to negotiate “conflicting needs, goals, duties, responsibilities, directions, et cetera.”34 Balance requires us to be flexible, adjusting to changes in our surroundings.

What is the motivation that will put into action the discipline expressed in the four techniques above? This leads us to one of the more helpful portions of The Road Less Traveled. In Peck’s discussion of “falling in love,” he demonstrates that this act is generally nothing more than a physical attraction that must give way to real love.35 True love is not based on emotions. So far so good. But what is “love” according to Peck? Unfortunately, genuine love in Peck’s understanding is selfish and self-replenishing. He says, “I never do something for somebody else but that I did it for myself. And as I grow through love, so grows my joy, ever more present, ever more constant.”36

In line with this thinking Peck denies that loving is sacrificial in nature: “The issue of masochism highlights still another very major misconception about love — that it is self-sacrificing….Whenever we think of ourselves as doing something for someone else, we are in some way denying our own responsibility. Whatever we do is done because we choose to do it, and we make that choice because it is the one that satisfies us the most. Whatever we do for someone else we do because it fulfills a need we have.37

Peck’s idea of love is obviously quite foreign to the Christian view, which teaches that true love is sacrificial, nonselfish at its heart. Biblical love seeks another person’s good, not our personal spiritual growth, though such growth might be a natural consequence. Like the Good Samaritan whose only thought was the person for whom he had compassion, Jesus, the greatest “Good Samaritan,” died for us while we were yet sinners, apart from any selfish desires (Rom. 5:8).

On the issue of religion, Peck believes everyone has religion and that it is helpful for spiritual growth. Most importantly, he says, we must develop our own religion and move beyond our parents.38 The key, however, is not to be dogmatic about religious views.39

Peck is nondiscriminatory in regard to religion. In seeking God, he says, any religion will do: “There are an infinite number of roads to reach God. People can come to God through alcoholism, they can come to God through Zen Buddhism, as I did, and they can come to God through the multiple ‘New Thought’ Christian churches even though they are distinctly heretical. For all I know, they can come to God through Shirley MacLaine. People are at various stages of readiness, and when they’re ready virtually anything can speak to them.”40

If Peck were merely saying that God can use one’s past religious experiences to lead one to the truth of Christianity, then I would have no quarrel with him. But Peck is open to all these religious views as being adequate to bring “salvation.”41 The Bible, on the other hand, reveals that there is only one road to God, through the person of Jesus Christ (John 14:6; Acts 4:12). And this salvation is made possible by the grace of God.

Grace is a beautiful biblical teaching. The Bible sets forth the utter inability of sinful human beings to perform any acts that make them worthy of God’s salvation, but then couples with this truth the teaching of grace. The unmerited favor of God, apart from any human works, puts believing human beings into a proper relationship with their Maker.

Peck, on the other hand, views grace variously as one’s health, unconscious events like dreams or idle thoughts, and serendipity or synchronicity in which seemingly accidental and unrelated occurrences are actually meaningful events that affect our lives.42 All of these things enable us to move to higher levels of spiritual growth. He says of this grace that it is a mysterious force that comes to us to help us along the road to spiritual growth,43 not as a gracious gift from God but something we earn: “Essentially, I have been saying that grace is earned. And I know this to be true.”44

Peck has turned grace into an impersonal force (in harmony with his impersonal God) which acts on our behalf to help us move toward spiritual growth. This teaching is totally foreign to the biblical view of God bestowing undeserved favor on wretched and rebellious sinners, made possible by the sacrificial death of Christ on the cross.

WHAT DOES PECK BELIEVE ABOUT THEOLOGY?

