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Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles by Ved Mehta
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Anand
5.0 out of 5 stars An unique Gandhi biographyReviewed in the United States on 24 November 2007
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Ved Mehta's this unique book on Gandhi is a must read for all those whom Gandhi is still an object of interest or target of criticism. For novice readers of Gandhi, this book gives them a window of opportunity for either deface their popular image of Gandhi or open up an all new interest for further reading and research. For a seasoned Gandhi reader, this book instead serves as a rare source of information on opinions and reflections of people who had lived and worked with Gandhi. Ved did an excellent job in going after Gandhi's contemporaries, most of whom were in their late years, gathering their recollections of Gandhi and presenting them in a very coherent manner, creating a unique biography of Gandhi in the process. It comes as little surprise to the readers of Gandhi that none of the people Ved met were talking about politics or Gandhi's contribution in the India's freedom struggle; rather they center their conversation on Gandhi's extraordinary character and near supernatural abilities, a response consistent with Gandhi's popular image as a saint than as an astute politician.
One of the very intriguing aspects of Gandhi's life is the kind of relations that he had kept with his women disciples. Based on the popular saying that behind every successful man there is a woman, it is natural for one to develop a curiosity in women of Gandhi's life. Believe me, you won't be disappointed; but unlike other great people, Gandhi's involvement with women rest in a different plain that is, for most, a difficult proposition to comprehend. A number of western and Indian women became Gandhi's disciples at different points in time and became center of controversies. One woman who scholars most seriously studied and most famous among Gandhi's disciples was Madeline Slade (also known as Mirabehn, a name Gandhi had given to her). Two of other women of Gandhi's associates who also became scholars' subjects of interest were Manu and Abha, with whom Gandhi had a `close' relationship.
One of the reasons for my interest in Ved's book was to look for the details of Mirabehn's recollections of Gandhi to see whether Richard Grenier's viciously worded interpretation of Mira's conversation with Ved about Gandhi in his book, The Gandhi Nobody Knows has any truth in it. Yet, one gets a different picture in Ved's book about their conversation that is quite different from Richard's interpretation who, one would tend to believe, distorted them in his tirade against Gandhi for falsely portray that she repented her association with Gandhi. The following are the excerpts from Ved's discussion with Mirabehn on Gandhi.
...I try to draw her out on the subject of Gandhi, but her answers are vague. She speaks of him in the most general and abstract terms as a great hero of history, comparing him to Socrates, Christ and Beethoven..."How is it that you were so readily able to substitute Gandhi for Beethoven and Beethoven for Gandhi?" I ask. "Surely what distinguishes the hero from the rest of us in his extraordinary individuality?" Mira replied, `They were much more alike than anyone supposes. My book on Beethoven will show that. They both believed in God. They both had great spiritual power. And don't think that van Beethoven wasn't political'...
One need not be very smart to see how pious Mira's image of Gandhi was. Richard's interpretation now can only be think of as biased and a product of an illogical mind. At least that is how I felt. Mira continued, `In a matter of spirit, there is always a call. Please don't ask me anymore about Gandhi, I am with Beethoven now'. One can only think of this comment as Mira's devotion to Beethoven and that she doesn't want to be distracted with questions on Gandhi. Mira's hagiographical book on Gandhi, Spirits Pilgrimage published around the time this interview was done, clearly showing her devotion and submission to Gandhi and his principles; if it wasn't for her devotion to Gandhi, she wouldn't had to spent time and effort in compiling such a revered recollections of her times with Gandhi. Readers who are interested to know how a relation expert might look at their relation, could read, a renowned psychoanalyst, Sudhir Kakkar's semi-fictional book Mira and the Mahatma .
