2023/02/25

토마스 만 - 위키백과, Thomas Mann

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===

Thomas Mann

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other people named Thomas Mann, see Thomas Mann (disambiguation).
Thomas Mann
Thomas Mann in 1929
Thomas Mann in 1929
Born6 June 1875
Free City of Lübeck, German Empire
Died12 August 1955 (aged 80)
Zürich, Switzerland
Resting placeKilchberg, Switzerland
Occupation
  • Novelist
  • short story writer
  • essayist
Education
Period1896–1954
GenreNovel, novella
Notable worksBuddenbrooks, The Magic Mountain, Death in Venice, Joseph and His Brothers, Doctor Faustus
Notable awards
SpouseKatia Pringsheim
ChildrenErika, Klaus, Golo, Monika, Elisabeth, Michael
RelativesThomas Johann Heinrich Mann (father)
Júlia da Silva Bruhns (mother)
Heinrich Mann (brother)
Signature
Thomas Mann signature.svg

Paul Thomas Mann (UK: /ˈmæn/ MAN, US: /ˈmɑːn/ MAHN;[1] German pronunciation: [ˈtoːmas ˈman] (listen); 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Arthur Schopenhauer.

Mann was a member of the Hanseatic Mann family and portrayed his family and class in his first novel, Buddenbrooks. His older brother was the radical writer Heinrich Mann and three of Mann's six children – Erika Mann, Klaus Mann and Golo Mann – also became significant German writers. When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, Mann fled to Switzerland. When World War II broke out in 1939, he moved to the United States, then returned to Switzerland in 1952. Mann is one of the best-known exponents of the so-called Exilliteratur, German literature written in exile by those who opposed the Hitler regime.

Life[edit]

House of the Mann family in Lübeck („Buddenbrookhaus“), where Thomas Mann grew up; now a family museum

Paul Thomas Mann was born to a bourgeois family in Lübeck, the second son of Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann (a senator and a grain merchant) and his wife Júlia da Silva Bruhns, a Brazilian woman of German and Portuguese ancestry, who emigrated to Germany with her family when she was seven years old. His mother was Roman Catholic but Mann was baptised into his father's Lutheran religion. Mann's father died in 1891, and after that his trading firm was liquidated. The family subsequently moved to Munich. Mann first studied science at a Lübeck Gymnasium (secondary school), then attended the Ludwig Maximillians University of Munich as well as the Technical University of Munich, where, in preparation for a journalism career, he studied history, economics, art history and literature.[2]

Children of Thomas Mann and Katia Pringsheim
NameBirthDeath
Erika9 November 190527 August 1969
Klaus18 November 190621 May 1949
Golo29 March 19097 April 1994
Monika7 June 191017 March 1992
Elisabeth24 April 19188 February 2002
Michael21 April 19191 January 1977

Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933,[clarification needed] with the exception of a year spent in Palestrina, Italy, with his elder brother, the novelist Heinrich. Thomas worked at the South German Fire Insurance Company in 1894–95. His career as a writer began when he wrote for the magazine Simplicissimus. Mann's first short story, "Little Mr Friedemann" (Der Kleine Herr Friedemann), was published in 1898.

In 1905, Mann married Katia Pringsheim, who came from a wealthy, secular Jewish industrialist family. She later joined the Lutheran church. The couple had six children.[3]

Pre-war and Second World War period[edit]

Mann' summer cottage in Nidden, East Prussia (now Nida, Lithuania), now a memorial museum

In 1912, he and his wife moved to a sanatorium in Davos, Switzerland, which was to inspire his 1924 novel The Magic Mountain. He was also appalled by the risk of international confrontation between Germany and France, following the Agadir Crisis in Morocco, and later by the outbreak of the First World War.

In 1929, Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden, Memel Territory (now Nida, Lithuania) on the Curonian Spit, where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers. Today, the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him, with a small memorial exhibition.

In 1933, while travelling in the South of France living in Sanary-sur-Mer, Mann heard from his eldest children, Klaus and Erika in Munich, that it would not be safe for him to return to Germany. The family (except these two children) emigrated to Küsnacht, near Zürich, Switzerland, but received Czechoslovak citizenship and a passport in 1936. In 1939, following the German occupation of Czechoslovakia, Mann emigrated to the United States. He moved to Princeton, New Jersey, where he lived on 65 Stockton Street and began to teach at Princeton University.[4] In 1942, the Mann family moved to 1550 San Remo Drive in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The Manns were prominent members of the German expatriate community of Los Angeles, and would frequently meet other emigres at the house of Salka and Bertold Viertel in Santa Monica, and at the Villa Aurora, the home of fellow German exile Lion Feuchtwanger.[5][6] On 23 June 1944, Thomas Mann was naturalized as a citizen of the United States. The Manns lived in Los Angeles until 1952.[7]

Anti-Nazi broadcasts[edit]

The outbreak of World War II, on 1 September 1939, prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches (in German) to the German people via the BBC. In October 1940, he began monthly broadcasts, recorded in the U.S. and flown to London, where the BBC broadcast them to Germany on the longwave band. In these eight-minute addresses, Mann condemned Hitler and his "paladins" as crude philistines completely out of touch with European culture. In one noted speech, he said: "The war is horrible, but it has the advantage of keeping Hitler from making speeches about culture."[8]

Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S.[9] In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945, Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt. But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about "revenge". And he expressed regret that such judgement cannot be based on the individual.