Self-Salvation

Peck believes the goal of humanity is to eventually become unified with unconsciousness (God) by our loss of self-consciousness, which is essentially Eastern mysticism joined with Jungian psychology. He says, “Since the unconscious is God all along, we may further define the goal of spiritual growth to be the attainment of godhood by the conscious self. It is for the individual to become totally, wholly God….The point is to become God while preserving consciousness….It is to develop a mature, conscious ego which then can become the ego of God.”45

The Meaning of Evil

While Peck’s ideas in The Road Less Traveled got him a hearing from the general public, The People of the Lie provided the means by which he began to build a bridge to the evangelical movement. Evangelicals were endeared to him by his comments in People about embracing the Christian faith as well as the Christian doctrine of sin. Unfortunately for his readers (and for Peck), his concept of sin dances around the biblical view, but never comes to grips with it. The Bible represents sin as rebellion against God and falling short of God’s standards of righteousness (1 John 3:4; Rom. 3:23). Because of this, physical and spiritual death entered the world (Rom. 5:12ff.), creating the need for the cross (Acts 2:22-24; 1 Cor. 15:3-4).

What is sin to Peck? At bottom it is laziness or avoiding legitimate suffering: “I have said that the attempt to avoid legitimate suffering lies at the root of all emotional illness,” and “ultimately there is only the one impediment, and that is laziness.”46

The original failure of Adam and Eve (mythical figures to Peck) was not rejection of the law of God but failure to enter into a debate with God, to question His authority, to communicate with Him on an adult level,47 and “to consult or listen to the god within them.”48

Peck’s Pantheistic God

Peck’s God is little different than the pantheistic view of God expressed in Eastern thought. God is not a truly personal being (though Peck sometimes speaks of God in terms that sound as if He is) but is rather the totality of the unconsciousness of which human beings and all other living and inanimate things are a part. Since Peck now has adopted process thought, which holds that there is constant change in God,49 his ideas are difficult to track. Wendy Kaminer says of Peck, “Even Peck’s most avid readers would probably have trouble explaining his ideas” about God.50

At times Peck speaks of God as “He” and sometimes as “She.” He even calls God “it,” though this pronoun is usually reserved by him for the Devil.51 However, even when Peck uses personal terms for God, we should understand that his fundamental understanding of God is that of an impersonal universal consciousness. When Peck speaks of God as “He,” he is speaking figuratively of the penetration of God into our lives.52 It is this conception of God that causes Peck to speak of God as sexual.53

Another Jesus

The Bible presents Jesus as God and thus one with the Father, yet incarnated as a man, thus making Him one with humanity. The early Christian creeds recognized this full and true deity and full and true humanity existing in the one person of Jesus Christ. We cannot take away from either nature without becoming heretical.

To Peck, however, Jesus is little more than an Eastern mystic on a par with other great world religious teachers.54 He never calls Christ his Savior, and he really doesn’t believe that Jesus’ life — and especially His death — have more purpose than to be an example of how we need to move toward spiritual growth.

According to Peck, Jesus shows us the way to salvation. He doesn’t save us. As Peck says elsewhere, “Becoming the most we can be is also the definition of salvation.”55 Despite Jesus’ admirable qualities which we should emulate, Peck says, Jesus was usually frustrated, depressed, anxious, scared, rude,56 and prejudiced.57 At one point in his writing, Peck intimates strongly that Jesus was a bisexual who had relations with both Mary Magdalene and John, the beloved disciple.58

The Jesus portrayed by Peck is hardly deserving of the adoration and worship given to him over the centuries. He certainly is not worthy of the millions who have suffered distress and even death for him. He is no Savior and, in fact, he — like everyone else — had to save himself. By contrast, the Jesus of the Scriptures is the sinless Son of God who gave His life freely for humanity and will come again to judge those who refuse His call.

The Bible Is a Book of Myths

Though Peck claims to have been a Christian since 1980, he still believes the Bible to be a flawed book. The Bible “is a mixture of legend, some of which is true and some of which is not true. It is a mixture of very accurate history and not so accurate history. It is a mixture of outdated rules and some pretty good rules. It is a mixture of myth and metaphor.”59

For Peck, persons who take the Bible as the inerrant Word of God actually detract from the Bible60 and “strangely misuse”61 it. He appears to adopt the view that the only options open to the Christian are to either take the Bible in a rigidly literalistic way or to accept it as errant and often mythical.62

Peck’s views on Scripture strike at the very foundation of Christianity and cause all Christian doctrines to be clouded with uncertainty. Space will not allow us to interact with his inaccurate and ill-informed understanding of biblical accuracy and legitimate methods of interpretation. Suffice it to say that if the events described in the Bible did not occur, then Christians are fools in a fake religion, dedicating their lives and eternal destinies to a God that does not exist (see 1 Corinthians 15:1-19). Jesus and His apostles have one testimony: the Bible is the very Word of God and does not err (John 10:35; 2 Tim. 3:16-17; 2 Pet. 1:19-21).