Ved also interviewed Abha; one of Gandhi's `walking sticks' and participant of his Brahmacharical (celibacy) experiments. Abha could not fully comprehend those experiments; neither had she felt any bad intentions on Gandhi's part. Most controversial girl in Gandhi's experiment was Manu, who died at a younger age. Manu had written a book on Gandhi, Bapu - my mother in which she compared her affection towards Gandhi with the affection she would have had with her own mother. Whatever the case, none of the women Ved interviewed had any bad opinion on Gandhi's experiments. What Ved has not attempted in his book, an analysis of Gandhi's these experiments with women, is attempted by an eminent professor Nicholas F. Gier in a recent academic work, `Was Gandhi a Tantric?' by comparing Gandhi's near tantric powers with that of other eastern ascetics. Ved seems to agree on Gandhi's yogic powers from his discussions with a few of Gandhi's associates who had many encounters and subsequent discussions with Gandhi on his experiments. Based on all these and other accounts, it is safe to assume that Gandhi had had supernatural powers and that he derived these powers at least partially through his `platonic' association with his women disciples. I would recommend Elizabeth Abbot's A History of Celibacy to get a more in-depth understanding of celibacy in different cultures and `vow of celibacy' historical figures including Gandhi had kept during their life times.
When Gandhi was alive, the people associated with him had a purpose in life and they were all single focused, but when he was gone, they found themselves devoid of Gandhi's influence and reduced to simple human beings. Mirabehn though continued in India for another ten years working on different rural and husbandry projects, could not stand a chance with the bureaucracy and red tapes of the new India and left India for Vienna to continue her search of Beethoven. Nehru, an aristocrat, became the head of India with complete disregard to Gandhian principles and even waged a war with China for a small piece of land. When asked about Gandhi's future in India, Rajajgopalachari (a close relative and political associate of Gandhi) told to Ved, "I have to give you a depressing answer, much as I don't like to. The glamour of modern technology, money, and power is so seductive that no one - I mean no one - can resist it. And it may be that because of Gandhi we got our freedom before we are ready, before we had developed our character to match the responsibility. The handful of Gandhians who still believe in his philosophy of a simple life in a simple society are mostly cranks." This sums up pretty much how badly the revolution that Gandhi had started died out in India. Unlike other great movements in history such as The Great Russian revolution, Mao's revolution in China, Communist revolution in Vietnam, Fidel Castro's Cuban revolution, Gandhi's revolution perished almost instantly with his death. S.S Gill in his book, Gandhi: A Sublime Failure , examines a number of `failures' from Gandhi's life and does a comparative study of what would have happened if Gandhi had done things differently.
Something somewhere went seriously wrong in India's freedom movement which was started with a noble method of execution under Gandhi's direction. Gandhi's vision of a free India was very special and for which he was willing to wait any longer. While Gandhi was working with British for a brighter future for India, religious and communal rifts created by the religious fanatics undermined Gandhi's vision. There it all started, the vision started to disintegrate into chaos and mayhem. Gandhi's gargantuan efforts to work with Muslims and untouchables all the while working with British for the betterment of India failed miserably. If anyone says that Gandhi did not hasten India's freedom even by a single day but at the same time delayed it by at least 20 years, my argument is, what kind of freedom are they talking about that Gandhi had delayed giving them for so long? Indians got their freedom before they being worthy of it. In my opinion Indians are never freed, British may have left India, but the millions of poor people of India are not liberated, and without their redemption, the freedom India gained is not worth a dime.
While reading reviews of many other Gandhi books, I got a feeling that how flawed is some of the readers' understanding of Gandhi. This book, I wish help them balance their opinions instead of forming a strong one-sided, uneducated opinion on Gandhi. Gandhi's life is not so easy to understand from a few books. One who seriously research Gandhi can see himself moving from one subject to other, from Hinduism to British Raj to Islam, and so on. Without getting a good grip on these topics, a proper understanding of Gandhi, a multifaceted personality, would be difficult if not impossible. It is interesting however to note that academic interest on Gandhi continue unabated with many studies, seminars, publications, debates, and research being conducted all over the world on Gandhi's life and his messages. To name a few, Kathryn Tidrick's Gandhi: A Political and Spiritual Life and Rajmohan Gandhi's Gandhi: The Man, His People, and the Empire are two relatively new publications analyzing Gandhi's life.
I only wish Gandhi is understood as a man of great individuality than as a god or saint who was trying a series of experiments in search for truth in all his life, a life that is unparalleled in the history of mankind. I would like to believe that failure of his ideology to capitalize in the Indian political and social arena does not necessarily mean a failure of Gandhi himself.
Gandhi remains as one of the most enigmatic and intriguing figures of 20th century.