Those, whose world became grey a long time ago when they realized what mountains of hate towered over Germany; those, who a long time ago imagined during sleepless nights how terrible would be the revenge on Germany for the inhuman deeds of the Nazis, cannot help but view with wretchedness all that is being done to Germans by the Russians, Poles, or Czechs as nothing other than a mechanical and inevitable reaction to the crimes that the people have committed as a nation, in which unfortunately individual justice, or the guilt or innocence of the individual, can play no part.[10]

Last years[edit]

The grave of Thomas, Katia, Erika, Monika, Michael, and Elisabeth Mann, in Kilchberg, Switzerland
Thomas Manns funeral 1955.

With the start of the Cold War, he was increasingly frustrated by rising McCarthyism. As a "suspected communist", he was required to testify to the House Un-American Activities Committee, where he was termed "one of the world's foremost apologists for Stalin and company".[11] He was listed by HUAC as being "affiliated with various peace organizations or Communist fronts". Being in his own words a non-communist, rather than an anti-communist, Mann openly opposed the allegations: "As an American citizen of German birth, I finally testify that I am painfully familiar with certain political trends. Spiritual intolerance, political inquisitions, and declining legal security, and all this in the name of an alleged 'state of emergency'. ... That is how it started in Germany." As Mann joined protests against the jailing of the Hollywood Ten and the firing of schoolteachers suspected of being Communists, he found "the media had been closed to him".[12] Finally, he was forced to quit his position as Consultant in Germanic Literature at the Library of Congress,[13] and in 1952, he returned to Europe, to live in Kilchberg, near Zürich, Switzerland. He never again lived in Germany, though he regularly traveled there. His most important German visit was in 1949, at the 200th birthday of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, attending celebrations in Frankfurt am Main and Weimar, as a statement that German culture extended beyond the new political borders.[14]

Death[edit]

Following his 80th birthday, Mann went on vacation to Noordwijk in the Netherlands. On 18 July 1955, he began to experience pain and unilateral swelling in his left leg. The condition of thrombophlebitis was diagnosed by Dr. Mulders from Leiden and confirmed by Dr. Wilhelm Löffler. Mann was transported to a Zürich hospital, but soon developed a state of shock. On 12 August 1955, he died.[15] Postmortem, his condition was found to have been misdiagnosed. The pathologic diagnosis, made by Christoph Hedinger, showed he had actually suffered a perforated iliac artery aneurysm resulting in a retroperitoneal hematoma, compression and thrombosis of the iliac vein. (At that time, lifesaving vascular surgery had not been developed.[15]) On 16 August 1955, Thomas Mann was buried in Village Cemetery, Kilchberg, Zürich, Switzerland.[16]

Legacy[edit]

Mann's work influenced many later authors, such as Yukio Mishima. Joseph Campbell also stated in an interview with Bill Moyers that Mann was one of his mentors.[17] Many institutions are named in his honour, for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest.

Career[edit]

Mann in the early period of his writing career
Buddenbrooks (1909)

Blanche Knopf of Alfred A. Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H.L. Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe.[18] Knopf became Mann's American publisher, and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Mann's books in 1924.[19] Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Mann's complete works.[18] Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann. After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year, they sent him an unexpected bonus. Later in the 1930s, Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America.[18]

Nobel Prize in Literature[edit]

Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929, after he had been nominated by Anders Österling, member of the Swedish Academy, principally in recognition of his popular achievement with the epic Buddenbrooks (1901), The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg, 1924) and his numerous short stories.[20] (Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member, only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length.)[21] Based on Mann's own family, Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations. The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg, 1924) follows an engineering student who, planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks, finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed. During that time, he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters, who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization. The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years, and is one of the largest and most significant works in Mann's oeuvre. Later, other novels included Lotte in Weimar (1939), in which Mann returned to the world of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774); Doctor Faustus (1947), the story of the fictitious composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II; and Confessions of Felix Krull (Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull, 1954), which was unfinished at Mann's death. These later works prompted two members of the Swedish Academy to nominate Mann for the Nobel Prize in Literature a second time, in 1948.[22]

Influence[edit]