Peck’s “Preferences” on the Afterlife

Peck’s views on the afterlife are nebulous and generally noncommittal. He says he is open to reincarnation, but he is not passionate about this view since the Christian alternatives to explain the afterlife are possible.63

Peck is most agreeable to the idea of heaven and believes that it is open to everyone, regardless of sex, race, or religion. He believes this is so because God loves variety.64 On the other hand, hell, as a place of judgment from God, is outright rejected: “I simply cannot accept the view of Hell in which God punishes people without hope and destroys souls without a chance for redemption.”65 Rather than hell being a part of the afterlife, he believes that hell is here on earth. Evil people, he avers, in fleeing the voice of their conscience create their own hell,66 one from which they can escape, if they wish.67

Though he rejects hell, he does like the idea of purgatory and assigns to it a psychiatric quality: “I imagine Purgatory as a very elegant, well-appointed psychiatric hospital with the most modern and highly developed techniques for making learning as gentle and painless as possible under divine supervision.”68 Hardly the normal view of purgatory!

Lastly, Peck says that he finds “distasteful the traditional idea of Christianity which preaches the resurrection of the body.”69 He holds this position because he believes the resurrection is a limitation on the person and that souls are able to live independently of the body.70

What Is a Christian?

Since Peck now says that “Christianity is the most important thing” in his life and is, he hopes, “pervasive and total” within it71 it is important to ask what he means by being a Christian. When a patient asked him this soon after his claimed conversion to Christianity, he remarked that at the core of the Christian faith is some “strange concept of sacrifice.”72

Even now, more than 15 years after his supposed conversion, Peck admits that he doesn’t know what it means to be a Christian.73 The best definition he has been able to give is that a Christian is one who “will be for Jesus a pleasant place of shelter.”74 The “who” includes just about anyone of any religion, whether Muslim, atheist, or agnostic.75

PECK’S ADVOCACY OF IMMORALITY

One of Peck’s strengths is his attempt to be honest and open. Certainly this reflects a biblical perspective. The willingness to lay one’s life open to others is commendable — but only when honesty is joined with repentance. The latter is not the case with Peck.

Peck rejects most of the moral standards of biblical Christianity, not to mention even conventional societal standards. He calls himself a “hard-drinking, hard-smoking, hard-swearing” evangelist.76 He clearly lives up to this reputation, since many believe that he is an alcoholic,77 and he admits his addiction to cigarettes78 and “uppers.”79 He also takes pride in his use of profanity80 and pornography.81 Peck also believes that homosexuality reflects God’s love for variety.82

In his recent book, In Search of Stones: A Pilgrimage of Faith, Reason and Discovery, Peck reveals various extramarital affairs. He apologizes for some of these, but not all. As reviewer Wayne Boulton says, “Shouldn’t we be suspicious when the language of heroism is applied to someone’s extramarital affairs?”83 There is a place for forgiveness and restoration, but simply excusing sinful activities with “Well, at least I was honest about them” does not do much. It would be like a rapist or bank robber wanting to be exonerated because he admitted his crime. There are repercussions to sin. Peck needs to admit this.

M. Scott Peck presents an important challenge to those concerned with defending the Christian faith. Certainly it would be rare for Christian magazines, churches, colleges, counseling centers, and individuals to defend the heretical teachings of a cult. Yet Peck, who shares the same heretical teachings as the cults, has been touted as a hero. This poses a conundrum in the minds of those who are committed to presenting God’s truth. How can we confront the cults when the church embraces a heretic? The fact that Richard Abanes and my recent book is the first major analysis of Peck’s thinking shows that the Christian community has not taken him seriously enough. Certainly I wish for Peck to come to know the Savior, but I also desire for the Christian community to gain spiritual discernment and maintain fidelity to the Word of God. This the Christian community has failed to do by promoting someone who manifests neither the proper understanding of orthodox Christian doctrine nor basic Christian morality.