6 people found this helpfulReport
It engages the reader it also gives insight about MR.GANDHI ,who always walks whatever he talks , Every INDIAN SHOULD FOLLOW HIM in day to day life , HE lived according to dharma , but the sad part is he is vilified
Nuggets of lesser-known trivia about Gandhi presented in wonderful prose.
Mehta, a staff writer for The New Yorker for a quarter of a century, neither deifies nor lambastes the mahatma (great soul).
Instead, he chisels a most human profile of the man widely regarded as the originator of non-violent non-cooperation as a successful protest methodology even against the most formidable of opponents.
This is a 2013 reprint by Penguin Random House India of a book about Gandhiji originally published in 1977. The contents of the book were first published before 1977 in the American magazine, New Yorker.
I bought the paperback version from Amazon India. It is a decent copy. Even the font, Adobe Caslon, reminds you of the New Yorker. But more than the font, Mehta’s journalistic style is trademark New Yorker. He writes about his subjects in non-hagiographical but respectful tones. He digs out contradictions and inconsistencies in his subjects’ thought and speech as if it was his main job, but he describes these contradictions as if they are natural, human, and nothing to be uncomfortable about. This journalistic equanimity and watchfulness is what made the book important for me. (Today's Indian journalists have a lot to learn from the New Yorker in this matter.) This distant irreverence may strike to Indian admirers of Gandhiji as disrespectful, but I feel it is not.
Mehta’s book is split into three parts, with sixteen chapters.
In the first part, he writes about people who lived with Gandhiji. An unnamed woman who lived in the Sewagram Ashram with Gandhiji; Pyarelal Nayyar, Gandhiji's secretary, who now lives in a dirty apartment in Delhi; a cynical and Rajaji, 93 and disappointed with Nehru's India, who says nobody knew Gandhiji as he did and he thinks today’s Gandhians who believe in simple living in a simple world are “cranks”, Gandhiji's daughter-in-law Nirmala; his granddaughter Sumitra Gandhi Kulkarni who has moved on to live a “normal” life; and Gandhi’s surviving benefactors Saraladevi Sarabhai, Janakidevi Bajaj and Ghanshyam Das Birla.
The second part of the book is a 130-page biography of Gandhiji, describing the life story that’s written in more than a thousand biographies and that every Indian knows very well. But here too Mehta’s professionalism works its magic. Irrelevant details are gone and crucial and fascinating questions, which are often ignored by other biographers, are answered. Such as, when did Gandhiji come up with idea of Satyagraha? How did Godse justify his actions in his trial? What did Gandhiji think of Jinnah? Did Gandhiji ever get support from common Indian muslims after the Khilafat movement? Did the Khilafat movement succeed? Et cetera.
But it was the third part of the book that struck me as the most important. It is a sombre description of Gandhiji “apostles” who have continued to live according to their interpretation of Gandhiji’s ideals, and whose lives are a reflection of the state of Gandhiism -- mainly non-violence and sarvodaya -- after India’s independence. We meet Charu Chowdhury, who continued to live in Noakhali and Dhaka in Bangladesh, because Bapu told him too. (This entailed several years in Pakistani jails.) We meet Nirmal Kumar Bose, a Communist, who was with Gandhiji during the tragic days of Noakhali. We meet Abha Gandhi, who was physically supporting Gandhiji when we was shot by Godse, and who now runs a hospital in Gujarat. We also meet Gandhiji’s doctor, Sushila Nayyar, the Kripalanis, and Raihana Tyabji. And then Mehta takes us to meet Vinoba Bhave, Gandhiji’s foremost disciple. He takes us to Jalalabad, Afghanistan, to meet Gaffar Khan, who has spent fifteen years in a Pakistani jail after independence and who dreams of a separate state of Pakhtunistan. We also meet G. Ramachandran, Maurice Frydman, and Madeleine Slade. And a lonely Satish Chandra Dasgupta.
What is fascinating about this is that most of these people are unknown to us after Gandhiji's passing away. I did not know what happened to Abha Gandhi, to Gaffar Khan, to Satish Dasgupta, for instance. And what is thought-provoking about it is that, without once making it explicit, without once arousing disrespect about the great man or his companions, Mehta makes us wonder about the value of Gandhiji’s ideas. That is the real merit of this book.