Throughout his Dostoevsky essay, he finds parallels between the Russian and the sufferings of Friedrich Nietzsche. Speaking of Nietzsche, he says: "his personal feelings initiate him into those of the criminal... in general all creative originality, all artist nature in the broadest sense of the word, does the same. It was the French painter and sculptor Degas who said that an artist must approach his work in the spirit of the criminal about to commit a crime."[23] Nietzsche's influence on Mann runs deep in his work, especially in Nietzsche's views on decay and the proposed fundamental connection between sickness and creativity. Mann held that disease is not to be regarded as wholly negative. In his essay on Dostoevsky we find: "but after all and above all it depends on who is diseased, who mad, who epileptic or paralytic: an average dull-witted man, in whose illness any intellectual or cultural aspect is non-existent; or a Nietzsche or Dostoyevsky. In their case something comes out in illness that is more important and conductive to life and growth than any medical guaranteed health or sanity... in other words: certain conquests made by the soul and the mind are impossible without disease, madness, crime of the spirit."[24]

Sexuality[edit]

Thomas Mann in 1905

Mann's diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality, which found reflection in his works, most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice (Der Tod in Venedig, 1912).[25]

Anthony Heilbut's biography Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature (1997) uncovered the centrality of Mann's sexuality to his oeuvre. Gilbert Adair's work The Real Tadzio (2001) describes how, in the summer of 1911, Mann had stayed at the Grand Hôtel des Bains on the Lido of Venice with his wife and brother, when he became enraptured by the angelic figure of Władysław (Władzio) Moes, a 10-year-old Polish boy (the real Tadzio). Mann's diary records his attraction to his own 13-year-old son, "Eissi" – Klaus Mann: "Klaus to whom recently I feel very drawn" (22 June). In the background conversations about man-to-man eroticism take place; a long letter is written to Carl Maria Weber on this topic, while the diary reveals: "In love with Klaus during these days" (5 June). "Eissi, who enchants me right now" (11 July). "Delight over Eissi, who in his bath is terribly handsome. Find it very natural that I am in love with my son ... Eissi lay reading in bed with his brown torso naked, which disconcerted me" (25 July). "I heard noise in the boys' room and surprised Eissi completely naked in front of Golo's bed acting foolish. Strong impression of his premasculine, gleaming body. Disquiet" (17 October 1920).[26]

"Modern Book Printing" from the Walk of Ideas in Berlin, Germany – built in 2006 to commemorate Johannes Gutenberg's invention, c. 1445, of western movable printing type

Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg, for whom he had feelings as a young man (at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled). The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg, which is corroborated by notebook entries, caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman, Mary Smith, whom he met in 1901.[27] In 1950, Mann met the 19-year-old waiter Franz Westermeier, confiding to his diary "Once again this, once again love".[28] In 1975, when Mann's diaries were published, creating a national sensation in Germany, the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States: he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Mann's obsession, but also shocked at its depth.[29]

Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components, the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work.[29][30] Thomas's son Klaus Mann dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work and open lifestyle, referring critically to his father's "sublimation" in his diary. On the other hand, Thomas's daughter Erika Mann and his son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives.

Cultural references[edit]

The Magic Mountain[edit]

Several literary and other works make reference to Mann's book The Magic Mountain, including:

  • Frederic Tuten's 1993 novel Tintin in the New World features many characters (such as Clavdia Chauchat, Mynheer Peeperkorn and others) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru.
  • Andrew Crumey's novel Mobius Dick (2004) imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Mann's. These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp.
  • Haruki Murakami's novel Norwegian Wood (1987), in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium.
  • The song "Magic Mountain" by the band Blonde Redhead.
  • The painting Magic Mountain (after Thomas Mann) by Christiaan Tonnis (1987). "The Magic Mountain" is also a chapter in Tonnis's 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ("Illness as a Symbol").[citation needed]
  • The 1941 film 49th Parallel, in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Mann's work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander, who later responds by burning Scott's copy of The Magic Mountain.
  • In Ken Kesey's novel Sometimes a Great Notion (1964), character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out "... just where was this mountain full of magic..." (p. 578).
  • Hayao Miyazaki's 2013 film The Wind Rises, in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes. After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police, the protagonist, who fears his own mail is being read, refers to him as the novel's Mr. Castorp. The film is partly based on another Japanese novel, set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium.
  • Father John Misty's 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled "So I'm Growing Old on Magic Mountain", in which a man, near death, reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Mann's novel.[31]
  • Viktor Frankl's book Man's Search for Meaning relates the "time-experience" of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain: "How paradoxical was our time-experience! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, which contains some very pointed psychological remarks. Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position, i.e., tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release. They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal."