 

NOTES

  1. Oprah Winfrey Show, on ABC (8 December 1993), written transcript as quoted in Warren Smith, “M. Scott Peck: Community and the Cosmic Christ,” SCP Journal, 19:2-3 (1995), 21.
  2. Wendy Kaiminer, I’m Dysfunctional, You’re Dysfunctional: The Recovery Movement and Other Self-Help Fashions (Redding, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992), 129.
  3. John Dart, “Spiritual-Growth Evangelism: Path to World Peace?” Los Angeles Times, 17 June 1987, 1.
  4. Russell Miller, “The Road Warrior,” Life, December 1992, 74.
  5. Diane Connors, “M. Scott Peck,” Omni, October 1988, 126.
  6. Ibid.
  7. Dart, 4.
  8. M. Scott Peck, People of the Lie (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983), 11.
  9. Barbara Kantrowitz, “In Search of the Sacred,” Newsweek, 28 November 1994, 52.
  10. Eugene Taylor, “Desperately Seeking Spirituality,” Psychology Today, November–December 1994, 56.
  11. Dennis M. Doyle, “Traffic Jam on the Spiritual Highway,” Commonweal, 9 September 1994, 18.
  12. M. Scott Peck, The Road Less Traveled (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1978), 16.
  13. Peck, People, backcover endorsement.
  14. Miller, 74.
  15. H. Wayne House and Richard Abanes, The Less Traveled Road and the Bible: A Scriptural Critique of the Philosophy of M. Scott Peck (Camp Hill, PA: Horizon Books, 1995).
  16. M. Scott Peck, Further Along the Road Less Traveled (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 119-26.
  17.  M. Scott Peck, The Different Drum (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 188.
  18. Ibid.
  19. Ibid., 188-89.
  20. Ibid., 190.
  21. Ibid., 189-90.
  22. Ibid., 191.
  23. Ibid., 191-92.
  24. Ibid., 192.
  25. Ibid.
  26. Ibid., 21.
  27. Peck, Road, 16-17.
  28. Ibid., 19.
  29. Ibid., 32.
  30. Ibid.
  31. Ibid., 44.
  32. Peck, Further Along, 66, 166
  33. Ibid., 194.
  34. Ibid., 66.
  35. Ibid., 94.
  36. Ibid., 160.
  37. Ibid., 115-16.
  38. Ibid., 195-96.
  39. Ibid., 222.
  40. Ibid., 155.
  41. Ibid., 154.
  42. Peck, Road, 236, 243.
  43. Ibid., 261.
  44. Ibid., 306.
  45. Ibid., 283.
  46. Ibid., 133, 271.
  47. Ibid., 272-73.
  48. Ibid., 273.
  49. Peck, A World Waiting to Be Born (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1993), 297.
  50. Kaminer, 127.
  51. Peck, People, 197, 198, 206.
  52. Ibid., 12.
  53. Peck, Further Along, 230.
  54. Peck, World, 21.
  55. Ibid., 12.
  56. Ibid., 75.
  57. Peck, Further Along, 160.
  58. Peck, World, 77.
  59. Peck, Further Along, 107.
  60. Ibid.
  61. Ibid.
  62. Ibid.
  63. Ibid., 169.
  64. Ibid., 173.
  65. Ibid., 171.
  66. Peck, People, 67.
  67. Peck, Further Along, 171; People, 67.
  68. Peck, Further Along, 169.
  69. Ibid., 168-69.
  70. Ibid., 169.
  71. Peck, People, 11.
  72. Peck, Further Along, 199.
  73. Ibid.
  74. Peck, People, 11.
  75. Ibid.
  76. Dart, 4.
  77. Miller, 74, 79.
  78. David Sheff, “Playboy Interview: M. Scott Peck,” Playboy, March 1992, 44.
  79. Peck, Further Along, 69.
  80. Ibid., 211; Sheff, 44.
  81. Sheff, 56.
  82. Peck, World, 17.
  83. Wayne G. Boulton, “Stones in the Road: M. Scott Peck’s Travels,” Christian Century, 22-29 November 1995, 1126-27.

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