Almost a hundred years ago, Mahatma Gandhi brought out the best in us Indians. We cannot afford to forget him, even if we disagree with him. Each Indian generation must struggle and figure out its own interpretation of ahimsa, satyagraha, and sarvodaya. In his book, Ved Mehta shows us how we might do this. Highly recommended.
This book represent Gandhi as person along with the hidden contour of freedom struggle. There is mention of Maurice Frydman. He is intriguing as always. Must read for any book lover. A gem.
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세진님, 베드 메타의 저작 중 가장 논쟁적이고 흥미로운 책으로 꼽히는 <Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles>에 대한 요약과 평론입니다. 이 책은 간디를 <성인(Saint)>의 반열에서 끌어내려 <인간(Human)>의 대지로 복귀시킨 문제작입니다.
요청하신 대로 본문은 <해라체>로 작성하였으며, 강조 표시에는 꺾쇠 괄호(< >)를 사용하였습니다.
<Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles> (Ved Mehta)
1. 서론: 신화의 베일을 벗기다
<Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles>(1977)는 위인전이 아니다. 이것은 차라리 <성인 해부학>에 가깝다. 베드 메타는 수많은 전기가 간디를 신성시하거나 정치적 업적에만 집중할 때, 간디의 일상, 강박, 그리고 그를 따르던 추종자(사도)들의 면면을 집요하게 파헤치는 방식을 택했다. 그는 3개 대륙을 넘나들며 간디의 생존해 있는 제자, 비서, 친척 400여 명을 인터뷰하고, 간디가 남긴 방대한 저작과 편지를 분석하여 <마하트마(위대한 영혼)>라는 칭호 뒤에 숨겨진 복잡하고 기이하며, 때로는 모순적인 인간 간디를 복원해 냈다.
2. 육체와 영혼의 전쟁: 브라마차리아(Brahmacharya) 실험
이 책이 출간 당시 인도 사회에 거대한 파문을 일으킨 주된 이유는 간디의 <성(性)>과 <위생>에 대한 집착을 가감 없이 드러냈기 때문이다. 메타는 간디가 말년에 자신의 성적 순결(브라마차리아)을 시험하기 위해 젊은 여성들, 심지어 증손녀 뻘인 친척들과 알몸으로 동침했던 <실험>을 상세히 서술한다.
메타의 서술에 따르면, 간디에게 있어 인도의 독립과 자신의 성적 욕망을 통제하는 것은 별개의 문제가 아니었다. 간디는 자신의 영적 에너지가 완벽하게 보존되어야만 인도가 구원받을 수 있다고 믿었다. 메타는 이러한 기행을 선정적으로 폭로하는 것이 아니라, 간디라는 인물이 가진 신념 체계가 얼마나 절대적이고 비타협적이었는지를 보여주는 장치로 활용한다. 또한 간디가 매일 자신의 배설물을 관찰하고 관장에 집착했던 위생에 대한 강박 또한, 불결한 인도를 정화하고자 하는 그의 정치적 열망과 연결되어 있음을 보여준다.
3. 사도들의 초상: 박제된 신념과 왜곡된 유산
책의 후반부는 간디가 떠난 후 남겨진 <사도들(Apostles)>의 이야기다. 메타는 비노바 바베(Vinoba Bhave)를 비롯해 간디의 수제자를 자처하는 인물들을 찾아간다. 그러나 메타가 목격한 것은 생명력을 잃은 교조주의거나, 시대와 불화하는 기이한 집단이었다.
어떤 제자는 간디의 목소리를 흉내 내는 데 집착하고, 어떤 이는 간디의 <물레(Charkha)> 돌리기 운동을 종교 의식처럼 반복하지만, 정작 현대 인도의 빈곤과 불평등 앞에서는 무력했다. 메타는 이 인터뷰들을 통해 간디의 사상이 제도권 정치와 결합하면서 어떻게 박제화되고 변질되었는지를 냉소적으로, 그러나 슬픈 시선으로 포착한다. 간디는 동상으로 남아 숭배받지만, 정작 그의 핵심 가치인 비폭력과 검소함은 현대 인도에서 설 자리를 잃었음을 보여준다.