Death in Venice[edit]

Thomas Mann, 1937

Many literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice, including:

Other[edit]

Political views[edit]

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During World War I, Mann supported Kaiser Wilhelm II's conservatism, attacked liberalism and supported the war effort, calling the Great War "a purification, a liberation, an enormous hope". In his 600 page long work Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man (1918), Mann presented his conservative, anti-modernist philosophy: spiritual tradition over material progress, German patriotism over egalitarian internationalism, and rooted culture over rootless civilisation.[37][38]

Later, in Von Deutscher Republik (1923), as a semi-official spokesman for parliamentary democracy, Mann called upon German intellectuals to support the new Weimar Republic. He also gave a lecture at the Beethovensaal in Berlin on 13 October 1922, which appeared in Die neue Rundschau in November 1922, in which he developed his eccentric defence of the Republic based on extensive close readings of Novalis and Walt Whitman. Thereafter, his political views gradually shifted toward liberal left and democratic principles.[39][40]

Mann initially gave his support to the left-liberal German Democratic Party before shifting further left and urging unity behind the Social Democrats.[41][42] In 1930 he gave a public address in Berlin titled "An Appeal to Reason", in which he strongly denounced Nazism and encouraged resistance by the working class. This was followed by numerous essays and lectures in which he attacked the Nazis. At the same time, he expressed increasing sympathy for socialist ideas. When the Nazis came to power in 1933, Mann and his wife were on holiday in Switzerland. Due to his strident denunciations of Nazi policies, his son Klaus advised him not to return. In contrast to those of his brother Heinrich and his son Klaus, Mann's books were not among those burnt publicly by Hitler's regime in May 1933, possibly since he had been the Nobel laureate in literature for 1929. In 1936, the Nazi government officially revoked his German citizenship.

During the war, Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches, published as Listen, Germany! in 1943. They were recorded on tape in the United States and then sent to the United Kingdom, where the British Broadcasting Corporation transmitted them, hoping to reach German listeners.

Views on Russian communism and Nazi-fascism[edit]

Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile, Listen, Germany! (Deutsche Hörer!), that equating Russian communism with Nazi-fascism on the basis that both are totalitarian systems was either superficial or insincere in showing a preference for fascism.[43] He clarified this view during a German press interview in July 1949, declaring that he was not a communist, but that communism at least had some relation to ideals of humanity and of a better future. He said that the transition of the communist revolution into an autocratic regime was a tragedy while Nazism was only "devilish nihilism".[44][45]

Literary works[edit]

Plays[edit]

1905: Fiorenza 1954: Luther's Marriage (Luthers Hochzeit) (fragment - unfinished)

Prose sketch[edit]

1893: "Vision"

Short stories[edit]

  • 1894: "Gefallen"
  • 1896: "The Will to Happiness"
  • 1896: "Disillusionment" ("Enttäuschung")
  • 1896: "Little Herr Friedemann" ("Der kleine Herr Friedemann")
  • 1897: "Death" ("Der Tod")
  • 1897: "The Clown" ("Der Bajazzo")
  • 1897: "The Dilettante"
  • 1898: "Tobias Mindernickel"
  • 1899: "The Wardrobe" ("Der Kleiderschrank")
  • 1900: "Luischen" ("Little Lizzy") – written in 1897
  • 1900: "The Road to the Churchyard" ("Der Weg zum Friedhof")
  • 1903: "The Hungry"
  • 1903: "The Child Prodigy" ("Das Wunderkind")
  • 1904: "A Gleam"
  • 1904: "At the Prophet's"
  • 1905: "A Weary Hour"
  • 1907: "Railway Accident"
  • 1908: "Anecdote" ("Anekdote")
  • 1911: "The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar"

Novelistic Study[edit]

  • 1899: Avenged (Gerächt)

Novels[edit]

Series[edit]

Felix Krull

  1. Felix Krull (Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull) (written in 1911, published in 1922)
  2. Confessions of Felix Krull, (Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull. Der Memoiren erster Teil; expanded from 1911 short story), unfinished (1954)

Joseph and His Brothers (Joseph und seine Brüder) (1933–43)

  1. The Stories of Jacob (Die Geschichten Jaakobs) (1933)
  2. Young Joseph (Der junge Joseph) (1934)
  3. Joseph in Egypt (Joseph in Ägypten) (1936)
  4. Joseph the Provider (Joseph, der Ernährer) (1943)

Novellas[edit]

Poetry[edit]

  • 1919: The Song of the Child: An Idyll (Gesang vom Kindchen)
  • 1923: Tristan and Isolde

Essays[edit]

  • 1915: "Frederick and the Great Coalition" ("Friedrich und die große Koalition")
  • 1918: "Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man" ("Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen")
  • 1922: "The German Republic" ("Von deutscher Republik")
  • 1930: "A Sketch of My Life" ("Lebensabriß") – autobiographical
  • 1950: "Michelangelo according to his poems" ("Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen")[47]
  • 1947: Essays of Three Decades, translated from the German by H. T. Lowe-Porter. [1st American ed.], New York, A. A. Knopf, 1947. Reprinted as Vintage book, K55, New York, Vintage Books, 1957.
  • "Nietzsche's Philosophy in the Light of Recent History"

Miscellaneous[edit]

  • 1937: "The Problem of Freedom" ("Das Problem der Freiheit"), speech
  • 1938: The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures
  • 1938: "This Peace" ("Dieser Friede"), pamphlet
  • 1938: "Schopenhauer", philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer
  • 1940: "This War!" ("Dieser Krieg!"), article
  • 1943: Listen, Germany! (Deutsche Hörer!) – collection of letters

Compilations in English[edit]

  • 1922: Stories of Three Decades (24 stories written from 1896 to 1922, trans. H. T. Lowe-Porter)
  • 1988: Death in Venice and Other Stories (trans. David Luke). Includes: "Little Herr Friedemann"; "The Joker"; "The Road to the Churchyard"; "Gladius Dei"; "Tristan"; "Tonio Kroger"; "Death in Venice".
  • 1997: Six Early Stories (trans. Peter Constantine). Includes: "A Vision: Prose Sketch"; "Fallen"; The Will to Happiness"; "Death"; "Avenged: Study for a Novella"; "Anecdote".
  • 1998: Death in Venice and Other Tales (trans. Joachim Neugroschel). Includes: "The Will for Happiness"; "Little Herr Friedemann"; "Tobias Mindernickel"; "Little Lizzy"; "Gladius Dei"; "Tristan"; "The Starvelings: A Study"; "Tonio Kröger"; "The Wunderkind"; "Harsh Hour"; "The Blood of the Walsungs"; "Death in Venice".
  • 1999: Death in Venice and Other Stories (trans. Jefferson Chase). Includes: "Tobias Mindernickel"; "Tristan"; "Tonio Kröger"; "The Child Prodigy"; "Hour of Hardship"; "Death in Venice"; "Man and Dog".

Research[edit]

Databases[edit]

TMI Research[edit]