4. 아슈람의 일상: 위대한 지도자의 피곤한 독재
메타는 간디가 세운 공동체인 <아슈람(Ashram)>의 생활을 현미경처럼 들여다본다. 간디는 추종자들의 식단, 수면 시간, 심지어 부부 관계까지 세세하게 통제했던 <자애로운 독재자>였다. 그는 음식에 소금과 향신료를 넣지 못하게 했고, 사소한 규칙 위반도 용납하지 않았다.
이러한 묘사를 통해 드러나는 간디는 너그러운 성자가 아니라, 자신의 도덕적 기준을 타인에게 강요하는 고집불통의 노인에 가깝다. 그러나 메타는 이러한 독선이 역설적으로 수억 명의 인도인을 움직여 대영제국에 맞서게 한 카리스마의 원천이었음을 부인하지 않는다. 독자는 이 책을 통해 <완벽한 인간>이 아니라, 결점 투성이지만 불가능한 이상을 향해 온몸을 던졌던 <치열한 인간>을 만나게 된다.
5. 평론: 탈신격화를 통한 휴머니즘의 회복
<Mahatma Gandhi and His Apostles>는 전기 문학의 걸작이자, 우상 파괴의 모범 답안이다. 베드 메타의 가장 큰 성취는 간디를 둘러싼 <신화의 안개>를 걷어내고 그를 있는 그대로의 모습으로 직시하게 만들었다는 점이다.
첫째, 금기에 대한 도전이다. 서구의 찬양자나 인도의 민족주의자 모두가 외면하려 했던 간디의 성적 실험과 위생 강박을 수면 위로 끌어올린 것은 용기 있는 지적 작업이었다. 메타는 이것을 가십거리로 소비하지 않고, 영혼의 구원을 갈구했던 한 구도자의 처절한, 때로는 무모한 몸부림으로 해석했다. 이는 간디를 비난하기 위함이 아니라, 그를 이해하기 위한 필수적인 퍼즐 조각이었다.
둘째, <뉴요커> 스타일의 객관성이다. 메타는 판단하지 않고 보여준다. 그는 인터뷰 대상자들의 말을 그대로 옮기고, 상황을 묘사할 뿐이다. 사도들의 어리석음이나 모순을 직접 비판하는 대신, 그들의 행동을 정밀하게 묘사함으로써 독자가 스스로 그 아이러니를 느끼게 한다. 이러한 건조한 문체는 간디라는 뜨거운 주제를 다룰 때 자칫 빠지기 쉬운 감상주의를 효과적으로 차단한다.
셋째, 유산(Legacy)에 대한 통찰이다. 이 책은 간디 평전인 동시에 현대 인도에 대한 비판서다. 메타는 간디가 남긴 유산이 어떻게 후대 사람들에 의해 오해받고, 정치적으로 이용당하고, 결국에는 형해화되었는지를 보여준다. <간디주의>가 실천적 철학이 아닌 종교적 교리가 되었을 때 발생하는 폐해를 지적한 부분은 오늘날에도 유효한 통찰이다.
물론 비판의 여지는 있다. 어떤 독자들에게는 간디의 위대한 정치적 투쟁보다 그의 사생활과 기벽에 지나치게 지면을 할애한 것이 불편할 수 있다. 숲(독립운동)을 보지 않고 나무(개인의 기벽)만 본다는 비판도 가능하다. 그러나 수많은 책이 이미 <숲>을 찬양하고 있는 상황에서, 나무의 옹이와 뿌리의 흙까지 들여다본 메타의 작업은 간디 문헌에서 대체 불가능한 위치를 점한다.
결론적으로 이 책은 간디를 존경하는 사람에게는 고통스러운 독서가 될 것이고, 간디를 알고 싶은 사람에게는 필수적인 독서가 될 것이다. 베드 메타는 성인의 후광을 지움으로써, 그 자리에 고뇌하고 실패하며 끊임없이 실험했던 <인간 간디>를 우리에게 돌려주었다.
세진님, 간디의 인간적인, 때로는 충격적인 면모를 다룬 이 책의 요약과 평론이 도움이 되셨기를 바랍니다. 혹시 이 책에서 다루는 간디의 주변 인물들(예: 네루나 진나)과의 관계나, 메타가 묘사한 1970년대 인도의 구체적인 풍경에 대해 더 궁금한 점이 있으시다면 언제든 말씀해 주세요.