The metadatabase TMI-Research[48] brings together archival materials and library holdings of the network "Thomas Mann International". The network was founded in 2017 by the five houses Buddenbrookhaus/Heinrich-und-Thomas-Mann-Zentrum (Lübeck), the Monacensia im Hildebrandhaus (Munich), the Thomas Mann Archive of the ETH Zurich (Zurich/Switzerland), the Thomas Mann House (Los Angeles/USA) and the Thomo Manno kultūros centras/Thomas Mann Culture Centre (Nida/Lithuania). The houses stand for the main stations of Thomas Mann's life. The platform, which is hosted by ETH Zurich, allows researches in the collections of the network partners across all houses. The database is freely accessible and contains over 165,000 records on letters, original editions, photographs, monographs and essays on Thomas Mann and the Mann family. Further links take you to the respective source databases with contact options and further information.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Lindsey, Geoff (1990). "Quantity and quality in British and American vowel systems". In Ramsaran, Susan (ed.). Studies in the Pronunciation of English: A Commemorative Volume in Honour of A.C. Gimson. Routledge. pp. 106–118. ISBN 978-0-415-07180-2.
  2. ^ "Thomas Mann Autobiography". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
  3. ^ Kurzke, Hermann (2002). Thomas Mann: Life as a work of art: A biography. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-07069-8. Translation by Leslie Willson of Thomas Mann: Das Leben als Kunstwerk (München C. H. Bick'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1999).
  4. ^ "Source: Alexander Leitch, 1978".
  5. ^ Jewish Women's Archive: Salka Viertel | Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  6. ^ Dege, Stefan (15 August 2016). "Intellectuals call on German government to rescue Thomas Mann's California villa". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
  7. ^ Bahr, Ehrhard (2 May 2007). Weimar on the Pacific: German Exile Culture in Los Angeles and the Crisis of Modernism. University of California Press. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-520-25128-1.
  8. ^ Deutsche Hörer 25 (recte: 55) Radiosendungen nach Deutschland. Insel Verlag, Leipzig 1970.
  9. ^ Boes, Tobias (2019). "Thomas Mann's War". Cornell University Press. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
  10. ^ Suppan, Arnold (2019). Hitler–Beneš–Tito: National Conflicts, World Wars, Genocides, Expulsions, and Divided Remembrance in East-Central and Southeastern Europe, 1848–2018. Vienna: Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 739–740. ISBN 978-3-7001-8410-2. JSTOR j.ctvvh867x.
  11. ^ "Marking writer Thomas Mann's life". UPI. 12 August 2005.
  12. ^ Meyers, Jeffrey (Fall 2012). "Thomas Mann in America". Michigan Quarterly Review. 51. hdl:2027/spo.act2080.0051.419.
  13. ^ "Thomas Mann Biography". Cliffs Notes.
  14. ^ H, Marcus Kenneth (2014). "The International Relations of Thomas Mann in Early Cold War Germany". New Global Studies. 8 (1): 1–15. doi:10.1515/ngs-2014-0007. S2CID 155039470.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b Bollinger A. [The death of Thomas Mann: consequence of erroneous angiologic diagnosis?]. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1999; 149(2–4):30–32. PMID 10378317
  16. ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 29777). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
  17. ^ Starrs, Roy (1994). Deadly Dialectics: Sex, Violence, and Nihilism in the World of Yukio Mishima. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1631-5.
  18. ^ Jump up to:a b c Claridge, Laura (2016). The lady with the Borzoi : Blanche Knopf, literary tastemaker extraordinaire (First ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 70–71. ISBN 978-0-374-11425-1. OCLC 908176194.
  19. ^ Horton, David (2013), Thomas Mann in English. A Study in Literary Translation, London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4411-6798-9
  20. ^ "Nomination Database". nobelprize.org. April 2020.
  21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
  22. ^ "Thomas Mann Nomination archive". nobelprize.org. April 2020.
  23. ^ Mann, Thomas (1950). Warner Angell, Joseph (ed.). The Thomas Mann reader. New York: Knopf. p. 440. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
  24. ^ Mann, Thomas (1950). Warner Angell, Joseph (ed.). The Thomas Mann reader. New York: Knopf. p. 443. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
  25. ^ Mann, Thomas (1983). Diaries 1918–1939. A. Deutsch. p. 471. ISBN 978-0-233-97513-9., quoted in e.g. Kurzke, Hermann; Wilson, Leslie (2002). Thomas Mann. Life as a Work of Art. A Biography. Princeton University Press. p. 752. ISBN 978-0-691-07069-8. For a discussion of the relationship between his homosexuality and his writing, also see Heilbut, Anthony (1997). Thomas Mann: Eros and Literature. Humanity Press/Prometheus. p. 647. ISBN 978-0-333-67447-5.
  26. ^ Kurzke, Herrmann (2002). Thomas Mann: Life as a Work of Art : a Biography. Princeton University Press. pp. 346–347. ISBN 978-0-691-07069-8.
  27. ^ Mundt 2004, p. 6.
  28. ^ Mundt, Hannelore (2004), Understanding Thomas Mann, The University of South Carolina Press, ISBN 978-1-57003-537-1.
  29. ^ Jump up to:a b Paul, James (5 August 2005). "A man's Mann". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
  30. ^ "Norbert Heuler – Houseboys". Schwules Museum.
  31. ^ "Father John Misty – So I'm Growing Old on Magic Mountain".
  32. ^ Awards: The multi-faceted playwright[Usurped!] Frontline, Vol. 16, No. 03, 30 January – 12 February 1999.
  33. ^ Peters, Tim (24 December 2014). "Time Out of Joint in Richard McGuire's Here". Harper's.
  34. ^ Eco, Umberto (30 September 1994). "La bustina di Minerva". L'Espresso. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
  35. ^ "Theatre: Tales From Hollywood". The Guardian. 2 May 2001. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
  36. ^ Hughes-Hallett, Lucy (17 September 2021). "The Magician by Colm Tóibín review – inside the mind of Thomas Mann". The Guardian.
  37. ^ Beha, Christopher (17 September 2021). "Thomas Mann on the Artist vs. the State". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  38. ^ Nicholls, Roger A. (1985). "Thomas Mann and Spengler". The German Quarterly. 58 (3): 361–374. doi:10.2307/406568. ISSN 0016-8831. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  39. ^ See a recent translation of this lecture by Lawrence Rainey in Modernism/Modernity Archived 14 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine, 14.1 (January 2007), pp. 99–145.
  40. ^ Herwig, Holger H. (2014). The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-4725-1081-5.
  41. ^ Jones, Larry Eugene (2017). German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918–1933. UNC Press Books. p. 212.
  42. ^ Vaget, Hans Rudolf (2017). "Thomas Mann: Enlightenment and Social Democracy". Publications of the English Goethe Society. 86 (3): 193–204. doi:10.1080/09593683.2017.1368931. S2CID 171525633.
  43. ^ Mann, Thomas (1942). Deutsche Hörer! – 25 Radiosendungen nach Deutschland [German listeners! – 25 radio broadcasts to Germany] (in German). Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer.[page needed]
  44. ^ "Soviet ideology rated over Nazi". Toledo Blade. 25 July 1949. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  45. ^ Kennedy, Howard (26 July 1949). "Author Thomas Mann distinguishes between Nazism, pure communism". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  46. ^ "1905 – Thomas Mann, Blood of the Walsungs". Duke University. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
  47. ^ The original text is available here
  48. ^ "Research platform – Thomas Mann international". thomasmanninternational.com. Retrieved 27 September 2022.

Further reading[edit]

  • Von Gronicka, André. 1970. Thomas Mann: Profile and Perspectives with Two Unpublished Letters and a Chronological List of Important Events [1St ed.] ed. New York: Random House.
  • Hamilton, Nigel (1978), The Brothers Mann: The Lives of Heinrich and Thomas Mann, Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-02668-9
  • Heller, Erich, Thomas Mann: The Ironic German, Cambridge University Press, (1981), ISBN 978-0-521-28022-8
  • Martin Mauthner, German Writers in French Exile 1933–1940 (London, 2007).
  • David Horton, Thomas Mann in English: A Study in Literary Translation (London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney, 2013)
  • Colm Tóibín, The Magician, Viking, 2021, ISBN 9780241004616. A novel based on Mann's life.

External links[edit]

Wikisource has original works by or about:
Thomas Mann
Wikiquote has quotations related to Thomas Mann.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thomas Mann.

Electronic editions[edit]







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토마스 만 - 위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전

토마스 만

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.

 같은 이름을 가진 다른 사람에 대해서는 토마스 만 (동음이의) 문서를 참고하십시오.
Picto infobox auteur.png
토마스 만Nobel Prize.png
토마스 만 (1937년)
토마스 만 (1937년)
작가 정보
직업소설가, 단편 작가, 수필가
활동기간1896년–1954년
장르교양 소설, 역사 소설, 피카레스크 소설
주요 작품
부덴브로크가, 마의 산, 베니스에서의 죽음
Thomas Mann signature.svg

토마스 만(독일어: Thomas Mann, 1875년 6월 6일 ~ 1955년 8월 12일)은 독일의 평론가이자 소설가이다. 사상적인 깊이, 높은 식견, 연마된 언어 표현, 짜임새 있는 구성 등에 있어서 20세기 독일 제일의 작가로 알려져 있다. 1929년 노벨 문학상을 비롯, 괴테 상 등 많은 상을 받았다.

토마스 만의 형은 급진적인 작가 하인리히 만이다. 그리고 6명의 자식 중 3명인 Erika Mann, 클라우스 만, Golo Mann들도 또한 독일의 중요한 작가로 성장했다.

생애[편집]

문학입문[편집]

토마스 만은 평의원이며 곡물 상인이었던 토마스 요한 하인리히 만과 율리아 다 실바 브룬스 부부 사이에서 두 번째 아들로 독일의 뤼베크에서 태어났다. 어머니 율리아는 7살 때 독일로 망명한 부분적 독일계 브라질리안이다. 토마스 만의 아버지가 1891년에 돌아가시면서 회사는 청산되었다. 1893년 뮌헨으로 이주하여 보험 회사의 견습 사원이 되었다. 이때 첫 작품 <호의>가 잡지에 실리면서 문단에 데뷔하였다.

첫 번째 소설[편집]

토마스 만은 뤼베크 체육관 기술 분야에 참가하면서, 뮌헨 대학과 기술대학에서 시간을 보내게 된다. 그 당시 그는 역사, 경제학, 미술역사, 문학등을 공부하게 되면서 언론계로 커리어를 준비하게 된다. 그는 이탈리아 팔레스트리나에서 살았던 1년을 제외하면 1891년부터 1933년까지 형이자 소설가인 하인리히와 함께 뮌헨에 거주하게 된다. 토마스 만은 보험회사에서 1894년에서 1895년까지 일을 하게 된다. 그가 Simplicissimus에서 글을 쓰기 시작하면서 작가로서의 커리어를 시작하게 된다. 토마스 만의 첫 번째 소설은 1898년에 출판된 "꼬마 프리데만 씨"이다.

1901년 부유한 상인의 집안이 4대에 걸쳐 몰락하는 과정을 그린 장편 <부덴브로크스 가의 사람들>을 발표하여 문단에서의 자리를 굳혔다.

그가 동성애 관계를 가졌다는 여러 정황이 있으나 종국에는 카티아 프링스하임과 사랑에 빠졌다. 1905년, 그는 그녀와 결혼을 하며, 6명의 아이들을 낳았다.[1]

The summerhouse of Thomas Mann in Nida

제1차 세계대전[편집]

제1차 세계 대전이 일어나자 <프리드리히와 대동맹> <비정치적 인간의 고찰> <독일 공화국에 대하여> 등 정치적 논설을 발표하고, 점차 구낭만주의적인 반지성주의를 벗어나, 새로운 휴머니즘을 품기 시작하였다. 1924년 12년간의 노력의 결정인 장편소설 <마의 산>을 발표하였는데, 이 소설은 손꼽히는 발전 소설로서 독일 문학사상 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있다.

요셉과 그 형제들[편집]

1929년 토마스 만은 Nidden(Nida, 리투아니아)에 있는 어촌에 오두막을 가진다. 그 곳에는 독일 예술 공동체가 있었으며, 1930년에서 1932년 여름에는 "요셉과 그의 형제들(Joseph and his Brothers)"을 집필한다. 현재 이 오두막은 소규모 전시를 하면서 토마스 만에 대한 문화적인 중심이 됐다.

나치의 박해[편집]

1933년 나치스 정권 성립으로 조국을 떠나, 남프랑스·스위스 등을 거쳐, 1938년 미국에 이르렀다. 그 곳에서 프린스턴 대학에서 수업을 한다. 제2차 세계 대전 때는 높은 휴머니즘의 입장에서 민주주의 옹호를 위해 싸웠다.

스위스[편집]

1942년 그의 가족들은 캘리포니아 로스엔젤레스에 있는 Pacific Palisades로 이사를 한다. 그 곳에서 제2차 세계 대전이 끝날 때까지 살게 된다. 1944년 6월 23일, 토마스 만은 미국 시민권을 받게 된다. 1952년에 스위스, 취리히 근처에 있는 Kilchberg에서 살게 된다.

Kilchberg에 묻힌 토마스 만.

그는 독일을 규칙적으로 여행하긴 했지만, 그 후로 살지 않았다. 가장 유명한 독일 방문은 1949년 요한 볼프강 폰 괴테의 200주년이다.

별세[편집]

1955년 취리히에 있는 한 병원에서 아테롬선 동맥 경화증으로 죽고, Kilchberg에 묻힌다. 많은 협회들이 그의 이름을 기린다.

토마스 만의 작품은 처음으로 H. T. Lowe-Porter가 번역했다. 그녀는 토마스 만의 작품을 영어권 사회에 크게 전파시켰다.

자녀들[편집]

이름출생사망
에리카1905년 11월1969년 8월 27일
클라우스1906년 11월 18일1949년 5월 21일
안젤루스 고트프리트 토마스 "고로"1909년 3월 29일1994년 3월 7일
모니카1910년 6월 7일1992년 3월 17일
엘리자베트1918년 3월 24일2002년 2월 8일
미카엘1919년 3월 21일1977년 1월 1일

정치적인 관점[편집]

제1차 세계 대전 동안, 토마스 만은 카이저의 (독일의 빌헬름 2세) 보수주의를 지지하고 진보주의를 공격한다.

1930년 토마스 만은 베를린에서 "An Appeal to Reason"라는 연설을 한다. 그는 강하게 나치중심 사회주의를 비난하고 운동권들에 의한 반대를 격려한다. 이것은 그가 집필한 수많은 평론과 문학에서 나치를 공격한 것에서 알 수 있다. 동시에 그는 사회주의자들의 생각에 대해서 늘어나는 동정을 표현했다. 1933년 나치가 집권을 했을 당시, 토마스 만과 아내는 스위스에서 주말을 보냈다. 나치 정책에 대한 그의 매우 강력한 비난 때문에, 아들 클라우스는 돌아가지 말자고 권했다. 하지만 토마스 만의 책은 하인리히나 클라우스의 책들과는 달리, 히틀러 정권에 의해서 태워지지 않았다. 물론 그것은 그가 1929년 노벨상을 받았기 때문이다. 결국 1936년 나치 정권이 공식적으로 토마스 만의 독일 시민권을 빼앗아간다. 몇 달 후, 그는 캘리포니아로 이사를 가게 된다.

그러나 1933년 8월 26일이라고 기록된 개인적인 편지(그러나 2007년 8월 30일에 공개됐다)에서, 이미, 토마스 만은 나치즘에 대한 견해를 표현하고 있었고, 이것은 후에 "파우스투스 박사(Doktor Faustus)"와 일치한다. 이 소설에서, 토마스 만은 2차 대전에서 모든 잔인함에 대한 독일 국민에 대한 역사적인 책임감을 가진 몇몇 지역들을 언급한다.

전쟁 동안, 토마스 만은 반-나치 라디오 연설 시리즈(Deutsche Hörer! ("German listeners!"))를 만든다. 이것은 미국에서 녹음돼서 영국에 전해지고, BBC가 방송을 하게 되면서 독일 청취자들이 듣기를 원한다.

사회 비판가 Michael Harrington의 컬렉션 The Accidental Century에 있는 "Images of Disorder"는 토마스 만의 정치적 성형이 바뀌는 것을 설명한다.[출처 필요]

주요 작품[편집]

각주[편집]

  1. ↑ Kurzke, Hermann (2002). 《Thomas Mann: Life as a work of art: A biography》. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691070695. Translation by Leslie Willson of Thomas Mann: Das Leben als Kunstwerk (München C. H. Bick'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1999).
  2. ↑ 디트리히 슈바니츠 지음, 안성기 옮김 《교양》(들녘, 2001) 350쪽.

참고 문헌[편집]

외부 링크[편집]

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